Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reactivity ratios

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Reactivity ratios'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Scott, Gabriel, Dubé, and Penlidis. "Making the Most of Parameter Estimation: Terpolymerization Troubleshooting Tips." Processes 7, no. 7 (2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070444.

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Multi-component polymers can provide many advantages over their homopolymer counterparts. Terpolymers are formed from the combination of three unique monomers, thus creating a new material that will exhibit desirable properties based on all three of the original comonomers. To ensure that all three comonomers are incorporated (and to understand and/or predict the degree of incorporation of each comonomer), accurate reactivity ratios are vital. In this study, five terpolymerization studies from the literature are revisited and the ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are re-estimated. Some recent studie
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El-Newehy, Mohamed H., Salem S. Al-Deyab, and Ali Mohsen Ali Al-Hazmi. "Reactivity Ratios for Organotin Copolymer Systems." Molecules 15, no. 4 (2010): 2749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042749.

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Peng, F. M. "The Reactivity Ratios of Acrylonitrile Copolymerization." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 22, no. 9 (1985): 1241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338508063331.

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Albert, Richard, and William M. Malone. "Semi-empirical calculation of reactivity ratios." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, no. 1 (2007): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420127.

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O'Driscoll, K. F., and P. M. Reilly. "Determination of reactivity ratios in copolymerization." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 10-11, no. 1 (1987): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19870100118.

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Ameen, Hadi Mohammed, and Rasheed Jubair Susan. "Study of Copolymerization Acrylamide with Methyl Methacrylate." International Journal of Biology and Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.36811/ijbm.2020.110018.

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Copolymer of acrylamide (AM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymer’s samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratio
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer
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Hamza, Rana R., Mahmoud A. Al-Issa, and Redha I. Al-Bayati. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru
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Al-Issa, Mahmoud A., and Ameen H. Mohammed. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Paz, Pazos Marta. "Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymers Based on 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorostyrene." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1134570748.

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Wiles, Kenton Broyhill. "Determination of Reactivity Ratios for Acrylonitrile/Methyl Acrylate Radical Copolymerization Via Nonlinear Methodologies Using Real Time FTIR." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34888.

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Reactivity ratios for the homogeneous free radical initiated copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were measured by NMR on isolated, low conversion copolymers and by real time in situ FTIR. The system utilized azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator in dimethyl formamide (DMF) at 62°. The FTIR technique allowed rapid generation of extensive copolymer compositions, which permitted application of nonlinear least squares methodology for the first time to this copolymer system. Thus, reactivity ratios at the 95% confidence level were determined to be 1.29 ± 0.2 and 0.96 ± 0.2
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Rosario, Astrid Christa. "The Chemistry of Dimethacrylate-Styrene Networks and Development of Flame Retardant, Halogen-Free Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11228.

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One of the major classes of polymer matrix resins under consideration for structural composite applications in the infrastructure and construction industries is vinyl ester resin. Vinyl ester resin is comprised of low molecular weight poly(hydroxyether) oligomers with methacrylate endgroups diluted with styrene monomer. The methacrylate endgroups cure with styrene via free radical copolymerization to yield thermoset networks. The copolymerization behavior of these networks was monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) at various cure conditions. Reactions of the carbon-car
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Barbosa, Natalia Bahia. "Copolimerização de estireno e VeoVa 10: determinação das razões de reatividade e estudo do processo de polimerização em emulsão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-04102018-091517/.

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Neste trabalho foram determinadas as razões de reatividade para a copolimerização entre estireno e VeoVa-10 através de estudo experimental de copolimerização em solução em tolueno. Os parâmetros foram obtidos através do ajuste aos dados experimentais dos modelos de Mayo-Lewis e Meyer-Lowry, utilizando o critério dos erros-nas-variáveis (método dos mínimos quadrados não-linear que considera a existência de erros em todas as variáveis medidas). A metodologia experimental desenvolvida, de polimerização em solução em ampolas preparadas dentro de uma glove box e submetidas a temperatura de 80°C, re
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Starke, Sandra. "Multifunktionale (Meth)acrylat-Copolymere mit Phosphonsäurederivaten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-189936.

