Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réactivité (chimie) – Effets du cuivre'
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Bettayeb, Mohamed. "Etude des relations entre résistance à l’amorçage de la corrosion intergranulaire et structure des joints de grains sur cuivre polycristallin." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC018.
Full textEtude des relation entre microstructure et phénomènes liés à l'initiation de la corrosion intergranulaire. notre stratégie et l’étude des surface de cuivre polycristallin par microscopie à champs proche et en ebsd
Menecier, Sébastien. "Réactivité entre le cuivre et l'alumine sous irradiation laser." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/960c01d8-a6a0-4dd3-8403-d000392f04bf/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0060.pdf.
Full textA laser process was used to elaborate copper tracks on alumina substrates in air. Relevant parameters were found using a Plackett and Burman design of experiments to achieve a copper track with good bonding and good electrical conductivity. This statistical method allowed determining reference parameters and pointing of the process. Copper, partially oxided during laser treatment, with important consequences on the bonding with alumina, so the wetting properties of oxidized copper on alumina have been studied, showing that CuO and Cu2O favored wetting and, simultaneously led to the formation of CuAlO2 and CuAl2O4 interphases which were responsible of the bonding alumina/copper with a physical and chemical continuity in the interfacial zone. Others analyses with Castaing microprobe and TEM and spectroscopy allowed advancing a reactional mechanism, specific to the copper-alumina-oxygen system undergoing a laser irradiation
Peyroux, Eugénie. "Complexes dinucléaires de cuivre : biomimétisme et réactivité vis-à-vis de l'oxygène." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30064.
Full textTyrosinase, a type 3 copper-containing enzyme, shows catechol oxidase and phenol oxidase activities with reduction of dioxygen into water. The catalytic species is thought to involve a dicopper-[mu]-[êta]²-[êta]²-peroxo intermediate. Biomimetic dinuclear copper complexes with hexadentate amino-ligands with a flexible diphenyl spacer was designed, synthesized and characterized. The crystallographic structures of the copper (II) complexes were solved. The reactivity of theses compounds with oxygen was studied by oxygenation of copper (I) complexes or by peroxide shunt on copper (II) complexes. For these complexes the UV-Vis spectroscopy experiments pointed out the rapid formation of complex-oxygen adducts that can be: [mu]-[êta]²-[êta]²-peroxo or 2-hydroxy-2-hydroperoxypropane. Eventually, an inhibition study of tyrosinase was realized with the hydroxypyridin-N-oxide. We propose a mechanism for tyrosinase inhibition which takes into account the inhibitor binding to active site copper atoms
Lapouge, Pahlawan Sophie. "Synthèse et réactivité de nouveaux synthons imidazoliques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30124.
Full textParrot, Arnaud. "Systèmes supramoléculaires biomimétiques : les complexes bols, synthèse, propriétés et réactivité." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB153/document.
Full textIn this manuscript, we present the synthesis and caracterisation of three tetradentate bowlshaped ligand. These ligands are resorcin[4]arene functionnalized by four methylimidazole. Each ligand is soluble in a different medium, such as organic solvent, water and mixed solvent. The four methylimidazoles are able to coordinate several metal ions, such as zinc, copper and iron. We then present the host-guest properties of the complexes. The complexes are able to coordinate acidic guests without addition of an exogenous base, thanks to the fourth imidazole. Two labiles positions are avalaible in cis, and bidentate ligands are able to coordinate the metal ions. Finally, we present the reactivity of the complexes. The zinc complex, [Rim4Zn]2+ catalyses the acetonitrile hydration with 35% water at 70°C. In an aqueous media with 10% water,[WRim(OH)44 Zn(H2O)](NO3)2 catalyses not only the acetonitrile hydration but also it’s subsequent hydrolysis into acetate
Maestre, Philippe. "Métaux redox (cuivre, fer) et production de radicaux hydroxyles. Application à la cytotoxicité des quinones." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30211.
Full textPichon, Clotilde. "Réactivité des composés organiques pentavalents du bismuth envers les fonctions hydroxyles : études mécanistiques." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112205.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of the reactivity of pentavalent bismuth compounds towards hydroxylic substrates such as alcohols and glycols. In the first part, a mechanistic study of the catalytic cleavage of glycols by triphenylbismuth and N-bromosuccinimide is described. In the second part, phenylation of hydrogen- bearing heteroatoms is studied. First, the mechanism of the phenylation reaction of glycols described by David and Thieffry is studied, the catalytic role of copper salts demonstrated and the synthetic scope of the reaction is broadened ta other substrates. In a second part, the selective O-phenylation of primary and secondary alcohols and N-phenylation of imides by tetraphenylbismuth esters is presented and mechanism of the reaction is studied
Thibonnet, Jérôme. "Synthèse et réactivité d'acides polyeniques : applications à l asynthèse d'acides rétinoiques." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR4004.
