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1
Carroll, Christopher Ryan. "Cannabis and aggression : differentiating reactive and instrumental aggression." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55857.
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My thesis explored the relation between cannabis use (CU) and two distinct subtypes of aggression. Substantial prior research has examined the association between CU and aggression; however, empirical evidence has not yet provided a clear or complete picture of this relationship. This may be due to the fact that to date no studies have considered the important distinction between instrumental aggression (IA) and reactive aggression (RA). The aim of this study was to differentiate these subtypes of aggression while controlling for covariates such as psychopathy and trait aggression which has the potential to reconcile the apparently contradictory findings in the literature. Also of interest was the role that gender plays in the relationship between cannabis and IA/RA. Samples from three different populations, who all completed a series of self-report questionnaires, were examined for this study. The sample from the university population consisted of 427 participants, the sample from the online population consisted of 434 participants, and the sample from the treatment population consisted of 68 participants. The data were analysed using independent samples t tests, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way ANOVAs. The results from all three samples indicated that there is little to no relation between CU and IA/RA. In cases where a relation was found, it disappeared when accounting for psychopathy and trait aggression. These findings were consistent across all frequencies of CU. Furthermore, the results showed that there was no interaction between gender and any frequency of CU when looking at the relation with IA/RA. Collectively, these findings indicate that CU is not associated with aggressive behaviour and propose answers to the question of why there is such differing findings in the existing literature. The public health impact of CU remains controversial and these findings have important theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications.<br>Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)<br>Psychology, Department of (Okanagan)<br>Graduate
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Blier, Heather K. "Social Likeability, Subtypes of Aggression, and the Attributional Style of Aggressive Youth." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33392.
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Recent efforts to understand and predict the onset and maintenance of aggression have considered the heterogeneity of this behavior. Dodge (1980) and others, have suggested a distinction in aggression based on two primary subtypes: reactive and proactive aggression. The form, severity and persistence of these aggressive subtypes may depend on an on-going interaction between individual characteristics and environmental characteristics that elicit varying antecedents and consequences (Frick, 1998; Lahey et al., 1999). In particular, there exists some empirical support for the existence of relations among social likeability, attributional style, and particular subtypes of aggression symptomology. However, the exact nature of this relation is unclear.
The current study examined two competing models, the mediator and moderator models, to assess the nature of the relations among social likeability, attributional style, and aggression subtypes in a sample of 419 youth in a non-clinical community setting. Results suggest that the external, stable, global attributional style serves to mediate the relation between social likeability and reactive, but not proactive aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression in adolescents are discussed.<br>Master of Science
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Machek, Gregory R. "Defensive egotism, reactive aggression, proactive aggression, and bullying behavior in school children." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3203868.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2004.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 10, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-02, Section: A, page: 0461. Adviser: Thomas R. Huberty.
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Stevens, Nicole Marie. "Witnessing violence: The link to reactive aggression." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2758.
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This study uses a multiple regression correlational (MRC) analytic approach to examine the association between witnessing violence and reactive aggression, post-traumatic stress, and insecure attachment. One hundred adult male California State University students were surveyed using the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment scale, the Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms scale, the Conduct Disorder scale, and the Modified Impact of Events scale.
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Clifford, Charity E. "Testing the instrumental and reactive motivations of romantic relational aggression." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32851.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>School of Family Studies and Human Services<br>Amber Vennum<br>The literature suggests that aggressive behaviors occur in response to provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) or to achieve a goal (i.e., instrumental aggression). Relational aggression –when an individual harms another’s interpersonal relationships – has been studied from the reactive and instrumental framework in peer-directed contexts, usually with children. However, relational aggression in romantic relationships is yet to be studied from this framework. This dissertation includes a series of studies investigating whether two specific relationally aggressive behaviors found in romantic relationships (i.e., social sabotage and love withdrawal) are 1) motivated by instrumental and reactive aggression, 2) associated with differential characteristics, and 3) predictive of negative outcomes. The Romantic Relational Aggression Motivation (RRAM) scale, which included social sabotage and love withdrawal items with both instrumental and reactive motivations, was created to explore the above research questions. During Study 1a, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 170 emerging adults tested the factor structure of the RRAM. This resulted in love withdrawal, but not social sabotage, factoring into instrumental and reactive subscales. Using the same sample at a later wave, Study 1b refined the RRAM from Study 1a; the findings confirmed the results of Study 1a. In Study 2, using a sample of 118 emerging adults, the factor structure found in Study 1b was corroborated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 found that social sabotage was more closely related to instrumental than reactive love withdrawal. Reactive and instrumental love withdrawal were clearly differentiated based on their associations with constructs that were emotionally driven (e.g. neuroticism and hostile attribution bias) but not by their associations with constructs that dealt with power (e.g. self-relationship power and trait dominance). None of the romantic relational aggression scales were predictive of the negative outcomes in the study, possibly due to the small sample size (85 emerging adults) in the longitudinal portion of Study 2. As instrumental and reactive love withdrawal were associated with different constructs and combining the two together may cause substantial differences to be lost, the RRAM may be a useful tool for researchers of romantic relational aggression.
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Steadham, Jennifer A. "Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits As Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115167/.
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Aggression has traditionally been subdivided into two correlated, but distinct, subtypes: reactive and instrumental. Reactive aggression (RA) is considered impulsive, emotionally driven behavior, whereas instrumental aggression (IA) is planned and incentive-motivated. This thesis examines the relationships between RA, IA, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms in male and female offenders recruited from a jail in north Texas. Contrary to predictions, psychopathic traits did not account for more variance in aggression than did APD symptoms. Impulsivity demonstrated slight incremental validity over psychopathy for RA, and to a lesser degree, IA. the continued utility of the reactive-instrumental distinction and implications for professional practice in relation to the current study are examined. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Bodie, Jessica Elizabeth. "CHARACTERIZING AND VALIDATING PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE AGGRESSION CLASSES IN A PROSPECTIVE SAMPLE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/455597.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Research investigating aggressive behavior among youth is plentiful; however, the field contains mixed findings in terms of risk factors, correlates, sequelae, and treatment response, suggesting that individuals who exhibit aggressive behaviors are heterogeneous. The current project utilized a person-centered perspective to characterize youth who differ in frequency and quality of aggressive behaviors and a variable-centered approach to validate these classes. Specifically, the aims of the current study were (a) to use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes of youth that are characterized by qualitatively and quantitatively different types of aggressive behaviors, and (b) to examine the external validity of the identified aggression classes in a large, prospective sample. Participants included 648 children (M = 11.42 + .92 years; 76% Caucasian) assessed at five time points between the ages of 10 and 25 as part of a longitudinal project conducted through the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Analyses suggest five distinct aggression profiles in the sample; individuals exhibiting (1) primarily reactive aggression, (2) primarily proactive aggression (3) mixed reactive and proactive aggression, (4) loss of control (endorsement of a subset of reactive aggression items), and (5) low reactive and proactive aggression. Classes differed in their levels of executive functioning, peer processes, lack of guilt, internalizing symptoms, and provocation to aggression. Specifically, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive, primarily reactive, or mixed aggression exhibited significantly lower ECF than individuals in the low aggression class. Individuals who engaged in mixed aggression experienced greater peer rejection, associations with deviant peers, internalizing symptoms, and lack of guilt than individuals who exhibited low aggression at specific time points. Of note, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive aggression were more likely to experience internalizing symptoms than individuals who engaged in reactive or low aggression in late childhood and early adolescence and were more likely to report lack of guilt after misbehaving than members of other aggression classes across late childhood and early adulthood. Differences among classes in terms of these variables better characterize and validate the subgroups of aggressive youth identified in the latent class analysis. The study fills gaps in the literature by identifying concurrent and prospective correlates of aggression classes and decreasing the heterogeneity found in aggression-related research by considering the qualitative and quantitative ways in which individuals differ on aggression using a dimensional approach. These findings enhance understanding of risk processes related to aggression and inform interventions that focus specifically on ameliorating deficits displayed by youth with different aggression profiles.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Marsee, Monica. "Exploring the Functional Subtypes of Relational and Overt Aggression in a Sample of Detained Girls." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/304.