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Ziel der Doktorarbeit war es, Copolymere mit phosphonsäurehaltigen Seitenketten zu entwickeln, die nachfolgend über polymeranaloge Umsetzungen in Terpolymere mit polymerisationsfähgen Gruppen umgewandelt werden sollten. Die Terpolymere können dann somit im Bereich der Schicht,- Lackindustrie eingesetzt werden.
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Khayat, Raymond. "Ingénierie macromoléculaire de polymères électroactifs fluorés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0192.

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Les co-polymères et ter-polymères dérivés du poly(fluorure de vinylidène) ont suscité un intérêt croissant au cours des dernières années en raison de leur combinaison unique de haute électroactivité et d'excellentes propriétés mécaniques et chimiques. Cette étude vise à optimiser la conception de ces matériaux, en particulier du P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) de type relaxeur-ferroélectrique, en renforçant le contrôle de leur architecture macromoléculaire. Deux stratégies ont été examinées pour améliorer les propriétés du terpolymère. La première stratégie implique le contrôle du séquençage des monomères lo
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Rivard, Tony. "Reactivity ratio estimation: Two case studies." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6388.

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Two separate case studies on polymerization kinetics were performed. These studies focused on the determination of reactivity ratios: important copolymerization kinetic parameters. They are used to predict multicomponent polymer composition directly and have an indirect influence on the prediction of polymerization rate and final properties. In some cases, these parameters can be very difficult to obtain using standard techniques. These standard methods involve low conversion experiments and measurement of the final polymer composition. The goal of the first study was to determine the reactivi
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Tang, Chau N. "Copolymerization and Characterization of Vinylaromatics with Fluorinated Styrenes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1207773730.

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Double, Kit Spenser. "Reactivity to Confidence Ratings During Reasoning and Problem Solving." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18588.

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Confidence ratings are one of the most frequently used measures of metacognition. Is has traditionally been assumed that confidence ratings can be elicited from individuals without affecting their underlying cognitive and metacognitive processes. Recently, research has challenged this assumption by demonstrating changes in cognitive performance in reaction to providing self-report measures of metacognition, so-called reactivity. The purpose of this thesis was to extend these findings by examining reactivity to confidence ratings in reasoning and problem-solving tasks. After introducing theory
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Quaglio, Ana Elisa Valencise [UNESP]. "HSP70, heparanase e HPRT participam da resposta inflamtória intestinal induzida por TNBS em ratos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91646.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 quaglio_aev_me_botib.pdf: 425313 bytes, checksum: 2483f9db556c10ebc5c1a2db7f971fa3 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII) engloba, fundamentalmente, duas doenças distintas: a Doença de Crohn (DC) e a Retocolite Ulcerativa (CU), ambas caracterizadas por uma inflamação crônica do intestino, com períodos de exacerbação seguidos de intervalos prolon
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Books on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Balog, Daniel J., Robert Koffman, and Joseph M. Helms. Acupuncture. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0006.

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People who acquire posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after experiencing a traumatic event endure a constellation of debilitating symptoms, including intrusion, avoidance, negative mood alteration, and marked increases in reactivity. They have difficulty falling or staying asleep, and often have comorbid physical and pain-related diagnoses secondary to their trauma. Despite evolving definitions and measures, estimates of prevalence of lifetime PTSD in U.S. population have remained quite consistent since the advent of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), third editio
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Richebé, Philippe, and Cyril Rivat. The effects of morphine on the CNS. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0017.

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The 1973 paper by Jacquet and Lajtha, was a pivotal report in understanding the effects of opioids on nociception, as it investigated the effects of morphine on different brain structures. To do this, the authors used a microinjection technique that allowed them to specifically target subcortical sites. The animals used in this study were rats, and evaluation of the nociceptive threshold was based on the behavioural reaction to electrical shock. Two reactions were evaluated: flinch or jump responses. The main result was that, depending on the dose and the site of injection, morphine produced e
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Moerdler, Scott, and Xingxing Zang. PD-1/PDL-1 Inhibitors as Immunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0010.

