Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reactive tree'
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Yadav, Mayank. "Learning Robotic Reactive Behaviour from Demonstration via Dynamic Tree." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285563.
Full textAtt programmera en komplex robot är svårt, tidskrävande och dyrt. Learning from Demonstration (LfD) är en metod där en lärare visar en uppgift och roboten lär sig att utföra uppgiften. Denna avhandling presenterar en metod som genererar reaktivt robotbeteende lärt från demonstration där handlingssek--venser implicit kodas på ett regelbaserat sätt. Den presenterar också ett nytt tillvägagån- -gssätt för att hitta beteendeshierarki bland beteenden i en demonstration.I avhandlingen lär sig systemet aktiveringsregeln för primitiva såväl som sambandet som ska utföras mellan sensor och motor primitives. För att göra det använder vi det lekfulla programmeringsspråket som bygger på reaktivt programmeringsparadigm. Den underliggande regeln för aktivering av föreningar lärs med hjälp av ett neuralt nätverk från demonstrerade data. Beteendeshierarki mellan olika sensor-motorföreningar lärs med hjälp av heuristisk logikminimeringsteknik som kallas espressoalgoritm. När förhållandet mellan föreningarna har lärt sig används alla logiska förhållanden för att generera ett hierarkiskt beteendeträd med den nya metoden som föreslås i avhandlingen. Detta gör att vi kan representera beteendet på hierarkiskt sätt som en uppsättning associeringar mellan sensor och motorprimitiv i ett läsbart skript som används på lekfull.Metoden testas på en simulering genom att variera antalet mål, vilket visar att systemet lär sig underliggande regler för sensor-motorassociation som ger hög F1-poäng för varje association. Det visas också genom att ändra komplexiteten i simuleringen att systemet generaliserar lösningen och kunskapen som lärts från en sensor-motorförening är överförbar med alla förekomster av den associeringen.
McReynolds, Dianne H. "Differences in developmental aspects of reactive attachment disordered and normal children's house-tree-person drawings." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
Full textDe, Leon Maria P. "Immunological and molecular characterisation of major peanut allergens and their cross-reactive components in tree nuts." Monash University, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9673.
Full textRice, Linda J. "The biblical view of reactive attachment disorder." Santa Clarita, CA : The Master's College, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.091-0077.
Full textTuma, Carlos Cesar Mansur. "Uma estrutura de vizinhança baseada em árvore de cobertura aplicada em uma colaboração de algoritmo genético e VNS para a minimização de makespan em problemas de programação reativa da produção." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7522.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The generation of Reactive Production Scheduling (PRP) in order to minimize the makespan is an important activity in the manufacturing industry, in view of the numerous articles reflecting this search today. Among these studies highlight the global search use in hybridization or collaboration with local search, especially of Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS). But see that the neighborhood structures used are not related to the goal of makespan minimization or when they are, are difficult to obtain. In order to cover this topic, this thesis proposes the hypothesis that a strongly correlated neighborhood structure with objective of makespan minimization in PRP problems, based on spanning tree, and applied on a collaboration among a genetic algorithm with VNS, perform better or equal to those obtained by other studies using other neighborhood structures or without the use of local search. The purpose was to construct a collaboration of GA and VNS using a neighborhood structure based on the mapping of the solution in the spanning tree associated with the problem, in the local search time, and operating with the insert, swap and 2-opt operators. The planning of experiments for validation contemplated since the implementation and comparison of four variants of reactive production scheduling in three job shop scenarios of different sizes. Each pair of comparisons had its calculated sample size and has been tested with the appropriate hypothesis test. The four variants were compared: Genetic Algorithm only and three collaborations of GA with VNS using the neighborhood structure proposal and two other neighborhood structures (Critical Path and Natural Representation) found in the literature review. The scenarios came from Taillard base. The tests corroborate the hypothesis, with 95% confidence, compared to other works and the main contribution of this thesis is to create an efficient method for minimizing makespan in PRP.