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In the current study, we investigated the association between relational aggression and measures of delinquency and overt aggression in a sample of detained adolescent girls. We also tested the validity of the distinction between reactive and proactive subtypes of relational aggression by testing their independent associations with important emotional, behavioral, personality, social, and cognitive variables that have been studied in past research and found to be important for distinguishing between reactive and proactive overt aggression. Our sample consisted of 58 predominantly African-American (78%) adolescent girls recruited from three juvenile detention centers in the southeastern United States. Participants ranged in age from 12 to 18 (Mn = 14.98; SD = 1.30). Relational aggression was measured using both self-report and observation, while overt aggression, delinquency, and social-psychological variables were measured using self-report only. As predicted, both self-reported and observed relational aggression were associated with higher rates of self-reported delinquency. Self-reported relational aggression was also associated with self-reported overt aggression, while observed relational aggression was not. On a self-report rating scale, we found evidence for four subscales that were moderately correlated and had good internal consistency. These subscales corresponded to the four aggressive subtypes (i.e., reactive overt, reactive relational, proactive overt, proactive relational). Further, we found evidence for divergence between reactive and proactive relational aggression on emotional dysregulation, CU traits, and positive outcome expectations for aggression, supporting the hypothesis that these are important subtypes that could involve distinct developmental processes, similar to reactive and proactive subtypes of overt aggression. Finally, this study found that relational aggression accounted for unique variance in callous and unemotional (CU) traits among detained girls, even after controlling for levels of overt aggression. The current findings highlight the importance of assessing relational aggression in detained girls and could have implications for designing more successful interventions for girls in the juvenile justice system.
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Binti, Amad Suzana. "Self-esteem and aggression : the relationships between explicit-implicit self-esteem, narcissism, and reactive-proactive aggression." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/77062/.
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Aggression can be detrimental to both victims and perpetrators. Recent research on the theoretical risks for aggressive behaviours fail to demonstrate consistent links with the human’s evaluation of self-worth, hence the nature of this relationship remains unclear. Specifically, the purpose of the investigation was to examine the differential association between multidimensional self-esteem using both explicit and implicit measures, narcissism, and reactive and proactive aggression across three samples of different cultures and characteristics. Chapter 1 discusses the general background of the study and a brief review of the possible issues that might have contributed to the ambiguous findings on the relationships between self-esteem and aggression. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical links between self-esteem and aggression, which includes the limitations of self-report assessments (i.e., explicit measures) and how the alternative of indirect assessment tools (i.e., implicit measures) may help to overcome this issue by assessing more automated forms of processes involved in the development of aggressive behaviours. The investigation examines whether the use of the current Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) would provide a greater empirical support for the links between multidimensional self-esteem with reactive and proactive aggression, relative to self-report questionnaires. Chapter 3 describes the evidence surrounding the role of multidimensional self-esteem in different types of aggression in a different culture of similar characteristics, through a replication of the aforementioned investigation. The cross-cultural comparisons were inspected based on the individualistic-collectivistic perspectives. Chapter 4 further explores the relationship of interest by taking into account the content dimensions of self-esteem, namely agency and communion. These dimensions were assessed using both explicit vi and implicit measures on a high-risk population sample within the community. Across each chapter, the current results concerning explicit self-esteem demonstrated consistent evidence to show that low self-esteem is associated with high reactive aggression, whereas narcissism is positively related to aggression, and proactive aggression in particular. Unfortunately, the use of the IAT paradigms in this current investigation did not improve prediction of group membership or estimated risk of aggression. Chapter 5 describes how such findings may be of benefit in unravelling the inconsistency within the self-esteem and aggression relationships. Through further replication and methodological refinement, the current findings could be utilised in support of forensic risk assessment needs within the violence/aggression treatment programmes.
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Tecce, Marielena P. "Juvenile Psychopathy: Instrumental versus Reactive Aggression in Male and Female Juvenile Offenders." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1396876090.
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Harrison, Melissa L. "The Influence of Narcissism and Self-Control on Reactive Aggression." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3665.
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The empirical literature to date has indicated that narcissism is associated with reactive aggression; however, exactly why narcissists respond with aggression to provocation is yet to be determined. The present paper is an exploration of two possible means through which a lack of self-control could be an important predictor involved in narcissists‟ aggressive behavior: 1) a lack of self-control could explain the link between narcissism and aggression, and 2) the combination of insufficient self-control and narcissism could increase the likelihood of aggressive response to provocation.
To explore these possibilities, an experiment was conducted in which 214 participants were first administered measures of narcissism and self-control. Then, random assignment determined whether the participant would be provoked through negative feedback on his/her performance. Participants were provided opportunities to aggress on two measures: 1) an evaluation of another‟s performance, 2) open-ended responses to a situational vignette.
There were two major areas of focus in the results of the study. First, the effect of provocation was examined. As expected, provoked participants provided more aggressive responses on the evaluation of their peer than nonprovoked participants; however, provocation did not affect aggression on the situational vignette. Narcissism was associated with aggression on the situational vignette and not on the evaluation. These findings point to the strength of the situation in the prediction of behavior as it was only when provocation did not produce an effect that personality had a significant influence on aggression.
Second, the relationships among narcissism, self-control and aggression were examined. Narcissism was associated with low self-control as expected. Stepwise linear regression revealed a significant interaction between narcissism and self-control in the prediction of physical aggression in response to the situational vignette. The moderation effect of self-control and narcissism on physical aggression indicates that the combination of high narcissism and low self-control is important in predicting physical aggression. Additional post-hoc exploratory analyses suggest some overlap in the measures. Thus, suggestions for future research and methods of reducing the overlap in construct during measurement are provided.
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Crapanzano, Ann. "Understanding Bullying Participant Roles: Stability across School Years and Personality and Behavioral Correlates." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/108.
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This study investigated the factorial validity, stability, and social, behavioral and emotional correlates of several different roles that students can play in the context of bullying. Data were collected from students at two time points across two school years, April and May of 2006 (n=284) and again in November and December of 2006 (n=185). A confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the validity of 4 participant roles (i.e. bully, reinforcer, assistant, and defender). However, further analysis revealed that there was a strong degree of intercorrelation between the three bully factors (i.e., bully, reinforcer, and assistant). Analyses found that participant roles are fairly stable across school years and that the greater the percentage of same raters across the time points, the greater the stability. All of the bullying roles (i.e., bully, reinforcer, and assistant) were significantly related to callous unemotional traits, emotional dysregulation, positive expectations for aggression, conduct problems, reactive relational aggression, proactive relational aggression, reactive overt aggression, and proactive overt aggression, but these relationships were stronger in boys. It was also found that the defender role was associated with less aggression and more prosocial behavior. These associations were stronger in girls. Finally, a linear regression analysis of the interaction between participant roles and victimization revealed that at T1, the association between bullying roles and aggression was moderated by victimization. Specifically, the association was stronger in those low on victimization. At T2, the association between defending and lower aggression and greater prosocial behavior was stronger in those low in victimization.
