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Journal articles on the topic 'Reactive attachment disorder'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Minnis, Helen. "REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 2 (February 2001): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00005.

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2

Minnis, Helen, Rosalind Ramsay, and Lachlan Campbell. "Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184, no. 7 (July 1996): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199607000-00009.

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3

Hornor, Gail. "Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 22, no. 4 (July 2008): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.07.003.

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4

Boris, Neil W., and Kimberly Renk. "Beyond Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26, no. 3 (July 2017): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.003.

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5

Humphreys, Kathryn L., Charles A. Nelson, Nathan A. Fox, and Charles H. Zeanah. "Signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years: Effects of institutional care history and high-quality foster care." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000256.

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AbstractTwo disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to care as usual or to high-quality foster care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced institutional care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to care as usual. Analyses within the ever institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster care, but number of caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in institutional care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
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Willcox, Emy. "Reactive attachment disorder in children." Paediatric Nursing 7, no. 6 (July 1995): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.7.6.14.s21.

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7

Minnis, Helen, Helen Marwick, Julie Arthur, and Alexis McLaughlin. "Reactive attachment disorder—a theoretical model beyond attachment." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 15, no. 6 (May 9, 2006): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0539-2.

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8

Corbin, James R. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Disturbance of Attachment." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 24, no. 6 (September 19, 2007): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-007-0105-x.

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9

Pearce, Colby. "An integration of theory, science and reflective clinical practice in the care and management of attachment-disordered children: A Triple-A approach." Educational and Child Psychology 27, no. 3 (2010): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2010.27.3.73.

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The formation of functional attachments is a critical developmental task of infancy and early childhood. Attachments play a significant role in the development of a child’s enduring beliefs about self, other and world (Attachment Representations). Infants become attached to the people who provide physical and emotional care on a continuous and consistent basis. Quality of care and the infant’s early experiences influence the type of attachment the infant develops. When care is grossly deficient and early experiences are characterised by physical and emotional distress, the infant’s attachment to its caregiver is also disturbed. Children who display markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts, and who have experienced grossly deficient care, might accurately be diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) or Disinhibited Attachment Disorder (DAD). Attachment-disordered children pose a substantial care and management challenge to all who care for and work with them in the home and educational contexts. Successful management of these children and the remediation of their attachment difficulties are predicated on understanding what function their apparently antisocial and defensive tendencies serve and approaches that support the development of functional attachments. Key roles are attributed to cortical arousal, attachment representations and beliefs about accessibility to needs provision in the diagnosis and remediation of attachment disorders. Drawing from observations of caregiving practices that promote functional attachments in infancy, strategies are presented for the home and classroom that address elevated cortical arousal levels, promote secure attachment representations and reassure the child regarding accessibility to needs provision.
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10

Lake, Peter M. "Recognizing and Treating Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs 2, no. 1 (2007): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19157/jtsp.issue.02.01.06.

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Cline, Linda. "Reaching Kids with Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20080101-03.

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12

Columbia Embury, Dusty, Laura S. Clarke, and Christy Leaver. "Reactive attachment disorder in the classroom." Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth 64, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1045988x.2020.1732281.

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13

Chapman, Sue. "Focus on Practice: Reactive attachment disorder." British Journal of Special Education 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8527.00246.

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14

Tibbits-Kleber, A. Lura, and Robert J. Howell. "Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy (RAD)." Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 14, no. 4 (December 1985): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1404_6.

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15

Glowinski, Anne L. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: An Evolving Entity." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (March 2011): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.013.

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16

Hinshaw-Fuselier, Sarah, Neil W. Boris, and Charles H. Zeanah. "Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated twins." Infant Mental Health Journal 20, no. 1 (1999): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199921)20:1<42::aid-imhj4>3.0.co;2-b.

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17

Zeanah, Charles H., Michael Scheeringa, Neil W. Boris, Sherryl S. Heller, Anna T. Smyke, and Jennifer Trapani. "Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers." Child Abuse & Neglect 28, no. 8 (August 2004): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.010.

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18

Pritchett, Rachel, Jennifer Pritchett, Emma Marshall, Claire Davidson, and Helen Minnis. "Reactive Attachment Disorder in the General Population: A Hidden ESSENCE Disorder." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/818157.