A geração de Programação Reativa da Produção (PRP), com o objetivo de minimizar o makespan, é uma atividade importante na indústria manufatureira, tendo em vista os numerosos artigos que abordam esta pesquisa na atualidade. Dentre estas pesquisas, destaca-se o uso de hibridização ou colaboração de busca global com busca local, notadamente de Algoritmo Genético (AG) com Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS). Porém, nota-se que as estruturas de vizinhança utilizadas não são correlatas à função de minimização de makespan ou, quando o são, são de difícil obtenção. Com o intuito de cobrir tal tópico, esta tese propõe a hipótese de que uma estrutura de vizinhança fortemente correlata ao objetivo de minimização de makespan em problemas de PRP, baseando-se em árvore de cobertura e aplicada em uma colaboração de algoritmo genético e VNS, obtém resultados melhores aos obtidos por outros trabalhos, que fazem uso de outras estruturas de vizinhança ou que não utilizam a busca local. A proposta é a construção de um método de colaboração entre AG e VNS usando uma estrutura de vizinhança baseada no mapeamento da solução, em tempo de busca local, na árvore de cobertura associada ao problema, atuando com os operadores insert, swap e 2-opt. O planejamento dos experimentos para validação contempla a execução e comparação de quatro variantes de solução de problemas de Programação Reativa da Produção em três cenários de job shop de diversas dimensões. Cada par de comparações tem seu tamanho amostral calculado e é examinado com o teste de hipótese adequado. As quatro variantes comparadas são: Algoritmo Genético e três colaborações entre Algoritmo Genético e Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) usando a estrutura de vizinhança proposta e outras duas estruturas de vizinhança (Caminho Crítico e Representação Natural) encontradas na revisão da literatura. Os cenários vem da base Taillard. Os testes corroboram a hipótese com 95% de confiança na comparação com outros trabalhos e a principal contribuição desta tese é a criação de um método eficiente para minimização de makespan em PRP.
Glaspole, Ian. "The human cellular response to peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and cross-reacting tree-nuts." Monash University, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9665.
Full textSegev, Zuzana. "Investigation of Reaction Times for True and False Memories." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/427.
Full textBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Psychology
Jones, Stephanie. "True or false? : associative priming in the attentional blink /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19777.pdf.
Full textRAMILLON, MICHEL. "Couplage des moments cinetiques electronique et de rotation dans les collisions reactives aux tres basses temperatures." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066431.
Full textSörelius, Kiessling Helene. "”Rätt avlopp på rätt plats” : – Livscykelanalys av tre enskildaavloppsanläggningar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198701.
Full text"Right sewage system in the right place" - Life cycle assessment of three on-sitewastewater treatment options The problem with eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and in Swedish lakes is serious andon-site wastewater treatment systems are considered important, especially forphosphorus emissions. There exist about one million on-site wastewater treatmentsystems in Sweden and almost half of them do not meet current legislation.Development of new technologies for on-site wastewater treatment systems has for along time been focused on reducing emissions of eutrophying substances. However,there is a risk that this reduction could be achieved at the expense of other emissions,such as greenhouse gases and acidifying substances.This master thesis has therefore by use of life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluated threeon-site wastewater treatment systems considering their total emission of greenhousegases, acidifying gases and eutrophying substances. Because local site characteristicswere thought to affect the sewage systems overall environmental impact, an interviewstudy were also carried out with a number of municipal officials. The interview studywas designed to identify the local site characteristics that influence the selection anddesign of the on-site wastewater treatment systems. The three sewage systems includedin the study were a soil treatment system with surface water discharge and a compactbiological filter in combination with either a reactive filter module with Polonite®, or incombination with chemical precipitation.The results of the study reveal that the soil treatment system had the lowest emissions ofboth greenhouse gases and acidifying gases, but the largest emissions of eutrophyingsubstances. The two phosphorus reducing systems showed significantly greaterpotential to reduce the emissions of eutrophying substances, but at the expense of largeremissions of greenhouse gases and acidifying gases, especially in the case of thereactive filter system. Local site characteristics such as the retention of nutrients, provedto play a vital role in the investigated sewage systems overall environmental impact. Inareas with high retention of phosphorus sewage systems with high emissions ofphosphorus (such as the soil treatment system) where favored. However, in areas whereeutrophication is problematic, it is justified to use phosphorus reducing systems.
