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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reagent controlled synthesis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Reagent controlled synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Reagent controlled synthesis"

1

Han, Pu-Ren, Jianchao Liu, Jin-Xi Liao, Yuan-Hong Tu, and Jian-Song Sun. "Reagent-Controlled Divergent Synthesis of C-Glycosides." Journal of Organic Chemistry 85, no. 17 (2020): 11449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c01544.

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Wang, Liming, Herman S. Overkleeft, Gijsbert A. van der Marel та Jeroen D. C. Codée. "Reagent Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Glucans". Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, № 13 (2018): 4632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b00669.

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Miles, Steven M., Stephen P. Marsden, Robin J. Leatherbarrow, and William J. Coates. "Reagent-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Lignan-Related Tetrahydrofurans." Journal of Organic Chemistry 69, no. 20 (2004): 6874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo048971a.

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Muramatsu, Wataru, Tomohiro Hattori, and Hisashi Yamamoto. "Game Change from Reagent- to Substrate-Controlled Peptide Synthesis." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 93, no. 6 (2020): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20200057.

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Waldmann, Herbert, Marc Kühn, Wei Liu, and Kamal Kumar. "Reagent-controlled domino synthesis of skeletally-diverse compound collections." Chemical Communications, no. 10 (2008): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b717635j.

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Tanaka, Hiroshi, Ayaka Chino, and Takashi Takahashi. "Reagent-controlled stereoselective synthesis of (±)-gallo- and (±)-epigallo-catechin gallates." Tetrahedron Letters 53, no. 20 (2012): 2493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.065.

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Wang, Liming, Francesca Berni, Jacopo Enotarpi, Hermen S. Overkleeft, Gijs van der Marel та Jeroen D. C. Codée. "Reagent controlled stereoselective synthesis of teichoic acid α-(1,2)-glucans". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, № 11 (2020): 2038–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00240b.

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Sun, Pengcheng, Wenli Tang, Yu Huang, and Bi-Huang Hu. "Improved Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis of Oxytocin with High Bioactivity." Synlett 28, no. 14 (2017): 1780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589037.

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We described here the synthesis of oxytocin by an improved Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method with a Rink-Amide resin as the solid support, HBTU as the coupling reagent, Fmoc-protected amino acids as the building blocks, and piperazine for Fmoc removal as a substitute for the standard reagent piperidine. Unlike previously reported syntheses, the removal of the S-Acm protecting group of Cys and cyclization forming the disulfide bond were carried out by using iodine on the resin with the fully protected peptide chains. Finally, a crude oxytocin with a purity of 92% was obtained by simultaneous cleavage of the peptide chains from the resin and removal of all side-chain protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid containing the scavengers (yield 85%). The crude peptide was purified by using preparative RP-HPLC to obtain oxytocin (high purity 99.3%) with a bioactivity of 588 IU/mg, the highest reported so far in the literature. This investigation provides a contribution in efforts for the large-scale synthesis of oxytocin in high purity under mild conditions with iodine for on-resin disulfide bond formation and a substitute for the standard Fmoc-deprotecting reagent piperidine, a controlled substance.

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Ramachandran, P. Veeraraghavan, and Thomas E. Burghardt. "Recent developments in the chiral synthesis of homoallylic amines via organoboranes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 7 (2006): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678071397.

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Among the plethora of protocols for the preparation of chiral homoallylic amines, the use of boron-based reagents remains relatively undeveloped. However, the recent advances in the use of α-pinene-based versatile reagents for the synthesis of such amines confirmed that very high enantioselectivity and outstanding diastereoselectivity can be readily achieved. Addition of the "allyl"boron reagents to various N-substituted imines provided the desired amine products in high yields and high to very high ee. The discovery that an addition of 1.0 equiv of methanol or water to the "allyl"boration reaction with N-masked imines is critical allowed for higher yields and noticeably improved ee. The use of N-aluminoimines, which are not only easy to prepare by a partial reduction of nitriles, but are also relatively stable for both enolizable and non-enolizable substrates, considerably expanded the scope of the reactions. In this review, the developments in the syntheses of chiral homoallylic amines using organoboranes, with the particular accent on the reagent-controlled reactions, are summarized. Additionally, the novel methodology for the crotyl- and alkoxyallylboration of imines using trialkylboron "ate" complexes is described.

