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Journal articles on the topic 'Reactivity ratios'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 November 2024

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1

Scott, Gabriel, Dubé, and Penlidis. "Making the Most of Parameter Estimation: Terpolymerization Troubleshooting Tips." Processes 7, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070444.

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Multi-component polymers can provide many advantages over their homopolymer counterparts. Terpolymers are formed from the combination of three unique monomers, thus creating a new material that will exhibit desirable properties based on all three of the original comonomers. To ensure that all three comonomers are incorporated (and to understand and/or predict the degree of incorporation of each comonomer), accurate reactivity ratios are vital. In this study, five terpolymerization studies from the literature are revisited and the ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are re-estimated. Some recent studies have shown that binary reactivity ratios (that is, from the related copolymer systems) do not always apply to ternary systems. In other reports, binary reactivity ratios are in good agreement with terpolymer data. This investigation allows for the comparison between previously determined binary reactivity ratios and newly estimated ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios for several systems. In some of the case studies presented herein, reactivity ratio estimation directly from terpolymerization data is limited by composition restrictions or ill-conditioned systems. In other cases, we observe similar or improved prediction performance (for ternary systems) when ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are estimated directly from terpolymerization data (compared to the traditionally used binary reactivity ratios). In order to demonstrate the advantages and challenges associated with ‘ternary’ reactivity ratio estimation, five case studies are presented (with examples and counter-examples) and troubleshooting suggestions are provided to inform future work.

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2

El-Newehy, Mohamed H., Salem S. Al-Deyab, and Ali Mohsen Ali Al-Hazmi. "Reactivity Ratios for Organotin Copolymer Systems." Molecules 15, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): 2749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042749.

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3

Peng, F. M. "The Reactivity Ratios of Acrylonitrile Copolymerization." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 22, no. 9 (September 1985): 1241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338508063331.

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4

Albert, Richard, and William M. Malone. "Semi-empirical calculation of reactivity ratios." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420127.

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5

O'Driscoll, K. F., and P. M. Reilly. "Determination of reactivity ratios in copolymerization." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 10-11, no. 1 (October 1987): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19870100118.

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6

Liu, Yan, Runsheng Mao, Malcolm B. Huglin, and Paul A. Holmes. "Reactivity ratios in copolymerizations involving allyl methacrylate." Polymer 37, no. 8 (April 1996): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81142-6.

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7

Hauch, Emma, Xiaoqin Zhou, Thomas A. Duever, and Alexander Penlidis. "Estimating Reactivity Ratios From Triad Fraction Data." Macromolecular Symposia 271, no. 1 (September 2008): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200851106.

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8

van Herk, Alex M., and Bert Klumperman. "IUPAC Recommendations for Estimating Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios." Macromolecules 57, no. 11 (June 11, 2024): 5121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.4c01156.

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9

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2, 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer VP in the copolymerization of (VP / AA) and (VP /MMA) systems respectly . The reactivity ratios values were used for microstructures calculation.

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10

Hamza, Rana R., Mahmoud A. Al-Issa, and Redha I. Al-Bayati. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2, 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer VP in the copolymerization of (VP / AA) and (VP /MMA) systems respectly . The reactivity ratios values were used for microstructures calculation.

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11

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (June 3, 2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstructures calculation.

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12

Al-Issa, Mahmoud A., and Ameen H. Mohammed. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (June 3, 2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstructures calculation.

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13

Fazakas-Anca, Iosif Sorin, Arina Modrea, and Sorin Vlase. "Using the Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithm on Estimating of Reactivity Ratios." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 4764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164764.

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This paper describes an improved method of calculating reactivity ratios by applying the neuronal networks optimization algorithm, named gradient descent. The presented method is integral and has been compared to the following existing methods: Fineman–Ross, Tidwell–Mortimer, Kelen–Tüdös, extended Kelen–Tüdös and Error in Variable Methods. A comparison of the reactivity ratios that obtained different levels of conversions was made based on the Fisher criterion. The new calculation method for reactivity ratios shows better results than these other methods.

