Academic literature on the topic 'Ready-made'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ready-made"
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Fontaine, Claire. "Ready-Made Artist." Qui Parle 22, no. 2 (2014): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5250/quiparle.22.2.0057.
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Titton, Monica. "Ready - Made - Mode." POP 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/pop-2016-0211.
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Sinnaeve, Olivier. "A ready-made answer." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 15, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa102.
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Clement, Stan. "Ready-made restraints policy." Geriatric Nursing 11, no. 5 (September 1990): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4572(05)80452-5.
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McSweeney, Phil. "Ready-made winning ways." Nursing Management 2, no. 2 (May 1995): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nm.2.2.22.s18.
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HIEJIMA, Takeshi. "Ready-Made Clothes and Bodies." Japanese Sociological Review 56, no. 1 (2005): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4057/jsr.56.200.
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Ivanov, Joan, Jack V. Tu, and C. David Naylor. "Ready-Made, Recalibrated, or Remodeled?" Circulation 99, no. 16 (April 27, 1999): 2098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.16.2098.
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Everett, Susan. "Modifying ready-made science activities." Journal of Elementary Science Education 13, no. 2 (July 2001): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03176217.
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Kuruvila, Abraham Peedikayil, Anushree Mahapatra, Ramesh Karri, and Kanad Basu. "Hardware Performance Counters: Ready-Made vs Tailor-Made." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 5s (October 31, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3476996.
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Micro-architectural footprints can be used to distinguish one application from another. Most modern processors feature hardware performance counters to monitor the various micro-architectural events when an application is executing. These ready-made hardware performance counters can be used to create program fingerprints and have been shown to successfully differentiate between individual applications. In this paper, we demonstrate how ready-made hardware performance counters, due to their coarse-grain nature (low sampling rate and bundling of similar events, e.g., number of instructions instead of number of add instructions), are insufficient to this end. This observation motivates exploration of tailor-made hardware performance counters to capture fine-grain characteristics of the programs. As a case study, we evaluate both ready-made and tailor-made hardware performance counters using post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism implementations. Machine learning models trained on tailor-made hardwareperformance counter streams demonstrate that they can uniquely identify the behavior of every post-quantum cryptographic key encapsulation mechanism algorithm with at least 98.99% accuracy.
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Schorman, Rob. "Ready or Not: Custom-Made Ideals and Ready-Made Clothes in Late 19th-Century America." Journal of American Culture 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1996.1904_111.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ready-made"
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Theval, Gaëlle. "Poésies ready-made, XX-XXIe siècles." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961017.
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Cette thèse se propose de circonscrire et d'étudier les équivalents littéraires du ready-made duchampien dans la poésie moderne et contemporaine. historiquement issu du domaine des arts plastiques, cette pratique connaît des équivalents poétiques depuis le début du vingtième siècle (cendrars 'dernière heure') sans que l'on puisse pour autant toujours parler d'importation ou d'appropriation de la part des poètes concernés. on essaiera ainsi de définir l'appellation de << poésie ready-made >> dans un sens davantage générique que proprement généalogique, à l'aide de critères permettant de la distinguer de pratiques proches comme le plagiat ou le collage. on essaiera de montrer que, tout comme le ready-made duchampien, ces pratiques bouleversent la conception traditionnelle de la poésie et de l'écriture poétique. qu'on l'envisage en termes de production (le geste d'écriture se voit nié et remplacé par un geste de sélection / prélèvement / déplacement d'éléments non littéraires) ou en termes de réception (les effets de sens du ready-made en poésie reposent en grande partie sur des logiques non discursives, et l'objet déplacé n'est pas nécessairement écrit), la définition du << poétique >> se voit mise en question, amenant par là-même à une << chute des paradigmes >> (thierry de duve), ce qui pose alors la question de savoir quels outils peuvent être mis en place pour analyser ces objets et leur fonctionnement.
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Danesi, Fabien. "L'ambivalence du ready-made à l'époque postmoderne." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010585.