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Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a severe disorder of social functioning. Previous research has shown that children with RAD may have poor cognitive and language abilities; however, findings mainly come from biased, institutionalised samples. This paper describes the characteristics of all children who were given a suspected or likely diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder in an epidemiological study of approximately 1,600 children investigating the prevalence of RAD in the general population. We found that children with RAD are more likely to have multiple comorbidities with other disorders, lower IQs than population norms, more disorganised attachment, more problem behaviours, and poorer social skills than would be found in the general population and therefore have a complex presentation than can be described as ESSENCE. We discuss the clinical and educational implications.
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19

Stinehart, Michelle A., David A. Scott, and Hannah G. Barfield. "Reactive Attachment Disorder in Adopted and Foster Care Children." Family Journal 20, no. 4 (August 9, 2012): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480712451229.

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A disruption in the initial attachment formed between an infant and a primary caregiver often leads to some type of disordered or disorganized attachment. While research has been conducted on the etiology, symptoms, and effective forms of therapy regarding this disorder, much definitive information remains unknown or unclear. With the increasing use of foster care in America and the frequency of adoption, it is becoming obvious that more attention is needed in the area of how to best appropriately approach a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. This article will discuss current trends and implications for mental health professionals working in the field of foster care and adoption settings.
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20

Millward, R., E. Kennedy, K. Towlson, and H. Minnis. "Reactive attachment disorder in looked‐after children." Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 11, no. 4 (December 2006): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632750601022212.

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21

Vega, Heather, Kimberly Cole, and Kenneth Hill. "Interventions for children with reactive attachment disorder." Nursing 49, no. 6 (June 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000554615.92598.b2.

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22

Balbernie, Robin. "Reactive attachment disorder as an evolutionary adaptation." Attachment & Human Development 12, no. 3 (May 2010): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2010.482223.

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23

Seim, Astrid R., Thomas Jozefiak, Lars Wichstrøm, and Nanna S. Kayed. "Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 29, no. 10 (December 12, 2019): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01456-9.

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AbstractAlthough reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) are acknowledged as valid disorders in young children, controversy remains regarding their validity in adolescence. An unresolved question is whether symptoms of RAD and DSED are better conceptualized as other psychiatric disorders at this age. All adolescents (N = 381; 67% consent; 12–20 years old) living in residential youth care in Norway were interviewed to determine the symptoms and diagnosis of RAD/DSED and other common psychiatric disorders using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). The construct validity of RAD and DSED, including structural and discriminant validity, was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis. Two-factor models distinguishing between symptoms of RAD and DSED and differentiating these symptoms from the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders revealed better fit than one-factor models. Symptoms of RAD and DSED defined two distinct latent groups in a profile analysis. The prevalence of RAD was 9% (95% CI 6–11%), and the prevalence of DSED was 8% (95% CI 5–11%). RAD and DSED are two distinct latent factors not accounted for by other common psychiatric disorders in adolescence. RAD and DSED are not uncommon among adolescents in residential youth care and therefore warrant easy access to qualified health care and prevention in high-risk groups.
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24

Hardy, Lyons T. "Attachment Theory and Reactive Attachment Disorder: Theoretical Perspectives and Treatment Implications." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 20, no. 1 (February 2007): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2007.00077.x.

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25

Lehmann, Stine, Sebastien Monette, Helen Egger, Kyrre Breivik, David Young, Claire Davidson, and Helen Minnis. "Development and Examination of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview." Assessment 27, no. 4 (September 2, 2018): 749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118797422.

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The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM) categorizes reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) as two separate disorders, and their criteria are revised. For DSED, the core symptoms focus on abnormal social disinhibition, and symptoms regarding lack of selective attachment have been removed. The core symptoms of RAD are the absence of attachment behaviors and emotional dysregulation. In this study, an international team of researchers modified the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment for RAD to update it from DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria for RAD and DSED. We renamed the interview the reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder assessment (RADA). Foster parents of 320 young people aged 11 to 17 years completed the RADA online. Confirmatory factor analysis of RADA items identified good fit for a three-factor model, with one factor comprising DSED items (indiscriminate behaviors with strangers) and two factors comprising RAD items (RAD1: failure to seek/accept comfort, and RAD2: withdrawal/hypervigilance). The three factors showed differential associations with clinical symptoms of emotional and social impairment. Time in foster care was not associated with scores on RAD1, RAD2, or DSED. Higher age was associated with lower scores on DSED, and higher scores on RAD1.
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26

ZHANG, XiaoLu, and Xu CHEN. "Children's Reactive Attachment Disorder: Etiology, Diagnosis and Intervention." Advances in Psychological Science 22, no. 11 (2014): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01747.

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27

RICHTERS, MARGOT MOSER, and FRED R. VOLKMAR. "Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 33, no. 3 (March 1994): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199403000-00005.