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Akhtar, Muhammad Saeed, Raju S. Thombal, Ramuel John Inductivo Tamargo, Won-Guen Yang, Sung Hong Kim, and Yong Rok Lee. "Eco-friendly organocatalyst- and reagent-controlled selective construction of diverse and multifunctionalized 2-hydroxybenzophenone frameworks for potent UV-A/B filters by cascade benzannulation." Green Chemistry 22, no. 14 (2020): 4523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc01011a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reagent controlled synthesis"

1

Wilson, Martin Andrew. "Reagent controlled and organocatalytic methodologies for the asymmetric synthesis of functionalised aziridines." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433606.

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Kawamura, Shintaro. "Development of Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions with Organoaluminum,-magnesium, and -zinc Reagents Directed toward Controlled Organic Synthesis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174951.

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Emerson, Christopher R. "Stereoselective synthesis & application of enantioenriched main group α-haloalkyl organometal reagents". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26127.

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Sulfoxide-ligand exchange (SLE) and asymmetric halogen-metal exchange (AHME) processes were separately examined for the enantioselective synthesis of functionalized alpha-haloalkylmetal (carbenoid) reagents. Carbenoids derived from SLE were used to effect stereospecific reagent-controlled homologation (StReCH) of boronic esters and those generated via AHME were engaged in Darzens-type chemistry with aldehydes. Abstract for Part 1. Scalemic syn alpha-chloroalkylsulfoxides p-TolS(O)CHClR [R = allyl, (1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl, proparygyl, and 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl] were prepared from the corresponding thioethers by Jackson-Ellman-Bolm catalytic enantioselective sulfoxidation [cat. VO(acac)₂, tert-leucinol derived chiral Schiff base ligand, aq. H₂O₂, CHCl₃; 76-80% yield, >98% ee] followed by non-racemizing chlorination mediated by N-chlorosuccinimide in the presence of potassium carbonate (84-86% yield, syn:anti ≥ 20:1). The corresponding anti diastereoisomers were accessed from their syn epimers by sodium hexamethyldisilazide mediated deprotonation (THF, –78 °C) followed by treatment with either CH₃OH or CD₃OD to yield alpha-[¹H] or alpha-[²H] isotopomers, respectively (88% yield, anti:syn ≥ 17:1). Allyl and (1,3- dioxan-2-yl)methyl substituted chlorosulfoxides reacted with R'Li (t-BuLi or PhLi, THF, –78 °C) to give the expected products of SLE [p-TolS(O)R' and LiCHClR or LiCDClR]; however, neither the benzylether nor propargyl substituted substrates gave wholly satisfactory results under the same reaction conditions. The functionalized carbenoid reagents so obtained, 1-chloro-3-butenyllithium and 1-chloro-2-(1,3- dioxolan-2-yl)ethyllithium, were applied to the StReCH of B-(2-chloropyrid-5-yl) pinacol boronate but only the latter gave acceptable yields of chain extended products. The anti alpha-[²H]-chlorosulfoxide dioxolanyl bearing carbenoid precursor gave superior results to the analogous syn or anti alpha-[¹H]-chlorosulfoxides for StReCH of the B-pyridyl boronate [79% conversion, ≥ 89% ee (99% stereofidelity), vs. ≤ 68% conversion for non-deuterated chlorosulfoxides]. The origin of this isotope effect was traced to a deleterious proton transfer pathway between the alpha- chloroalkyllithium reagent and its chlorosulfoxide precursor. Sequential double iterative StReCH of B-(2-chloropyrid-5-yl) pinacol boronate with two separate portions of (S)-1-[²H]-1-chloro-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyllithium (generated via SLE with phenyllithium) followed by oxidative work-up (with KOOH) gave (1R,2R)-1,2- [²H]₂-2-(2-chloropyrid-5-yl)-1,2-bis[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl]ethanol (40% yield, ≥ 98% ee, dr = 85:15). Substitution of the (R)-configured carbenoid for its antipode in the second StReCH stage above gave the unlike (1S,2R)-isomer of the same pyridylethanol derivative (49% yield, ≥ 98% ee, dr = 79:21). The unlike diastereoisomer was advanced to the trifluoroacetamide of (1R,2R)-1,2-[2H]2-1- amino-2-(2-chloropyrid-5-yl)cyclohex-4-ene (6 steps, 5% overall yield); the non- deuterated isotopomer of this compound was previously advanced to the analgesic alkaloid (–)-epibatidine by Corey and co-workers. Abstract for Part 2. Scalemic planar chiral N,N-dialkyl 2-iodoferrocene carboxamides envisioned as recyclable precursors to ferrocenyl metal reagents for AHME, were prepared from ferrocene carboxylic acid by a three step sequence of: acid chloride formation [(COCl)₂ and cat. DMF)], aminolysis (with R₂NH, R = Me, Et, i-Pr; 65- 80% yield over 2 steps), and sec-butyllithium/(–)-sparteine mediated enantioselective directed ortho-metallation (DoM) followed by iodinolysis (87% yield, ≥ 96% ee). Attempts to access more elaborate 5-substituted 2-iodoferrocene carboxamides via DoM/iodinolysis of ortho-substituted ferrocene carboxamides (Me, Ph, or SiMe₃ substituents) mostly failed; however, analogous trisubstituted ferrocene oxazolines could be synthesized. Treatment of N,N-diisopropyl 2-iodoferrocene carboxamide (298, ≥ 96% ee) with n-BuLi (THF, –78 °C) resulted in complete conversion to the corresponding lithioferrocene (327) via I/Li interchange; subsequent iodinolysis initiated reverse Li/I exchange and returned iodoferrocene 298 without diminished enantiomeric excess, establishing configurational stability for the lithiated ferrocene intermediate. Prochiral (RCHI₂) and racemic (RCHICl) geminal dihalide substrates for AHME studies were prepared by electrophilic quench of dihalomethylsodiums with either Ph(CH₂)₃I or Me₃SiCl (50-78% yield). Of the four dihalides so produced, only prochiral substrate Me₃SiCHI₂ engaged in I/Li exchange with scalemic lithioferrocene 327 resulting in regeneration of its precursor iodoferrocene 298 and the formation of a putative chiral carbenoid Me₃SiCHLiI. Trapping of the carbenoid with aldehydes RCHO (R = Ph, 4-MeOC₆H₄, Ph(CH₂)₂, c-C₆H₁₁) in the presence of Me₂AlCl gave the expected epoxysilane products (35-40% yield, cis:trans ≥ 2:1) but without discernable enantiomeric excess. Hypotheses to account for the apparent lack of stereoinduction in this AHME cycle are presented. Comparable experiments using analogous magnesiated ferrocenes failed to produce putative carbenoid species from the same set of geminal dihalide substrates.<br>Graduation date: 2012