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Halmos, Miklós Balázs. "Associations Between Self-Esteem and the Forms and Functions of Aggression in a Community Sample of Youth." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/26.
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The purpose of the current study is to examine the association between self-esteem and the forms and functions of aggression. Research supports the existence of four aggressive subtypes (i.e., reactive overt, reactive relational, proactive overt, and proactive relational), and past research has found associations between aggression and self-esteem. However, past studies have not examined the relationships between all four subtypes of aggression and self-esteem together. 141 adolescents were recruited from the community with a mean age of 13.55. The sampled group was composed of 51% females and 52% Caucasians. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on self-esteem and aggression. The results provide support for an association between proactive aggression and self-esteem. Additionally, overt aggression was more associated with self-esteem than relational aggression. These findings will help fill the gap in literature on the forms and functions of aggression and will further define the relationship between aggression and self-esteem.
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Hopkins, L. "A mixed methods investigation of a typology of reactive and proactive aggression." Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/dbe9f761-d545-48e6-ab29-463cac8e62e4/1.
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The overarching aim of the thesis was to identify and explore a behavioural typology of the use of reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 9-14 year-old English children and adolescents. To date, few studies have employed a person centred approach to investigate behavioural patterns of the use of both reactive and proactive aggression. Of these only two have investigated the behaviour of community, rather than specialised or clinical participant samples (Crapanzano, Frick and Terranova 2010; Mayberry and Espelage 2007). However, these two studies employed methods which raise questions regarding the reliability and/or generalisability of the results obtained. For example, neither study asked participants whether they had actually engaged in the behaviours of interest; rather they asked children to report on how likely they felt they were to react in the same way as described in a list of aggressive scenarios presented to them. As such the studies did not actually record engagement in aggressive behaviour, rather the participants' perceived likelihood that they would behave in a certain way. Furthermore, neither study was conducted in the UK, leading to questions of generalisability between participant samples. Both research and school policy in England and Wales has focused on exploring the use of proactive forms of aggression (including bullying) in schools, and reactive aggression has to date been neglected. However, it is essential that we identify the prevalence and patterns of the use of both reactive and proactive forms of aggression as both are prevalent in schools and place children and adolescents at risk of harm. Employing a mixed methodological approach, a two-phased data collection procedure was followed to identify and explore a behavioural typology of the use of reactive and proactive aggression and differences in associated demographic, behavioural and socio-cognitive risk factors between the behavioural groups identified. In Phase 1, focus groups were conducted with 57 (20 males, 37 females) children and adolescents aged 9 – 18 years, in order to understand how they define terminology utilised across the research literature to describe acts of negative interpersonal behaviour. Across three data collection sites participants reported consistent definitions of the terms provided to them and differentiated between the terms aggression, violence and bullying. Social representations of the reasons they believed people engaged and avoided engaging in interpersonal aggression also emerged from their talk. These related to the role of taking the perspective, or empathising with others and the perception of a level of justification for certain types of behaviour, enacted under certain conditions. In Phase 2 a survey design was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from 658 children and adolescents aged 9-14 years (302 males, 356 females). The aim of Phase 2 was to identify a behavioural typology of the use of reactive and proactive aggression based on self-report data collected using a modified version of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPAQ; Raine et al 2006). Once the behavioural subtypes were identified, associations between subtype and, involvement in bullying relationships, demographic (age and gender) and social-cognitive characteristics (empathy, perceived acceptance of behaviour and social representations of why people become involved in negative interpersonal interactions) were examined. Cluster analysis of the RPAQ data identified three distinct behavioural groups characterised by lower than the sample median use of both types of behaviour (Low Aggression: characterising 57.1% of the sample), Moderate-high reactive and Low-moderate proactive aggression (characterising 34.4% of the sample), and finally a group indicating frequent use of both reactive and proactive aggression (High Aggression: characterising 8.5% of the sample). The only age and gender related differences within the clusters were found in the low frequency aggression cluster. Specifically, there were a greater proportion of females compared to males in this cluster. The only age related difference found was a greater percentage of primary school children compared to 13-14 year olds in the Low aggression cluster. Group membership was found to be associated with self-reported bullying as measured by the Peer Victimization and Bullying Scale (Mynard and Joseph 2000). The High frequency aggression cluster contained a significantly higher percentage of those indicating being a bully or a bully-victim compared to the other two clusters. Whereas the Low frequency cluster contained a significantly higher percentage of those indicating not being involved in bullying compared to the other two clusters. However, reporting being a victim of bullying was not associated with any one of the three clusters. Of the socio-cognitive variables, a significant incremental increase was found in the perceived acceptance of both reactive and proactive aggression as the reported frequency of the use of both types of behaviour increased across the three behavioural groups (as measured by a modified version of the RPAQ; Raine et al 2006). Conversely, an incremental decrease was observed between the frequency of the use of aggression and reported affective empathy (as measured by the Basic Empathy Scale; Jolliffe and Farrington 2006), with a significant difference being found between the Low and High frequency aggression groups. No significant differences between the groups in self-reported cognitive empathy were found. Finally, participants were asked two open-ended questions relating to their perception of why people are 'picked on', or 'pick on' others. Thematic Analysis identified a number of social representations held across the participant sample, with a further content analysis identifying that there were no significant differences in the extent to which these representations were endorsed by the three behavioural groups. The findings of the current research have important implications for our understanding of the developmental pathways for the use of reactive and proactive aggression. They identify that both types of behaviour co-occur, suggesting that the risk factors for the development of these two types of behaviour may not be so distinct and/or the risk factors associated with each are likely to co-occur. Consequently, school behaviour policies need to include strategies for addressing both forms of aggression. Interventions to reduce/prevent this behaviour need to be designed to address the risk factors which are promoting the specific motivations of both reactive and proactive behaviour.
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Goring, Jennifer Christine. "Differential Responses of Children with Varying Degrees of Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Two Forms of Psychosocial Treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31786.
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Based on the unique clinical correlates of two subtypes of childhood aggression (reactive and proactive), this study examined possible differential treatment effects for children with varying degrees of reactive or proactive aggression receiving one of two types of psychosocial treatment aimed at addressing these unique characteristics. Forty-seven affectively dysregulated children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) participated in the study. Results suggest a main effect for type of treatment, modest support for the moderating role of proactive aggression, and no support for reactive aggression as a moderator of treatment outcome. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression are discussed.<br>Master of Science
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Thompson, Kelli R. "Profiles of the Forms and Functions of Aggression and Psychosocial Outcomes in Two Distinct Juvenile Offender Populations." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2198.
