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Journal articles on the topic 'Reactivity ratios'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Scott, Gabriel, Dubé, and Penlidis. "Making the Most of Parameter Estimation: Terpolymerization Troubleshooting Tips." Processes 7, no. 7 (2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070444.

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Multi-component polymers can provide many advantages over their homopolymer counterparts. Terpolymers are formed from the combination of three unique monomers, thus creating a new material that will exhibit desirable properties based on all three of the original comonomers. To ensure that all three comonomers are incorporated (and to understand and/or predict the degree of incorporation of each comonomer), accurate reactivity ratios are vital. In this study, five terpolymerization studies from the literature are revisited and the ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are re-estimated. Some recent studie

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2

El-Newehy, Mohamed H., Salem S. Al-Deyab, and Ali Mohsen Ali Al-Hazmi. "Reactivity Ratios for Organotin Copolymer Systems." Molecules 15, no. 4 (2010): 2749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042749.

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3

Peng, F. M. "The Reactivity Ratios of Acrylonitrile Copolymerization." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 22, no. 9 (1985): 1241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338508063331.

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4

Albert, Richard, and William M. Malone. "Semi-empirical calculation of reactivity ratios." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, no. 1 (2007): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420127.

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5

O'Driscoll, K. F., and P. M. Reilly. "Determination of reactivity ratios in copolymerization." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 10-11, no. 1 (1987): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19870100118.

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6

Ameen, Hadi Mohammed, and Rasheed Jubair Susan. "Study of Copolymerization Acrylamide with Methyl Methacrylate." International Journal of Biology and Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.36811/ijbm.2020.110018.

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Copolymer of acrylamide (AM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymer’s samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratio

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7

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer

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8

Hamza, Rana R., Mahmoud A. Al-Issa, and Redha I. Al-Bayati. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer

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9

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru

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10

Al-Issa, Mahmoud A., and Ameen H. Mohammed. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru

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11

Liu, Yan, Runsheng Mao, Malcolm B. Huglin, and Paul A. Holmes. "Reactivity ratios in copolymerizations involving allyl methacrylate." Polymer 37, no. 8 (1996): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81142-6.

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12

Hauch, Emma, Xiaoqin Zhou, Thomas A. Duever, and Alexander Penlidis. "Estimating Reactivity Ratios From Triad Fraction Data." Macromolecular Symposia 271, no. 1 (2008): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200851106.

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13

van Herk, Alex M., and Bert Klumperman. "IUPAC Recommendations for Estimating Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios." Macromolecules 57, no. 11 (2024): 5121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.4c01156.

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14

Fazakas-Anca, Iosif Sorin, Arina Modrea, and Sorin Vlase. "Using the Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithm on Estimating of Reactivity Ratios." Materials 14, no. 16 (2021): 4764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164764.

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This paper describes an improved method of calculating reactivity ratios by applying the neuronal networks optimization algorithm, named gradient descent. The presented method is integral and has been compared to the following existing methods: Fineman–Ross, Tidwell–Mortimer, Kelen–Tüdös, extended Kelen–Tüdös and Error in Variable Methods. A comparison of the reactivity ratios that obtained different levels of conversions was made based on the Fisher criterion. The new calculation method for reactivity ratios shows better results than these other methods.

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15

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, Aminu Musa, and Nerodh Nasser Dally. "Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratios of Poly Phenyl Acrylamide-Co-Methyl Methacrylate." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.66.

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The monomer phenyl acrylamide was synthesized by reacting acrylamide with chloro benzene in the presence of pyridine. Copolymer of phenyl acrylamide (PAM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scannin

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16

McGlynn, Deborah F., Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz. "Measurement report: Variability in the composition of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a Southeastern US forest and their role in atmospheric reactivity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 20 (2021): 15755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15755-2021.

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Abstract. Despite the significant contribution of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to organic aerosol formation and ozone production and loss, there are few long-term, year-round, ongoing measurements of their volume mixing ratios and quantification of their impacts on atmospheric reactivity. To address this gap, we present 1 year of hourly measurements of chemically resolved BVOCs between 15 September 2019 and 15 September 2020, collected at a research tower in Central Virginia in a mixed forest representative of ecosystems in the Southeastern US. Mixing ratios of isoprene, isopren

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17

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. K

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18

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. K

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19

Kumar Kommera, Rajani. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Ratios of Bis (1-Oxododecyl) Peroxide Initiated Methacrylonitrile Copolymers." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11, no. 7 (2022): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr22629233145.

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20

Jeemol, Poovathungal Abdulrahman, Suresh Mathew, and Chethrappilly Padmanabhan Reghunadh Nair. "Copolymerization of nadic anhydride with styrene: Reactivity ratios." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 32, no. 4 (2021): 1888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.5232.