Full textEl, Khokh Norddine. "Synthèse, réactivité et caractérisation de précurseurs moléculaires de matériaux de haute pureté : alcoxydes des terres rares (lanthane, cérium) et du cuivre (II)." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4392.
Full textDerat, Etienne. "Etude théorique de la formation et de la réactivité de complexes organométalliques à base de zirconium." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000025.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis, we initially start on the mechanism of formation of the species of the type Cl2Zr(alkene) starting from Cl2Zr(alkyl)2. We show, by calculations using DFT, that the mechanism is a concerted and associative b hydride abstraction. The hypothesis of g hydride abstraction is refuted, and also for the species of the Cp2Zr(alkyl)2 types. But whereas for these last, it was not necessary to utilize specifically a polar solvent (ether) or a phosphine to generate Cp2Zr(alkene), we show that in the case of the chlorine ligands, that is essential. This effect of specific solvent is explained by an energetic decomposition. We compare then the behavior of L2M(p bond) species where L is a chlorine, a cyclopentadienyl or a methoxy, M a zirconium, a titanium and where the p bond is constituted by an alkene family or a family of carbonyls. The relative stability of these various compounds is analyzed as well as complexation of one molecule of polar solvent. We study subsequently the insertion of a second molecule comprising a double bond on these molecules, which leads to metallacyclopentanes. We show in particular that the relative stability of these cycles can directly be connected to the stability of the metallacyclopropanes for the insertion of the same substrate. The last part is devoted to the reactivity study of Cl2ZrEt2 in the presence of various substrates (formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, dimethylfulvene) in polar and non-polar medium. We demonstrate thus, that in non-polar medium, Cl2ZrEt2 reacts with these unsaturated substrates by a concerted six-centers mechanism of hydrogen transfer
Girard, Hugues. "Traitements électrochimiques contrôlés sur diamant : corrélation entre chimie superficielle et réactivité électrochimique." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00526505.
Full textDuval, Maryne. "Ligands bidentes pour la synthèse de complexes de cuivre et d'or : étude de leur réactivité." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30018.
Full textThis thesis focused on the synthesis of copper(III) complexes and the study of their reactivity toward the elementary steps induce in catalytic cycles of olefin oligomerization processes (migratory insertion, β-H elimination/transfer, isomerization, oxidative coupling). For this purpose, a methodology combining theoretical calculations and experimental tests was used.The first chapter of this thesis presents in general oligomerization of ethylene for the obtaining of linear α-olefin and explains the interest of using a copper catalyst from an industrial and fundamental point of view. According to the predictive theoretical calculations performed, the migratory insertion process in a Cu(III)–C bond seems more accessible than in a Cu(I)–C bond. The first lock of this thesis is therefore access to these copper(III) complexes.The second chapter gives a general overview of copper chemistry and its use in catalysis. In more depth, a bibliographic report on stable copper(III) complexes is reported in order to understand which criteria help stabilize this complexes. Copper(III) species being known to be very unstable, the experimental techniques used for the detection of these highly reactive species are also described. On the other hand, the known and stable organometallic copper(III) complexes are not suitable for the reactivity envisaged. Based on theoretical calculations as well as on the results previously obtained in the group on gold chemistry, two strategies described in chapters three and four, were considered to obtain a stable copper(III) complexes.The third chapter of this thesis deals with the first strategy for access to copper(III) complexes based on intramolecular C–I oxidative addition assisted by a chelate effect. Theoretical studies were carried out and the naphthylphosphine and naphthylamine peri-iodide ligands were chosen. C–Br, C–C and C–P couplings have been observed and allow to suppose a copper(III) intermediate. The original and unprecedented formation of a cyclic peri-bridged phosphonium is observed. Catalytic conditions have been developed as well as the activation of less reactive bonds (C–Br and C–Cl) were developed. The reopening of the ring by oxidative addition to gold is also observed.The fourth chapter deals with the second access strategy for the copper(III) complex, intermolecular oxidative addition from a bent copper(I) complex, carrying an LX bidente ligand. The choice of β-diketiminate ligands was performed in accordance with the predictive theoretical calculations. The non-innocence of these ligands led to their functionalization. Anilido-imines have constituted an interesting alternative allowing the formation of copper(I) π-complexes with alkenes and 1,3-dienes.The fifth chapter is about the synthesis of gold(I) anilido-imines complexes and the study of their reactivity toward oxidative addition. Gold(III) complexes are more stable than copper(III) complexes, the formation of new gold(III) complexes can help better understand the stabilization of copper(III) complexes
Bee-Debras, Agnès. "Etude des systèmes cuivre (II) - acides dihydroxybenzoïques et cuivre (II) - polycondensats : modélisation des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux oligo-éléments." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS004.