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Depuis son invention au début du XXe siècle par Marcel Duchamp, le ready-made. Est devenu l'une des références incontournables de l'art contemporain. À l'heure de la , postmodernité, il est même répertorié comme un genre en soi qui regroupe des pratiques très variées. À travers l'utilisation de l'objet chez Armleder, Bijl, Cragg, Dimitrijevic, Koons, Haacke, Lavier ou encore Leccia, Levine, Présence Panchounette, Steinbach, Thomas et Vilmouth, cette diversité permet d'interroger la définition de l'art et les structures qui lui assurent une unité. Le musée et le passé de la création plastique participent à la constitution d'un espace autonome auquel le ready-made est parfaitement intégré. Mais les différences perceptibles obligent à reprendre les problématiques de l' avant-garde et de l'assimilation des oeuvres au sein de la société postindustrielle régie par la consommation. Les oppositions entre les artistes vont à l'encontre d'une représentation homogène 1 qui travaille au consensus: que ce soit à propos de la hiérarchie entre les oeuvres, de l' esthétisation de la production industrielle, de la figure du créateur ou du rapport entre la forme et le signe, les réponses enregistrées témoignent des antagonismes qui parcourent le monde de l'art et fissurent l'expression de sa totalité. Le ready-made est alors l'occasion de repenser la relation entre l'art et la culture et de montrer que seule la fétichisation propre à l'espace marchand est un vecteur d'uniformité.
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Nobriga, Heloisa de Sá. "Moda vestida de Arte: Um pouco além do efêmero." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/93/93131/tde-11072012-101331/.
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O efêmero é prerrogativa do mecanismo Moda. Na atualidade, sua face espetacular deriva da necessidade da manutenção da máquina capitalista, onde a utilização do design se encarrega do obsoletismo programado, apontando para o supérfluo e o mascaramento cosmético. A busca incansável pelo ineditismo formal culmina na apropriação por elementos de artisticidade, que reconfiguram a funcionalidade do vestir, agregando ao hibridismo Arte e Moda a pessoalidade e a leitura individual próprias da Arte pós-moderna. Se no Império do Efêmero de Lipovetsky a individualidade comanda o circuito, nesta nova conformação percebemos que a valorização individualizada é permeada por valores coletivos do belo eterno e imutável de Baudelaire, em que a elevação de produtos inicialmente funcionais à categoria de Arte tem a capacidade de transpassar o tempo dos presentes corrediços da contemporaneidade, fazendo com que a moda vestida de Arte se esparrame em direção ao futuro da consagração, numa busca de permanência um pouco além de sua efemeridade inerente.The ephemeral is the prerogative of Fashion mechanism. Currently its spectacular view derives from the necessity of maintaining the capitalist machine, where the use of design takes care of programmed obsolescence, pointing to the superfluous and masking \"cosmetic\". The endless quest for novelty culminates in the formal appropriation for elements of artistry, that reconfigure the functionality of the dressing, adding hybridity Art and Fashion personhood and their own individual reading of postmodern art. If in the \"The Empire of Fashion: Dressing Modern Democracy\" by Lipovetsky of individuality leads the circuit, this new conformation realize that valuing individual is permeated by collective values of \"eternal and immutable beauty\" by Baudelaire, where the elevation of functional products initially to the category of Art has the ability to pierce the time of these contemporary sliding, making the art dressed in fashion spread toward the future of consecration, in a quest to stay a little ahead of its time inherently ephemererity.
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Alonso, Carlos Antônio. "Bispo e Adéagbo: da desconstrução da crítica à adição e fusão de pensamento em forma de arte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/93/93131/tde-31012017-110953/.
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Esta pesquisa teve no debate teórico sobre ready made, pop art e arte conceitual, sua motivação inicial, surgida da crítica ao fechamento intelectual e estético presente nos cânones exigidos pelos currículos escolares no Brasil. As implicações destes conceitos são discutidas em paralelo à elaboração de uma visão crítica das classificações europeias e norte-americanas como matrizes adequadas para a compreensão da criação de artistas como Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Brasil (1919-1988) e de Georges Adéagbo, Benin (1942). De forma complementar, o percurso do pesquisador-artista participa do processo de compreensão e análise. O foco recaia de um lado no material e matéria dos objetos do cotidiano, utilizados na obra de Arthur Bispo do Rosário e nos itinerários das obras de Georges Adéagbo, artista autodidata que expõe suas ideias e narrativas em forma de objetos escultóricos, ocupações de espaços públicos. Eles têm ainda em comum, as metodologias e os processos que espelham conceitos próprios e arqueologias de saberes ligados às suas próprias culturas e sociedades, além de constante construção de suas identidades. Esses processos de pensamento envolvem a ação mental (conceituação ou projeto mental) e a execução das ideias que se reflete em seus trabalhos de arte. O interesse principal de ambos está na análise do cotidiano representado por objetos de origem endógena e exógena que são fundidos e geram aspectos diferentes à materialidade, à narrativa, à desconstrução do próprio objeto como fenômeno (logia) da metamorfose a ele impressa, retirado de seu espaço de significação original, resignificado e ambientado no espaço-ser da arte como pensamento a partir do objeto de Bispo e, na auto-arqueologia inversa de Adéagbo.This research had its initial motivation the theoretical debate on ready-made, pop art and conceptual art, which comes up from criticism of intellectual and aesthetic closure present in the canons required by the school curriculum in Brazil. The implications of these concepts are discussed in parallel with a critical view of the European and American statements of these matrices for understanding the creation of Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Brazil (1919-1988) and Georges Adéagbo, Benin (1942). In addition, the path of the researcher-artist himself, participates on the understanding and analysis proposed. The focus lies on the one hand, in the everyday objects materials used in the work of Arthur Bispo do Rosário and in the routes of Georges Adéagbo, who is a self-taught artist that exposes his ideas and narratives shaped objects \"sculptural\" and public spaces interventions. They still have in common, their methodology that mirror their own concepts and archaeologies of knowledge linked to their own cultures and societies as well as constant construction of their identities. These thought processes involve mental action (concept or mental project) and implementation of the ideals reflected in his works of art. Both have as their main concern the everyday life presented by fused endogenous and exogenous objects that generate different materiality, narrative and even the deconstruction of the object itself as phenomenology of its metamorphosis, once it was removed from its place of original of meaning, reframed in space-being for Bishop, or in reverse self-archeology for Adéagbo.