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21

Beauchemin, R. C., and M. A. Dubé. "Bulk Terpolymer Composition Prediction from Copolymer Reactivity Ratios." Polymer Reaction Engineering 7, no. 4 (1999): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543414.1999.10744527.

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22

Bishop, R. Daniel. "Using GC-MS to Determine Relative Reactivity Ratios." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 8 (1995): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p743.

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23

Gatica, Nicolás, Sergio Alegría, Luis Hernán Tagle, Fernando Díaz, Ligia Gargallo, and Deodato Radic'. "VINYLTRIMETHYLSILANE-CO-METHYLMETHACRYLATE COPOLYMERS. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY RATIOS." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 37, no. 12 (2000): 1677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-100102333.

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24

Chen, Fung-Bor, and B. George Bufkin. "Crosslinkable emulsion polymers by autoxidation. I. Reactivity ratios." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 12 (1985): 4571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301205.

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25

Oh, T. J., and G. Smets. "Copolymerization reactivity ratios of p.vinylbenzophenone and p.dimethylamino styrene." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters 24, no. 5 (1986): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1986.140240507.

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26

Saïdi, Salima, Frédéric Guittard, and Serge Géribaldi. "Monomers reactivity ratios of fluorinated acrylates-styrene copolymers." Polymer International 51, no. 10 (2002): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.974.

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27

De La Cal, José C., José R. Leiza, and José M. Asua. "Estimation of reactivity ratios using emulsion copolymerization data." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29, no. 2 (1991): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290203.

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28

Deb, P. C. "Monomer reactivity ratios in styrene/2-ethylhexylacrylate copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97, no. 4 (2005): 1753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21873.

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29

Movafagh, Maryam, Kelly M. Meek, Alison J. Scott, Alexander Penlidis, and Marc A. Dubé. "Bulk Free Radical Terpolymerization of Butyl Acrylate, 2-Methylene-1,3-Dioxepane and Vinyl Acetate: Terpolymer Reactivity Ratio Estimation." Polymers 16, no. 10 (2024): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101330.

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This investigation introduces the first estimation of ternary reactivity ratios for a butyl acrylate (BA), 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO), and vinyl acetate (VAc) system at 50 °C, with an aim to develop biodegradable pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, we applied the error-in-variables model (EVM) to estimate reactivity ratios. The ternary reactivity ratios were found to be r12 = 0.417, r21 = 0.071, r13 = 4.459, r31 = 0.198, r23 = 0.260, and r32 = 55.339 (BA/MDO/VAc 1/2/3), contrasting with their binary counterparts, which are significantly different, indicating the critical n

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30

Kornilova, Anna, Lin Huang, Marina Saccon, and Jochen Rudolph. "Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient aromatic volatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 18 (2016): 11755–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016.

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Abstract. Measurements of mixing ratios and stable carbon isotope ratios of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the atmosphere were made in Toronto (Canada) in 2009 and 2010. Consistent with the kinetic isotope effect for reactions of aromatic VOC with the OH radical the observed stable carbon isotope ratios are on average significantly heavier than the isotope ratios of their emissions. The change of carbon isotope ratio between emission and observation is used to determine the extent of photochemical processing (photochemical age, ∫ [OH]dt) of the different VOC. It is found that ∫ [

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31

Kokkorogianni, Olga, Philippos Kontoes-Georgoudakis, Maria Athanasopoulou, Nikolaos Polizos, and Marinos Pitsikalis. "Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Isobornyl Methacrylate via Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition." Polymers 13, no. 5 (2021): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050778.

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The synthesis of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) was conducted by free radical and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The reactivity ratios were estimated using the Finemann-Ross, inverted Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tüdos, extended Kelen-Tüdos and Barson-Fenn graphical methods, along with the computer program COPOINT, modified to both the terminal and the penultimate models. According to COPOINT the reactivity ratios were found to be equal to 0.292 for NVP and 2.673 for IBMA for conventional radical polymerizat

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32

Schovanec, Martin, Jiří Horálek, Štěpán Podzimek, and Jaromír Šňupárek. "Copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl Methacrylate with Styrene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 72, no. 9 (2007): 1244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20071244.

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Radical copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (M1) with styrene (M2) at 70 °C in 1,4-dioxane was investigated and the reactivity ratios were determined. The copolymerization was carried out as batch copolymerization to a low conversion or as copolymerization with a continuous addition of monomers at higher instantaneous conversion. The monomer reactivity ratios of the copolymerizable UV stabilizer 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate with styrene were determined using the Finemann-Ross plot for both copolymeration technique

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33

Ekpenyong, Kieran I. "Monomer reactivity ratios: Acrylic acid-methylmethacrylate copolymerization in dimethylsulfoxide." Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 2 (1985): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p173.