Rodrigues, Nuno. "Recherche et évaluation d'antalgiques originaux : les activateurs des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22181.
Full textAnalgesics used today are old products and several of them date from the 19th century. Morphine remains the analgesics of reference for pains called by excess of nociception, but it is at the origin of awkward and serious side effects. It was shown that the analgesic effect of morphine passed by the activation of potassium channels TREK-1. The objective of this work is thus to develop original analgesics, activators of TREK-1. We synthesized activators of TREK-1 described in the literature and we evaluated their analgesic activity in vivo (writhing test) which enabled us to identify CDC as a lead molecule. We then synthesized 43 analogues of CDC which we evaluated for their analgesic effect and their ability to activate TREK-1 channels (electrophysiology). These molecules were prepared in 3 to 12 steps with yields ranging from 3 to 72 % by using reactions such as : aldol reaction, Watsworth and Horner’s olefination, Peterson’s olefination, esterification … Very promising results emerged from this structure-activity relationship study with 8 molecules which display a very good analgesic effect (>50% inhibition of pain) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R> 2). Finally we analyzed the results of this study by molecular modeling (QSAR) which enabled us to identify the essential structural characteristics of these molecules
Rune, Göran. "Instability in plantations of container-grown Scots pine and consequences on stem form and wood properties /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Products and Markets, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s281-ab.html.
Full textVivier, Delphine. "Vers de nouveaux antalgiques : optimisation de molécules activatrices des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22518/document.
Full textMorphine remains the analgesic of reference for the treatment of pain (nociception), but it is also responsible for serious adverse effects. Research studies have shown that animals deprived of potassium channels TREK-1 (TWIK-related K+ channels) were over-sensitive to pain. More recently, it has been demonstrated that the TREK-1 potassium channel is a crucial contributor of morphine-induced analgesia in mice, while it is not involved in morphine-induced constipation, respiratory depression and dependence. These results suggest that the TREK-1 channels constitute targets of interest for the design of novel analgesics without opioid-like adverse effects. Previous studies within our consortium led to the identification of four lead structures as TREK-1 activators exhibiting analgesic activity in vivo.Since the 3D structure of TREK-1 was not available at the time, we decided to perform hit optimization by conventional structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Thirty six analogs were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation and evaluated for their analgesic effect (writhing test, hot plate assay) and their ability to activate TREK-1 channel (electrophysiology). It turned out that the possibility to form hydrogen bonding interaction (aryl moiety) and the volume of substituents of the amide or ester has a crucial influence on activity. Promising results emerged from this SAR study: 5 molecules display a very good analgesic activity (> 50% inhibition of pain, hot plate assay) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R ≥ 2 at 10μM or R ≥ 4 above 20μM)
Bazin, Daniel. "Etude de l'emission de neutrons retardes par des noyaux tres riches en neutrons et analyse des mecanismes de reaction nucleaire responsables de la production de ces noyaux." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN2020.
Full textMarchal, Alexandre. "Larch hybrid vigor and role of the phenotypic plasticity in the construction of heterosis." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2014/document.
Full textEuropean larch (Larix decidua) has been historically exploited within its natural rangefor its high quality wood, but the attempt to grow this species outside its native range was a failure. Hybridization with Japanese larch (L. kaempferi) is a promising path, in particular because of the heterosis this hybrid manifests. In this dissertation, we took advantage ofan old-enough, multi-site experiment with an inter-/intra-specific mating design. The first chapter presents the analysis of several traits involved in wood quality and productivity. We confirmed heterosis for volume related traits. The heterosis came with no counter part inwood quality, and it was stable across sites. Contrarily, some other traits showed no heterosis but higher heritabilities, and the additive performances for these traits were stable across sites and in pure species vs. in hybridization. In the second chapter, we investigated the role of phenotypic plasticity of some wood formation traits in the construction of the heterosis. Hybrid larch appeared as the most plastic taxon: it equaled the parental controls in producing narrow growth increments under drought, but it produced the largest rings in favorable water availability conditions. This second chapter was also a first step towards a better understanding of the role of phenotypic plasticity on the construction of the genetic variance architecture between larch stem circumference and density. The dissertation ends with a synthesis in which we discussed the implicationof our findings for the breeding of hybrid larch
Barba, Matthieu. "Modules réactionnels : un nouveau concept pour étudier l'évolution des voies métaboliques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657359.