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D'Angelo, Claudia <1983>. "La città ready-made. Partecipazione, relazione e azione nel ‘900." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7045/.
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La città ready-made. Partecipazione, relazione e azione nel ‘900 è un percorso storico-critico che si snoda lungo tutto il ‘900 alla ricerca degli episodi in cui è possibile riscontrare la partecipazione nelle pratiche estetiche di diverse generazioni di artisti; per imbastire un racconto puntuale e sistematico, inoltre, si è ricorsi ad una metafora genetica che ha riscontrato una fase — corrispondente alla prima metà del secolo — in cui il cromosoma responsabile di tale afflato partecipativo è risultato recessivo e un’altra — corrispondente stavolta alla seconda metà, più o meno dagli anni ’60 ai ’90 — in cui si è potuto registrare, altresì, una dominanza. Ad influire su questi fenomeni e sul loro svolgimento nei decenni, i protagonisti assoluti di questa trattazione: la Città e il Pubblico che, di volta in volta, facendo sentire la loro presenza o facendola venir meno, hanno dettato l’agenda della socio-relazionalità nel ‘900. Si è, inoltre, provveduto a rileggere alcuni episodi estetici al fine di evidenziarne un andamento ciclico e di ripetizione: mentre nella prima metà della ricerca si è scovato il seme della socio-relazionalità nelle visite e nelle derive di dadaisti e situazionisti, nella seconda ci si è concentrati sull’ampia produzione dei collettivi artistici di New York negli anni ’70. A dimostrazione di come la relazionalità non sia un fenomeno esclusivamente legato alla pratica dell’arte degli anni ’90, ma che, con le opportune distinzioni generazionali, è possibile riscontrarne le tracce in tutta la contemporaneità.The city as a ready-made. Participation, relation and action in the XXI century is a storiographic and critical path through the long run of the last century in order to find every generational episodes in which participation has been used as an aesthetic practice; to gain a more coherent point of view, I have been referring to a genetical metaphor that helped in figuring out a first phase — corresponding to first half of the century — in which the relational chromosome has resulted in being recessive; and a second phase — more or less corresponding to the 60’s and 90’s — in which the chromosome turned otherwise out to be dominant. Responsability for these phenomena belongs to the main characters of this story: the City and the Audience directly responsible, step by step, for the socio-relational agenda in the XXI century. Furthermore, some of these aesthetic episodes have been reviewed to better describe their cyclic nature: what happened in the first period (see dadaists visites or situationists’ derives, for example), happened again in the second period. Something to be osserved in New York’s artists collectives’ experiences, such as Group Material. All that said, it’s important to stop thinking about Relational Aesthetic as a 90’s phenomenon, in order to reveal its traces and clues in the contemporary era as a whole.
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Siddiky, Md Noman. "Ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh: Factors influencing sustainable development." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35273.
