Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reactor recirculation'

Finding the most cost-effective and environmental friendly way to treat and disinfect wastewater has been raising concerns around the world. Failure in performing disinfection of wastewater before returning it to the environment could have terrible consequences to human health and the ecosystem. The risks associated to continue with current practices have led to the creation of stringent regulations. In this research the HYDROPATH technology is tested while attaching a HydroFlow 60i unit to a reactor that works as a closed recirculation system. To determine the feasibility of the HydroFlow 60i unit as an alternative method to chlorine, the EPA method 1306 is used being Escherichia coli the unit of quantification. After performing several experiments modifying parameters such as conductivity and detention time, it was concluded that the HydroFlow 60i unit by itself would not able to replace current disinfection technologies, to meet EPA standards of E. coli removal.

Deux réacteurs à gazosiphon à recirculation externe sont utilisés pour effectuer une étude hydrodynamique et de transfert de matière. Le premier à 6 m de haut et 0,15 m de diamètre, le second à 2,5 m de haut et 0,1 m de diamètre. Les résultats ont été obtenus avec différents systèmes ; air-eau, air+solutions aqueuses de glycérol et air-eau-billes de verre. Deux types de séparateurs gaz-liquide et de jonction descente-montée ont été étudiés. L’influence du diamètre de la descente à lui aussi été étudié. Les principaux paramètres hydrodynamiques sont estimés en utilisant divers techniques de mesures. Ainsi la rétention de gaz dans la montée a été mesurée en utilisant trois techniques indépendantes ; la méthode volumétrique, la méthode manométrique et la méthode optique. La vitesse de liquide dans la montée est estimée en utilisant des techniques de traçage (thermique et salin). Un modèle hydrodynamique est proposé et la résolution des équations de bilan de matière se fait dans le domaine de temps en utilisant un logiciel de résolution de systèmes d'équation différentielles assez puissant (MODEST). Les paramètres du modèle sont évalués en comparant la courbe expérimentale à la courbe théorique. Le modèle développé pour l'étude hydrodynamique est étendu au transfert de matière et montre une bonne concordance entre les résultats expérimentaux (réponses des sondes mesurant l'oxygène dissout dans le liquide) et le modèle théorique proposé