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28

Ferguson, Lauren, Michael Follan, Marlene Macinnes, Judith Furnivall, and Helen Minnis. "Residential Childcare Workers’ Knowledge of Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 16, no. 2 (August 23, 2010): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00575.x.

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29

MINNIS, HELEN, and GREGORY KECK. "A clinical/research dialogue on Reactive Attachment Disorder." Attachment & Human Development 5, no. 3 (September 2003): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730310001593929.

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30

Lehman, James J., and Shereen K. Jegtvig. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Preventable Mental Health Disease." Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 3, no. 2 (March 2004): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-3467(07)60089-5.

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31

Zimmermann, Peter, and Isabel Soares. "Recent contributions for understanding Inhibited Reactive Attachment Disorder." Attachment & Human Development 21, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1499207.

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32

Lietor, M. D. C. Molina, I. Cuevas, and M. Blanco Prieto. "Child maltreatment, attachment and psychopathology: A case report." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1666.

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IntroductionThe exposure to child maltreatment increases the lifetime risk for many psychopathological symptoms: depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorder and dissociation. Besides, adopted children, especially those with a history of institutional living before adoption, are at greater risk for a range of developmental, behavioral and attachment concerns. The case report is of a 17-year-old male, with reactive attachment disorder (RAD). He suffered child maltreatment in his family of origin before the international adoption.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to present a case-report illustrating the relationship between chil maltreatment, adopted children and the reactive attachment disorder.MethodsA bibliographic search was performed about reactive attachment disorder. Information regarding the clinical case was obtained by consulting the patient’s file.ResultsA 17-years-old male who was adopted at age of 9 from Spain. According to reports from the orphanage, the patient suffered severe maltreatment by his family of origin, with scars on his back. The patient presents impulse control disorder, with verbal and physical heteroaggressiveness in situations of frustration, hunger and sleep. He stopped attending the institute at the age of 12, with marked isolation and reversal of the sleep-wake cycle. His treatment plan are partial hospitalization, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.ConclusionsBoth child maltreatment and adoption are risk factors for the presence of psychopathology during the lifetime. Especially during the pre-adoption process and the first years after adoption, both the family and the child should be able to use specialized Mental Health services.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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33

Sheperis, Carl J., R. Anthony Doggett, Nicholas E. Hoda, Tracy Blanchard, Edina L. Renfro-Michel, Sacky H. Holdiness, and Robyn Schlagheck. "The Development of an Assessment Protocol for Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.25.4.x1bwb2xyd1p638bh.

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Attachment is a critical issue among children in foster and adoptive settings. It is essential for mental health counselors who work with these children to develop appropriate appraisal skills for diagnosing Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), a syndrome associated with extreme attachment problems. However, there is no comprehensive procedure to assess a child for RAD.Thus, we propose a battery of semi-structured interviews, global assessment scales, attachment-specific scales, and behavioral observations to help mental health counselors identify the disorder. We provide a case example to illustrate the utility of each assessment process.
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Lyon, Gholson J., Barbara Coffey, and Raul Silva. "Postraumatic Stress Disorder and Reactive Attachment Disorder: Outcome in An Adolescent." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 18, no. 6 (December 2008): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.1863.

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35

Chaffin, Mark, Rochelle Hanson, Benjamin E. Saunders, Todd Nichols, Douglas Barnett, Charles Zeanah, Lucy Berliner, et al. "Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems." Child Maltreatment 11, no. 1 (February 2006): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559505283699.

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36

Dian mustika maya, Dian Mustika. "GAMBARAN PERILAKU RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder) PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH." Psikodidaktika: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling 3, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/psikodidaktika.v3i2.378.

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Abstrak. Perilaku Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) merupakan salah satu akibat dari tidak terpenuhinya kebutuhan kelekatan pada masa anak-anak. Maya, Dian Mustika & Zumkasri (2017) menunjukkan bahwa di kota Bengkulu jenis kelekatan yang diterapkan termasuk dalam Insecure Attachment (kelekatan yang tidak aman). Kelekatan ini merupakan kelekatan anak terhadap pengasuh yang kurang mengerti kebutuhan psikologis anak. Anak dalam kondisi ini akan sangat beresiko mengalami gangguan perkembangan (Wiebe, 2006). Dalam penelitian ini peneliti mencoba untuk mengambarkan Perilaku RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder) Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Di Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, yang dilakukan di SD Muhammadiyah 1 Kota Bengkulu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan gambaran perilaku RAD yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek penelitian adalah kesulitan menenanhkan diri; tidak mencari kenyamanan dari pengasuh saat berada pada situasi yang mengancam; dan memiliki kemampuan empati sedikit atau tidak menggunakan emosi saat berinteaksi dengan orang lain. perilaku tersebut muncul karena pengalaman negative anak dengan orang dewasa atau figure lekatnya (Insecure Attachment).
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37