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14

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, Aminu Musa, and Nerodh Nasser Dally. "Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratios of Poly Phenyl Acrylamide-Co-Methyl Methacrylate." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.66.

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The monomer phenyl acrylamide was synthesized by reacting acrylamide with chloro benzene in the presence of pyridine. Copolymer of phenyl acrylamide (PAM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by linearization methods proposed by Kelen-Tudos and Fineman-Ross. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) for (PAM-co-MMA) are: (0.03, 0.593). The microstructure of copolymers and sequence distribution of monomers in the copolymers were calculated by statistical method based on the average reactivity ratios and found that these values are in agreement with the derived reactivity ratios. Copolymers of PAM with MMA formed alternating copolymers.

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15

McGlynn, Deborah F., Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz. "Measurement report: Variability in the composition of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a Southeastern US forest and their role in atmospheric reactivity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 20 (October 22, 2021): 15755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15755-2021.

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Abstract. Despite the significant contribution of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to organic aerosol formation and ozone production and loss, there are few long-term, year-round, ongoing measurements of their volume mixing ratios and quantification of their impacts on atmospheric reactivity. To address this gap, we present 1 year of hourly measurements of chemically resolved BVOCs between 15 September 2019 and 15 September 2020, collected at a research tower in Central Virginia in a mixed forest representative of ecosystems in the Southeastern US. Mixing ratios of isoprene, isoprene oxidation products, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes are described and examined for their impact on the hydroxy radical (OH), ozone, and nitrate reactivity. Mixing ratios of isoprene range from negligible in the winter to typical summertime 24 h averages of 4–6 ppb, while monoterpenes have more stable mixing ratios in the range of tenths of a part per billion up to ∼2 ppb year-round. Sesquiterpenes are typically observed at mixing ratios of <10 ppt, but this represents a lower bound in their abundance. In the growing season, isoprene dominates OH reactivity but is less important for ozone and nitrate reactivity. Monoterpenes are the most important BVOCs for ozone and nitrate reactivity throughout the year and for OH reactivity outside of the growing season. To better understand the impact of this compound class on OH, ozone, and nitrate reactivity, the role of individual monoterpenes is examined. Despite the dominant contribution of α-pinene to total monoterpene mass, the average reaction rate of the monoterpene mixture with atmospheric oxidants is between 25 % and 30 % faster than α-pinene due to the contribution of more reactive but less abundant compounds. A majority of reactivity comes from α-pinene and limonene (the most significant low-mixing-ratio, high-reactivity isomer), highlighting the importance of both mixing ratio and structure in assessing atmospheric impacts of emissions.

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16

Jeemol, Poovathungal Abdulrahman, Suresh Mathew, and Chethrappilly Padmanabhan Reghunadh Nair. "Copolymerization of nadic anhydride with styrene: Reactivity ratios." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 32, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.5232.

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17

Beauchemin, R. C., and M. A. Dubé. "Bulk Terpolymer Composition Prediction from Copolymer Reactivity Ratios." Polymer Reaction Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 1999): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543414.1999.10744527.

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18

Bishop, R. Daniel. "Using GC-MS to Determine Relative Reactivity Ratios." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 8 (August 1995): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p743.

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19

Gatica, Nicolás, Sergio Alegría, Luis Hernán Tagle, Fernando Díaz, Ligia Gargallo, and Deodato Radic'. "VINYLTRIMETHYLSILANE-CO-METHYLMETHACRYLATE COPOLYMERS. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY RATIOS." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 37, no. 12 (November 27, 2000): 1677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-100102333.

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20

Chen, Fung-Bor, and B. George Bufkin. "Crosslinkable emulsion polymers by autoxidation. I. Reactivity ratios." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 12 (December 1985): 4571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301205.

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21

Oh, T. J., and G. Smets. "Copolymerization reactivity ratios of p.vinylbenzophenone and p.dimethylamino styrene." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters 24, no. 5 (May 1986): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1986.140240507.