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Bangladesh RMG (Ready-made garments) industry has grown rapidly and contributing to country’s economy successfully for last three decades. In 2018-2019 this giant sector contributed 84% of the total foreign exchange earnings of the country. This is the unique sector of the country in terms of significant export growth rate and stands as the second-largest RMG exporter with 6.8% market share according to world trade organization 2019. Though the growth rate is increasing annually but it seems the growth of the industry yet to reach highest potentials. Aim: Aim of this study is to understand the factors influencing the sustainable development of Bangladesh ready-made garments industry. Method: The study has been conducted applying the qualitative method. Primary data is collected through interviewing suppliers of the ready-made garments of Bangladesh. Secondary data sources were governmental and private organization’s websites. The data were analyzed by comparing it with existing literature. Results: The result shows factors such as Compliance, Political unrest, Technology, Research & Development, Diversifications, Competition, Marketing strategy influencing sustainable development of the ready-made garments industry of Bangladesh. Contributions of the study: This study investigates the factors hindering sustainable development of the Bangladesh read-made garments sector which has been discussed in previous literature in a segregated way. In this study factors that cause unstable export growth and hinder sustainable development have been addressed in the same frame. Furthermore, stakeholders of the company (Customer, Suppliers, Buyers, Investors, and Government) will be benefited to know the results of this study, as sustainable development is the result of unified efforts. Suggestions for further research: Future researchers can investigate the factors elaborately both from suppliers and buyers’ point of view. Because of limitations, author could not reach more suppliers and buyers. The buyer’s prospect is also important to judge the factors influencing growth instability and sustainable development.
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Jaret, Émeline. "Entre ready-made et fiction : la posture d’auteur chez Philippe Thomas." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040174.
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En 1977, Philippe Thomas (1951-1995) débute un travail qui se situe entre l’art et la littérature et qui conservera cette double dimension d’une œuvre procédant tant du voir que du lire. Il l’élabore en lui donnant une dimension narrative dont l’intermédialité, le réseau de ramifications intertextuelles et l’accumulation de travaux qui relèvent du dispositif construisent un récit à la forme discontinue. Participant d’une écriture des événements et s’appuyant sur une mise en parallèle de la présentation artistique et de l’énonciation, le projet de Thomas est celui d’une fiction du faire qui cherche à éprouver la frontière entre les mondes réel et fictionnel. Notre étude souhaite répondre aux objectifs d’une première monographie d’artiste et s’attache à décrire l’ensemble de l’œuvre de Thomas afin d’en reconstruire le parcours à l’aide d’un certain nombre de notions clés. Elle prend sa source dans la bibliothèque de cet artiste qui définit l’art comme un processus de recherche, comme une expérimentation du langage. C’est l’œuvre en train de se faire que nous observons, en nous intéressant à sa genèse et à ses conditions de réalisation. Et ce, afin de définir la posture d’auteur qui se dessine dans la spécificité d’une pratique artistique demandant la prise en compte tant de l’œuvre que de ses marges. Si le projet de Thomas met en place la disparition de l’auteur par le biais d’un protocole de signature de ses ready-mades, notre thèse rappelle qu’il s’agit d’une absence toute paradoxale : l’artiste caché par ses personnages demeure omniprésent et par là, participe de la redéfinition de l’auteur malgré la déclaration de sa mort une décennie plus tôtIn 1977, Philippe Thomas (1951-1995) begins a practice situated between art and literature, and his works will conserve this dual dimension by proceeding both from the act of seeing and from the act of reading. Through intermediality, a network of intertextual offshoots, and an apparatus formed by the accumulation of works, he constructs a discontinuous narrative. Participating in event-based writing and relying on parallels between artistic presentation and enunciation, Thomas’ project is a fiction of making that seeks to test the frontier between real and fictional worlds. This study seeks to fulfill the need of a first monograph on the artist, and it describes the entirety of Thomas’ oeuvre so as to reconstruct his artistic career with the aid of a certain number of key notions. My first source is the library of this artist, who defines art as a research process like an experimentation of language. I observe the oeuvre as it is being constructed, by focusing on its genesis and on the conditions of its production. I do this in order to define an authorial posture shaped by the specificity of an artistic practice which requires consideration of both the works it produces and its margins. If Thomas’ project carries out the death of the author through a protocol of signatures of his readymades, my dissertation emphasizes that this is a paradoxical absence: the artist hidden by his personas remains omnipotent, participating in the redefinition of the author in spite of the declaration of his death a decade earlier
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Schmidt, Ximena Carolina. "A sustainable assessment in the convenience food sector : ready-made meals." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-sustainable-assessment-in-the-convenience-food-sector-readymade-meals(74939787-085d-481b-be7d-fbf4f00fccbd).html.