Coal ash deposits were collected in a 160 kWth, down-fired oxy-coal reactor under staged and unstaged conditions for four different coals (PRB, Gatling, Illinois #6, and Mahoning). Concentration measurements of carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, strontium, and barium were gathered from each deposit sample using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Backscattered electron micrographs for each deposit sample were analyzed to gather morphological data. Particle size and shape were studied for each deposit collected. The average particle sizes of the particles in upstream deposits were much larger than the average particle sizes of the downstream deposits. The downstream deposits consisted primarily of spherical particles while the upstream deposits consisted of round, irregular polygonal, and porous particles. Deposit particles are believed to have deposited at all stages of burnout; those depositing early during pyrolysis may have continued to react after deposition. Element maps for the aforementioned elements were collected with SEM-EDS and analyzed to quantify both average composition and composition of individual particles. These values were compared to ASTM ash analyses performed for each coal and ash collected from the flue gas stream with a cyclonic particle separator. It was found that sulfur concentrations of deposits do not correlate with corresponding sulfur concentrations of the coal. Comparison of similar experiments performed with air-combustion show that oxy-combustion deposits contain about twice as much sulfur as air-combustion deposits when burning the same coal. Deposition propensity of each coal was also examined, and the PRB and Gatling coals were found to have a moderately high deposition propensity whereas the deposition propensity of the Mahoning and Illinois #6 coals was fairly low.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da velocidade ascensional de recirculação e da estratégia de alimentação na eficiência de um reator anaeróbio com biomassa imobilizada operado em bateladas seqüenciais tratando efluentes provenientes de um laticínio de pequeno porte. Avaliaram-se três condições operacionais com valores de velocidade de 0,2 m.h-1, 3,8 m.h-1 e 6,4 m.h-1, com tempo de ciclo de 48 horas. Finda esta etapa, avaliou-se a influência do volume tratado na eficiência do sistema. Nesta avaliação, o tempo de ciclo foi de 24 horas e estudaram-se duas condições experimentais, nas quais diariamente o reator era alimentado com 50% e 67% de seu volume. O reator, com volume total de 1000 L, foi instalado em área próxima ao laticínio. O suporte (\"biobob\") utilizado para imobilização da biomassa foi um enchimento plástico preenchido com espuma de poliuretano. A alimentação foi feita com efluentes oriundos do laticínio escola da Prefeitura do Campus USP Pirassununga - PUSP-P com carga orgânica variável, de acordo com suas atividades. O monitoramento do reator foi realizado através de análises de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) em amostras filtradas em membrana de poro 1,2 µm e brutas, nitrogênio total Kjedahl e amoniacal, alcalinidade a bicarbonat o e ácidos voláteis totais. Verificada a estabilidade do sistema, realizaram-se amostragens temporais para medida de concentração de substratos e metabólitos intermediários. A biomassa oriunda do inóculo e do reator nas três primeiras condições experimentais foi analisada através de exames de microscopia de contraste de luz e fluorescência, análises de biologia molecular e atividade metanogênica específica. O período total de monitoramento no estudo da influência da velocidade ascensional de recirculação fo i de 570 dias. As eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica em amostras brutas foram 82 ± 11 %; 84 ± 9%; 87 ± 9 %, quando as velocidades foram de 0,2 m.h-1, 3,8 m.h-1 e 6,4 m.h-1, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica em amostras filtradas foram 82 ± 9%; 83 ± 13 %; 87 ± 9 %, quando as velocidades foram de 0,2 m.h-1, 3,8 m.h-1 e 6,4 m.h-1, respectivamente. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica à medida que a velocidade ascensional aumentou, todavia percebeu-se diminuição no desvio padrão de tal parâmetro, favorecimento no processo de geração e consumo de ácidos e aumento na velocidade de conversão da matéria orgânica. Os resultados das análises de biologia molecular demonstraram que a biomassa se modificou adaptando-se ao efluente, mas apresentando pouca variação entre as duas últimas condições operacionais. Quando o tempo de ciclo foi diminuído para 24 horas, e o sistema alimentado com 50% e 67% de seu volum e reacional, também não se verificou diferenças significativas em relação à eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica, todavia a última condição operacional a que proporcionou maior volume de efluente tratado por dia. Conclui-se que o ASBBR foi eficiente, robusto e confiável para o tratamento de efluentes de laticínios nas condições de operações testadas.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the recirculation rate and feed strategy on the efficiency of an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor - ASBBR -treating effluents from a small dairy industry. Three operational conditions were studied in which the recirculation rate was 0.2 m.h-1, 3.8 m.h-1 e 6.4 m.h-1 and the cycle time was 48 h. When this assay was finished, the cycle time was decreased to 24 hours and two operational conditions were studied, in which the reactor was fed with 50% and 67% of its reaction volume, respectively. The reactor with total volume of 1000L was assembled in an area closed to the dairy. The biomass was immobilized in plastic supports containing polyurethane foam. The reactor was fed by effluents from the dairy school ( Prefeitura do Campus USP Pirassununga - PUSP-P) with organic loading rate variable according to the operations occurred in the plant. The system was monitored through chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses, and measurements of nitrogen, alkalinity and volatile acids concentrations. When stability was verified, temporal profiles of substrate and metabolites concentrations were obtained. The biomass from the inoculum and from the reactor (operational conditions 1, 2 and 3) was analyzed through microscopic exams, molecular biology analyses and specific methanogenic activity assays. The monitoring period for the study of the influence of the recirculation rate lasted 570 days. The average efficiencies of organic matter removal were 82 ± 11 %; 84 ± 9%; 87 ± 9 %, when the velocities were 0.2 m.h-1, 3.8 m.h-1 e 6.4 m.h-1, respectively. The average efficiencies of organic matter removal in filtrated samples were 82 ± 9%; 83 ± 13 %; 87 ± 9 % when the velocities were 0.2 m.h-1, 3.8 m.h-1 e 6.4 m.h-1, respectively. Statistic differences were not verified; nevertheless it was possible to observe that the values of standard errors decreased, the production and consumption of the volatile acids improved and the rate of organic matter removal increased when the velocity was rose. The results from the molecular biology analyses showed that the biomass changed and adapted to the treatment conditions, presenting low variation along the last condition. When the cycle time was decreased to 24 hours, and the system was fed with 50% and 67%, statistic difference among the efficiencies were again not observed, nevertheless, the latter condition resulted in the highest daily treated volume. It was possible to conclude that the ASBBR was efficient, robust and reliable in treating dairy effluents at the practiced conditions.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto
Banca: Francisco Javier Cuba Teran
Banca: Rejane Helena Ribeiro Costa
Resumo: O presente projeto de pesquisa avaliou o desempenho de remoção de nitrogênio num sistema de tratamento biológico das águas residuárias de produção intensiva de Tilápia Nilótica com recirculação utilizando decantador horizontal e um reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado com circulação em tubos concêntricos. Utilizou-se como material suporte carvão ativado granular com densidade aparente de 1,64g/cm3 e tamanho efetivo de 0,34mm numa concentração de 80g/L. Foram avaliadas as velocidades de circulação e as expansões de quatro configurações de reatores com diâmetro externo constante de 250mm e diâmetros internos variáveis de 100, 125, 150 e 200mm. O reator utilizado no sistema de tratamento possui um volume efetivo de 113L e diâmetro interno de 100mm. O sistema foi inoculado durante três semanas com água do Lago do Ipê do município de Ilha Solteira SP e foi feita a avaliação ao longo de oito semanas com reposição semanal de 55% do volume total de água do sistema; o período de detenção hidráulica no reator foi de 11,9 minutos. Durante o projeto foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: sólidos totais, suspensos voláteis e fixos, cor aparente, OD, pH, condutividade, temperatura, potencial redox, amônia, amônio, turbidez, DQO, DBO, nitrogênio total, fósforo total. Os resultados mostraram que as remoções médias de nitrogênio amoniacal total, DBO, DQO, fósforo e nitrogênio total foram de 27%, 47%, 75%, 38% e 24% respectivamente. O sistema de tratamento avaliado mostrou-se como uma alternativa efetiva para o reuso da água no sistema de recirculação capaz de manter as características de qualidade da água dentro dos valores recomendáveis para criação das Tilápias e dos valores permitidos pela legislação brasileira para lançamento de efluentes com exceção do fósforo.
Abstract: This research project evaluated the nitrogen removal efficiency in a biological treatment system of an intensive Nile Tilapia laboratory facility with recirculation by a rectangular sedimentation tank and a three phase aerobic fluidized bed internal-loop airlift reactor. Granular activated carbon was used as support particles with density of 1,64g/cm3 and effective size of 0,34mm in a concentration of 80g/L. Liquid circulation velocities and gas holdup were evaluated in four different reactor configurations with a 250mm constant external diameter and internal variable diameters of 100, 125, 150 and 200mm. On the evaluated reactor the effective volume was 113L and the internal diameter 100mm. The system was inoculated during three weeks with natural water from Ipê Lake localized in Ilha Solteira's SP municipality and was evaluated in an eigth week period with a 55% weekly total water exchange rate; reactor's hydraulic detention time was 11,9 minutes. During the study were measured the next parameters: total, suspended, volatile and fixed solids, apparent color, DO, pH, conductivity, temperature, oxidation reduction potential, ammonia, turbidity, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorous. Results showed that average removal rates of total ammonia nitrogen, BOD, COD, phosphorus and total nitrogen were 27%, 47%, 75%, 38% and 24% respectively. Evaluated treatment system showed as an effective alternative for water reuse in the recirculation system capable of maintain water quality characteristics within the recommended values for fish farming and meeting the Brazilian standards for final effluent discharges with exception of phosphorous values.
Mestre