Full textGhislain, Barbara. "Diversité anatomique et efficience du bois de tension des arbres de forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0012/document.
Full textTension wood is a tissue developed by angiosperms to upright or maintain their vertical position. This tissue generates a strong tensile stress able to curve the stem upwards. In the literature, tension wood anatomy is characterized by the presence of an unlignified gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the fibre cell wall. The aims of this thesis are to study the anatomical diversity of tension wood as well as the associated mechanisms of tensile stress generation and eventual variations of uprighting efficiency in order to understand how trees upright. This thesis relies on anatomical observations of 291 tropical species, on estimations of maturation strain on adult trees and on estimations of maturation strain on artificially tilted young trees tied to a pole in a greenhouse. Our results show that the G-layer is present in the majority of the species, although it is mainly hidden by lignin. The G-layer is absent in tension wood of a few number of species. In these species, the mechanism of tensile stress generation involves the interaction of wood and bark. Although tensile stress is generated in separated tissues (wood and/or bark), these two mechanism of tensile stress generation show a similar efficiency of uprighting in juvenile trees. Results of this study open new prospects of research, including on functional role of lignin in the G-layer
Meyer, Matthias. "Trockenheitsreaktionen und holzanatomische Eigenschaften der Zitter-Pappel (Populus tremula L.) – Physiologie und QTL-Mapping." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-38142.
Full textWood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age
Zang, Christian Siegfried [Verfasser]. "Growth reaction of temperate forest trees to summer drought : a multispecies tree-ring network approach / Christian Siegfried Zang." 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010952110/34.
Full textSlot, Tegan. "Occupational Biomechanics of Tree-Planters: A study of musculoskeletal symptoms, posture and joint reaction forces in Ontario tree-planters." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5534.
Full textThesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-14 10:02:32.385
Dreßler, Anne. "Anpassung an Trockenheit – Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bewässerungsstrategien auf die Trockenheitstoleranz junger Gehölze." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37231.
Full textDue to their specific location urban trees are typically subjected to heavy and intense drought stress. The already apparent negative effects of climate change enhance the effect of climate factors on plant growth. Therefore, choosing trees well-adapted to urban conditions and suitable for the respective location is of especial importance. Aside from city climate and the influence of climate change, young trees suffer considerably from drought stress as a result of clearing and planting, especially after planting out, because of which the risk of failure increases. This could be prevented by an early adjustment of nursery plants to drought, in order to obtain long-lived, vital and robust trees. Thus the goal of this work is to examine options of increasing drought tolerance in several tree species by the use of particular irrigation practices during cultivation. Additionally, there will be an assessment of the different species' drought tolerance during their juvenile phase. In 2012 and 2013 five tree species were cultivated under different irrigation strategies in a field experiment, with well (V1), with low (V2) and with occasional watering (3). Over the course of the subsequent vegetation period in 2014 they were exposed to drought. During 2013 and 2014, apart from analyses of growth (height, stem and root collar diameter, dry weight, shoot- root-ratio) and water content as well as leaf water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence and vessel parameters were measured. This enabled tracking the species-specific and irrigation-dependent development during cultivation and allowed conclusions on stress level and drought reactions or strategies to cope with water shortage. As well as possible irrigation-induced adaptations towards drought could be identified. The results of Sorbus aucuparia suggest a certain degree of adjustment to periodic or moderate drought during the juvenile phase. Loss of growth caused by short-term droughts could eventually be compensated by growth spurts after irrigation or rainfall. However, growth analyses and the data on leaf water potential indicate low tolerance against longer and more severe periods of water shortage during the growing season, especially when coinciding with atmospheric drought. Sorbus aucuparia were well-adapted to drought in 2014 both when they were formerly well irrigated (SaV1) as well as occasionally irrigated (SaV3). Their comparatively good growth is related to their larger