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1
Chalim, Abdul, Agung Ari Wibowo, Ade Sonya Suryandari, Muhammad Muhajjir Syarifuddin, and Moh Tohir. "Studi Kinetika Reaksi Metanolisis Pembuatan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) Menggunakan Reaktor Batch Berpengaduk." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 1, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v1i1.23.
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Surfaktan merupakan surface active agent yang banyak diaplikasikan dalam bidang industri kimia berkaitan dengan kemampuannya menstabilkan emulsi antara fasa minyak dan fasa air. Surfaktan berbasis minyak nabati merupakan pengembangan teknologi di bidang surfaktan yang selama ini didominasi oleh surfaktan berbahan baku minyak bumi. Metil ester sulfonat (MES) adalah surfaktan anionik yang dihasilkan melalui reaksi antara metil ester asam lemak dengan agen pensulfonasi atau yang lebih dikenal dengan reaksi sulfonasi. MES mengalami proses lanjutan yang disebut dengan reaksi metanolisis dan netralisasi. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh rasio mol reaktan, waktu reaksi dan suhu reaksi terhadap yield MES pada reaksi metanolisis. Yield MES tertinggi yaitu 49,71% dicapai pada suhu reaksi 120°C, waktu reaksi 120 menit dan rasio mol MES terhadap metanol 1:3. Konstanta laju reaksi metanolisis ditentukan dengan mereaksikan reaktan di dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk pada kondisi operasi tersebut.Surfactant is a surface active agent which is widely applied in chemical industry related to its ability to stabilize the emulsion between the oil phase and the water phase. Surfactant-based on vegetable oil is a technology developed in the field of surfactant which has been dominated by surfactants made from petroleum. Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant produced by the reaction between fatty acid methyl ester with a sulfonating agent or called as sulfonation reaction. MES undergoes an advanced process called methanolysis and neutralization reactions. This study investigated the effect of reactant molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on MES yield on methanolysis reaction. The highest MES yield of 49.71% was achieved at a reaction temperature of 120°C, the reaction time of 120 minutes and the molar ratio between MES and methanol of 1:3. The rate constants of methanolysis reactions are determined by reacting the reactants in the stirred batch reactor under those operating conditions.
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Rahkadima, Yulia Tri, and Qurrota A'yuni. "PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI DEDAK PADI SECARA IN SITU DENGAN TEKNOLOGI MICROWAVE." Jurnal Kimia Riset 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v4i2.16047.
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AbstrakProses produksi biodiesel dari dedak padi dengan memanfaatkan microwave secara in situ telah berhasil dilakukan. Pengaruh jumlah metanol dan waktu reaksi terhadap kandungan FAMEs dalam produk dipelajari dalam penelitian ini. Dedak padi , metanol dan katalis basa berupa NaOH 0.6 w% dimasukkan ke dalam labu alas datar dilengkapi dengan kondensor dan dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor microwave yang telah dimodifikasi. Produk reaksi yang berupa campuran FAMEs, gliserol, reaktan yang tidak bereaksi dan komponen lainnya kemudian dicuci menggunakan n- heksana dan dilanjut dilakukan proses distilasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dengan menggunakan reaktor microwave, kandungan FAMEs lebih tinggi diperoleh dengan waktu reaksi yang lebih singkat. Gelombang mikro berhasil mempercepat terjadinya reaksi transesterifikasi. Kandungan FAMEs tertinggi yaitu 6.2036 % diperoleh pada waktu reaksi 10 menit, metanol 60 ml dan suhu reaksi 60oC. Kata kunci : Biodiesel, In situ, Microwave, Dedak padi AbstractThe process of biodiesel production from rice bran using in situ microwaves has been successfully carried out. The effect of the amount of methanol and reaction time on the FAMEs content in the product was studied in this study. Rice bran, methanol and alkaline catalyst in the form of 0.6 w% NaOH are put into a flat bottom flask equipped with a condenser and put into a modified microwave reactor. The reaction product in the form of a mixture of FAMEs, glycerol, unreacted reactants and other components is then washed using n-hexane and contuining with the distillation process. The results showed that by using a microwave reactor, a higher FAMEs content was obtained with a shorter reaction time. Microwaves successfully accelerate the transesterification reaction. The highest FAMEs content of 6.2036% was obtained at a reaction time of 10 minutes, methanol 60 ml and reaction temperature 60oC.Keywords: Biodiesel, In situ, Microwave, Rice bran
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Fakhry, Muhammad Naufal, and Suprihastuti Sri Rahayu. "Pengaruh Suhu pada Esterifikasi Amil Alkohol dengan Asam Asetat Menggunakan Asam Sulfat sebagai Katalisator." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 10, no. 2 (November 20, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.33339.