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Book chapters on the topic "Reagent controlled synthesis"

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Leonori, Daniele, and Varinder K. Aggarwal. "Reagent-Controlled Lithiation–Borylation." In Synthesis and Application of Organoboron Compounds. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13054-5_9.

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Taber, Douglass F. "The Theodorakis Synthesis of (–)-Jiadifenolide." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0085.

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There has recently been a great deal of interest in the synthesis of natural products that promote neurite outgrowth. Emmanuel A. Theodorakis of the University of California, San Diego described (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3672) the preparation of one of the most potent (10 nM) of these, (–)-jiadifenolide 3. Fittingly, a key transformation en route to this highly oxygenated seco-prezizaane was the oxidative rearrangement of 1 to 2. The starting point for the synthesis was the commercially available diketone 4. Allylation followed by addition to 5 gave the prochiral triketone 6. Enantioselective aldol condensation following the Tu/Zhang protocol then delivered the bicyclic enone 7. Alkylation to give 8 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity, perhaps controlled by the steric bulk of the silyloxy group. Exposure of the protected ketone to the McMurry reagent PhNTf2 gave the enol triflate 9, which smoothly carbonylated to the lactone 10. Epoxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by oxidation gave the carboxylic acid, which spontaneously opened the epoxide, leading to the bis lactone 1. With 1 in hand, the stage was set for the key oxidative rearrangement to 2. It was envisioned that epoxidation would generate the cis-fused 11, which on oxidation would undergo acid-catalyzed elimination to give 12. The newly freed OH would then be in position to engage the lactone carbonyl, leading to 2. In the event, oxidation of the epoxide with the Dess-Martin reagent required sonication for 2 h. The rearranged lactone, even though it was susceptible to further oxidation, was secured in 38% overall yield from 1. After hydrogenation and protection, preparation of the enol triflate 13 from the congested cyclopentanone necessitated the use of the more reactive Comins reagent. Hydrogenation of the trisubstituted alkene from coupling with Me3Al then required 90 atmospheres of H2 overpressure. Hydroxylation of the lactone 14 with the Davis oxaziridine followed by further oxidation to the ketone with the Jones reagent and deprotection then completed the synthesis of (–)-jiadifenolide 3.