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The food industry has an essential role in society and in the global economy. Nowadays, modernlifestyle demands convenience, which is driving the development of the food sector. This isparticularly evident with convenience food, especially ready-made meals, industrially preparedfood, which only requires a short preparation time at home by consumers, but has very complexand diverse supply chains and is associated with a range of sustainability issues. Therefore, theaim of this research is to evaluate the environmental, economic and social sustainability in theready-made meals sector with the focus on the UK market. A life cycle approach has been used forthese purposes, using life cycle assessment (LCA) as the tool for the environmental analysis, lifecycle costing (LCC) for the economic aspects and social sustainability indicators (SI) for the socialissues. Different types of ready-made meal from different cuisines have been considered, includingthe British, Italian, Chinese and Indian. The highest environmental impacts are found for the Italian and Indian cuisines, while Chinesemeals are environmentally most sustainable, followed by the British. At the sectoral level, theresults suggest that from ‘cradle to retailer’ the British ready-made meal sector contributes 4.45 Mtof CO2 eq. annually, which represents ~4% of the GHG emissions of the food and drink sector and~1% of the UK GHG emissions. Of this, 3.16 Mt of CO2 eq. is emitted by chilled and 1.28 Mt of CO2eq. by the frozen ready-made meals. The total life cycle costs at the sectoral level from ‘cradle tograve’ are estimated at £2.1 bn, with the chilled ready-made meals market contributing £1.42 bnand the frozen £676 million. The life cycle costs from ‘cradle to retailer’ are £1.02 bn, with the valueadded of £958 million. The common environmental and cost hotspot for all the meals studied is rawmaterials. In particular, the meat, fish and seafood are the greatest contributors. For theenvironmental impacts, the manufacturing and distribution stages are also important, while theconsumption stage is the largest contributor to the costs. The major social aspects are the foodrelated health issues and food security, in particular food affordability. In the supply chainagriculture, wholesale and retailers show high risk for indicators such as wages and employmentwhile the manufacturing presents high risk in fatal injuries. The study also shows that consumer choices play an important role for the economic andenvironmental impacts; therefore, educational programmes and better communicational strategiesshould be implemented by the industry, the government and consumers groups. Moreover, toensure a sustainable development of the ready-made meals sector, future policies and industrialinitiatives should consider a life cycle approach including relevant economic, environmental andsocial aspects.
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Howells, Annie. "Avant-garde nu och då : ett föränderligt koncept?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33224.
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I denna undersökning har jag utgått ifrån Sassower och Cicotellos bok The Golden Avant-Garde: Idolatry, Commercialism, and Art. I den diskuterar författarna deras uppfattning utav vad som utgör en avant-garde konstnär och de bygger upp en modell för detta. Jag har utgått ifrån denna modell och jämfört en dåtida avant-garde konstnär, Marcel Duchamp, och en samtida, Cory Arcangel, för att ta reda på eventuella likheter och skillnader. Mitt syfte har varit att ta reda på om avant-garde som koncept har förändrats från 100 år sedan, på Duchamps tid, fram till nu. Sassower och Cicotellos teori utgår mycket ifrån en ekonomisk synvinkel och de diskuterar ämnen som konstmarknad och monetärt värde i samband med avant-gardens innebörd. Författarna tar upp ett par, för mig, nya koncept; technoscience och detached engagement, som de menar är avgörande att besitta för att som konstnär anses som avant-garde. En del av mitt syfte har också varit att ta reda på om Sassower och Cicotellos modell är ett givande sätt att undersöka avant-garde som koncept. Jag kommer fram till att modellen är trovärdig och givande samt att det är ett intressant sätt att ta sig an avant-garde som konstform. I min undersökning hittar jag många likheter och olikheter emellan de båda konstnärerna utifrån Sassower och Cicotellos modell och därför kommer jag också fram till att det är svårt att göra en exakt jämförelse på en så pass liten skala. För att komma fram till ett mer omfattande resultat hade jag behövt göra fler jämförelser mellan flera olika konstnärer.