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22

Saïdi, Salima, Frédéric Guittard, and Serge Géribaldi. "Monomers reactivity ratios of fluorinated acrylates-styrene copolymers." Polymer International 51, no. 10 (October 2002): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.974.

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23

De La Cal, José C., José R. Leiza, and José M. Asua. "Estimation of reactivity ratios using emulsion copolymerization data." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29, no. 2 (February 1991): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290203.

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24

Deb, P. C. "Monomer reactivity ratios in styrene/2-ethylhexylacrylate copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97, no. 4 (2005): 1753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21873.

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25

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. Kelen-Tudes and Finmman-Ross graphical procedures were employed to determine the monomers reactivity ratios. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.048, 0.687) for (NAA-co-AA) and (0.066, 0.346) for (NAA-co-MA). Based on the average reactivity ratios, sequence distribution of monomers in the copolymers and the microstructure of copolymers were calculated by statistical method and found that these values are in agreement with the derived reactivity ratios.

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26

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. Kelen-Tudes and Finmman-Ross graphical procedures were employed to determine the monomers reactivity ratios. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.048, 0.687) for (NAA-co-AA) and (0.066, 0.346) for (NAA-co-MA). Based on the average reactivity ratios, sequence distribution of monomers in the copolymers and the microstructure of copolymers were calculated by statistical method and found that these values are in agreement with the derived reactivity ratios.

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27

Movafagh, Maryam, Kelly M. Meek, Alison J. Scott, Alexander Penlidis, and Marc A. Dubé. "Bulk Free Radical Terpolymerization of Butyl Acrylate, 2-Methylene-1,3-Dioxepane and Vinyl Acetate: Terpolymer Reactivity Ratio Estimation." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 9, 2024): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101330.

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This investigation introduces the first estimation of ternary reactivity ratios for a butyl acrylate (BA), 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO), and vinyl acetate (VAc) system at 50 °C, with an aim to develop biodegradable pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, we applied the error-in-variables model (EVM) to estimate reactivity ratios. The ternary reactivity ratios were found to be r12 = 0.417, r21 = 0.071, r13 = 4.459, r31 = 0.198, r23 = 0.260, and r32 = 55.339 (BA/MDO/VAc 1/2/3), contrasting with their binary counterparts, which are significantly different, indicating the critical need for ternary system analysis to accurately model multicomponent polymerization systems. Through the application of a recast Alfrey–Goldfinger model, this investigation predicts the terpolymer’s instantaneous and cumulative compositions at various conversion levels, based on the ternary reactivity ratios. These predictions not only provide crucial insights into the incorporation of MDO across different initial feed compositions but also offer estimates of the final terpolymer compositions and distributions, underscoring their potential in designing compostable or degradable polymers.

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28

Ekpenyong, Kieran I. "Monomer reactivity ratios: Acrylic acid-methylmethacrylate copolymerization in dimethylsulfoxide." Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 2 (February 1985): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p173.

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29

Pujari, Narahari S., Mingxing Wang, and Kenneth E. Gonsalves. "Co and terpolymer reactivity ratios of chemically amplified resists." Polymer 118 (June 2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.001.

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30

Patton, Derek L., Kirt A. Page, Chang Xu, Kirsten L. Genson, Michael J. Fasolka, and Kathryn L. Beers. "Measurement of Reactivity Ratios in Surface-Initiated Radical Copolymerization†." Macromolecules 40, no. 17 (August 2007): 6017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070944+.

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31

Tian, Lei, Bei Li, Xue Li, and Qiuyu Zhang. "Janus dimers from tunable phase separation and reactivity ratios." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 28 (2020): 4639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00620c.

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32

Hagiopol, Cornel, and Octavian Frangu. "Strategies in Improving the Accuracy of Reactivity Ratios Estimation." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 40, no. 6 (January 5, 2003): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120020857.

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33

López-Serrano, Francisco, Jorge E. Puig, and Jesús Álvarez. "Integrodifferential Approach to the Estimation of Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43, no. 23 (November 2004): 7361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie034337w.