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Taber, Douglass F. "New Methods for C-C Bond Construction: The Burke Synthesis of (-)-Peridinin." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0024.

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Hideki Yorimitsu and Koichiro Oshima of Kyoto University observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8878) that Rh-catalyzed addition of 2 to a terminal allene 1 generated an allylic organometallic, which coupled with electrophiles to give the branched product 3. Regan J. Thomson of Northwestern University devised (Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 294) the reagent 5, which added to an aldehyde 4 to give the reduced allylically coupled product 6. Nuno Maulide of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim, noted (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1583) the remarkable rearrangement of 7 to 8. Jon A. Tunge of the University of Kansas showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 740) that nitronate allylation could be effected by the Pd-mediated decarboxylation of 9. Takashi Tomioka of the University of Mississippi developed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2171) a convenient reagent for the conversion of an aldehyde 11 to the Z -unsaturated nitrile 12 . Xiaodong Shi of the University of West Virginia established (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2088) that Au-mediated rearrangement of 13 led to the Z -iodo enone 14. T. V. RajanBabu of Ohio State University developed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2622) a Pd catalyst for the selective double functionalization of a terminal alkyne 15 to the stannane 16. The subsequent tandem Stille and Suzuki couplings proceeded efficiently. The controlled construction of tetrasubstituted alkenes is particularly challenging. Kohei Endo and Takanori Shibata of Waseda University put forward (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3469) what promises to be a general solution to this problem: the addition of the bis-boronate 17 to a ketone 18. Alkynes are usually prepared by direct alkylation. Gérard Cahiez of the Université de Paris 13 established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1278) an alternative: the coupling of a Grignard reagent with a 1-bromoalkyne 20. Gregory B. Dudley of Florida State University developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3260) a complementary route to internal alkynes based on the fragmentation of 22. Enantiomerically pure allenes are ubiquitous components of physiologically active natural products. Weiping Tang of the University of Wisconsin optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 3664) the bromolactonization of a Z enyne 24 to give the allene 25.

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Taber, Douglass. "The Carter Synthesis of (-)-Lycopodine." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0099.

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Rich G. Carter of Oregon State University described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9238) the first enantioselective synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid (-)-lyopodine 3. A key step in the assembly of 3 was the diastereoselective intramolecular Michael addition of the keto sulfone of 1 to the enone, leading to the cyclohexanone 2. The key cyclization substrate 1 bore a single secondary methyl group. While that could have been derived from a natural product, it was operationally easier to effect chiral auxiliary controlled conjugate addition to the crotonyl amide 4, leading, after methoxide exchange, to the ester 5. The authors reported that double deprotonation with LiTMP gave superior results, vs. LDA or BuLi, in the condensation of 6 with 5 to give 7. Metathesis with pentenone 8 gave the intramolecular Michael substrate 1. The authors thought that they would need a chiral catalyst to drive the desired stereocontrol in the cyclization of 1 to 2. As a control, they tried an achiral base first, and were pleased to observe the desired diastereomer crystallize from the reaction mixture in 89% yield. The structure of 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. To prepare for the intramolecular Mannich condensation, the azide was reduced to give the imine, and the methyl ketone was converted to the silyl enol ether. Under Lewis acid conditions, the sulfonyl group underwent an unanticipated 1,3-migration, to give 11. Cyclization of 12 then delivered the crystalline 14. Reduction converted 14 to the known (in racemic form) ketone 15. To complete the synthesis, the amine 15 was alkylated with 16 to give the alcohol 17. Oppenauer oxidation followed by aldol condensation delivered the cyclized enone, that was reduced with the Stryker reagent to give (-)-Lycopodine 3. Both the cyclization of 1 to 2 and the cyclization of 9 to 14 are striking. It may be that the steric demand of the phenylsulfonyl group destabilizes the competing transition state for the cyclization of 1.