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Menon, Walter. "L'oeuvre d'art comme expérience de vérité : art et philosophie à l'épreuve du ready-made." Paris 8, 2010. http://octaviana.fr/document/152359613#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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Au début du XX siècle le tournant linguistique en philosophie affirme le lieu du transcendantal au sein du langage. Dorénavant la structure du langage est comprise selon la perspective pragmatique dérivée de la pensée de Charles S. Peirce, du second Wittgenstein et de J. L. Austin entre autres. Le langage se structure par des actes de parole et des jeux de langage. La dynamique de langage est néanmoins régie par la nécessité du consensus, comme le démontre le pragmatisme de Habermas et Apel. À partir des thèses d’Arnold Gehlen et de Humboldt sur le langage et le comportement humain, Jacques Poulain démontre que le langage est régi par une expérience sensible du référent qui ne se différencie pas de son concept. Cette expérience consiste en une dynamique de projection et réception de sons, la "prosopopée originale", qui construit l'Umwelt. Langage, culture et environnement sont ainsi les noms d'un même phénomène d'expérience sensible qui détermine le champ du réel, c'est-à-dire de l'énonciation possible de la vérité. Joseph Kosuth, à l'instar de Wittgenstein et Ayer, affirme que toute œuvre d'art est un concept dont le référent est ce même concept énoncé de manière tautologique. Selon Kosuth, Duchamp est le premier à mettre en évidence le fondement énonciatif de l'art. Cependant ce que Duchamp met à jour n'est pas la structure conceptuelle énonciative de l'art à travers les ready-mades, mais la structure esthétique et "artistique" de tout acte de langage de n'importe quel jeu de langage. Ainsi le ready-made serait plutôt le nom d'une "opération" d'auto-affection du langage dont le fonctionnement constitue la dynamique de la "prosopopée originale"At the beginning of XX Century, the influence of linguistic in philosophy affirms the place of the transcendental within language. From then the structure of language has been understood in accord with the pragmatic perspective derived from Charles S. Peirce, J. L. Austin, and Wittgenstein, among others. Language forms itself by speech acts and language games. The dynamics of language is, nevertheless, governed by the necessity of consensus, as demonstrate by Habermas and Apel's pragmatism. Departing from Arnold Gehlen and Humboldt’s theses on language and human behaviour, Poulain demonstrates that language is governed by a sensitive experience of the referent which doesn’t differ from its concept itself. This experience consists of a dynamic of projection and reception of sounds, the “original prosopopea”, which builds the Umwelt. Language, culture and environment are so names for the same phenomena of the sensitive experience which determines the field of reality, or the field of the possible statement of truth. Joseph Kosuth, based on Wittgenstein and Ayer's, asserts that all work of art is a concept where the referent is the same concept expressed in a tautological way. According to Kosuth, Duchamp is the first to put in evidence the assertive Nature of art. However what Duchamp updates through ready-mades, is not the assertive conceptual structure of art, but the aesthetic and "artistic" structure of any act of language of any language game. So the ready-made would be rather the name of an "operation" of language's auto-affection where the functioning constitutes the dynamics of the “original prosopopeia”
Books on the topic "Ready-made"
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Ready-made family. New York: Steeple Hill Books, 2009.
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Edward, Jones. Ready-made access applications. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Windcrest/McGraw-Hill, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ready-made"
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Avon, Jack. "Ready-Made Functions." In The Handbook of Financial Modeling, 455–62. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6206-0_22.
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Lemire, Beverly. "Ready-Made Clothing." In The British Cotton Trade, 1660–1815, 241–45. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113928-20.
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Ginja, Luis Miguel. "Design, a Ready-Made Object or an Object Ready to Be Made." In Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 261–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94706-8_29.
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Heltai, Pal. "Ready-made language and translation." In Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies, 51–71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.50.06hel.
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Steckemetz, B. "Quality Control of Ready-made Food." In Informatik aktuell, 153–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79980-8_18.
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Frápolli, María José. "Obvious Answers for Ready-Made Objections." In The Nature of Truth, 127–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4464-6_7.
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Mooij, M. C., and S. H. Oosterwal. "Do Ready-Made Stockings Fit Our Patients?" In Phlebology ’95, 647–49. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3095-6_309.
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Hasan, Mohammad Tareq. "Contextualizing Ready-Made Garment Work in Bangladesh." In Everyday Life of Ready-made Garment Kormi in Bangladesh, 3–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99902-5_1.
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Rödel, Hartmut. "Ready-Made Technologies for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites." In Textile Materials for Lightweight Constructions, 381–426. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46341-3_12.
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Murata, Kazuya, and Takayuki Fujimoto. "“Ready-Made Computing“ for Cost-Effective Service Performance." In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Systems Engineering, ICSEng 2020, 258–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65796-3_24.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ready-made"
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Ibach, Merle. "Unmaking ready-made futures." In Design × Nachhaltigkeit. Jahrestagung der DGTF 2022. Technische Universität Dresden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.290.
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Dragone, Paolo, Giovanni Pellegrini, Michele Vescovi, Katya Tentori, and Andrea Passerini. "No more ready-made deals." In RecSys '18: Twelfth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3240323.3240348.
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Pigulevskiy, Victor Olegovitch, and Liudmila Anatolievna Mirskaya. "Installation: From Ready-Made To Hand-Made Design." In International Conference on Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.317.
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Ponzanelli, Luca, Andrea Mocci, and Michele Lanza. "StORMeD: Stack Overflow Ready Made Data." In 2015 IEEE/ACM 12th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msr.2015.67.