A presente pesquisa avaliou diferentes razões de recirculação do meio líquido com a finalidade de identificar a melhor condição de mistura para uma produção elevada e contínua de hidrogênio em um reator anaeróbio de leito fixo com fluxo ascendente alimentado com um meio contendo sacarose como fonte de carbono e uréia como fonte de nitrogênio. Foi utilizado polietileno de baixa densidade como meio suporte para imobilização da biomassa. O experimento foi iniciado com ensaios hidrodinâmicos (pulso, utilizando dextran blue como traçador) que determinaram as seguintes razões de recirculação em relação à vazão de alimentação utilizadas: R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas, nas quais foram operados dois reatores idênticos simultaneamente, testando-se duas razões de recirculação diferentes. A DQO da água residuária foi de 2000 mg/L. O tempo de detenção hidráulica teórico foi de 2 horas e a temperatura foi mantida em 25 graus Celsius. A remoção de sacarose apresentou valores médios de 67%, 79%, 71% e 70% para R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0, respectivamente. Os valores médios de rendimento de hidrogênio foram 1,14 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac, 1,43 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac, 1,34 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac e 0,86 mol \'H IND.2\'/.mol sac e de produção volumétrica de hidrogênio foram 74,34 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L), 124,78 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L), 96,57 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L) e 73,49 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L) para as vazões de recirculação de 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0, respectivamente. O biogás produzido foi composto de \'H IND.2\', e \'CO IND.2\', com valores percentuais médios para \'H IND.2\', de 50%, 56%, 56% e 46% para R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0, respectivamente. Não houve presença de metano em nenhuma fase de operação. Os principais produtos intermediários produzidos durante a produção de \'H IND.2\', foram ácido acético, ácido butírico e etanol, de forma similar para todas as fases de recirculação. Analisando todos os parâmetros de operação, foi possível notar que a melhor vazão de recirculação obtida foi de R = 0,5. Ajustando os dados obtidos a uma função polinomial, porém, chegou-se a um ponto de ótimo em R = 0,6. Durante os experimentos observou-se uma queda na produção do biogás, provavelmente por atuação de microrganismos consumidores deste.
The present research evaluated different recirculation rates of the liquid medium for the purpose of identify the best mixture condition for a high and continuous hydrogen production in an anaerobic upflow fixed-bed reactor fed with a medium containing sucrose as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source. Low density polyethylene was used as medium for biomass immobilization. The experiment began with hydrodynamic tests (pulse, using dextran blue as tracer) which led to the following recirculation rates related with the feed flow rate used in this work: R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 and 2,0. The experiment was conducted in two stages, where two identical reactors were operated simultaneously, by testing two different recirculation rates. COD from wastewater was 2000 mg/L. The theoretical hydraulic retention time was 2 hours and the temperature was maintained at 25 Celsius degrees. The average values of sucrose consumption were 67%, 79%, 71% and 70% for R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 and 2,0, respectively. The average values of hydrogen yield were 1,14 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac, 1,43 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac, 1,34 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac and 0,86 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sac and of hydrogen production rate were 74.34 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L), 124.78 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L), 96.57 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L) and 73.49 mL \'H IND.2\'/(h.L) for recirculation rates of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. The biogas produced was composed by \'H IND.2\', and \'CO IND.2\', with average values for \'H IND.2\', of 50%, 56%, 56% and 46% for R = 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 and 2,0, respectively. Methane was not detected. The main intermediate products produced during the hydrogen production were acetic acid, butyric acid and ethanol, similar in all stages of recirculation. Analyzing all operating parameters, it was identified that the better recirculation rate obtained during the experiments was R = 0.5. Adjusting all data obtained with a polynomial function, it was found an optimal recirculation rate of R = 0.6. During the experiments there was a drop in biogas production, probably by the activity of microrganisms consumers of this biogas.