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Taber, Douglass F. "The Krische Synthesis of Bryostatin 7." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0090.

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The bryostatins, as exemplified by bryostatin 75, are an exciting class of natural products. In addition to being effective antineoplastic agents, they show activity against Alzheimer’s disease. The central ring-forming step in the synthesis of 5 reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 13876) by Michael J. Krische of the University of Texas, Austin is the triply convergent coupling of the chirons 1 and 2 with the linchpin reagent 3. The preparation of 1 and of 2 showcases the hydrogen transfer strategy for carbon–carbon bond construction developed by the Krische group. The synthesis of 2 began with the previously described double coupling of the simple starting materials 6 and 7. The product diol 8 had >99% ee. Ozonolysis of 8 was followed by a reductive coupling with the allene, which installed the gem dimethyl substituents of 2, and also the third oxygenated stereogenic center. The preparation of 1 proceeded from the aldehyde 10, prepared by Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation of 3-pentenenitrile. The chelate-controlled addition of propargyl zinc 11 led to the alkyne 12. Reductive coupling of the alkyne of 12 with the aldehyde of 13, again following a Krische procedure, delivered 1. The triply convergent Keck-Yu condensation of 1 with 3, and then with 2, gave, after some manipulation, the desired tetrahydropyran 4. Selective hydrolysis of the methyl ester in the presence of the acetates followed by selective silylation of two of the three secondary hydroxyls gave a suitable substrate for Yamaguchi cyclization to give 14. Selective oxidative cleavage of two of the three alkenes then gave an intermediate keto aldehyde that was carried on to bryostatin 7 5 following known procedures. The key to the synthesis of the complex bryostatin 7 5 was the ready supply of the chirons 1 and 2, prepared by the simple but powerful enantioselective reductive couplings developed by the Krische group. These couplings will have many other applications in target-directed synthesis.

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Taber, Douglass. "Preparation of Benzene Derivatives." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0063.

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Several new methods have been put forward for the functionalization of benzene derivatives. J. S. Yadav of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad has devised (Chem. Lett. 2008, 37, 652) a procedure for direct thiocyanation, converting 1 into 2. Sukbok Chang of KAIST has established (Chem. Commun. 2008, 3052) that both NH4Cl and aqueous NH3 could be used to directly aminate an aryl iodide such as 3. John F. Hartwig of the University of Illinois has developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7534) a protocol for the directed borylation of anilines such as 5 and of phenols, based on a transient silylation. Karsten Menzel of Merck West Point (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 415) has observed selective exchange of tribromobenzene derivatives such as 7, with the direction of the selectivity being controlled by the fourth substituent on the benzene. Gary A. Molander of the University of Pennsylvania has extensively developed the stable, readily prepared trifluoroborates, exemplified by 10 (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2052) and 14 (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1795) as partners for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. The conversion of 9 to 10 is complementary to aminocarbonylation, exemplified by the conversion of 12 to 13 reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2221) by Bhalchandra M. Bhanage of the Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai. The coupling of 9 with 14 is complementary to the long-known Heck coupling of an aryl halide such as 16 with an allylic alcohol, as illustrated by the preparation of 18 described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 3279) by Martin E. Maier of the Universität Tübingen. Professor Hartwig has also (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1545, 1549) optimized conditions for the Pd-catalyzed arylation of ester enolates such as 19. Gang Zhou of Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ has developed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2517) a related transformation, the arylation of deprotonated sulfonamides. Peter Somfai of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm has established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1907) a complementary procedure, base-mediated elimination of t -butoxide from 24, followed by 1,2-addition of an aryl or heteroaryl Grignard reagent.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reagent controlled synthesis"

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Nikdoost, Arsalan, Alican Ozkan, Yusuf Kelestemur, Hilmi Volkan Demir, and E. Yegan Erdem. "Silica Nanoparticle Formation by Using Droplet-Based Microreactor." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74178.