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Ester compounds are widely used as solvents, artificial aroma materials, and precursors of pharmaceutical ingredients. One of the ester compounds widely used in the chemical industry is amyl acetate. Amyl acetate can be synthesized by esterification of amyl alcohol and acetic acid, which is a liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction. This study aims to study the kinetics of this particular reaction focusing on the effect of temperature. The catalyst used in this study was sulfuric acid. The mole ratio of acetic acid to amyl alcohol used was 2: 5. Reaction was run at constant temperature in a three-neck flask as a batch reactor. The acetic acid and sulfuric acid were first put into the reactor and heated while stirring. After reaching a certain temperature, the preheated amyl alcohol was added into the reactor. During reaction, the temperature was maintained at the desired temperature. The reactants and products involved in this reaction were immiscible. The product phases were separated and then the remaining acetic acid content in the water-soluble phase was analyzed by volumetric method. The study was carried out in 4 variations of temperature i.e. 70, 80, 90, and 100C. The results of experimental data analysis showed that the reaction will be faster when the temperature is higher. The mass transfer from the acetic acid phase to the amyl alcohol phase increased with the increase of temperature. The value of the reaction rate constant, the overall mass transfer coefficient, and the Henry’s constant were evaluated by the parameter fitting method using the MATLAB program. Based on the evaluation at the highest reaction temperature 100oC, the rate constant was 0,0134 mL.mole-2s-1, the mass transfer coefficient was 0,3180 L s-1, and the Henry’s constant was 0,0174 (mole/L)A in phase II/(mole/L)A in phase I. Keywords: esterification, immiscible, amyl acetate, mass transfer Senyawa ester banyak dipakai sebagai solven, bahan aroma buatan, dan prekursor bahan-bahan farmasi. Salah satu senyawa ester yang banyak digunakan dalam industri kimia dalah amil asetat. Ester amil asetat dapat disintesis melalui reaksi esterifikasi dengan bahan baku amil alkohol dan asam asetat. Reaksi ini merupakan reaksi heterogen cair-cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika reaksi tersebut, terutama pengaruh variabel suhu. Untuk mempercepat laju reaksi ditambahkan asam sulfat. Perbandingan mol pereaksi asam asetat:amil alkohol yang digunakan sebesar 2:5. Reaksi dijalankan dalam reaktor batch dan suhu dijaga konstan. Reaktan dan katalisator dicampur dalam labu leher tiga. Asam asetat dan asam sulfat dituangkan ke dalam reaktor, dipanaskan dan diaduk sampai suhu tertentu. Selanjutnya amil alkohol yang telah dipanaskan sebelumnya hingga suhu tertentu dituangkan. Selama reaksi suhu dipertahankan konstan. Reaktan dan produk yang terlibat dalam reaksi ini berupa campuran immiscible. Produk yang terdiri dari dua fase dipisahkan antar fasenya kemudian fase yang larut dalam air dianalisis kadar asam asetat sisanya dengan metode volumetri. Reaksi dilakukan masing-masing pada suhu 70, 80, 90, dan 100oC. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa reaksi akan semakin cepat apabila suhu semakin tinggi. Transfer massa dari fase asam asetat ke fase amil alkohol semakin besar pula dengan adanya kenaikan suhu. Nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi, koefisien transfer massa overall, dan konstanta Henry dievaluasi dengan metode fitting parameter menggunakan program MATLAB. Berdasarkan evaluasi pada suhu reaksi tertinggi yaitu 100oC diperoleh nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi sebesar 0,0134 mL.mol-2s-1, koefisien transfer massa overall sebesar 0,318 mL s-1, dan konstanta Henry sebesar 0,0174 (mol/L)A di fase II/(mol/L)A di fase I. Kata kunci: esterifikasi, immiscible, amil asetat, transfer massa
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Budiman, Arief, Alita Lelyana, Daniar Rianawati, and S. Sutijan. "Biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) using reactive distillation." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.2.7.