A digestão anaeróbia é uma potencial solução para a destinação dos grandes volumes de vinhaça gerada em biorrefinarias de cana-de-açúcar. A alta concentração de matéria orgânica presente na vinhaça é uma questão importante a ser considerada, uma vez que as populações microbianas anaeróbias, principalmente metanogênicas, são sensíveis a sobrecargas orgânicas. Uma série de configurações de reatores, bem como diferentes estratégias de partida e operação tem sido aplicadas ao tratamento de vinhaça, como a recirculação do efluente tratado, a qual é usualmente empregada para prevenir eventos de sobrecarga orgânica. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência da recirculação de efluentes em reatores anaeróbios compartimentados (RAC) tratando águas residuárias concentradas, uma vez que a literatura não é conclusiva sobre os efeitos da recirculação neste tipo de reator. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi utilizada uma abordagem dupla: experimental e modelagem matemática. Um RAC com 4 compartimentos em série em escala de bancada foi alimentado com vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar (DQO = 18,0 g/L) e monitorado durante 273 dias. Os parâmetros cinéticos e de transferência de massa do reator foram obtidos e utilizados para criar um modelo matemático para a conversão da matéria orgânica no software Matlab®. Tanto os dados operacionais como os parâmetros cinéticos mostraram que a elevada concentração de DQO fez com que o RAC não se comportasse como um sistema de duas fases, bem como a recirculação não resultasse em melhorias relevantes de desempenho. O modelo matemático concordou com os dados operacionais e mostrou que, em termos de capacidade de conversão, o uso de elevadas taxas de recirculação não é necessário para um adequado desempenho do RAC, uma vez que a cinética bioquímica observada não foi expressivamente limitada pela concentração de substrato.
Anaerobic digestion is a potential approach to handle the large volume of vinasse generated in sugarcane biorefineries. The high concentration of organic matter present in vinasse is an important issue to be considered, since anaerobic microbial populations, mainly methanogens, are sensitive to organic overloads. A serie of reactors configurations, as well as different startup and operating strategies, have been applied to the treatment of vinasse, so that the recirculation of the treated effluent is usually used to prevent organic overloading events. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of effluent recirculation in anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR) treating high concentrated wastewater, since literature is not conclusive about its effects. To achieve this aim an experimental and mathematical modeling dual approach was employed. A bench-scale ABR with four serial baffleds was fed with sugarcane vinasse (COD = 18,0 g/L) and monitored for 273 days. Kinetic and mass transfer parameters were obtained and used to create a mathematical model for the organic matter conversion in Matlab®. Both the operating data and the kinetic parameters showed that at high COD concentrations the ABR does not behave as a two-stage system, as well as recirculation did not result in relevant performance improvements. The mathematical model agreed with the operational data and showed that, in terms of conversion capacity, the use of high recirculation ratios is not necessary for suitable ABR performance, since the observed biochemical kinetics were not high limited by the concentration of substrate.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O fenômeno da eutrofização é caracterizado pelo crescimento excessivo de algas devido ao excesso de nitrogênio e fósforo em corpos d’água. Combinado a esse fator, temos o fato de que as ETEs (Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes) brasileiras foram projetadas para remover a DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio) e não os nutrientes, com isso é necessário o tratamento terciário para atendimento à legislação. Pesquisas mostram que há a possibilidade de remover DQO e nitrogênio em um único compartimento, o que geraria economia na implantação e operação de ETEs. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência deum reator de leito estruturado comaeração intermitente e fluxo contínuo na remoção de nitrogênio e DQO do esgoto sanitário bruto misturado com efluente de RALF (Reator Anaeróbio de Leito Fluidizado). O reator apresentava volume útil de 8,6 L.O leito estruturado era composto por 13 cilindros de espuma de poliuretano com diâmetro igual a 2,5 cm e comprimento de 63 cm, dispostos verticalmente no interior do reator. A alimentação era feita continuamente com 50% de esgoto sanitário bruto e 50% de efluente de RALF. O experimento foi feito seguindo-se planejamento fatorial 22, que resultou em sete ensaios com quatro pontos nos níveis extremos (+1 e -1) e a triplicata do ponto central. Os fatores e respectivos níveis estipulados foram TDH (Tempos de Detenção Hidráulica) de 8, 10 e 12 horas, e tempo de aeração de 60, 75 e 90 minutos, em ciclos de 180 minutos. A razão de recirculação foi igual a 2 vezes a vazão de entrada. Nestas condições foram encontrados como média de remoção de DQO de 76%e NT (nitrogênio total) de 83%. O melhor resultado de eficiência de DQO (92%) e NT (88%), foi encontrado quando o reator operou com tempo de aeração de 60 minutos e TDH de 8 horas, tendo como concentração final DQO igual a 18 mg.L-1 eNT de 4,3 mg.L-1. A superfície de resposta foi utilizada para se avaliar os efeitos dos fatores sobre as respostas encontradas, e para desenvolver um modelo matemático que possibilitasse prever a eficiência do reator em relação à nitrificação e remoção de NT. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o reator de leito estruturado com aeração intermitente é uma alternativa viável para remoção simultânea de DQO e NT. O modelo matemático obtido mostrou ser preditivo com relação à eficiência de nitrificação e remoção de NT. Com TDH de 9 horas e aeração de 60 minutos a eficiência teórica de nitrificação e remoção de NT obtida com os modelos propostos foi de 94 e 85%, respectivamente, e os resultados experimentais obtidos foram de 89 e 81%, respectivamente, próximos aos teóricos.
The phenomenon of eutrophication is characterized by excessive growth of algae due to excess nitrogen and phosphorus in water bodies. Combined with this factor, we have the fact that the Brazilian Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) were designed to remove COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and not nutrients, so it is necessary the tertiary treatment to comply with the legislation. Research shows that there is the possibility of removing COD and nitrogen in a single compartment, which would generate savings in the implementation and operation of ETP. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of a structured bed reactor with intermittent and continuous flow in the removal of nitrogen and COD from the raw sanitary sewage mixed with UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) effluent. The reactor had a useful volume of 8,6 L. The structured bed was composed of 13 cylinders of polyurethane foam with a diameter of 2,5 cm and a length of 63 cm, arranged vertically inside the reactor. The feed was continuously fed with 50% crude sanitary sewage and 50% RALF effluent. The experiment was done following a factorial design 22, which resulted in seven tests with four points at the extreme levels (+1 and -1) and the triplicate of the central point. The factors and respective stipulated levels were HRT (Hydraulic Retention Times) of 8, 10 and 12 hours, and aeration time of 60, 75 and 90 minutes in 180 minute cycles. The recirculation ratio was equal to 2 times the inlet flow rate. Under these conditions were found to be COD removal average of 76% and NT (Total Nitrogen) of 83%. The best COD (92%) and NT (88%) efficiency results were found when the reactor operated with 60 minute aeration time and 8 hour HRT, having a final COD concentration of 18 mg.L-1 and NT of 4.3 mg.L-1. The response surface was used to verify the effects of the factors on the responses and to design a mathematic model to predict NT removal and nitrification. The results obtained allow us to consider that the structured bed reactor with intermittent aeration is a viable alternative for the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen compounds.The mathematical model obtained was predictive, and with a HRT of 9 hours and aeration of 60 minutes, the experimental responses for TN removal and nitrification efficiency was 81% and 89%, respectively, very close to the predicted one, that was 85% and 94%.