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The current study was designed to explore profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in two distinct juvenile offender populations, in a group of juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior (n = 138) and in a group of juvenile offenders adjudicated for general delinquent behavior (n = 243). This is the first study of its kind to investigate profiles of aggression in a population of juveniles adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior. Preliminary profile analyses indicated that the two juvenile offender populations had similar profiles of aggression overall. Two step cluster analysis results were generally consistent with previous research (Crapanzano, Frick, & Terranova, 2010; Marsee et al., 2014) with 3 groups emerging for both overt and relational aggression: a combined group high on both reactive and proactive aggression, a group high in reactive aggression alone, and a low overall group. Post hoc comparisons of the clusters revealed that the high combined group consistently demonstrated higher reports of emotional and behavioral dysfunction supporting the hypothesis that the presence of proactive aggression serves more as an indicator of severity rather than as representing a qualitatively distinct group in and of itself. Policy implications regarding sex offender registration and notification laws extended to juveniles are discussed.
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Van, Voorhees Elizabeth Eliot. "Social Information Processing, Cortisol Secretion, and Aggression in Adolescents." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11171.
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While both social information processing and cortisol secretion in childhood aggression have generated a great deal of interest and research in the past few decades, these social-cognitive and physiological components of aggressive behavior have not been examined in the context of an integrative model. This lack of an integrative framework may underlie some of the inconsistencies that have plagued the literature in this area to date, especially with respect to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in aggressive children. This investigation tested a mediational model of the relationship between social-information processing, cortisol secretion, and reactive and proactive aggression. Specifically, it was hypothesized that social-information processing variables would mediate the proposed relationship between reactive and proactive aggression and cortisol secretion. One hundred and twenty-six children between the ages of 13 and 18 were administered the Child Behavior Rating Form (CBR), the Home Interview with Child (HIC), the Response Decision and Social Goals Instrument (RDSGI), the Antisocial Processes Screening Device (APSD), the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Each child also contributed two samples of saliva for cortisol assay, and each child's teacher completed a teacher-version of the APSD and the CBR. Regression analyses revealed no significant associations between proactive or reactive aggression and cortisol secretion, or between any of the social-information processing variables and cortisol secretion. Predicted associations between proactive and reactive aggression and social-information processing variables were found. Overall, therefore, the mediational model was not supported. However, cortisol secretion was found to be associated with both anxiety and depression, and exploratory analyses revealed significant associations between cortisol secretion and Psychopathy as measured by the APSD. Taken together, the findings suggest that while the specific relationship proposed here among social-cognitive, psychophysiological, and behavioral variables was not found, an integrative model examining each of these components may be useful in further investigations of the complex phenomenon of childhood aggression.<br>Ph. D.
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Thompson, Kelli R. "The Association between Trauma Exposure, Maladjustment, and Aggression in Detained Boys." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1948.
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Previous research has demonstrated an association between violence exposure and aggression; however, research exploring the association between violence exposure and the forms and functions of aggression is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between trauma exposure with both reactive and proactive functions of aggression by examining two potential mediators (e.g., psychopathic traits and emotional dysregulation). Participants included 132 male juvenile offenders mandated to treatment in a residential facility (M = 16.78 years old; SD = 1.25). Results indicate emotional dysregulation partially mediated the association between trauma exposure and reactive aggression while controlling for proactive aggression. However, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that psychopathic traits mediated the association between trauma exposure and proactive aggression. Results suggest trauma exposure is important in the development of reactive aggression. Thus, treatment approaches for aggressive youth should address issues of trauma exposure.
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Pursoo, Tiffany. "Predicting Reactive and Proactive Relational Aggression in Early Adolescence as a Function of Individual Differences in Machiavellianism, Empathy, and Emotion Regulation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26119.
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Relational aggression encompasses behaviour meant to hurt others by destroying their friendships and reputation (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). As peer relationships take on greater importance in early adolescence, relational aggression becomes more accepted and prevalent, yet perceived as equally or more harmful to its targets than physical aggression. The present study explored whether reactive and proactive subtypes of relational aggression were associated with an inability to empathize with others, regulate emotional states, and hold attitudes that it is acceptable to manipulate and harm others. Empathy, emotion regulation, and Machiavellianism’s roles in predicting reactive and proactive relational aggression was examined using Crick and Dodge’s (1994) reformulated Social Information-Processing Theory’s framework. Reactive relational aggression was expected to be associated with low empathy and high emotion dysreglation. Proactive relational aggression was expected to be predicted by high empathy, low emotion dysregulation, and high Machiavellianism. Low empathy was expected to predict overt aggression indices. One hundred and thirty-three children (73 females, 60 males, Mage = 12.84 years) in grades 6 through 8 from five schools in a public Ontario schoolboard were recruited. Caregivers completed a measure of their child’s emotions and behaviours (The Emotion Regulation Checklist; Shields & Cicchetti, 1995). Participating students completed four self-report measures assessing relational and overt aggression (Children’s Social Behaviour Scale – Self-Report; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995), proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression (Little, Jones, Henrich, & Hawley, 2003), empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index; Davis, 1980), and Machiavellianism (Kiddie Mach Scale; Christie & Geis, 1970) during one 60 minute session. Empathy, Machiavellianism, and emotion dysregulation scores were associated with total, reactive, and proactive relational aggression scores. When contrasting subtypes of aggression were controlled, however, these emotional and cognitive variables did not predict total and reactive relational aggression. There was a non-significant trend for higher levels of empathy to predict proactive relational aggression. Low empathy significantly predicted total and reactive overt aggression indices. Machiavellianism predicted reactive and proactive overt aggression. Emotion regulation was not a significant predictor in analyses. Results provide support for the role of Machiavellianism and empathy in relational aggression, particularly proactive or goal-oriented instances.
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Tanaka, Akiho. "Heart Rate as a Moderator between Child Abuse Potential and Reactive and Proactive Aggression." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42589.
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Previous research regarding the biosocial approach to aggression suggests that the interaction between biological and environmental variables contribute to aggression. However, this particular relationship has not yet been fully explored in children. Therefore, this study examined the moderating influence of psychophysiological activity, particularly resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV), on the relationship between child abuse potential (CAP) and child reactive and proactive aggression.
Thirty-six children, between the ages of 7 and 13, and their parents were recruited from the local schools and community in Southwestern Virginia. Parents completed self-report measures for child abuse potential (CAP) and the type of aggression displayed by their children (i.e., reactive or proactive). Children were assessed for resting HR and HRV for four minutes during a rest period.
CAP was related to increased proactive (i.e., instrumental) and reactive (i.e., hostile) aggression in children with low levels of resting HR. CAP was also related to increased proactive aggression in children with high resting HRV. Significant main effects were not found for CAP or psychophysiological functioning, indicating the importance of examining the interaction of these variables.
Taken together, the findings suggest the existence of an interaction of these two biological and social variables above and beyond their individual influences as risk factors.
The role of cardiovascular underarousal in relation to proactive and reactive aggression in abused children is discussed. Overall, this study supports the notion of a biosocial interaction for aggression in children, and thus has implications for future research and treatment.<br>Master of Science
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Alvarez, Heather Krishna. "Childhood aggression in schools: The impact of behavioral patterns and contextual influences on teachers' cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11140.