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This paper describes a method for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles that can be later used for coating of quantum dots inside a microfluidic reactor. Here, a droplet-based system is used where two reagents were mixed inside the droplets to obtain silica. Particles in the size range of 25±2.7 nm were obtained with comparable size distribution to controlled batch-wise synthesis methods. This method is suitable to be used later to coat CdSe nanoparticles inside the microreactor.

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Avramenko, Valentin, Svetlana Bratskaya, Dmitry Marinin, Anatoliy Terzi, and Mariya Yarmolyuk. "Pilot Test of Precipitation Setup for Dust Supressor and Transuranic Elements Removal From Wastewaters of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59256.

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In this paper we report the results of pilot tests of flocculation/precipitation setup for dust-suppressor (DS) and transuranic elements (TUE) removal from wastewaters of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP), including those of the Object “Shelter”. Tests were performed on the pilot unit (PU), which included service tank, precipitation tank, and accumulation tank, 300 dm3 each, connected with pipelines with dosing and pumping equipment, and throttle valves providing controlled dosing, mixing, precipitation and mechanical filtration of radioactive wastewaters under different conditions. The reagent compositions used in pilot tests were based on coagulant POLYPACS-30 LF (aluminum polyoxychloride), synthetic cationic flocculants Besfloc K6634, K510CA, K6732 («Kolon Life Science, Inc», South Korea) varying in molecular weight and charge density, and natural cationic flocculant «Chitofloc» (Institute of Chemistry FEBRAS, Russia). The following wastewater parameters were controlled during the pilot tests: pH, dry residue, oxygen consumption, total α- and β-activity, isotope composition, optical density and DS content. The precipitation setup demonstrated lower efficiency DS removal from evaporator concentrates due to high ionic strength suppressing the electrostatic interactions between coagulants/flocculants and oppositely charged colloids of DS and TUE. The residual DS concentration was below 1 mg/L that corresponds to decontamination factor above 300 for the drainage water samples tested. The chitosan-based “Chitofloc” flocculant appeared to be the reagent which was the least sensitive to negative effect of ionic strength; however, the decontamination factor in DS removal was not higher than 5 due to suppressing of electrostatic interactions in high salinity media. Analysis of α-activity of water samples after flocculation/mechanical filtration revealed that TUE were not detected in the drainage water samples with DS content reduced to 2 mg/L that corresponds to TRU decontamination factor above 10000 and confirms immobilization of TUE in DS precipitate.

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Fabbrini, N., J. M. Walenga, D. Hoppensteadt, and J. Fareed. "LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A MULTICHANNEL VERTICAL PHOTOMETRIC ANALYZER FOR TEE TESTING OF CLOT, CHROMOGENIC AND ELISA BASED METHODS FOR HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644605.

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Due to major developments in the molecular understanding of the hemostatic system, many newer tests to evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders have been developed. These newer tests are based on clotting, enzymatic and immunologic techniques. Since routine coagulation laboratories are not equipped with instruments capable of enzymatic or immunologic measurements, adaptation of these newer tests to the clinical laboratory has been rather limited. As these tests have a significant impact on the basic diagnostics of hemostatic disorders and the monitoring of antithrombotic therapy, the need for instruments capable of performing each of these tests is evident. We have evaluated a new multiprobe instrument, the FP-910 Coagulation Analyzer (Lab-Systems, Helsinki, Finland), for numerous clot-based, immunologic and amidolytic assays. This instrument has a programmable microprocessor controlled analyzer, mixer and incubator in a semi-automated system capable of hight throughput due to multiple processing. A unique vertical light path system allows quantification of even particulate reactions. It is compatible with most commercially available reagents for clot-based synthetic substrate and ELISA methodologies. Individual methods are preprogrammed in the instrument and additional methods can be programmed for all detection modes. For the clot-based assays (P.T, APTT, Heptest®) , excellent correlations were obtained with the BBL Fibrometer and General Diagnostics Coagamate X2 (n=50, r>0.95). The chromogenic assay kits from various suppliers (AT III, heparin, plasminogen, a-antiplasmin) also correlar-ted well (n=50, r>0.95). Similarly the ELISA based protein C assay also correlated well with the Dynatech® system (n=50, r>0.98). The instrument is easy to operate, has a high throughput in all modes (50-100/hr.), high reproducibility and is economically feasible for routine laboratories involved in multi-parametric testing of hemostasis.

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