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34

Dube, M., R. Amin Sanayei, A. Penlidis, K. F. O'Driscoll, and P. M. Reilly. "A microcomputer program for estimation of copolymerization reactivity ratios." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29, no. 5 (April 1991): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290512.

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35

Kazemi, Niousha, Thomas A. Duever, and Alexander Penlidis. "Demystifying the estimation of reactivity ratios for terpolymerization systems." AIChE Journal 60, no. 5 (March 18, 2014): 1752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.14439.

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36

Mao, Runsheng, Malcolm B. Huglin, Thomas P. Davis, and Andrew S. Overend. "Reactivity ratios for new copolymerizations relevant to thermosetting resins." Polymer International 31, no. 4 (1993): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4990310411.

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37

Monett, Dagmar, José A. Méndez, Gustavo A. Abraham, Alberto Gallardo, and Julio San Román. "An Evolutionary Approach to the Estimation of Reactivity Ratios." Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 11, no. 5 (June 1, 2002): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3919(20020601)11:5<525::aid-mats525>3.0.co;2-k.

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38

Dong, Shaosheng, Yuezhen Wei, and Zhiqian Zhang. "Reactivity ratios ofN-cyclohexylmaleimide and methylmethacrylate by infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, no. 3 (October 17, 1999): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991017)74:3<516::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-m.

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39

Kornilova, Anna, Lin Huang, Marina Saccon, and Jochen Rudolph. "Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient aromatic volatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 18 (September 21, 2016): 11755–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016.

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Abstract. Measurements of mixing ratios and stable carbon isotope ratios of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the atmosphere were made in Toronto (Canada) in 2009 and 2010. Consistent with the kinetic isotope effect for reactions of aromatic VOC with the OH radical the observed stable carbon isotope ratios are on average significantly heavier than the isotope ratios of their emissions. The change of carbon isotope ratio between emission and observation is used to determine the extent of photochemical processing (photochemical age, ∫ [OH]dt) of the different VOC. It is found that ∫ [OH]dt of different VOC depends strongly on the VOC reactivity. This demonstrates that for this set of observations the assumption of a uniform ∫ [OH]dt for VOC with different reactivity is not justified and that the observed values for ∫ [OH]dt are the result of mixing of VOC from air masses with different values for ∫ [OH]dt. Based on comparison between carbon isotope ratios and VOC concentration ratios it is also found that the varying influence of sources with different VOC emission ratios has a larger impact on VOC concentration ratios than photochemical processing. It is concluded that for this data set the use of VOC concentration ratios to determine ∫ [OH]dt would result in values for ∫ [OH]dt inconsistent with carbon isotope ratios and that the concept of a uniform ∫ [OH]dt for an air mass has to be replaced by the concept of individual values of an average ∫ [OH]dt for VOC with different reactivity.

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40

Reis, Marcus H., Cullen L. G. Davidson, and Frank A. Leibfarth. "Continuous-flow chemistry for the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2018): 1728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01938f.

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41

Kokkorogianni, Olga, Philippos Kontoes-Georgoudakis, Maria Athanasopoulou, Nikolaos Polizos, and Marinos Pitsikalis. "Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Isobornyl Methacrylate via Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050778.

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The synthesis of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) was conducted by free radical and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The reactivity ratios were estimated using the Finemann-Ross, inverted Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tüdos, extended Kelen-Tüdos and Barson-Fenn graphical methods, along with the computer program COPOINT, modified to both the terminal and the penultimate models. According to COPOINT the reactivity ratios were found to be equal to 0.292 for NVP and 2.673 for IBMA for conventional radical polymerization, whereas for RAFT polymerization and for the penultimate model the following reactivity ratios were obtained: r11 = 4.466, r22 = 0, r21 = 14.830, and r12 = 0 (1 stands for NVP and 2 for IBMA). In all cases, the NVP reactivity ratio was significantly lower than that of IBMA. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained by calculating the dyad sequence fractions and the mean sequence length. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). The results were compared with those of the respective homopolymers.