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Despite considerable advances in the development and implementation of school-based interventions, aggressive behavior in schools remains a significant problem for both educators and the community as a whole. The present study was designed to examine possible contextual influences on the course and treatment of aggression in schools, in an effort to inform future intervention development. The aim of the present study was to examine possible influences on teachers' response to reactive and proactive aggression in the classroom, and test the applicability of Weiner's attributional model of motivation and emotion. A sample of 121 middle school teachers completed self-report measures of teaching characteristics, efficacy, stress, and burnout. They also responded to four vignettes of student aggression with measurements of proposed attributions, affective reactions, and interventions. A series of ANOVAs showed that teacher's proposed responses differed as a function of child aggression subtype, teacher stress, burnout, efficacy, and training. Multiple regression analyses were used to test Weiner's theoretical model, as well as consider the moderating influence of teacher characteristics. Findings failed to support the application of Weiner's model to the current sample. Alternative patterns of moderation and mediation were significant, however. Implications of study findings were discussed as they relate to relevant theoretical models and recent advances in clinical and educational research.<br>Ph. D.
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Raishevich, Natoshia. "The relationships among aggressive functions, family factors, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in youth." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33481.
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Aggression is a heterogeneous behavior that has been conceptualized by two distinct but inter-related functions: proactive and reactive aggression (Dodge, 1991). Proactive aggression has been linked to externalizing behaviors and reactive aggression to internalizing behaviors (Vitaro, Gendreau, Tremblay, & Oligny, 1998). There has been some evidence to suggest that family environment may influence the relationship between the aggressive functions and the related forms of psychopathology (Dodge, 1991). However, given the limited research pertaining to the relationships among aggression, family environment, and subsequent psychopathology, the current study explored the nature of the relationships among these variables in more detail. The present study hypothesized that proactive aggression would be related to externalizing symptoms (delinquency, hyperactivity), and these relationships would be moderated by family conflict. In addition, it was predicted that reactive aggression would be related to internalizing symptoms and inattention, and these relationships would be moderated by family conflict, cohesion, and control. The study included a sample of 135 children and their parents who completed several self-report measures. Overall, the findings did not support the hypotheses, though there was mixed support for the relationship between the aggressive functions and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.<br>Master of Science
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Hanly, James. "The genetic architecture of reactive and proactive aggression: relations to disruptive behaviour problems through development." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1913.
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Over the past two decades there has been increasing interest in the distinction between reactive (RA) and proactive aggression (PA; Card & Little, 2006; Polman, Orobio de Castro, Koops, van Boxtel & Merk, 2007). RA describes aggression that is defensive, impulsive and affect-laden, while PA comprises instrumental, calculated and typically unemotional aggressive behaviours (Vitaro, Brendgen & Tremblay, 2002). There is growing consensus that developmental models of RA and PA may help clarify risk pathways associated with the three disruptive behaviour disorders (DBD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder (Kempes, Matthys, de Vries & van Engeland, 2005; Raine et al., 2006; Waschbusch, Willoughby & Pelham, 1998). However, some confusion remains regarding etiological influences responsible for the differential shaping of aggression subtypes (Baker, Raine, Liu & Jacobson, 2008).Contributing the first elucidation of developmental relations between aggression subtypes and DBDs, caregiver ratings were ascertained from a large community sample of families of twins (aged 6-18 years) using the Australian Twin Behaviour Rating Scales (ATBRS, n=2082), and at 9-month follow-up via an online electronic version of the ATBRS (n=511). These data were partitioned according to two age cohorts (6-10 years, and 10-18 years) and subsequently submitted to a series of univariate and multivariate cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.Consistent with previous research (e.g., Baker et al., 2008), cross-sectional models indicated strong influence of genes on both RA and PA—with genes showing greater effects on PA compared to RA, particularly in the older cohort. Multivariate longitudinal analyses revealed a substantial differential role for genes in the continuity of aggression subtypes over time for both RA and PA in the younger cohort, and for PA in the older cohort. At odds with etiological models that posit differential psychosocial factors underpinning RA and PA (Crick & Dodge, 1996; Dodge, 1991), no evidence was found for shared environmental effects on persistence in RA over time. Conversely, shared environmental effects explained a significant portion of covariance in childhood PA across time points. However, contrary to predictions derived from psychosocial explanations (e.g., Dodge, 1991), these shared environmental influences were mediated through a general risk for (undifferentiated) overt physical aggression.Data provide preliminary, albeit modest, evidence for a recent sequential model of RA and PA (i.e., Vitaro & Brendgen, 2005) which implicates RA as an early developmental precursor to PA. This model reformulates the role of social learning mechanisms invoked by seminal psychosocial formulations (i.e., Dodge, 1991). Specifically, the sequential hypothesis postulates that early RA which is reinforced in childhood, may increasingly come to be used operantly (i.e., instrumentally). In this way, RA is effectively converted to PA-type aggression. As predicted by this model, current data revealed the longitudinal relationship from RA to PA was predominantly explained by shared environmental influences (over and above a general risk for overt aggression) in the younger cohort. By contrast, the pathway from RA to PA in the older cohort was explained mainly by the influence of genes. These data provide some support for the suggestion that putative social learning mechanisms impact on the sequential pathway in childhood but not adolescence.The expected high levels of phenotypic overlap between aggression subtypes and DBDs were consistently explained by genes and nonshared environmental influences with the former accounting for the majority of covariance in most bivariate models. Age cohort differences in multivariate models of aggression subtypes and DBDs were in line with the smorgasbord hypothesis suggesting the effects of genes generally increase, while the effects of shared environment generally decrease, as a function of age. This pattern was most consistent and pervasive in RA-related models. Notable exceptions to this pattern occurred in bivariate models involving PA on the one hand, and hyperactivity or CD on the other—with these models showing greater influence of shared environment in the older versus younger age cohort. Additionally, the current research indicates a trend towards greater segregation of genetic effects across aggression subtypes and DBDs as a function of age, while conversely, shared environmental effects were more likely to simultaneously affect multiple syndromes in the older versus younger cohort.In regards to clinically specified risk pathways, relevant longitudinal analyses suggested that impulsivity confers only limited risk for future RA, while partial support was obtained for recent suggestions that both hyperactivity and PA are important cofactors in risk pathways associated with ODD and CD. Overall, the data that include DBDs broadly support RA and hyperactivity as key early markers of long-term risk.The online component of the study also included two neuropsychological tasks adapted for the internet and completed by 310 twin siblings. Representing an attempt to integrate multiple explanatory frameworks, this latter study evaluated differerential putative neuro-biogenic mechanisms underpinning RA and PA. Results from this study were inconclusive and issues pertaining to the delivery of neuropsychological tasks online are considered. In contrast to results from the adapted neuropsychological tasks, the online electronic ATBRS yielded higher data integrity and higher scale reliabilities than its original paper-and-pencil counterpart.All results are discussed and implications for future research and clinical practice relating to childhood and adolescent aggression are considered. Finally, limitations of the current research project are examined.
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Francisco, Jenifer. "Social Information Processing as a Mediator of Exposure to Community Violence and Reactive and Proactive Aggression." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32422.
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The relationship between exposure to violence and aggression has been examined by many researchers. It has been reported that physically abused children and children from violent communities have more aggressive behavior than non-abused peers or peers from non-violent communities (Dodge et al., 1990; Dodge, 1993; Miller et al., 1999). In addition, it has been reported that children who are physically abused have social information processing deficits. However, the relationship between community violence exposure and aggression has yet to be fully explored. The present study proposed an underlying mechanism (i.e., social information processing deficits) that could be mediating the relationship between exposure to community violence and subsequent aggressive behavior. This study also looked at aggression more specifically and categorized the sample into reactive and proactive aggression.