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Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA)
O presente projeto de pesquisa avaliou o desempenho de remoção de nitrogênio num sistema de tratamento biológico das águas residuárias de produção intensiva de Tilápia Nilótica com recirculação utilizando decantador horizontal e um reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado com circulação em tubos concêntricos. Utilizou-se como material suporte carvão ativado granular com densidade aparente de 1,64g/cm3 e tamanho efetivo de 0,34mm numa concentração de 80g/L. Foram avaliadas as velocidades de circulação e as expansões de quatro configurações de reatores com diâmetro externo constante de 250mm e diâmetros internos variáveis de 100, 125, 150 e 200mm. O reator utilizado no sistema de tratamento possui um volume efetivo de 113L e diâmetro interno de 100mm. O sistema foi inoculado durante três semanas com água do Lago do Ipê do município de Ilha Solteira SP e foi feita a avaliação ao longo de oito semanas com reposição semanal de 55% do volume total de água do sistema; o período de detenção hidráulica no reator foi de 11,9 minutos. Durante o projeto foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: sólidos totais, suspensos voláteis e fixos, cor aparente, OD, pH, condutividade, temperatura, potencial redox, amônia, amônio, turbidez, DQO, DBO, nitrogênio total, fósforo total. Os resultados mostraram que as remoções médias de nitrogênio amoniacal total, DBO, DQO, fósforo e nitrogênio total foram de 27%, 47%, 75%, 38% e 24% respectivamente. O sistema de tratamento avaliado mostrou-se como uma alternativa efetiva para o reuso da água no sistema de recirculação capaz de manter as características de qualidade da água dentro dos valores recomendáveis para criação das Tilápias e dos valores permitidos pela legislação brasileira para lançamento de efluentes com exceção do fósforo.
This research project evaluated the nitrogen removal efficiency in a biological treatment system of an intensive Nile Tilapia laboratory facility with recirculation by a rectangular sedimentation tank and a three phase aerobic fluidized bed internal-loop airlift reactor. Granular activated carbon was used as support particles with density of 1,64g/cm3 and effective size of 0,34mm in a concentration of 80g/L. Liquid circulation velocities and gas holdup were evaluated in four different reactor configurations with a 250mm constant external diameter and internal variable diameters of 100, 125, 150 and 200mm. On the evaluated reactor the effective volume was 113L and the internal diameter 100mm. The system was inoculated during three weeks with natural water from Ipê Lake localized in Ilha Solteira’s SP municipality and was evaluated in an eigth week period with a 55% weekly total water exchange rate; reactor´s hydraulic detention time was 11,9 minutes. During the study were measured the next parameters: total, suspended, volatile and fixed solids, apparent color, DO, pH, conductivity, temperature, oxidation reduction potential, ammonia, turbidity, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorous. Results showed that average removal rates of total ammonia nitrogen, BOD, COD, phosphorus and total nitrogen were 27%, 47%, 75%, 38% and 24% respectively. Evaluated treatment system showed as an effective alternative for water reuse in the recirculation system capable of maintain water quality characteristics within the recommended values for fish farming and meeting the Brazilian standards for final effluent discharges with exception of phosphorous values.

O presente estudo teve por finalidade testar a hipótese de que o uso de uma taxa de recirculação variável do lixiviado de um reator tratando a fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos domésticos, em um sistema em batelada híbrido, seria capaz de acelerar a degradação deste substrato em comparação com um sistema idêntico, porém que operasse com taxa de recirculação constante. Dois conjuntos de reatores foram operados, um com taxa de recirculação constante (sistema controle) e o outro com taxa de recirculação variável (sistema experimental). Os reatores foram mantidos em sala climatizada, com temperatura mantida em 35 ºC '+ OU -' 1 ºC. Cada conjunto era composto de um reator de sólidos, preenchido com o resíduo a ser digerido misturado a lixiviado de aterro sanitário, e um filtro anaeróbio, destinado a tratar o lixiviado que saía do primeiro. O substrato utilizado foi a fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos domésticos padronizada (FORSUDp). Diversas variáveis foram medidas para o acompanhamento do processo: DQO de amostras filtradas e não filtradas, alcalinidade total, alcalinidade a ácidos voláteis, série de sólidos, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl e amoniacal, fósforo total, ácidos voláteis e composição do biogás por cromatografia gasosa. Também se acompanhou o desenvolvimento da microbiota anaeróbia por microscopia óptica de contraste de fase e fluorescência. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura indicou desenvolvimento de biofilme no meio suporte dos filtros anaeróbios. Concluiu-se que a taxa de recirculação variável consegue acelerar o processo, além de alterar de forma significativa o comportamento dos reatores e a forma de interação entre os mesmos
The objective of this study was to test the following hypothesis: varying the leachate recirculation rate in a hybrid batch reactor would make it possible to shorten the time required for the digestion of MSW, in comparison to a similar system operating with constant recirculation rate. Two sets of reactors were operated, one with constant recirculation rate (control system) and the other with varying rate (experimental system). The reactors were kept in a room which internal temperature was controlled. The temperature was kept at 35 ºC '+ OU -' 1ºC. Each set of reactors was composed of a solids reactor, filled with solid wastes and inoculated with landfill leachate, and an anaerobic filter, that should treat the leachate form the first one. The substract used was the standardized organic fraction of the municipal solid wastes (FORSUDp). Several parameters were measured for process monitoring: COD (in filtered and not filtered samples), total alkalinity, volatile acids alkalinity, solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, volatile acids by gas chromatography and biogas composition. The development of the anaerobic microorganisms was observed with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of the packed bed media showed biofilm development. It was concluded that the varying leachate recirculation rate proved to be able to enhance the degradation process. Besides, this operational strategy entirely changed the behaviour and interaction of the reactors

O presente trabalho teve, por objetivo principal, analisar a remoção de sulfato em águas de drenagem ácida de minas em dois tipos de reatores anaeróbios, um com crescimento granular (UASB) e outro com biomassa aderida (RAHLF). Estudos anteriores publicados na literatura apresentam resultados positivos quanto ao tratamento anaeróbio de drenagem ácida de minas, entretanto, na maioria deles, é aplicado um tratamento preliminar à água residuária antes do tratamento principal. Esse trabalho avaliou a operação de reatores anaeróbios sem prévio tratamento da drenagem ácida sob diferentes variáveis. Para o reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF), foram analisadas as variáveis relação DQO/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\', correção do pH afluente, carga de sulfato aplicada e a recirculação da fase líquida. Os resultados mostraram que a redução da carga de sulfato aplicada foi o fator determinante para os bons resultados de remoção, encontrados ao longo da operação dos reatores (70% de remoção de sulfato e 75% de remoção de DQO). A relação DQO/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' também foi importante e quando utilizada a relação estequiométrica de 0,67, a eficiência de remoção de sulfato atingiu níveis superiores a 70% com pequeno acúmulo de ácido acético no efluente. Para a operação do reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB), as variáveis analisadas foram o volume da manta de lodo, a relação DQO/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\', a carga de sulfato aplicada e a recirculação da fase líquida. Como para o RAHLF, a redução da carga de sulfato aplicada foi essencial para o melhor funcionamento do UASB. A relação DQO/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' de 1,0 promoveu melhora na eficiência do reator, quando comparada à relação estequiométrica e a recirculação no reator só foi positiva quando realizada com água de abastecimento, tendo o reator entrado em colapso quando a recirculação foi realizada com o efluente tratado.
The main objective of this work was to evaluate the sulfate removal from acid mine drainage in two types of anaerobic reactors, one with a granular sludge (UASB) and another with immobilized biomass (HAIB reactor). Previous published studies have showed positive results for the anaerobic treatment of acid mine drainage, however, in most of them, it was applied a pre-treatment operation. This study evaluated the operation of anaerobic reactors without pre-treatment of the acid mine drainage under different parameters. The parameters COD/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' ratio, correction of affluent pH, sulfate loading and recirculation of the liquid phase were tested for horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor. The results showed that the decrease in the sulfate loading was a determining factor for the successful sulfate removal found throughout the operation of the reactors. The COD/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' ratio was also important and the removal efficiency of sulfate reached levels above 70% with a small accumulation of acetic acid in the effluent when using stoichiometric ratio of 0.67. For the operation of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the parameters were the volume of the sludge blanket, the COD/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' ratio, the sulfate loading and the recirculation of the liquid phase. Similarly ti the HAIB reactor, reducing the sulfate load was essential for obtaining better results. The COD/\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' ratio of 1.0 showed a improved sulfate removal efficiency for the UASB reactor when compared to stoichiometric ratio at 0.67 ant the recirculation in this reactor was only positive when carried out with tap water. The UASB reactor collapsed when recirculation was carried out whit the treated effluent.