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Programmed death 1 (PD-1), a member of the B7-CD28 immunoglobulin superfamily, and its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2 inhibit T-cell activation. They also play a key role in the tumor microenvironment, allowing for cancer immune escape. PD-1 is induced on a variety of immune cells, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), while PD-L1 is found on many types of solid tumors including ovarian cancer and some TILs. The use of immunocheckpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies has been shown to reactivate the immune system to attack tumor cells. Ovarian cancers have been shown to be r
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Book chapters on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Hagiopol, Cornel. "Estimation of Reactivity Ratios." In Copolymerization. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4183-7_2.

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Mayr, H. "Rate Constants and Reactivity Ratios in Carbocationic Polymerizations." In Ionic Polymerizations and Related Processes. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4627-2_7.

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Heuts, Johan P. A., Michelle L. Coote, Thomas P. Davis, and Lloyd P. M. Johnston. "The Measurement and Meaning of Radical Reactivity Ratios." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0685.ch008.

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Siah, Lay-Foong, V. G. Kumar Das, and Seng-Neon Gan. "Copolymerisation of Substituted Tributyltin Cinnamates with Styrene. Syntheses, Reactivity Ratios, Relative Reactivities, NMR and Mössbauer Assignments and Thermal Analysis." In Main Group Elements and their Compounds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3_25.

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Du, Z., A. F. Sarofim, J. P. Longwell, and L. Tognotti. "The CO/CO2 Ratio in the Products of the Carbon-Oxygen Reaction." In Fundamental Issues in Control of Carbon Gasification Reactivity. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3310-4_5.

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Fyfe, C. A., H. Grondey, Y. Feng, H. Gies, and G. T. Kokotailo. "The Impact of NMR Spectroscopy in Molecular Sieve Characterization -I: Low SI/Al Ratio Materials." In Zeolite Microporous Solids: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2604-5_11.

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Dove, P. M. "Chapter 6. KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC CONTROLS ON SILICA REACTIVITY IN WEATHERING ENVIRONMENTS." In Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals, edited by Arthur F. White and Susan L. Brantley. De Gruyter, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501509650-008.

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Ulrichs, K. "Characterization of Pancreas Islet-Cell Reactivity with Various Immune Sera." In Microsurgical Models in Rats for Transplantation Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61657-0_35.

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Kaplan-Trahan, A. C., A. P. Belian, M. Croce, et al. "Spent Fuel Measurements." In Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials for Safeguards and Security. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58277-6_21.

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AbstractThis chapter describes the methods used to measure spent nuclear fuel. The first section describes the properties of typical reactor fuel: geometry, burnup, initial enrichment, and cooling time. Neutron multiplication in the assembly is discussed. The measurement methods are divided into gamma-based methods, neutron-based methods, and other methods. A particularly important gamma-based method is passive gamma emission tomography. The neutron-based methods range from the relatively simple passive neutron fork, passive neutron albedo reactivity and differential dieaway to the complex act
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Saxena, Mohit Raj, and Rakesh Kumar Maurya. "Impact of Fuel Premixing Ratio and Injection Timing on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine." In Combustion for Power Generation and Transportation. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3785-6_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Safari, Habibollah, and Mona Bavarian. "Enhancing Polymer Reaction Engineering Through the Power of Machine Learning." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.157792.

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Copolymers are commonplace in various industries. Nevertheless, fine-tuning their properties bears significant cost and effort. Hence, an ability to predict polymer properties a priori can significantly reduce costs and shorten the need for extensive experimentation. Given that the physical and chemical characteristics of copolymers are correlated with molecular arrangement and chain topology, understanding the reactivity ratios of monomers�which determine the copolymer composition and sequence distribution of monomers in a chain�is important in accelerating research and cutting R&amp;D costs.
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Sosa, A. D., M. D. Echeverría, O. J. Moncada, and S. N. Simison. "Surface Reactivity of Thin Wall Ductile Iron. The Effect of Nodule Count and Microstructure." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08252.