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42

Schovanec, Martin, Jiří Horálek, Štěpán Podzimek, and Jaromír Šňupárek. "Copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl Methacrylate with Styrene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 72, no. 9 (2007): 1244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20071244.

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Radical copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (M1) with styrene (M2) at 70 °C in 1,4-dioxane was investigated and the reactivity ratios were determined. The copolymerization was carried out as batch copolymerization to a low conversion or as copolymerization with a continuous addition of monomers at higher instantaneous conversion. The monomer reactivity ratios of the copolymerizable UV stabilizer 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate with styrene were determined using the Finemann-Ross plot for both copolymeration techniques. The estimated reactivity ratios were r1 = 0.588 and r2 = 0.6 for the technique of continuous addition of monomers and r1 = 0.462 and r2 = 0.476 and for the batch experiment. The copolymerization exhibited an azeotrope at f1 = 0.507, thus a copolymer with microstructure close to the alternating one was formed at this ratio of comonomers.

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43

van de Wouw, Heidi L., Elorm C. Awuyah, Jodie I. Baris, and Rebekka S. Klausen. "An Organoborane Vinyl Monomer with Styrene-like Radical Reactivity: Reactivity Ratios and Role of Aromaticity." Macromolecules 51, no. 16 (August 13, 2018): 6359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01368.

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44

Tian, Ming, and Yong Jun Xu. "Monomer Reactivity Ratios and Chain Segment Distribution for AM/2-EHA Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 1083 (January 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1083.9.

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Abstract:

A new copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and Isobutane-Ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) was synthesized as profile control agent by free radical copolymerization. The copolymer composition obtained by element analysis method led to determination of reactivity ratio by employing YBR calculative method. The result indicated that the reactivity ratios of AM and 2-EHA were 0.856and 0.592 respectively. The chain segment distribution of copolymer was investigated from reactivity ratio and the microstructure of copolymer molecule was analyzed. The results showed that the ratios in feed can hardly change the chain segment distribution. The proportion of 1M1 decreased with the increase of AM in feed. AM and 2-EHA had a tendency to alternate in copolymer chain when f1=0.286~0.375. The monomer which had a low ratio in feed inserted in copolymer chain with 1M chain segment and the other monomer was separated evenly. It can help to study copolymerization for AM and 2-EHA for industrial production in mass.

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Ventura-Hunter, Carolina, Victor D. Lechuga-Islas, Jens Ulbrich, Carolin Kellner, Ulrich S. Schubert, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Miguel Rosales-Guzmán, and Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez. "Glycerol methacrylate-based copolymers: Reactivity ratios, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity." European Polymer Journal 178 (September 2022): 111478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111478.

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Seppälä, Jukka Veli, K. G. Paul, Toshiaki Nishida, Curt R. Enzell, Synnøve Liaaen-Jensen, Ragnar Ryhage, and Roland Isaksson. "Ethylene Copolymerization with Long Chain alpha-Olefins; Binary Reactivity Ratios." Acta Chemica Scandinavica 40b (1986): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.40b-0060.

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Deb, Pramil C. "Determination of penultimate model reactivity ratios and their non-uniqueness." Polymer 48, no. 2 (January 2007): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.027.

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Siołek, Maria, and Marek Matlengiewicz. "Reactivity Ratios of Butyl Acrylates in Radical Copolymerization with Methacrylates." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 19, no. 3 (March 28, 2014): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2013.879437.

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Hunley, Matthew T., and Kathryn L. Beers. "Nonlinear Method for Determining Reactivity Ratios of Ring-Opening Copolymerizations." Macromolecules 46, no. 4 (February 5, 2013): 1393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma302015e.

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Yoon, Jin-San. "Reactivity ratios of ethylene/α-olefin in gas phase reactors." European Polymer Journal 31, no. 10 (October 1995): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(95)00049-6.

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