Cette etude concerne l'hydrodynamique et le transfert de matiere gaz - liquide d'un reacteur air-lift rectangulaire, dont l'application visee est la phase de nitrification (en voie aerobie) du traitement d'une eau usee. L'originalite de ce reacteur reside dans sa forme d'une part, et dans l'utilisation de particules legeres d'autre part. Dans un premier temps, les parametres - cles de l'hydrodynamique, a savoir la retention gazeuse, le diametre des bulles, la vitesse du liquide et le coefficient de dispersion axiale, ont ete etudies pour diverses conditions geometriques et operatoires. Dans un deuxieme temps, le transfert d'oxygene de la phase gazeuse vers la phase liquide a ete caracterise par le biais du coefficient de transfert k la. Les mesures ont ete effectuees en diphasique (eau - air), et en triphasique (eau - air - solide). Une vitesse gazeuse critique, au-dela de laquelle la vitesse du liquide est constante quel que soit le debit d'air injecte, a ete definie. Il a ete mis en evidence que la presence de solide ne modifiait pas le comportement du liquide, mais influait sur la retention gazeuse, et ce, au-dela d'une retention solide egale a 16%. Enfin, le comportement hydrodynamique diphasique du reacteur a ete modelise, sur la base des lois de conservation de la masse et de la quantite de mouvement. Les resultats ont donne entiere satisfaction sur trois reacteurs de tailles differentes. Par ailleurs, l'analyse numerique locale a ete validee pour un faible debit d'air.

Etude theorique de la situation d'ecoulements reactifs dans un canal bidimensionnel stabilises par un obstacle de section triangulaire au niveau du plan median du canal. Les resultats de calculs concernent des ecoulements non reactifs d'une part et des ecoulements reactifs a faible taux d'expansion thermique

Integrated aquaculture systems (IAS) are a type of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) where the wastewater is treated and returned to the fish tanks. The important difference between the two is that in an IAS, wastes from the aquaculture component are recovered as fertilizer to produce an agricultural product whereas in an RAS, waste organics, nutrients and solids are treated and discharged. A pilot marine IAS at Mote Aquaculture Research Park in Sarasota, FL was studied for this project. Water quality monitoring, measurements of fish health and growth rates of fish and plants were performed over a two-year period to determine the effectiveness of the system in producing fish and plant products and removing pollutants. The goal of this portion of the project was to develop, calibrate and evaluate a model of the system, to understand the nitrogen transformations within the Mote IAS and to investigate other potential configurations of the Mote IAS. The model was divided into the various compartments to simulate each stage of the system, which included fish tanks, a drum filter for solids removal, and moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) for nitrification and disinfection. A solids tank after the drum filter was used to store the drum filter effluent slurry, which was then divided between three treatment processes: a geotube, a sand filter followed by a plant bed, and a plant bed alone. Nitrogen species modeled were particulate organic nitrogen (PON), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium and nitrate. Of the physical components of the IAS, models of the MBBR and the two plant raceways included physical, chemical and biological nitrogen transformation processes. The sand filter, solids tank and geotube models were simple mass balances, incorporating factional removals of each species based on the observed data. Other variables modeled included temperature, dissolved oxygen, volatile suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand concentrations. The model was built in a computer program, STELLATM, to simulate the Mote IAS. The model calibration involved experimental, literature and calibrated parameters. Parameters were adjusted until the model's output was a best fit to the observed data by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. During the sensitivity analysis, two model parameters caused large variations in the model output. The denitrifier constant caused the most variation to the model's output followed by the denitrifier fraction of volatile suspended solids. Of the removal processes, denitrification was the largest nitrogen removal mechanism from the model, accounting for 59% and 55% of the nitrogen removed from the south and north plant raceways respectively. Plant and soil uptake represented only 0.2% of the overall nitrogen removal processes followed by 0.1% by sedimentation. Finally, the model was used to investigate other treatment designs if the Mote IAS was redesigned. The first option involved a geotube and one plant raceway in series to treat the solid waste while the second option did not have a geotube, but two plant raceways. The first option was the most effective at removing nitrogen while the second was as effective as the original system and would cost less.