Full textHarmand, Lydie. "Nouveaux systèmes catalytiques au cuivre pour la cycloaddition de Huisgen : synthèse et étude de la réactivité de catalyseurs supramoléculaires photoactivables pour la chimie « click »." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14626/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of catalysts for the copper-catalyzed reaction between alkynes and azides (CuAAC), one of the most important reactions of modern chemistry. As a first step, we have shown that the copper(II) complex [Cu(C186-tren)]Br2 could be used as catalyst for this reaction, and this without adding an external sacrificial reductant such as sodium ascorbate. Spectroscopic studies (EPR, UV-visible) suggest that the alkyne serves as the "internal reductant" In a second step, the use of a tren ligand (tBuBz3tren) bearing three tert-butylbenzene groups allowed to obtain supramolecular copper(II) complexes that were soluble in water by formation of inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrins. These complexes proved to be good catalysts for CuAAC, particularly if using sodium ascorbate as the reductant. We then prepared the copper(II) complex, [Cu(tBuBz3tren)ketoprofenate]ketoprofenate, whose counter-ion is the ketoprofenate anion which contains a benzophenone function as a photosensitizer. Under irradiation at 365 nm, the complex is very effectively reduced to copper(I) by photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Our studies have shown that the copper(II) precatalyst can be very efficiently activated by light to generate a highly active copper(I) catalyst for the CuAAC. The control over the catalytic activity of the complex was tested in methanol or toluene for the reaction between various azides and alkynes. The corresponding triazoles were isolated with excellent yields by simple filtration. In addition, once the reaction is initiated photochemically, it is possible to instantly stopped it by introducing air into the reaction medium. Overall, this is the first example of a photoactivatable catalyst for click chemistry
Barthe, Philippe. "Etude des effets du broyage et de l'addition de catalyseurs sur la réactivité d'un coke de charbon de Freyming." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10533.
Full textMateo, Sandrine. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et réactivité du carbonate de glycerol : faisabilité de l'obtention des α-monoethers de glycerol et propriétés solvantes". Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT028G.
Full textThe physical characteristics, the solvent and surfactant properties of glycerol carbonate have been evaluated in order to evaluate its solubility parameters (Hansen's method), its solvent power, its specific interactions (hydrophilic/hydrophobic effects), its dielectric and surfactant properties, its waterproofing power. . . Thus, the glycerol carbonate is a bifunctional molecule with an ambidente behaviour. This study contributes to establish a complete monograph of the glycerol carbonate. The feasability of the reaction between glycerol carbonate and alcohols (short and fatty alcohols, phenols) to obtain glycerol [alpha]-monoethers has been demonstrated. The reactional conditions depend on the nature of the used alcohol. The glycerol carbonate / fatty alcohol system is biphasic. The glycerol carbonate and the 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, non miscible, form a hydrophilic / lipophilic reactional system in which we have tried to produce the 1-O-(2-ethylhexyl)glycerol by using it as glycerol carbonate / 2-ethyl hexan-1-ol compatibilizer. Physical, solvent and surfactant properties of glycerol [alpha]-monoethers have been determinated. Glycerol ethers with short alkyl chain are protic, hydrophilic and middle polar compounds and can be used alone or in aqueous formulations (painting, adhesive, ink. . . ). The 1-O-(methyl)glycerol and the 1-O-(ethyl)glycerol have good solvent properties for an use as painting solvent. Solvent properties and surfactant properties of glycerol ethers can be bound by mathematic equations
Inguimbert, Nicolas. "Synthèse et réactivité d'ylures et diylures de cyanamides phosphorés, de leurs dérivés guanidines précurseurs de phosphatriazines." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20050.
Full textGasquères, Cédric. "Fissuration par fatigue et ténacité d'alliages d'aluminium 2xxx à 223K." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2259.