Titochka, Tetyana. "REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER AS A DERMINANT OF VICTIM BEHAVIOR OF MINORS." Ukrainian polyceistics: theory, legislation, practice 1, no. 1 (April 2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2709-9261-2021-1-1-151-158.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the correlation between reactive attachment disorder and victim behavior of a minor. The author considers the main types of such a disorder and, depending on them, differentiates the type of victim of a criminal offense. It is noted that the lack of close emotional connection with the mother leads to a simplification of the worldview and destructive changes in the set of moral values. A child who is brought up in harsh conditions and placed in a certain framework gradually begins to feel discomfort, due to the inability to understand their place and role in family life, a value for their own parents. Such a situation can have two probable scenarios of further development: the first – the child will shut himself in and consider himself unworthy of the environment, friendship, love and recognition; second, the child will seek a spiritual replacement for parental love, and therefore will become vulnerable to people who will show affection and interest. It is pointed out that the formation in the mind of a juvenile victim of a criminal offense of the correct reaction to the wrongful influence and the generation of an adequate conditioned reflex to its negative consequences can be achieved by visualizing and gradually consolidating certain guidelines that form the algorithm necessary to avoid victimization. It turns out that the main reason for the victimization of such children is the emphasized protective compensation, which is aimed at overcoming the psychological trauma caused by dissatisfaction with the relationship with the mother. Adolescents who suffer from this type of disorder subconsciously seek to become victims, their behavior encouraging illegal influence. It is concluded that reactive attachment disorder can be considered an independent and full-fledged determinant of victim behavior of a minor. Disorders of reactive attachment can negatively affect several areas of adolescent life: emotional and volitional; intellectual; psychological. To date, the victim behavior of adolescents suffering from RAD is infantile (regressive), stimulating (fictitious-provoking) or situational. The reasons for victimization of such adolescents are their conformity, as well as transformational processes in the mind, caused by the wrong approach of parents to interact with their own children.
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Drisko, James W., and Karen Zilberstein. "What Works in Treating Reactive Attachment Disorder: Parents’ Perspectives." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 89, no. 3 (July 2008): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3773.

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Minnis, Helen, Gail Fleming, and Sally-Ann Cooper. "Reactive Attachment Disorder Symptoms in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities." Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 23, no. 4 (April 16, 2010): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00532.x.

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Minnis, Helen, Susan Macmillan, Rachel Pritchett, David Young, Brenda Wallace, John Butcher, Fiona Sim, Katie Baynham, Claire Davidson, and Christopher Gillberg. "Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived population." British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 5 (May 2013): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.114074.

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BackgroundReactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with early childhood maltreatment and has unknown population prevalence beyond infancy.AimsTo estimate RAD prevalence in a deprived population of children.MethodAll 1646 children aged 6-8 years old in a deprived sector of an urban UK centre were screened for RAD symptoms. Parents of high and low scorers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews probing for psychopathology and individuals likely to have RAD were offered face-to-face assessment.ResultsQuestionnaire data were available from 92.8% of teachers and 65.8% of parents. Assessments were conducted with 50% of those invited and missing data were imputed - based on the baseline data - for the rest. We calculated that there would be 23 children with definite RAD diagnoses, suggesting that the prevalence of RAD in this population was 1.40% (95% CI 0.94-2.10).ConclusionsIn this deprived general population, RAD was not rare.
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41

Coleman, Priscilla K. "Reactive attachment disorder in the context of the family." Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 8, no. 3 (January 2003): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632750300507019.

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Drisko, James W. "Ongoing Challenges in Conceptualizing and Treating Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 36, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0548-2.

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43

Keniston, Alyssa, Alan Lewandowski, Katelyn Briggs, and Delaney Whynot. "A-86 Reactive Attachment Disorder in Adulthood: A Neuropsychological Perspective." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.104.