Pressurized chemical looping combustion (PCLC) is a promising next generation carbon capture technology which operates on the fundamentals of oxyfuel combustion to concentrate carbon dioxide in the flue gas stream. Oxygen is supplied through cyclic oxidation and reduction of a solid metal oxide between an air reactor and fuel reactor to prevent the direct contact of fuel and air. CanmetENERGY-Ottawa, in collaboration with Hatch Ltd., is designing a pilot scale PCLC system which uses ilmenite as the oxygen carrier and a novel fluidized bed design called the Plug Flow Internally-recirculating Reactor (PFIR). The PFIR consists of an annular bubbling fluidized region in which particles are circulated by angle jets through two reactive zones separated by baffles. The overall objective of this thesis was to provide key design parameters and insight for the construction of the pilot facility. Experimental work was first conducted investigating the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf), gas bubble size, and tube-to-bed heat transfer coefficients of different ilmenite particle size distributions (PSDs) at varying pressures up to 2000 kPa. The data was compared to a variety of literature correlations. The Saxena & Vogel (1977) constants for the Wen-Yu type correlations (Remf=√C12+C2Ar-C1) resulted in the best fit for predicting the Umf of the PSDs with Sauter mean diameters (SMD) less than 109 μm, while the Chitester et al. (1984) constants resulted in better predictions for the larger particle size distributions (SMD greater than 236 μm). Gas bubble size was found to be marginally impacted by pressure, with the Mori & Wen (1975) correlation best fitting the data. The heat transfer coefficient was found to also be marginally increased by pressure with the the Molerus et al. (1995) correlation matching the atmospheric data. A computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) model of the experimental unit was then created and validated using the obtained data for minimum fluidization velocity and bubble size. The accuracy of the model was found to be dependent on the particle close packing factor input variable, with a value of 0.58 resulting in the best results for each of the ilmenite PSDs modeled. Finally, a CPFD model was created for a cold flow design of the PFIR to investigate the impacts of different operating parameters on the solids circulation rate and gas infiltration rate between the two reactor zones. This model used the validated parameters of the previous CPFD model to add confidence to the results. The impacts of increasing superficial gas velocity, fluidizing gas jet velocity, bed height, and pressure were all found to increase the solids circulation rate through their respective impacts on the momentum rate of the fluidizing gas. A polynomial function was fit between these two variables resulting in a method to predict the solids circulation rate. Similarly, the rate of gas infiltration between sections was found to be dependent on the solids circulation rate, allowing for a function to be made to predict the gas infiltration at different operating conditions.

Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente
A partir de 1960 a atividade aquícola aumentou abruptamente, tornando-se o setor de produção de alimentos de maior crescimento. A implementação de sistemas de aquacultura intensiva contribuiu para esse acentuado desenvolvimento; contudo, a sua prática impõe elevados riscos relativos ao bem-estar dos peixes, tornando-os vulneráveis a doenças, stress e a condições ambientais adversas. Para o controlo do stress são utilizados anestésicos, sendo os mais comuns a tricaína, benzocaína e 2-fenoxietanol. Estes fármacos são administrados solubilizando-os na água dos tanques e, consequentemente, contaminando-a. Atualmente, as instalações de criação intensiva estão equipadas com sistemas de recirculação em aquacultura (SRA) onde a água é tratada e reciclada. Os SRAs típicos são eficazes na remoção de sólidos suspensos e no controlo do nível de carbono orgânico dissolvido e amónia mas não estão preparados para eliminar fármacos. O processo de adsorção, utilizando carvões ativados, é uma tecnologia bem documentada e eficaz na remoção de contaminantes orgânicos, incluindo fármacos, e tem sido proposta como processo de tratamento terciário em SRA; no entanto, os carvões ativados são dispendiosos. O projeto desta tese visa a produção de adsorventes alternativos, usando bioresíduos agrícolas e industriais como percursores, capazes de competir com os carvões ativados comerciais, recorrendo a técnicas simples, baratas e amigas do ambiente. O principal objetivo consiste na aplicação dos adsorventes produzidos na remoção de anestésicos veterinários em SRA. Relativamente à valorização dos resíduos testados, os resultados mostraram que os bioresíduos agrícolas (casca de Eucalipto, sementes de uva, caroços de pêssego, cascas de nozes, resíduos de azeitona e cascas de amendoim) podem competir com os carvões fósseis em aplicações de combustão (por exemplo, produção de combustível e energia). Por outro lado, os biocarvões produzidos por pirólise dos bioresíduos industriais (lamas primárias e biológicas da indústria papeleira) são adsorventes promissores, uma vez que os resultados revelaram elevadas capacidades de adsorção com bom desempenho em sistemas fechado e contínuo. Os adsorventes produzidos a partir das lamas biológicas podem ser aplicados no tratamento de águas de aquacultura intensiva com o mesmo desempenho independentemente das condições da água (temperatura, salinidade e presença de matéria orgânica e inorgânica). Sendo as lamas produzidas em larga escala, o custo associado aos percursores destes adsorventes é nulo, com a vantagem de eliminar os esforços de gestão destes resíduos. Além disso, contrariamente aos carvões ativados comerciais, o método de produção usado evita o uso de agentes químicos e permite a recuperação de energia, sendo considerado um processo amigo do ambiente. Estes factos aliados aos bons resultados obtidos na remoção de anestésicos veterinários indicam que o uso de adsorventes a partir de lamas da indústria papeleira poderá ser uma alternativa a aplicar em SRA.
The aquaculture activity has steeply increased since the 1960’s, being the fastest growing food production industry. The implementation of intensive aquaculture systems has contributed to this impressive development in the world food fish production; however, this practice imposes high risks on the welfare of fish, making them vulnerable to adverse impacts from disease, stress and also from environmental conditions. For the fishes’ stress control, anaesthetics are administered and the most commonly used are tricaine, benzocaine and 2-phenoxyethanol. These pharmaceuticals are administered by solubilization in the fish tank’s water, which, therefore, becomes contaminated. Nowadays, intensive aquaculture facilities are equipped with a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) where the water is treated and remains in a closed circuit. A typical RAS is planned to remove suspended solids and to control dissolved organic carbon and ammonia levels but the processes used are not prepared to eliminate pharmaceuticals. The adsorption process, using activated carbons, is a well-established technology for the removal of organic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, and it has been proposed as tertiary treatment in RASs; however, activated carbons are very expensive. The project of this thesis aims at the production of alternative adsorbents, using agricultural or industrial biowastes as precursors, by means of a simple, inexpensive and environmentally friendly production technique and capable to compete with the commercial activated carbons. The objective is the application of the produced adsorbents for the removal of fish anaesthetics from water in the RASs. A first evaluation about the valorisation of such residues showed that the agricultural biowastes (Eucalyptus bark, grape seeds, peach stones, walnut shells, olive waste and peanut shells) can compete with fossil coals in combustion applications (e.g., fuel and power generation). On the other hand, the biochars produced by the pyrolysis of the industrial biowastes (primary and biological paper mill sludge) have favourable properties to be used as adsorbents. The adsorption results revealed highest adsorption capacities using paper mill sludge-based adsorbents with good performance in both batch and continuous (fixed-bed column) systems. Also, it was observed that the biological sludge-based adsorbent can be employed in intensive aquaculture wastewater treatment with the same performance independently of the water characteristics (temperature, salinity and presence of organic and inorganic matter). Overall, these sludges are produced in large scale, therefore the cost associated with the precursor of these alternative adsorbents is null with the additional benefit of eliminating managing costs of such residues. Moreover, contrarily to commercial activated carbons, the production process used avoids the utilization of activating chemicals and allows the recovery of energy from these residues, so it may be considered an environmentally friendly process. For these reasons, and allied to the good results obtained for the removal of fish anaesthetics, the use of paper mill sludge-based adsorbents may be an alternative choice to be applied in RASs.