Full textThe aim of this thesis deals with a study of the mechanisms governing fatigue crack propagation in 2xxx (Al-Cu-Mg) aluminum alloys used in plane wings under environment conditions simulating service life. A new experimental set up has been designed allowing testing under selected atmospheres - high vacuum, ambient air, dry air, cold dry air with controlled residual humidity and temperature (down to 223K) - simulating conditions of a cruise at an altitude of 10 km. An enhanced environmental effect has been put in light for naturally aged alloys with growth rates 20 times lower at 223K than at room temperature. Conversely, no effect has been observed for peak aged temper. These effects are related to a crystallographic crack path favored by low temperature and dry air in the naturally aged temper, which induces much slower rates resulting from the barrier effect of grain boundaries and associated crack deviation and deflection. Transmission electronic microscopic observations support a localization of the plastic deformation along a single slip system within each individual grain in front of the crack tip. The different mechanisms associated to the different environments are described by the mean of a frame work previously established for Al alloys at room temperature. Finally, a cohesive zone modeling is proposed to describe the crack propagation behavior of Al alloys in ambient air. Simulations are shown in good agreement with experiments. On the side of industrial applications, these results offer a possible extension of fatigue life estimation for high altitude cruise when using naturally aged alloys
Debauge, Yves. "Alliages à base de palladium PdX (avec X = Fe, Cu) : caractérisation de surface et réactivité pour les réactions de dépollution et d'hydrogénation." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10273.
Full textKhartabil, Hassan. "Etude théorique de la structure et la réactivité d'agrégats mixtes d'organolithiens." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10102/document.
Full textIn this work, we report computational investigation intended to get a deeper insight on the structure and reactivity of organolithium compounds and the role of solvent on aggregation. Briefly, we have investigated : (1) The structure and the dynamics of simple aggregates in ethereal solvents. (2) The structure of n-BuLi, LiPM and mixed n-BuLi/LiPM aggregates in gas phase, hexane and THF. (3) The reaction mechanisms of n-BuLi/LiPM aggregates with pyridine making a comparison between the reaction rates for a-, ortho-metallation and nucleophilic addition. Several solvent models have been used. Molecular Dynamics simulations have been carried out using a previously developed QM/MM approach. Quantum mechanical calculations have been carried out at density functional theory and ab initio levels
Moreau, Yohann. "Développement d'une méthode théorique pour l'étude de la réactivité chimique des systèmes moléculaires complexes en solution." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0117_MOREAU.pdf.
Full textThe main goal of this work has been to develop tools allowing to take into account simultaneously the influences of the solvent and of the molecular environment surrounding the chemical centre. The coupling of the hybrid LSCF/MM method with the SCRF model of solvent is studied. This three-layers approach is used to study the reaction between cyclopentadiene an (-)-menthyle acrylate in order to determine the common effects of both the solvent and the chemical environment. The introduction of explicit molecules of water in the vicinity of the reactive centre is also investigated in order to model the specific solut/solvent interactions such as hydrogen bonds. A set of specific parameters for water is determined to describe the interaction between quantum solutes and classical water. This approach is used to study the solvent effects in the Claisen reaction. An approach to perform a block calculation of te hessian matrix within the LSCF/MM scheme is also presented
Fornairon-Bonnefond, Caroline. "Réactivité post-fermentaire de saccharomyces cerevisiae vis-à-vis de l'oxygène en conditions oenologiques : application à l'élevage de vins sur lies." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20169.
Full textAyad, Massinissa. "Réactivité biomimétique du dioxygène au sein de complexes du fer et du cuivre en vue de l’activation des liaisons C-H." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0054.
Full textCatalytic oxydation of C-H bonds using molecular oxygen as ‘green’ oxidant remains a great challenge from both fundamental and industrial point of views. Many metalloproteins, such as copper end iron-based mono-oxygenases are able to perform these reactions under mild conditions. A current strategy is to develop synthetic complexes which can reproduce the efficiency of such enzymes. The main objective of our work has been to synthesize and characterize new models of soluble (sMMO) and particulate (pMMO) mono-oxygenases. Two approaches have been developed. The first strategy was to synthesize unsymmetrical dinucleating ligands bearing two coordination sites, tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine “TPA” and pyridinedicarboxamide “PydCA”, which are embedded in a single macrocycle to favor intermetallic interaction. The second strategy is based on the synthesis of dinucleating ligands where coordinating patterns, tetraazacyclotetradecane “cyclam” and dipicolylamine “DPA”, are separated by a phenyl type spacer. These two approaches have led to the formation and characterization in the solid state (X-ray structure) and in solution (spectroscopy, electrochemistry) of many mononuclear and dinuclear iron, copper and cobalt complexes. The study of the reactivity of some mononuclear complexes towards oxidants such as O2 and H2O2, in absence of organic substrates, has led to the identification of metal-oxygen species. Catalytic oxidation of organic substrates was also conducted
Sonois, Mazars Vanessa. "Rôle des métaux et des membranes sur la structure et la réactivité des peptides β-amyloïdes liés à la maladie d'Alzheimer". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/123/.