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Abstract Thin Wall Ductile Iron (TWDI) castings are an attractive alternative to light alloys when the strength to weight ratio becomes a key design variable. For conventional sand casting operations, wall thickness reduction implies an increase in the number of graphite nodules (NC) and a decrease in grain size. As TWDI castings have a particularly high surface area to volume ratio, surface properties become relevant. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of nodule count and microstructure on surface reactivity on unalloyed ductile iron samples. Ductile Iron (DI) was produced with no
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Takeda, Satoshi, Takanori Kitada, Eiji Hoashi, and Takafumi Okita. "Evaluation of Expansion Reactivity Based on Reactivity Coefficient for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-132277.

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Abstract In this paper, formulas for evaluating expansion reactivity based on reactivity coefficients in sodium-cooled fast reactors are derived, and the approximation errors used in the derivation are also evaluated. This research provides formulas for both Z-axis expansion reactivity and radial expansion reactivity. These reactivities are separated into the effect of change in geometric shape and that of change in the cross-section. Since the major approximation in the present derivation is the separation of effects due to geometric shape changes and cross-sectional area changes, the approxi
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Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Brian Gainey, Ziming Yan, Sotirios Mamalis, and Benjamin Lawler. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Start of Injection and Blend Ratio on Single Fuel Reformate RCCI." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7208.

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Abstract A new concept of single-fuel RCCI has been proposed through the catalytic partial oxidation reformation of diesel fuel. The reformed fuel mixture is then used as the low reactivity fuel and diesel itself is used as the high reactivity fuel. In this paper, two selected reformates mixture from the reformation of diesel were selected for further analysis. Each reformate fuel mixture contained a significant fraction of inert gases (89% and 81%). The effects of the difference in the molar concentrations of the reformate mixtures were studied by experimenting with diesel as the direct injec
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Nishimura, Satoshi, Hirokazu Ohta, and Nobuyuki Ueda. "Analytical Evaluation of Core Bowing Reactivity in the 4S Reactor." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75223.

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The 4S (super-safe, small and simple) reactor is a sodium-cooled small fast reactor. The core reactivity is controlled by moving the reflectors installed around the core, and the reactor has a fixed absorber at the core center to accomplish a long core lifetime. To evaluate core bowing behavior and the resulting reactivity feedback in the 4S reactor, an analytical evaluation was conducted under various core power to flow ratios (P/F). The core bowing reactivity under the BOC (beginning of core life) condition becomes increasingly negative with increasing P/F up to 2.0, then becomes less negati
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Guethe, Felix, Marta de la Cruz Garci´a, and Andre´ Burdet. "Flue Gas Recirculation in Gas Turbine: Investigation of Combustion Reactivity and NOX Emission." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59221.

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Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a promising technology for the optimization of post-combustion CO2 capture in natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants. In this work, the impact of FGR on lean gas turbine premix combustion is predicted by analytical and numerical investigations as well as comparison to experiments. In particular the impact of vitiated air condition and moderate increase of CO2 concentration into combustion reactivity and NOx emission is studied. The influence of inlet pressure, temperature and recirculated NOx are taken as parameters of this study. Two different kinetic schemes
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Hsieh, Chang-Lung, Hao-Tzu Lin, Show-Chuyan Chiang, Chunkuan Shih, Jong-Rong Wang, and Tung-Li Weng. "LAPUR5.2 BWR Stability Analysis in Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89587.

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Boiling water reactors have the unique coupling mechanisms between neutronic and two-phase flow thermal-hydraulic behaviors and may induce instability by unstable power/flow oscillations. At each core reload design, it is important to employ decay ratio for the purpose of analyzing system stability and determining its operating boundary. Making use of LAPUR5.2 and SIMULATE-3 codes, we have established a methodology to conduct such analysis. Comparisons made with vendor’s STAIF results indicated good agreements in decay ratios for Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2 Cycle 21 reload design. This
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Böhmeke, Christian, Uwe Wagner, and Thomas Koch. "Influence of Engine Operating Parameters and Different Fuels on the Soot Reactivity of Diesel Engines." In ASME 2024 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/icef2024-141676.