Thirty-nine children, aged 7-13 years, from a mostly rural setting were recruited to participate in this study. Self-report measures of community violence exposure, social information processing deficits (i.e., hostile or instrumental biases), and aggression (i.e., reactive or proactive) were included while controlling for child abuse potential and conflict in the home.
The hypotheses of this study were not supported. Instead, the results supported a relationship between child abuse potential, social information processing biases, and aggression. Child abuse potential remained significant throughout the analyses, which suggests that it plays a larger role in the manifestation of aggressive behavior in children than does community violence exposure. Overall, the findings from this study are consistent with Dodge's work and has implications for treating children who are aggressive.<br>Master of Science
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McCarthy, Shauna Kathleen. "SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PREDICTORS OF REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION: INVESTIGATION IN A DIVERSE, URBAN, 5TH GRADE SAMPLE." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1129215634.
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Meadham, Hannah. "Post-concussion symptoms after self-reported head injury, and reactive aggression in young male offenders." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14764.
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Objective Adolescence is recognised as a risk period for offending and head injury (HI), with higher rates of HI found in the young offender (YO) population compared to the general population. Drug and alcohol use has also been associated with increased risk of offending. This study aims to explore the relationships between HI, Post-concussion symptoms (PCS), reactive and proactive aggression, and offending behaviour in YOs, whilst considering the effects of drug and alcohol use on these relationships. Participants A sample of ninety eight males was recruited from a Young Offender Institute: the age range was 16-18 years of age with an average age of 17. Design A between subjects cross sectional design was employed. Participants were recruited using an opportunistic sampling strategy. Main Measures Self-rated/report measures of: HI, Post-Concussion Symptoms (Adapted Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire), Aggression (Reactive-Proactive Scale), criminal histories, and drug and alcohol history. Results HI was reported by 73.5% of the overall sample, with 61.1% reporting a “knock out”. Frequency and severity of HI was associated with significantly higher PCS scores. Examination of covariate- drug and alcohol use did not affect these relationships. PCS were a significant predictor of reactive aggression, total number of convictions and number of previous violent convictions. However, dosage of HI (severity and frequency) was not a significant predictor of reactive aggression or criminal profiles. Conclusions There appears to be a dose-response effect of severity and frequency of HI on PCS, with PCS predicting reactive aggression. Such symptoms may compromise functions and lead to increased aggression. This highlights the need for better screening and interventions for HI and on-going symptoms in YOs.
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Schippell, Pamela L. "The role of narcissism, self-esteem and attentional biases in childhood reactive and proactive aggression." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1387361435.
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Matlock, Scott T. "Development of an Interpersonal Aggression Scale for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211912914.
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McCarthy, Shauna K. "Social-cognitive predictors of reactive and proactive aggression investigation in a diverse, urban 5th grade sample /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1129215634.
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Oransky, Matthew. "Endorsement of traditional male role norms: Investigating the contribution to proactive and reactive aggression in adolescent boys." FORDHAM UNIVERSITY, 2012. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3495878.
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Crapanzano, Ann. "Examining Cognitive and Emotional Correlates to Proactive and Reactive Relational and Overt Aggression in a Community Sample." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/601.
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This study attempts to further test the importance of distinguishing between the reactive, proactive, relational, and overt forms of aggression by examining the distinct correlates to these types of aggression and test potential gender differences in these correlates. This study also attempts to tie research on aggression with research on bullying . A sample of 282, 4th through 6th graders were surveyed on instruments meant to assess the subtypes of aggression, as well as their correlates. Participants were placed in categories based on self-reports and peer ratings of whether they acted as bullies and/or whether they were victims of bullying. Results indicated that reactive aggression was associated with anger dysregulation and impulsivity in both boys and girls. Reactive relational aggression remained associated with anger dysregulation and impulsivity when controlling for overt aggression in girls but not boys. Proactive overt aggression was associated with CU traits in boys. Boy bullies were more reactively aggressive, whereas girl bullies and bully/victims were high on both reactive and proactive aggression.
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Nigoff, Amy. "Bullying and Social Information Processing: Do the Characteristic Biases Continue into Adulthood?" Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1129926777.
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Reilly, N. L. "Empathy and rejection sensitivity in relation to reactive, proactive and relational aggression in 10- to 12-year-old children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445026/.
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The hypothesis that empathy inhibits aggression and therefore that a deficit in empathy may underlie aggressive behaviour (Feshbach, 1978) was investigated in this review. Twenty empirical papers examining the association between empathy and aggression in children and adolescents were reviewed. The studies revealed inconsistent results, particularly in relation to children. Amongst the studies of adolescent samples, there tended to emerge a significant negative association between empathy and aggression. More recent studies, and studies employing measures of situational empathy, yielded the most consistent evidence for a negative association between empathy and aggression. Gender differences were rarely reported, but one recent study offered some tentative support for the notion of a differential association between empathy and certain forms of aggression in girls compared with boys. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed in light of the results of this review.
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Shumate, Howard W. "Repeated Alcohol Use and Sober-State Reactive Aggression: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Sober-State Executive Cognitive Functioning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33397.
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This study examined the cumulative, more insidious, impact of repeated drinking on sober-state aggression based on research that has pointed to the negative neural effects of chronic alcohol consumption, especially on frontal lobe functioning. In particular, it examined the relationship between repeated alcohol use and sober-state reactive aggression as it is mediated or moderated by sober-state executive cognitive functioning (ECF), thus expanding upon research that has examined the relationship between acute alcohol intoxication and consequent aggression while under the influence (Giancola, 2000b). It was hypothesized that ECF would mediate the relationship between repeated alcohol use and sober-state reactive aggression in college students in that a history of alcohol use would lower sober-state ECF which in turn would increase sober-state impulsive aggression in individuals. It was further hypothesized with a moderational model that high levels of ECF would offset the more insidious effects of repeated alcohol use on subsequent sober-state aggressive acts. Moreover, those effects would remain after controlling for potential confounds of violence exposure, gender, and intelligence.
Eighty college students, aged 18-23 years, from Virginia Tech were recruited to participate in this study. A self-report measure for aggression, neuropsychological tests for ECF, and a lifetime drinking interview schedule were used to assess the relationship between cumulative alcohol use, sober ECF, and sober aggression. A combination of bivariate and hierarchical regression analyses was used to analyze the data.
The hypotheses of this study were not supported. Instead, the results supported a positive relationship between prior exposure to violence and later escalation of alcohol use and perpetrated violence. Additionally, these results support the presence of a â binge drinkingâ pattern within the sample.<br>Master of Science
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Rasmussen, Eric E. "Proactive vs. Reactive Parental Mediation: The Influence of Mediation’s Timing at Reducing Violent TV’s Effect on Children’s Aggression-related Outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364468517.
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Baker, Erin R. "Theory of Mind Development and Moral Judgment as Differential Predictors of Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors in a Normative Preschool Sample." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1459868255.
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Cordin, Robin M. "Psychopathic-like-traits and aggression in suspended mainstream school children and adolescents." University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Education, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0100.