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Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a lower-value by-product obtained during the refining of palm oil and contained high amount of free fatty acid (FFA). However, it’s a potentially valuable and low-cost raw material for the production of biodiesel through esterification process. Esterification of FFA using the conventional batch faces a challenge since it is low in productivity and requires high excess of reactant so that it is not efficient for large-scale production. To overcome this problem, reactive distillation (RD) is the best candidate. RD is one of the most attractive equipment which provides potential benefits for the esterification reaction. To obtain an optimal design of the RD, an accurate model and simulation of the process is needed. In this work, a simulation study of biodiesel production from PFAD as feedstock using RD is presented by using ASPEN Plus v7.1. Two case studies of total reflux (case A) and recycled distillate (case B) were demonstrated. Close relation was found among high separation and high energy consumption in RD. Two models of RD show the more economical heat duty of both condenser and reboiler. Effect of L/F ratio, number of stages in reaction zone, and model of RD to conversion of esterification reaction were discussed. Keywords: biodiesel, esterification, PFAD, reactive distillationAbstrakSuatu produk hasil samping yang memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah, biasa dikenal sebagai Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD), diperoleh dari proses pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit. PFAD mengandung asam lemak bebas (FFA) tinggi, cukup potensial, dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi biodiesel melalui proses esterifikasi. Esterifikasi FFA dengan proses batch konvensional menghadapi tantangan karena produktivitasnya cukup rendah dan membutuhkan excess reaktan yang tinggi sehingga tidak efisien jika diterapkan untuk produksi skala besar. Reactive distillation (RD) dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini. RD merupakan alat yang berpotensi memberikan keuntungan dalam reaksi esterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan desain yang optimal dari suatu RD, pemodelan yang akurat dan simulasi dari proses ini diperlukan. Di sini, dilakukan simulasi produksi biodiesel dari PFAD menggunakan RD dilakukan dengan ASPEN Plus v7.1. Dua kasus dipelajari, yaitu refluks total (kasus A) dan recycle distillate (kasus B) yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio antara cairan yang dikembalikan ke kolom dengan feed (L/ F), dan variable variable desain. Semakin tinggi kemurnian dari hasil pemisahan, konsumsi energi yang dibutuhkan juga menjadi semakin besar. Perbandingan antara dua model dari kolom distilasi reaktif menunjukkan beban panas kondensor dan reboiler menjadi lebih ekonomis. Pengaruh perbandingan L/F, jumlah stage dalam zona reaksi, dan model kolom distilasi reaktif terhadap konversi reaksi esterifikasi akan di bahas di sini.Kata kunci: biodiesel, esterifikasi, PFAD, menara distilasi
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Gunawan, Melia Laniwati, and Hendrik Susanto. "Dehidrasi N-Butanol menjadi senyawa butena pada katalis molecular sieve 13X dalam reaktor unggun tetap." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.2.7.
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One of the ways of producing butene compounds without relying on non-renewable resources involves the dehydration of n-butanol with the aid of acid catalysts. The dehydration of n butanol on molecular sieve 13 X catalyst has been undertaken in afvced bed, vertical glass pipe isothermal reactor. Reaction temperatures were varied between 300-450 °C. Reaction products were analyzed using a Gas Chromatograph (GC). The n-butanol dehydration was observed to have a reaction order of 1.95 with respect to n-butanol partial pressure, with an activation energy of 89.4 kJ/mol and an Arrhenius constant of 7.99 x 106 .To determine the effect of operating parameters (feed temperature, n-butanol flowrate, n-butanol to nitrogen feed ratio, and catalyst particle diameter), a simulation was undertaken based on the fvced bed, non adiabatic and non-isothermal reactor model. The reactor model used in the simulation was a 2- dimensional heterogeneous reactor. The validated model coefficient of correlation against the experimental data was very good, namely 0.98. Simulation results indicate that the increase in n-butanol concentration and