plant water storage caused by early on better water supply. In order to achieve both long-term adaptation as well as satisfying growing rates, occasional irrigation seems reasonable for allowing adjustment to drought through conditioning for Sorbus aucuparia. The formation of narrower vessels decreases the risk of embolism. The findings are also indicative of a higher water use efficiency of formerly occasionally irrigated Sorbus aucuparia. Based on growth and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses Acer campestre seems to be less sensitive to short-term and occasional drought, but medium to highly sensitive to long-term water shortage during the juvenile phase. Growth during the dry conditions in 2014 indicates a better adjustment of formerly well and occasionally irrigated Acer campestre (AcV1 and AcV3). Probably a better adjustment in the long term can be achieved by early low irrigation, even if lower overall growth per year has to be expected. This is due to the formation of more narrow vessels that prevent embolism, and the low shoot-root-ratio well adapted to drought, as well as by keeping up a relatively high water content in recurring drought. Both growth and physiological investigation suggest a high susceptibility to drought in juvenile Tilia platyphyllos in severe long-term water shortage during the growing season and in perennial drought. Vessel analyses confirm this result. Thus no reduction of vessel size occurred during drought. Only formerly occasionally (TpV3) and low irrigated plants (TpV2) show minor adaptation in vessel size. Combining with the results of the dry-weight analysis it can be suggested a certain adjustment of Tilia platyphyllos to recurring periods of drought and singular dry years. Formerly well irrigated plants (TpV1) were best at withstanding the 2014 one-year drought by using their water storage and showed better growth with simultaneously low leaf water deficits. The comparatively low stress level of TpV1 is also reflected by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Despite not showing higher growth rates during the 2014 drought, analyses of leaf water potential of formerly occasionally watered plants (TpV3) point to osmotic adjustment as well as adaption of stoma regulation. The vessel analyses confirm these findings. Therefore, Tilia platyphyllos seems to benefit from both ideal as well as occasional irrigation (TpV1 and TpV3) during cultivation to adjust to subsequent droughts. However, a conclusive recommendation on watering Tilia platyphyllos does not seem possible at this point. Styphnolobium japonicum is characterized by very high drought tolerance towards occasional drought events and by medium to high tolerance towards long-term and perennial drought events during their juvenile phase. This is reflected by investigations of growth and physiology. The early development of a sturdy heart-root-system and deep sinker roots allows the acquisition of bigger soil water reservoirs. Not only root, but also leaf and trunk anatomy, as well as physiological reactions (slight reduction of midday leaf water potential) are main strategies to avoid drought stress. Here as well the protection from embolism is achieved by developing only medium to smaller vessels during drought. Therefore, formerly low and occasionally irrigated plants (SjV2 and SjV3) were even better adapted to the drought in 2014. Furthermore, together with analyses of leaf water potential and water content, the high growth rates suggest an improved water use efficiency, but also intensified osmoregulation as well as an adjustment of stoma regulation. The findings point to better long-term drought adaptation as well as satisfying growing rates using the occasional irrigation strategy for Styphnolobium japonicum. Populus nigra 'Italica' also follows a stress avoidance strategy by slightly lowering its leaf water potential. Its rapidly spreading root system can obtain access to bigger soil water resources. Developing a high number of small vessels and a rather low number of big ones decreases the risk of cavitation. Considering the leaf water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, the results of the growth analysis of Populus nigra 'Italica' indicate a medium drought tolerance towards long-term water shortage during the growing season and a higher tolerance towards occasional drought events. Yet a conclusive assessment of drought tolerance and improved adaptation to drought by the usage of a certain irrigation strategy, especially when it comes to perennial water shortage, is not possible for Populus nigra 'Italica' given the present data. However, it became apparent, that Populus nigra 'Italica' shows different adjustment mechanisms that are subject to intensity, duration and frequency of dry periods.
Meyer, Matthias. "Trockenheitsreaktionen und holzanatomische Eigenschaften der Zitter-Pappel (Populus tremula L.) – Physiologie und QTL-Mapping." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25310.
Full textWood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age.