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Idris, W. M. Rizhan W., Md Yazid Mohd Saman, Aziz Ahmad, and Ahmad Shukri M. Noor. "Organizing ready-made virtual objects for virtual environments." In 2010 International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iuser.2010.5716756.
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Reis, Bruno. "Corpos subalternizados e a coreografia ready-made de Jérôme Bel." In TRANS-IN-CORPORADOS: CONSTRUINDO REDES PARA A INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DA PESQUISA EM DANÇA. Rio de Janeiro - RJ e Campinas - SP, Brazil: LABCRÍTICA e Galoá, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/trans-2017-90395.
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Dreher, A., R. Yusuf, H. Ashraf, SAk Shifat Ahmed, C. Strümpell, and A. Loerbroks. "Psychosocial stressors among Bangladesh’s ready-made garment workers: a pilot study." In Das Soziale in Medizin und Gesellschaft – Aktuelle Megatrends fordern uns heraus 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention (DGSMP). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1732100.
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Dreher, A., R. Yusuf, H. Ashraf, SAk Shifat Ahmed, C. Strümpell, and A. Loerbroks. "Psychosocial stressors among Bangladesh’s ready-made garment workers: a pilot study." In Das Soziale in Medizin und Gesellschaft – Aktuelle Megatrends fordern uns heraus 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention (DGSMP). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1732100.
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Distasio, Joseph, and Thomas Way. "Inclusive computer science education using a ready-made computer game framework." In the 12th annual SIGCSE conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1268784.1268820.
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Ikram, Amir, and Qin Su. "Determinants of Productivity in the Ready-made Garments SMEs of Lahore, Pakistan." In 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemi-14.2014.51.
Full textReports on the topic "Ready-made"
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Frank, Richard, and Richard Zeckhauser. Custom Made Versus Ready to Wear Treatments; Behavioral Propensities in Physician's Choices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13445.
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Drushlyak, Marina G., Olena V. Semenikhina, Volodymyr V. Proshkin, Serhii Ya Kharchenko, and Tetyana D. Lukashova. Methodology of formation of modeling skills based on a constructive approach (on the example of GeoGebra). [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4450.
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Author’s methodology of forming modeling skills involves 4 steps: Step 1 – the teacher step by step constructs the curve by means of cloud based service GeoGebra; Step 2 – the teacher offers a description- definition of the curve and provides a ready-made algorithm by which students model the curve inde- pendently in GeoGebra; Step 3 – the teacher offers an algorithm for constructing a curve model, and students need to characterize the properties of the curve or give its definition based on the results, Step 4 – students are offered definitions of curves that they have to model in GeoGebra). An example of realization of the author’s methodology is given, the pedagogical experiment on proof of its effectiveness is described.
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Mjøberg Lauritzen, Solvor, Jan Selling, and Marko Stenroos. ECMI Minorities Blog. Roma as Tokens? Reference Groups and the Practice of Deciding First and Informing After. European Centre for Minority Issues, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/vnjj4110.
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In Sweden, the Roma have the right to contribute to and influence policy measures that affect them. Authorities often fulfil their obligation to include Roma through the so-called reference groups. The authors see several problems with this model. First, the reference groups are deprived of agency, as they are often not involved at early stages in the planning, but rather informed and consulted on ready-made decisions. Second, an emphasis is placed on “Romani organisations” when nominating and selecting representatives, which encourages rapid creation of new organisations with few members and activities, little transparency, and affected by gate-keeping as the power is kept between a few individuals. Last, the emphasis on linguistic and cultural competence deprives many individuals of influence and the possibility of being heard, especially those who have been subject to harsh assimilation.
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Msukwa, Chimwemwe, Jane Burt, and John Colvin. Good Governance in Malawi: Impact evaluation of the ‘Strengthening Land Governance System for Smallholder Farmers in Malawi’ project. Oxfam GB, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7345.
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The EU-funded ‘Strengthening Land Governance System for Smallholder Farmers in Malawi’ project was implemented from 2015 to 2020 by a consortium made up of Oxfam in Malawi, LANDNET (until 2018) and CEPA, with technical support from DAI. The objective was to pilot, test and recommend for scale-up improved gender-sensitive land governance systems. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to achieve the following focal outcomes: (1) By 2019, laws have been enacted that are relevant to the registration and titling of customary estates and are ready for implementation and (2) By 2020, women and men in two or more of the target Group Village Headpersons (GVHs) in Phalombe, Kasungu and Rumphi districts have secure land tenure with supporting land governance structures. Using a process tracing approach, achievement of these focal outcomes and the consortium's contribution were assessed. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Orning, Tanja. Professional identities in progress – developing personal artistic trajectories. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.544616.