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Abstract Strong efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, including in commercial vehicle diesel engines, require the optimization of all processes and engine components that influence fuel consumption. Subsequently, also the additional fuel consumption for particulate regeneration is increasingly focused on. Increasing soot loading of the DPF increases the exhaust back pressure and is therefore deteriorating thermal engine efficiency. Additionally, DPFs are only providing specific maximum soot loading capacities and have to be regenerated accordingly by oxidizing the accumulated soot. The energy or te
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Mueller, Florian, and Michael Guenthner. "Comparison of Premixed Fuel and Premixed Charge Operation for Propane-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0059.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;With the rising popularity of dual-fuel combustion, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can be utilized in high-compression diesel engines. Through production from biomass (biomass to liquid, BtL), biopropane as a direct substitute for LPG can contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions caused by combustion engines. In a conventional dual-fuel engine, the low reactivity fuel (LRF) propane is premixed with the intake air to form a homogeneous mixture. This air-fuel mixture is then ignited by the high reactivity fuel (
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Barain, Ahmed, and Elisa Toulson. "Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Structure of Hydrogen/Air Flames." In ASME 2024 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/icef2024-140686.

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Abstract Engines have been a crucial element in powering our world since their invention. New decarbonization technologies are needed, and hydrogen fuel, often referred to as the fuel of the future, has gained significant interest in this regard. The relatively high flame temperature of hydrogen fuel is associated with higher NOx emissions, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to address this. However, exhaust gas recirculation changes the reactivity and the laminar burning velocity of the mixture, which plays a significant role in flame stability and fuel burning rates. Hence, inve
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Reports on the topic "Reactivity ratios"

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Moore, Brian, Timothy Haddad, Rene Gonzalez, and Constance Schlaefer. Reactivity Ratios of Isobutyl POSS-Styrene and Styrene Monomers. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422517.

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Linker, Taylor, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-18204-R02 Variable Fuel Effects on Legacy Compressor Engines Phase V Engine Control Enhancement. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011729.

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Variations in natural gas composition not only change bulk properties like heating value and adiabatic flame temperature, but also affect the reactivity of the gas during combustion in legacy compressor engines. Gas blends with high amounts of non-methane hydrocarbons are more reactive and alter combustion phasing in ways which can negatively affect engine operation and NOx emissions. These issues have and will continue to become more prevalent as natural gas production continually shifts towards shale resources. This work investigates the impacts of changing fuel composition on engine operati
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Hedrick and Jacobs. PR-457-14201-R01 Variable Natural Gas - Composition Effects and Control Methods for Two-Stroke Engines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010027.

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Literature is reviewed for the impacts of variable natural gas composition on two-stroke lean burn pipeline compressor engines. Information gathered for these engines can be simplified for development of control algorithms in four-stroke and richer burning engines. Data shows that geospatial, geological, and transient hydraulic effects cause composition variations that adversely affect engine emissions, efficiency, rated performance, and operational safety considering auto-ignition effects. In order to compensate for these changes in composition, better engine control schemes can help meet des
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Cao, Yan, and Yousry Gohar. Numerical Studies of the On-Line Reactivity Monitoring Techniques in Subcritical Systems: Revisit of the Area-Ratio Method, the Neutron Source-Modulation Method, and the Flux-to-Current Ratio Method. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1998585.

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Kataeva, Natalya, Natalia Naronova, and Kristina Golitsyna. E-learning course "Bioorganic chemistry". Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский государственный медицинский университет" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12731/er0857.12122024.

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The electronic training course ""Organic Chemistry"" was created as an auxiliary resource to accompany the curriculum of bioorganic chemistry for the specialties of Medical and Preventive Care. The purpose of studying the course is to form ideas about the spatial structure, reactivity of bioorganic substances and their biological significance for the most important processes in human life. Course objectives: formation of knowledge about the structure of the main classes of bioorganic compounds; formation of skills in writing the main chemical reactions of bioorganic compounds; formation of ski
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Stone, A. T. Reductive mobilization of oxide-bound metals: The role of reductant capacity and reductant reactivity in determining mobilization rates in soils and sediments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6161755.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, et al. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solu
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