Full textWe studied the interaction between metals ions (zinc and copper) and biological membranes with the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) related to the Alzheimer's disease. (I) We confirmed the neurotoxicity of Abeta-CuII complex on SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells. We have shown the neuroprotective effect of the metallothionein-3 against this toxicity. (II) We characterised the ZnII-binding to the neuroprotective peptide humanin using UV spectroscopy. As the affinity constants of the humanin-ZnII and Abeta-ZnII complexes are in the same range humanin may interact with the Abeta-ZnII complex. (III) We developed a new method for micro crystallization of amino acids on silica resulting in enhanced Raman signals. Preliminary studies on hemoproteins indicated that this method allows structural studies of proteins and its interaction with metal ions. (IV) Using solid NMR (13C, 15N) we confirmed the fibrillation of Abeta (beta-sheets structure). The NMR spectra did not show any changes in the secondary structure of Abeta after co-fibrillation in presence of lipids vesicles containing cholesterol which demonstrates that Abeta was not located inside the vesicles
Tenaud, Pascal. "La thioglucoside glucohydrolase (myrosinase) de graines de Sinapis alba : purification et effets de l'acide ascorbique et des espèces activées de l'oxygène sur la cinétique et la stabilité." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPI231.
Full textThe thioglucoside glucohydrolase, involved in the flavour development within the french mustard paste, is prepared from seeds of Sinapis alba according to a new purification procedure. TGH C isoenzyme appears homogeneous using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gradient gel but it remains heterogeneous using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The kinetic behaviour of TGH B and TGH C isoenzymes is studied in presence of ascorbic acid known for its activation properties toward myrosinase activity. The kinetic model we propose fits qualitatively and quantitatively experimental results. With this model, we can define intrinsic kinetic parameters for each isoenzyme. Using coimmobilised TGH with ascorbate oxidase within an albumin film we establish theoretically and experimentally a link between TGH activity and an external parameter, in our case, the partial pressure of oxygen. With ascorbic acid and copper present in the medium, TGH B and TGH C are irreversibly inactive through oxidative modification with site specificity. Functional and physicochemical properties analysis show the occurrence of a conversion from TGH B to various isotypes of TGH C, during the inactivation
Brugnara, Andrea. "Contrôle cavitaire de la réactivité redox d'un ion métallique (Cu) dans un environnement biomimétique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P625/document.
Full textThe X6TMPA molecule is composed by a tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TMPA) cap covalently linked to the small rim of the calix[6]arene. This compound can coordinate and stabilize a Cu(I)/Cu(II) ion in a mononuclear environment. These compounds possess unique properties in host-guest and redox chemistry.This PhD thesis work describes some synthetic strategies employed in order to modify the scaffold of the macrocycle, either at the large or the small rim. Moreover, the studies conducted in order to evaluate the impact of each structural modification on the reactivity of the resulting system are detailed. Chapter 2 describes the “large rim tri-functionalization” strategy. It has been employed to introduce three hydrophilic moieties on the calix[6]arene unit. These groups enable the water-solubilization of the molecule, as well as the Cu(I)/Cu(II) monometallic complexes. For these systems, host-guest chemistry in aqueous media has been explored: a remarkable property is the high affinity of the cupric complex for fluoride anion. Chapter 3 describes the “large rim hexa-functionalization” strategy. The obtained compounds have been employed for novel applications, as surface functionalization or “monoclick” reaction. Chapter 4 describes the “small rim tri-functionalization” strategy. The obtained compounds are reactive in solution. A phenol-containing macrocycle, that gives a stable radical species at room temperature, and a quinone-containing macrocycle, in which the calix[6]arene moiety is a redox-active unit, are presented. Moreover, the reactivity of the monometallic complexes (Zinc, Copper) has been explored and discussed
Majimel, Jérôme. "Etude de la précipitation et des mécanismes de dislocations dans l'alliage Al(CuMg)2650." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0023.
Full textSevere flying conditions have been retained for the future Supersonic Civil Transport aircraft: this aircraft is planned to have a four times longer lifetime than Concorde's one. The selected aluminium alloy for fuselage skin, the 2650(AlCuMg) one, has therefore to exhibit both a high damage tolerance and a strong resistance to long term creep in the 100ʿC-130ʿC temperature range. My thesis aims consequently at : 1)understanding the dislocation mechanisms which control the alloy plasticity under such conditions, 2)improving the knowledge of the hardening precipitation in this alloy. The main part of this investigation has been carried out using the transmission electron microscopy in its conventional and high resolution modes. We show that thermal activation allows cross-slip events on the dislocations and therefore, dislocation multiplication and precipitates by-passing. Three type of precipitates have been identified, two of them introducing strain fields in the matrix
Oudet, François. "Contribution à l'étude de la réactivité et de la stabilité des catalyseurs de post-combustion automobile de type platinoïdes supportés sur alumine." Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD099.