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[Truncated abstract] The overall aim of the research reported in this thesis was to explore the viability and utility of the construct of psychopathy and aggression in children and adolescents. Specifically, by taking a developmentally informed approach it sought to develop new instrumentation which measured psychopathic-like-traits, and verbal proactive and reactive aggression in non-referred mainstream school children and adolescents. To achieve this, four separate yet interrelated studies were conducted. Study One comprised three phases relating to the development and validation of two new instruments. In Phase One the instruments currently used to measure psychopathy were reviewed and items relevant to young persons were selected for inclusion in a draft version of the new psychopathy screening instrument. Phase Two, which sought to further explore the construct of psychopathy in children and adolescents, comprised a series of interviews with school principals, deputy principals, psychologists, and education officers at the main juvenile detention centre in Perth, Western Australia. These interviews provided information relating to the behaviour and characteristics of children and adolescents who present with psychopathic-like-traits. As a consequence of the feedback from the Phase Two data, Phase Three reviewed the instrumentation currently used to measure aggression in children and adolescents. From this items were selected for possible inclusion in an aggression questionnaire. The data gathered over these three phases resulted in 117 psychopathy related items being generated for the new instrument, which were subsequently reduced to 56 when duplicated items were identified and the extant knowledge of the construct applied. The 56 items were retained in a draft version of the newly developed instrument, which was named the Child and Adolescent Psychopathy Screening Instrument (CAPSI). The Study One data revealed the instrumentation used to date provided few measures of physical and verbal aggression - a characteristic of psychopathic-like behaviour. Thus, a review of instrumentation together with the information from the interviews resulted in 63 aggression items being generated. ... Study Four utilised information from the CAPSI and the CASA in conjunction with in-depth interviews to generate case studies to further elucidate the characteristics of children and adolescents with psychopathic-like-traits and extreme aggression. Case studies were undertaken with seven male students ranging in age from 8 to 15 years who had been suspended from mainstream schools. All boys scored very highly on the new instruments. All presented with extreme aggression, with some exhibiting proactive or premeditated aggression combined with a superficially engaging personality, insincere charm, lack of remorse, and lack of empathy. The findings from all four research studies are discussed in the light of the literature reviewed and the aims of the research. Implications are then drawn for researchers and clinicians, and directions for further research are suggested.
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Salzberg, Trang Nguyen. "C-reactive Protein Levels in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis Patients." VCU Scholars Compass, 2004. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1028.
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Background: There is mounting evidence to indicate that periodontitis may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Periodontitis may be linked to CVD as either an etiologic mechanism or a predisposing factor that can hasten disease progression. Proinflammatory cytokines, elevated fibrinogen, and platelet aggregation are all potential mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to compare and review the serological differences in subjects with severe periodontitis, some of which involve established risk factors for atherosclerosis, particularly heightened C-reactive protein levels. Methods: A total of 184 subjects, comprising of two periodontal subgroups, non-periodontal (NP = 91) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (SP = 93), had serum evaluated for C-reactive protein (CRP) levels using a high sensitive ELISA test. The CRP levels were compared against clinical and demographical data to include race, age, gender, number of teeth, probing depth, attachment level, bleeding index, plaque index, and gingival index. Results: After adjusting for potential confounding variables, probing depth (p Conclusion: Pocket depth is significantly related to elevated levels of CRP, which is why it is imperative to treat periodontal pockets. This study may provide a possible link between CRP and periodontal disease, but a causal relationship cannot be inferred.
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Giri, VamshiKrishna Reddy. "Mac layer misbehavior effectiveness and collective aggressive reaction approach." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3718.
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Current wireless MAC protocols are designed to provide an equal share of throughput to all
nodes in the network. However, the presence of misbehaving nodes (selfish nodes that deviate
from standard protocol behavior in order to obtain higher bandwidth) poses severe threats to the
fairness aspects of MAC protocols. In this thesis, investigation of various types of MAC layer
misbehaviors is done, and their effectiveness is evaluated in terms of their impact on important
performance aspects including throughput, and fairness to other users. Observations obtained from
the simulation of misbehaviors show that the effects of misbehavior are prominent only when
the network traffic is sufficiently large and the extent of misbehavior is reasonably aggressive.
In addition, it is also observed that the performance gains achieved using misbehavior exhibit
diminishing returns with respect to its aggressiveness, for all types of misbehaviors considered.
Crucial common characteristics among such misbehaviors are identified, and these learnings are
used to design an effective measure to react towards such misbehaviors.
Employing two of the most effective misbehaviors, it is shown that collective aggressiveness
of non-selfish nodes is a possible strategy to react towards selfish misbehavior. Particularly, a
dynamic collective aggressive reaction approach is demonstrated to ensure fairness in the network,
however at the expense of overall network throughput degradation. In addition, the proposed
adaptive reaction strategy provides the necessary disincentive to prevent selfish misbehavior in the
network.<br>Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
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Johnson, Stephanie L. "Exploring Reaction Time Differences to Aggression Words as a Function of Attachment Related Avoidance and Anxiety." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1336057562.
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Williamson, Myra Elsie Jane Bell. "Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2594.
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The thesis examines the international law pertaining to the use of force by states, in general, and to the use of force in self-defence, in particular. The main question addressed is whether the use of force, which was purported to be in self-defence, by the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies against al Qaeda, the Taliban and Afghanistan, beginning on 7 October 2001, was lawful. The thesis focuses not only on this specific use of force, but also on the changing nature of conflict, the definition of terrorism and on the historical evolution of limitations on the use of force, from antiquity until 2006. In the six chapters which trace the epochs of international law, the progression of five inter-related concepts is followed: limitations on the resort to force generally, the use of force in self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, the use of forcible measures short of war, and the use of force in response to non-state actors. This historical analysis includes a particular emphasis on understanding the meaning of the 'inherent right of self-defence', which was preserved by Article 51 of the United Nations' Charter. This analysis is then applied to the use of force against Afghanistan which occurred in 2001. Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September, the US and the UK notified the United Nations Security Council of their resort to force in self-defence under Article 51. Each element of Article 51 is analysed and the thesis concludes that there are significant doubts as to the lawfulness of that decision to employ force. In addition to the self-defence justification, other possible grounds for intervention are also examined, such as humanitarian intervention, Security Council authorisation and intervention by invitation. This thesis challenges the common assumption that the use of force against Afghanistan was an example of states exercising their inherent right to self-defence. It argues that if this particular use of force is not challenged, it will lead to an expansion of the right of self-defence which will hinder rather than enhance international peace and security. Finally, this thesis draws on recent examples to illustrate the point that the use of force against Afghanistan could become a dangerous precedent for the use of force in self-defence.
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Hecht, Lisa. "Exploring the Differential Associations between Components of Executive Functioning and Reactive and Proactive Aggression." 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/psych_theses/146.
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The current study explored the nuanced associations between components of executive functioning (EF) and subtypes of aggression, using a latent variable approach. Participants were racially diverse undergraduate students who completed a self-report of reactive (RA) and proactive aggression (PA), and traditional neuropsychological tasks of EF. The appropriateness of using a nested bifactor model of EF was confirmed, and this bifactor model of EF was used to examine the specific associations between components of EF and RA and PA. Results revealed components of EF are differentially associated with RA and PA, such that impulsive, provoked aggression is associated with lower levels of goal-oriented inhibition and higher levels of flexibility, whereas planned, goal-oriented aggression is associated with higher levels of working memory. Findings from the current study underscore the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of EF as well as aggression when examining their associations with external constructs of interest.
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Cervantes, Martha Catalina. "Aggression, impulsive choice and serotonin in male golden hamsters." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-770.