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Abstract Objective The sequelae of poor attachment and trauma on psychological and social functioning is well documented, however, this complex relationship applied to a neuropsychological profile is less understood. The current case uses a neuropsychological assessment to further understand the brain-behavior relationship in a case of poor maternal attachment, multiple traumas, psychiatric comorbidities, and poor social adaptation. Method Patient is a 22-year-old, right-handed, Eastern European woman with fetal alcohol and infant toxic mold exposure, failure to thrive, maternal neglect, adoption and relocation to the United States (age four), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; multiple reported sexual traumas and bullying victimization), and depression. Referred for a neuropsychological evaluation for longstanding inattention, learning difficulties, being socially and emotionally withdrawn, and suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Results Data revealed average intellectual ability, dyscalculia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), PTSD, and depression. A self-report measure of ASD revealed a strong perception of ASD, characterized by inability to read verbal cues or other’s emotions, and poor communication and self-expression, however, this diagnosis was not supported by formal assessment and behavioral observations; instead, it was determined a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). Conclusions This case provides an example of the complex interplay of poor maternal–infant bonding coupled by adolescent trauma on adult attachment style and compromised social interactions. More specifically, the case addresses the poly-etiologic and neuropsychological impact of an insecure attachment style and trauma on self-perceptions of social and emotional withdrawal commonly seen in ASD. The case further stresses the overlapping presentations RAD, ADHD, learning disabilities, and psychiatric comorbidities.
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Coleman, Anne M., and Allen Rand Coleman. "Effectiveness of Therapeutic Attachment Camps for Improving Behavior in Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder." Open Family Studies Journal 9, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401709010132.

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Background:Early childhood attachment disruption manifests in disruptive, oppositional behavior and reduced ability for trusting intimate relationships. Chronic emotional disorder negatively affects the entire family system, making treatment difficult.Objective:The goal of the study was to assess a family therapeutic treatment program for children with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) conducted through an intensive, one-week camp.Methods:Therapeutic camps included training for caregivers, support for siblings, behavioral interventions for children with RAD, and family therapy exercises. Camps were conducted across North America. Standardized behavioral health rating scales were used to evaluate outcomes.Results:Therapeutic Attachment Camp effectively reduced disruptive behaviors within a one week period and improved family mental health scores. Pretest to post-test scores on the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire showed significant change in a clinically positive direction. Behaviors specifically associated with attachment and conscience development improved, such as showing remorse or guilt, self-control, telling the truth and accepting parental direction. Child anxiety was observed to be less based on self-rating on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Parent anxiety was significantly reduced based on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Statistical effects were moderate to large.Conclusion:Results suggested that a treatment program addressing the needs of the entire family and combining attachment exercises with psychoeducation and structured parenting practice can be effective within a short time frame. Findings have implications for community and family mental health, and for developing culturally relevant treatments that integrate disciplines.
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Mirza, Khadija, Gracia Mwimba, Rachel Pritchett, and Claire Davidson. "Association between Reactive Attachment Disorder/Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder and Emerging Personality Disorder: A Feasibility Study." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5730104.

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A systematic review of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)/disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) in adolescence highlighted that young people with the disorder had indiscriminate friendliness with difficulties in establishing and maintaining stable relationships. Most reported experiences of rejection. We were struck by similarities between the above and features of emergence of personality disorders (EPD). This feasibility study aimed to determine best ways of recruiting and retaining vulnerable young people and the proportion of participants with RAD/DSED who might have emerging borderline personality disorder (EBPD). Participants were referred to the study by their treating clinicians from local mental health teams. Results showed strong association between RAD/DSED and EBPD. Participant characteristics showed high levels of out of home placements, early termination of school careers, suicide attempts, quasipsychotic symptoms, and multiagency involvements. They experienced the project as an opportunity to talk about relationships and reported that they would like more of this in usual clinical contacts. They all agreed to be contacted for future studies. Previous studies have shown that early detection and treatment of emergent personality traits can alter trajectory. Future research will continue to explore these trajectories, explore detection of vulnerability factors, and evaluate interventions.
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Mikic, Natalie, and Miguel M. Terradas. "Mentalization and attachment representations: A theoretical contribution to the understanding of reactive attachment disorder." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 78, no. 1 (March 2014): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2014.78.1.34.

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Atkinson, Leslie. "Reactive Attachment Disorder and attachment theory from infancy to adolescence: review, integration, and expansion." Attachment & Human Development 21, no. 2 (July 17, 2018): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1499214.

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Seim, Astrid R., Thomas Jozefiak, Lars Wichstrøm, Stian Lydersen, and Nanna S. Kayed. "Self-esteem in adolescents with reactive attachment disorder or disinhibited social engagement disorder." Child Abuse & Neglect 118 (August 2021): 105141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105141.

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Hanson, Rochelle F., and Eve G. Spratt. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about the Disorder and Implications for Treatment." Child Maltreatment 5, no. 2 (May 2000): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005002005.

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Thrall, Elizabeth E., Cathy W. Hall, Jeannie A. Golden, and Beverly L. Sheaffer. "Screening measures for children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15, no. 1 (2009): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100508.

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