Full textLe, Mest Yves. "Etude des propriétés électrochimiques de biporphyrines de type "face-à-face" : réactivité des dérives du cobalt vis-à-vis de l'oxygène." Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES2013.
Full textOberoi, Chauhan Moni. "Analogies silicium-phosphore. Etude de composés hexacoordonnés du phosphore. Stabilisation d'espèces très réactives du silicium et du phosphore." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20112.
Full textMerceron, Aymeric. "Milieux granulaires réactifs : dynamique et structure autour de grains en transformation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066473/document.
Full textPhysical and chemical transformations appearing in reactive granular media yield strong dynamical and structural reorganizations. Widely used for industrial applications, the behavior of these evolving materials needs to be understood. In this work, we experimentally study the rearrangements of a model granular packing undergoing localized transformations of one or several grains. The experimental setups allow a two-dimensional tracking of the surrounding structure while one or several grains are either reducing in size or being pulled out of the packing. The average long-term response of the material is similar to quasi-static flows commonly observed in silos. The instantaneous behavior of the packing is heterogeneous in space and time. It shows an intermittent dynamic with events decorrelated in time whose amplitudes are power-law distributed. The sizes of the evolving grains play an important role on the dynamical response of the granular packing by the appearance of arches for the smallest intruders. Moreover, the presence of a second evolving grain generates cooperative effects. A characteristic distance between the two intruders is found, it does depend on the packing properties and not on the size of the evolving grains. Finally, instantaneous evolutions of local densities show similar distributions suggesting a unique mechanism in terms of structural reorganizations
De, Leener Gaël. "Nouveaux complexes biomimétiques dérivés de calix[6]azacryptands : étude des effets de seconde sphère et greffage sur surface." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB024/document.
Full textMore than 30% of all enzymes present a metal ion in their active site. Interesting sub-families present a mononuclear active site where a single metal ion (Zn2+ or Cun+) is coordinated to a polyhistidine core. The elaboration of model compounds is important for understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in their bio-catalytic cycles. In this context, we have developed calix[6]arene based ligands presenting an aza cap covalently linked to the calixarene moiety. These supramolecular assemblies present several advantages: they offer a coordination site for a metal ion through the nitrogen donor atoms of the cap, the small rim of the calixarene moiety defines the second coordination sphere, and the hydrophobic cavity presents an access channel for exogenous ligands. In these systems the coordinating nitrogen atoms are separated from the oxygen rich small rim by two carbon atoms, which allows the controlled coordination of one single guest inside the cavity. Wanting to modulate the properties of the calix[6]arene tren-based (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine) ligand, we successfully synthetized several new receptors and studied their reactivity. The synthesis of “two-story” receptors, the calix[6]amido-tren and calix[6]amido-tacn, allowed the modification of the first and second coordination sphere of a coordinated metal ion by introducing an additional spacer between the tripodal aza-cap and the calixarene macrocycle. The complexes of CuI, CuII and ZnII of these new ligands were synthesized and their reactivity was studied. The presence of three potentially coordinating carbonyl groups changed the host-guest reactivity of these metal complexes as they are in competition with exogenous ligands. A comparative study of the host-guest properties and of the reactivity of the metal complexes of both ligands, calix[6]amido-tren and calix[6]amido-tacn was realized. The cavity of these “two-story” ligands is larger than the one of the parent calix[6]tren and more flexible, allowing not only the coordination of an anion, but the simultaneous coordination of two Cl¯ ligands. The oxidation of sterically hindered amines into hydroxylamines and oximes in the presence of O2 was electrochemically realized by the reduction of the cupric center forming a CuII-superoxo adduct as the reactive species. Amine oxidation has been shown for the parent complex, however, the scope of this reaction was limited due to the smaller cavity. The formation of a CuII-superoxo adduct of the calix[6]amido-tren complex was qualitatively evidenced at low temperature upon addition of O2 to the isolated cuprous complex. This type of adduct has attracted much attention in recent years since it is considered to be a reactive intermediate in the catalytic cycle of copper monooxygenases, such as PHM and DβM. A supramolecular assisted demethylation methodology was developed for different capped calix[6]azacryptands. This methodology was then successfully applied to the demethylation of calix[6]tren in order to obtain calix[6]trentrisPhOH. This receptor showed a very different behavior in comparison to the parent one. Indeed, the complexation of anions and biologically relevant ammonium ions was evidenced by the monoprotonated receptor. The metal complexes of CuII and ZnII were synthesized. The interaction between the metal center and the phenate groups in presence of base has been evidenced and has conducted to a multi-step molecular switch. The cupric complex showed the presence of a phenoxyl radical resembling the oxidized form of galactose oxidase, catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes. These results open the way to new perspectives in reactivity studies. An analog of calix[6]tren, bearing a functionalized reactive arm on the tren cap, was synthesized and the corresponding CuII complex was immobilized on a gold surface through a monolayer formation. (...)