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34

Pujari, Narahari S., Mingxing Wang, and Kenneth E. Gonsalves. "Co and terpolymer reactivity ratios of chemically amplified resists." Polymer 118 (June 2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.001.

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35

Patton, Derek L., Kirt A. Page, Chang Xu, Kirsten L. Genson, Michael J. Fasolka, and Kathryn L. Beers. "Measurement of Reactivity Ratios in Surface-Initiated Radical Copolymerization†." Macromolecules 40, no. 17 (2007): 6017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070944+.

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36

Tian, Lei, Bei Li, Xue Li, and Qiuyu Zhang. "Janus dimers from tunable phase separation and reactivity ratios." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 28 (2020): 4639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00620c.

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37

Hagiopol, Cornel, and Octavian Frangu. "Strategies in Improving the Accuracy of Reactivity Ratios Estimation." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 40, no. 6 (2003): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120020857.

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38

López-Serrano, Francisco, Jorge E. Puig, and Jesús Álvarez. "Integrodifferential Approach to the Estimation of Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43, no. 23 (2004): 7361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie034337w.

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39

Dube, M., R. Amin Sanayei, A. Penlidis, K. F. O'Driscoll, and P. M. Reilly. "A microcomputer program for estimation of copolymerization reactivity ratios." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29, no. 5 (1991): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290512.

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40

Kazemi, Niousha, Thomas A. Duever, and Alexander Penlidis. "Demystifying the estimation of reactivity ratios for terpolymerization systems." AIChE Journal 60, no. 5 (2014): 1752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.14439.

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41

Mao, Runsheng, Malcolm B. Huglin, Thomas P. Davis, and Andrew S. Overend. "Reactivity ratios for new copolymerizations relevant to thermosetting resins." Polymer International 31, no. 4 (1993): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4990310411.

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42

Monett, Dagmar, José A. Méndez, Gustavo A. Abraham, Alberto Gallardo, and Julio San Román. "An Evolutionary Approach to the Estimation of Reactivity Ratios." Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 11, no. 5 (2002): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3919(20020601)11:5<525::aid-mats525>3.0.co;2-k.

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43

Dong, Shaosheng, Yuezhen Wei, and Zhiqian Zhang. "Reactivity ratios ofN-cyclohexylmaleimide and methylmethacrylate by infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, no. 3 (1999): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991017)74:3<516::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-m.

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44

Reis, Marcus H., Cullen L. G. Davidson, and Frank A. Leibfarth. "Continuous-flow chemistry for the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2018): 1728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01938f.

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45

Tian, Ming, and Yong Jun Xu. "Monomer Reactivity Ratios and Chain Segment Distribution for AM/2-EHA Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 1083 (January 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1083.9.

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A new copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and Isobutane-Ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) was synthesized as profile control agent by free radical copolymerization. The copolymer composition obtained by element analysis method led to determination of reactivity ratio by employing YBR calculative method. The result indicated that the reactivity ratios of AM and 2-EHA were 0.856and 0.592 respectively. The chain segment distribution of copolymer was investigated from reactivity ratio and the microstructure of copolymer molecule was analyzed. The results showed that the ratios in feed can hardly change the cha

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46

van de Wouw, Heidi L., Elorm C. Awuyah, Jodie I. Baris, and Rebekka S. Klausen. "An Organoborane Vinyl Monomer with Styrene-like Radical Reactivity: Reactivity Ratios and Role of Aromaticity." Macromolecules 51, no. 16 (2018): 6359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01368.

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47

Ventura-Hunter, Carolina, Victor D. Lechuga-Islas, Jens Ulbrich, et al. "Glycerol methacrylate-based copolymers: Reactivity ratios, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity." European Polymer Journal 178 (September 2022): 111478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111478.

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48

Seppälä, Jukka Veli, K. G. Paul, Toshiaki Nishida, et al. "Ethylene Copolymerization with Long Chain alpha-Olefins; Binary Reactivity Ratios." Acta Chemica Scandinavica 40b (1986): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.40b-0060.

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49

Deb, Pramil C. "Determination of penultimate model reactivity ratios and their non-uniqueness." Polymer 48, no. 2 (2007): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.027.

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50

Siołek, Maria, and Marek Matlengiewicz. "Reactivity Ratios of Butyl Acrylates in Radical Copolymerization with Methacrylates." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 19, no. 3 (2014): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2013.879437.

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