碩士
崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
100
This work presents the performance of intermittent recirculation for the treatment of cow wastewater by a 11.4L bench scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. It was operated at room temperature (13.6 -27.8°C) with 1.1-5.1 kg COD/m3-d of organic loading for 186 days. At the start up period the reactor was operated with 0.127 m/hr superficial velocity by continuing recirculation. However the UASB reactor exhibited inoperable conditions due to the sludge bed expansion to the top of the reactor. Therefore we proposed the new four operation modes by switching the recirculation pump (without recirculation with 0.0186 m/hr of superficial velocity), the cycle was 1 hour and the intervals of recirculation mode ON vary form 15, 10, 5 minutes, and without recirculation. Results of this investigation showed that intermittent recirculation can promote the performance of UASB reactor for treating cow wastewater, and the mode of “15/45” has a best performance with 48% of total chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency, 63.2% of suspended solids removal efficiency, and a biogas production rate of 0.66 m3 (25°C, 1atm) per m3 wastewater per day. A better performance could be expected by maintaining a higher temperature in the UASB reactor. Additionally the biogas composition was tested for the modes of 10 minutes ON, 5 minutes ON and without recirculation, the highest CH4 content obtained was 84.4% for the mode of without recirculation, this CH4 content is significantly higher than what the literature says of 70 %, also this represents a higher calorific value.

碩士
國立臺南大學
綠色能源科技學系碩士班
102
The reaction phenomena of catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) in a Swiss-roll reactor are studied numerically where a rhodium-based catalyst bed is embedded at the center of the reactor. The advantages of the Swiss-roll reactor include heat recovery, small volume, and saving energy. CO2 addition in the feed gas for the purpose of CO2 utilization is also considered in the study. The present study consists of two parts to explore the influences of important parameters on the performance of CPOM; the energy efficiency of the reaction is also taken into account. In the first part of the study, the influences of CO2 addition and heat recovery on CPOM are studied where the feed gas is preheated in the Swiss-roll reactor to implement higher reaction performance and syngas production. The mole ratio of O2 to CH4 (O2/CH4 ratio) is fixed at 0.5 and the mole ratio of CO2 to O2 (CO2/O2 ratio) is in the range of 0-2. The results reveal that CO2 addition into the influent has a slight effect on methane combustion, but significantly enhances dry reforming and suppresses steam reforming. Compared to the reactor without excess enthalpy recovery, heat recirculation drastically increases the maximum reaction temperature and CH4 conversion in the catalyst bed; it also intensifies the H2 selectivity, H2 yield, CO2 conversion, and syngas production rate. The predictions indicate that the heat recirculation is able to improve the syngas formation up to 45%. In second part, the impact of the O2/CH4 ratio and CO2/O2 ratio are in the ranges of 0.4-0.6 and 0-2, respectively. The results show that the O2 content in the feed gas is the main cause affecting methane combustion reaction, whereas the impact of CO2 content is slight. CO2 addition significantly increases the reaction rate of dry reforming, CO2 consumption, and improves the energy efficiency. However, CO2 conversion decreases with increasing CO2 addition. The higher methane conversion and hydrogen yield occur high oxygen contents. Meanwhile, because of higher reaction temperatures at higher O2 concentrations, steam reforming and dry reforming are intensified. In summary, CO2 addition in a Swiss-roll reactor can be a potentially route to reuse CO2, and can improve the energy efficiency up to 3.1%.

Combustion with a high surface area continuous solid immersed within the flame, referred to as combustion in porous media, is an innovative approach to combustion as the solid within the flame acts as an internal regenerator distributing heat from the combustion byproducts to the upstream reactants. By including the solid structure, radiative energy extraction becomes viable, while the solid enables a vast extension of flammability limits compared to conventional flames, while offering dramatically reduced emissions of NOx and CO, and dramatically increased burning velocities. Efforts documented within are used for the development of a streamlined set of design principles, and characterization of the flame's behavior when operating under such conditions, to aid in the development of future combustors for lean burn applications in open flow systems. Principles described herein were developed from a combination of experimental work and reactor network modeling using CHEMKIN-PRO. Experimental work consisted of a parametric analysis of operating conditions pertaining to reactant flow, combustion chamber geometric considerations and the viability of liquid fuel applications. Experimental behavior observed, when utilizing gaseous fuels, was then used to validate model outputs through comparing thermal outputs of both systems. Specific details pertaining to a streamlined chemical mechanism to be used in simulations, included within the appendix, and characterization of surface area of the porous solid are also discussed. Beyond modeling the experimental system, considerations are also undertaken to examine the applicability of exhaust gas recirculation and staged combustion as a means of controlling the thermal and environmental output of porous combustion systems. This work was supported by ACS PRF "51768-ND10 and NSF IIP 1343454.
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering; Thermo-Fluids Track