Diantouba, Bertin Aimé. "Effets structuraux des acyl-4-pyrazolones-5 dans l'extraction liquide-liquide des cations metalliques divalents." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13093.
Full textVincent, Edwige. "Simulations numériques à l'échelle atomique de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d'alliages ferritiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Vincent.pdf.
Full textPellet, Alain. "Réactivité des pyridylacétonitrile, aminonitrile et éther de cyanhydrine vis à vis de composés carbonylés α, β [alpha-béta] éthyléniques : synthèse et stéréochimie de γ [gamma] cétonitriles et de γ [gamma] cétoaldéhydes". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112130.
Full textThis work deals with the regioselectivity of addition of alpha nitrile carbanions on unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the aim of synthesizing gamma functionalized carbonyl compounds. In the first chapter, we have shawn that the addiion of lithiated 3-pyridylacetonitrile to various enones in tetrahydrofurane, followed by protonation, leads exclusively to 1,4 adducts, the bicylcic ketones are Cis ring fused. The cis or trans stereochemistry of the 2,3-disubstituted cyclanones depends on the protonation of enolates under kinetic or thermodynamic control. The 1,2 addition of this anion on 3-methyl 2-butene 1-al is performed in tetrahydrofurane whereas 1,4 addition is observed under thermodynamic control in the presence of hexamethylphosphoramide or trifluoroboron etherate. In the second chapter, we have realized regioselective additions of lithiated and potassiated dimethylaminophenylacetonitrile and lithiated (ethoxy-ethoxy) phenylacetonitrile (latent benzoyl equivalents) on various unsaturated aldehydes. Our study centers on the influence of the nature of the reactants, solvents, cations, Lewis acids, and experimental conditions on the regio and stereoselectivities of these additions. A methodology leading to ketoaldehydes and keto allylic alcohols, usually difficult to obtain, was improved and applied to the synthesis of optically active compounds. In the third chapter, the reductive decyanation by different borohydrides was studied on an aminonitrile model with the aim of accessing to aminoaldehydes and aminoallylic alcohols. The desired free amine is accompanied by various amounts of stable amine-borane complexe according to the reducing agent. This methodology, applied to 1,4 adducts, leads to the corresponding aminoalcohols while retrocondensation occurs from the1,2 adducts
Jullien, Anne-Solène. "Synthèse et étude de nouveaux chélateurs pour la détoxification d'ions métalliques d¹º dans l'organisme." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV028.
Full textThis work consisted in the syntheses of new chelators for the binding of soft d10 metal ions in biological media, such as the copper (I) ion, toxic at high levels in the cells, and the mercury (II) ion, deleterious even at low concentrations. In particular, new suphur-based tripodal architectures, derived from the cysteine-based architectures previously designed at the laboratory, have been synthetized and their binding properties with the copper (I) ion have been looked into. As the cysteine-based scaffolds, the new chelators, based on new sulphur compounds, in particular D-Penicillamine (D-PEN) derivatives, complex the copper (I) ion in trigonal CuS3 environments with high affinities and high selectivities with respect to the bioavailable zinc (II) ion. In depth structural studies have been performed by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) to fully characterize the copper (I) complexes and the copper (I) clusters formed in solution, to correlate the affinity measurements performed using different analytical techniques and to rationalize structure/ affinity relationships. One of the new chelators has been functionalized to be targeted to the liver cells, where copper (I) overloads are observed when people suffer from the Wilson's disease. The first biological experiments carried out in hepatocytes, have shown that the functionalized chelator (CHEL4) complexes excess copper (I) in cellulo. This study supports the results previously obtained with the functionalized cysteine-based architecture (CHEL2) and thus validates the targeting system. The binding properties of the new tripodal architectures with the mercury (II) ion, bulkier and softer than the copper (I) ion, have also been studied. It has been established that the new chelators also stabilize trigonal environments around the mercury (II) ion. Thus this study has shown how low molecular weight sulphur-based tripodal architectures, judiciously functionalized, are able to adapt stable sulphur-only trigonal environments around the soft metal ions, copper (I) and mercury (II). Such environments reproduce more or less the trigonal binding sites found in copper (I) proteins (Crt1, Mac1, Ace1, COX…), bacteria proteins dedicated to mercury (II) detoxification (Mer-R) and metallothioneins (MTs), which are small cysteine-rich proteins in charge of the detoxification of toxic metal ions in cells. Those structural analogies shared with the biological metallic complexes allow us to rationalize the high affinities of the new tripodal architectures for soft metal ions. In a more extended point of view, this study brings some guidelines of molecular design to elaborate efficient chelators dedicated to the detoxification of soft metal ion in biological media. Keywords: copper (I), zinc (II), mercury (II), Wilson's disease, liver, metal overloads, toxicity, chelators, sulphur-based tripods, cysteine, D-penicillamine (D-PEN), trigonal environments, copper (I) proteins, metallothioneins, Mer-R, X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
Wu, Yi. "Experimental investigation of laminar flame speeds of kerosene fuel and second generation biofuels in elevated conditions of pressure and preheat temperature." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0011/document.