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We have seen drastic changes in the music profession during the last 20 years, and consequently an increase of new professional opportunities, roles and identities. We can see elements of a collective identity in classically trained musicians who from childhood have been introduced to centuries old, institutionalized traditions around the performers’ role and the work-concept. Respect for the composer and his work can lead to a fear of failure and a perfectionist value system that permeates the classical music. We have to question whether music education has become a ready-made prototype of certain trajectories, with a predictable outcome represented by more or less generic types of musicians who interchangeably are able play the same, limited canonized repertoire, in more or less the same way. Where is the resistance and obstacles, the detours and the unique and fearless individual choices? It is a paradox that within the traditional master-student model, the student is told how to think, play and relate to established truths, while a sustainable musical career is based upon questioning the very same things. A fundamental principle of an independent musical career is to develop a capacity for critical reflection and a healthy opposition towards uncontested truths. However, the unison demands for modernization of institutions and their role cannot be solved with a quick fix, we must look at who we are and who we have been to look at who we can become. Central here is the question of how the music students perceive their own identity and role. To make the leap from a traditional instrumentalist role to an artist /curator role requires commitment in an entirely different way. In this article, I will examine question of identity - how identity may be constituted through musical and educational experiences. The article will discuss why identity work is a key area in the development of a sustainable music career and it will investigate how we can approach this and suggest some possible ways in this work. We shall see how identity work can be about unfolding possible future selves (Marcus & Nurius, 1986), develop and evolve one’s own personal journey and narrative. Central is how identity develops linguistically by seeing other possibilities: "identity is formed out of the discourses - in the broadest sense - that are available to us ..." (Ruud, 2013). The question is: How can higher music education (HME) facilitate students in their identity work in the process of constructing their professional identities? I draw on my own experience as a classically educated musician in the discussion.
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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.
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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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Modlo, Yevhenii O., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Stanislav L. Bondarevskyi, Stanislav T. Tolmachev, Oksana M. Markova, and Pavlo P. Nechypurenko. Methods of using mobile Internet devices in the formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3677.
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An analysis of the experience of professional training bachelors of electromechanics in Ukraine and abroad made it possible to determine that one of the leading trends in its modernization is the synergistic integration of various engineering branches (mechanical, electrical, electronic engineering and automation) in mechatronics for the purpose of design, manufacture, operation and maintenance electromechanical equipment. Teaching mechatronics provides for the meaningful integration of various disciplines of professional and practical training bachelors of electromechanics based on the concept of modeling and technological integration of various organizational forms and teaching methods based on the concept of mobility. Within this approach, the leading learning tools of bachelors of electromechanics are mobile Internet devices (MID) – a multimedia mobile devices that provide wireless access to information and communication Internet services for collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, presenting all kinds of messages and data. The authors reveals the main possibilities of using MID in learning to ensure equal access to education, personalized learning, instant feedback and evaluating learning outcomes, mobile learning, productive use of time spent in classrooms, creating mobile learning communities, support situated learning, development of continuous seamless learning, ensuring the gap between formal and informal learning, minimize educational disruption in conflict and disaster areas, assist learners with disabilities, improve the quality of the communication and the management of institution, and maximize the cost-efficiency. Bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects is a personal and vocational ability, which includes a system of knowledge, skills, experience in learning and research activities on modeling mechatronic systems and a positive value attitude towards it; bachelor of electromechanics should be ready and able to use methods and software/hardware modeling tools for processes analyzes, systems synthesis, evaluating their reliability and effectiveness for solving practical problems in professional field. The competency structure of the bachelor of electromechanics in the modeling of technical objects is reflected in three groups of competencies: general scientific, general professional and specialized professional. The implementation of the technique of using MID in learning bachelors of electromechanics in modeling of technical objects is the appropriate methodic of using, the component of which is partial methods for using MID in the formation of the general scientific component of the bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects, are disclosed by example academic disciplines “Higher mathematics”, “Computers and programming”, “Engineering mechanics”, “Electrical machines”. The leading tools of formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects are augmented reality mobile tools (to visualize the objects’ structure and modeling results), mobile computer mathematical systems (universal tools used at all stages of modeling learning), cloud based spreadsheets (as modeling tools) and text editors (to make the program description of model), mobile computer-aided design systems (to create and view the physical properties of models of technical objects) and mobile communication tools (to organize a joint activity in modeling).
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Wilson, Thomas E., Avraham A. Levy, and Tzvi Tzfira. Controlling Early Stages of DNA Repair for Gene-targeting Enhancement in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697124.bard.
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Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.