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Aggression studies in laboratory animals have largely focused on natural species-specific forms of aggression that poorly reflect pathological types of aggression in humans. The primary goal of this dissertation was to identify and characterize a subtype of aggression in support for a congenital animal model of reactive/impulsive-aggression in humans. Experiments using novel second-by-second analyses to investigate for individual differences in aggression and impulsive choice showed detailed quantitative and qualitative differences, and identified a convergence of behaviors to one distinct impulsive-aggressive profile in high-attack frequency (HAF) hamsters.
As aggression and impulsivity widely implicate the serotonin (5HT) system, and previous studies have similarly characterized the neural control of aggression in hamsters, it was hypothesized that impulsive-aggression in HAF individuals was associated to common neurobiology. While 5HT does play a role, immunocytochemical experiments and pharmacological manipulations showed a distinct neurobiological profile of decreased 5HT availability, increased densities of 5HT1A and 5HT3 receptor subtypes, and drastically differential and opposite phenotypic-dependent reactivity to 5HT3 receptor blockade. Moreover, the current studies also showed that while 5HT3 receptor activity has broad effects, attenuating all behavioral aspects of the impulsive-aggressive phenotype (i.e. aggression, repetitiveness, fragmentation, and impulsive choice), 5HT1A receptor activity seems to have more limited effects.
Additional retrospective studies investigated developmental and etiological differences between the phenotypes. HAF adults were associated with low agonistic activity in early puberty and an early emergence of impulsivity-related characteristics. These data indicate a differential developmental trajectory of behavior and accelerated maturation, consisting of a lack of play fighting during early puberty. The HAF phenotype was additionally associated with paternal, but not maternal influence, suggesting male genetic contribution.
Together, these data support a congenital animal model that better reflects reactive forms of aggression in humans through the behavioral, neurobiological, and developmental characterization of HAF hamsters described herein. These data have pre-clinical and clinical significance and can be applied to diagnostic and preventative measures, as they illustrate the importance of distinguishing predictions about extreme fringe populations from that of normal populations, point towards more specific pharmacological therapeutic applications, identify early predictive behaviors of impulsive-aggression, and suggest heritability.<br>text
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Rathert, Jamie Lee. "Influence of Parenting Behavior on Behavioral and Psychological Associations of Proactive and Reactive Aggression." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/552.
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Child aggression is often categorized by the motivation behind the behavior, namely proactive and reactive aggression. Proactive aggression is goal oriented in nature whereas reactive aggression is in response to a perceived threat. There is some evidence to suggest that these subtypes are associated with distinct behavioral and psychological problems, with proactive aggression being associated with delinquency and reactive aggression being associated with depression. However, the behavioral and psychological correlates of these subtypes of aggression are not one to one relations and little research has examined the variables that impact these relations. This is a notable omission in the literature, as it is important to examine factors that influence these associations in order to identify targets for interventions. Parents play a role in the socialization process and are often targeted for intervention efforts. Accordingly, the current study examined the potential moderating effects of parenting behavior (i.e., corporal punishment, parental monitoring and positive parenting) on the associations between aggression subtypes and delinquency and depression. Participants include 69 children ranging from 9-12 (M=10.35, SD=1.16) years of age and their primary caregiver. First order effects indicated that proactive aggression is associated with delinquency. Only monitoring was found to moderate this relation; however this association was not in the expected direction. That is, proactive aggression was only associated with delinquency at low levels of poor monitoring. The first order effects model of depression indicated a marginally statistically significant association between reactive aggression and depression. However none of the parenting variables were found to moderate the relation between reactive aggression and depression.
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Hung, Yi-Ting, and 洪逸婷. "The Social Information Processing and Peer relationship of Junior High School Students with Reactive Aggression." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59646993805045489649.
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碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>心理與諮商學系碩士班<br>99<br>According to Crick and Dogde’s social information processing model, this study examines whether different peer relationships among junior high school students cause variations in the cognitive processes. The purpose of the study is twofold: (1) to explore and compare the social information processing of students with different levels of reactive aggression, and (2) to compare the differences of social information processing conducted by highly reactive-aggressive students with different peer relationships.
The research objects are 1,399 students from 7 junior high schools (41 classes) in Taiwan, ranging from the 7th to the 9th grade. The peer relationships are evaluated through peer nomination. The levels of reactive aggression are assessed through “Adolescent Aggression Scale.” The research tool for students’ social information processing is “Social Problem-Solving Inventory,” and the final data analysis is done through statistic tools “One-way ANOVA” and “Chi-square Test.”
The research results are as follows: (1) among students with different levels of reactive aggression, there are significant differences on “interpretation of cues,” “feeling of distress,” “clarification of goals,” and “response decision” within the social information processing; (2) there are no significant difference among highly reactive-aggressive students on the steps within social information processing when making peer relationship as the independent variable. Based on results from questionnaires, suggestions for teaching mentoring and further research are provided in the end.
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Herzogová, Kateřina. "Reaktivní agresivní žáci ve školní třídě očima svých pedagogů." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404595.
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My diploma thesis is focused on reactive aggressiveness of children at primary schools with the view of their teachers. The theoretical part focuses on aggressive, decisive and aggressive behavior. The diploma thesis tries to observe how teachers face aggressive activity in practice. The research part deals with the analysis of data on the above results, through a questionnaire survey.
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Budhal, Richi. "Identification of aggression of junior primary learners." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1085.
Full textAbstract:
Identification of aggression in Junior Primary school learners often becomes a difficult task due to the lack of appropriate measuring instruments. The assessment instruments used presently are unable to identify the subtypes of aggression. In order to address this limitation in the field of aggression, the present investigation was undertaken.
A literature study was done where the concept aggression was defined and the relationship and differences between the subtypes of aggression (physical, verbal, reactive and proactive aggression) were examined. The factors that relate to aggression, namely, biological, personality, environmental and social, parental influence, frustration and media influences were identified. A reliable measuring instrument was developed to identify the four main subtypes of aggression in junior primary learners.
The results of the empirical investigation indicated that there were significant positive correlations between the subtypes of aggression. Gender and intellectual potential do not appear to have a significant bearing on childhood aggression.
The educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines regarding treatment of childhood aggression are given for both educators and parents.<br>Education Studies<br>M.Ed.
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Bender, Stephanie. ""You meant to do that:" Examining reactive and proactive aggression and their relations to social and emotional correlates." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/563.
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This study investigated the relations between teacher-rated reactive and proactive aggression and self-ratings of peer intimacy, peer group integration, inhibition of anger and coping with anger in children in grade 4 to grade 6 (n = 519). Grade and gender differences in the study variables were also examined. Although not significant, as predicted, there was a trend towards significance where proactive aggression increased by grade; however, contrary to predictions, the occurrence of reactive aggression did not decrease by grade. The two functions of aggression were strongly correlated with one another. Males were reported more aggressive than females and self-reported lower anger management and less peer group intimacy than females. Further, females who were rated as more reactively aggressive reported less peer group integration and peer intimacy. Males who were reported as reactively aggressive also reported less peer group integration. Reactive and proactive aggression in males was related to coping with anger.
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Bender, Stephanie Lee. ""You meant to do that" : examining reactive and proactive aggression and their relations to social and emotional correlates /." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/563.
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Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of Alberta, 2009.<br>"A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Psychological Studies in Education, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on September 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.
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Dhariwal, Amrit K. "Delinquency, bullying, and depressive symptoms in adolescence : contributions to dating aggression and differential links with proactive and reactive forms /." 2005.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Psychology.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-43). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11774