Full textLaminar flame speed is one of the key parameters for understanding reactivity, diffusivity and exothermicity of fuels. It is also useful to validate both the kinetic chemical mechanisms as well as turbulent models. Although laminar flame speeds of many types of fuels have been investigated over many decades using various combustion methodologies, accurate measurements of laminar flame speeds of multicomponent liquid fuels in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions similar to the operating conditions encountered in aircraft/automobile combustion engines are still required. In this current study, a high-pressure combustion chamber was specifically developed to measure the laminar flame speed of multicomponent liquid fuels such as kerosene and second generation of biofuels. The architecture of the burner is based on a preheated premixed Bunsen flame burner operated in elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The optical diagnostics used to measure the laminar flame speed are based on the detection of the flame contour by using OH* chemiluminescence, OH- and acetone/aromatic- Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air and acetone/air premixed laminar flames were first measured for validating the experimental setup and the measurement methodologies. Then, the laminar flame speeds of kerosene or surrogate fuels (neat kerosene compounds, LUCHE surrogate kerosene and Jet A-1) were investigated and compared with simulation results using detailed kinetic mechanisms over a large range of conditions including pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The last part of the thesis was devoted to study the effect of oxygenated compounds contained in the second generation of biofuels on the laminar flame speeds. After measuring the laminar flame speeds of various oxygenated components present in partially hydro-processed lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis oils, the effect of these oxygenates on the flame speeds of these fuels were quantitatively investigated
Lapointe, Sébastien. "Complexes cationiques POCOP de nickel : synthèse, caractérisation, réactivité et étude catalytique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16085.
Full textThis thesis describes the chemistry of nickel (II) cationic pincer complexes bearing a POCOP ligand. The content is divided into two parts. The first part (chapter 2) concerns the synthesis, characterization and reactivities of nickel (II) cationic POCOP pincer complexes with an acetonitrile ligand coordinated to the metal center via the nitrile moiety, [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3] where R is a ring substituent and R’ is a P-substituent (R’ = iPr : R = H (1), p-Me(2), p-OMe(3), p-CO2Me(4), p-Br(5), m,m-tBu2(6), m-OMe(7), m-CO2Me(8); R’ = t-Bu : R = H (9), p-CO2Me(10)). The cationic complexes are synthetized by reacting the neutral nickel (II) bromide derivatives R-(POCOPR’)Ni-Br with Ag(OSO2CF3) in acetonitrile at room temperature. The impact of R and R’ groups of the POCOP ligand on the structure and electronic proprieties of the complexes has been studied by NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, as well as by single crystal x-ray diffraction studies and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The observed ν(C≡N) values were found to increase with the increasing electron-withdrawing nature of R, i.e., in the order 7 < 3 ~ 2 ~ 6 < 1 < 5 ~ 8 < 4 and 9 < 10. This trend is consistent with the anticipation that enhanced electrophilicity of the nickel center should result in an increase in net MeCN→Ni σ-donation. It is also interesting to note that all cationic complexes show a much higher Ni(II)/Ni(III) oxidation potential than their neutral Ni-Br analogues. Following this, an equilibrium study is presented that shows the facile exchange of the MeCN/Br ligands between the charge-neutral and cationic complexes (R-POCOPR’)NiBr and [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3]. The second part of this thesis consists of two chapters describing, respectively, structural studies that are relevant to our understanding of the mechanism of hydroamination reactions promoted by the title complexes (chapter 3), and reactivity and kinetic studies aimed at understanding the impact of different variables (R and R’; temperature; substrates; solvent; etc.) on the Michael-type hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of acrylonitrile and its substituted derivatives (chapter 4). Chapter 3 will also discuss the attempted synthesis of new amine and nitrile POCOP cationic and neutral complexes, as well as the facile displacement of the amine moiety by a nitrile.