feed temperature increase the conversion. Increase in catalyst particle diameter and feed flowrate decrease the conversion. The dehydration of n-butanol to butene is a mildly exothermic reaction. Therefore, to maintain an isothermal reaction condition, the reactor wall temperature may not exceed 10 °C below the feed temperature.Keywords: n-butanol dehydration, molecular sieve 13 X, simulation, fixed bed, kineticAbstrakSalah satu cara untuk mendapatkan senyawa butena tanpa mengandalkan sumber daya tak terbarukan adalah melalui dehidrasi n-butanol dengan bantuan katalis asam. Dehidrasi n butanol pada katalis molecular sieve 13 X dilakukan di dalam reaktor unggun tetap terbuat dari pipa gelas tegak secara isotermal. Temperatur reaksi divariasikan antara 300 - 450" C. Komposisi produk dianalisa menggunakan Gas Chromatograph (GC). Dehidrasi n-butanol ini berorde 1,95 terhadap tekanan parsial n-butanol dengan nilai energi aktivasi 89,4 kJ/mol dan tetapan Arrhenius 7,99 x 106• Untuk mempelajari pengaruh parameter operasi (temperatur umpan, laju alir n-butanol, rasio umpan n-butanol terhadap nitrogen, dan diameter partikel katalis) terhadap konversi reaksi, distribusi produk, dan profil temperatur di sepanjang reaktor dilakukan simulasi dalam reaktor unggun tetap non adiabatik non isotermal berdasarkan data percobaan yang telah diperoleh. Model reaktor yang digunakan adalah model heterogen dua dimensi. Nilai koefisien korelasi model yang divalidasi dengan data percobaan menunjukkan harga yang baik yaitu 0,98. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi n butanol atau temperatur umpan meningkatkan konversi. Peningkatan diameter partikel katalis atau peningkatan laju alir umpan, akan menurunkan konversi reaksi. Reaksi dehidrasi n butanol menjadi senyawa buten merupakan reaksi yang sedikit eksoterm, oleh karena itu untuk mempertahankan reaksi agar isotermal, temperatur dinding reaktor harus diusahakan tidak melebihi 10 °C di bawah temperatur umpan.Kata kunci: dehidrasi n-butanol, molecular sieve 13 X, simulasi, unggun tetap, kinetik
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Prakoso, Tirto, Danu Wicaksana, Roy Winarso, and Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. "Sintesis minyak goreng sehat (Diacylglycerol)." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.2.1.
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The syntesis of healty cooking oil (Diacylglycerol)Diglyceride I Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is a compound resulting from the chemical bonding between glycerol and two free fatty acid molecules which follows a different metabolic route compared to triglyceride-type oils so that this type of oil does not cause fat accumulation in the body. This research isfocused at obtaining experimental evidence from the Archer-Daniels-Midland (2002) synthesis method, identifying the effect of the molar ratio between the reactants and reaction time on the DAG yield using the glycerolysis method, and at synthesizing a cooking oil with diglycerides as its major component. The diglyceride synthesis process in this research was done via glycerolysis with a varying glycerol : TAG ratio of 1:1, 3:2, 2:1 and 5:2. Reaction time was varied at 1 and 3 hours. The synthesis was undertaken at 190°C, using CH3COOK as catalyst at a dose of 1% of the mass ofTAG reactant. Experimental results indicate that longer reaction time increases the molar amount of diglycerides formed in the healthy cooking oil product. The molar ratio of glycerol to triglycerides which produces the highest DAG yield was 2:1, with a reaction time of 3 hours, which resulted in a yield of 97. 726%-mol DAG per mol TAG reactant. Higher molar ratio of glycerol to tryglycerides also increases the percentage of monoglycerides (MAG)formed.Keywords: DAG (Diglycerides), glycerolysis, TAG (Triglycerides) AbstrakMinyak Digliserida/Diacylglycerol (DAG) adalah senyawa hasil ikatan kimia antara g/iserol dengan 2 buah asam lemak bebas yang mengikuti jalur metabolik yang khas dan berbeda dengan jenis minyak trigliserida sehingga tidak menyebabkan penimbunan lemak dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat bukti eksperimental dari metode Archer-Daniels-Midland (2002), mengetahui pengaruh rasio mol reaktan dan waktu reaksi terhadap perolehan DAG dari metode gliserolisis dan mendapatkan hasil minyak goreng yang memiliki kandungan utama digliserida. Proses sintesa digliserida dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan reaksi gliserolisis yang menggunakan variasi rasio reaktan gliserol : TAG 1:1, 3:2, 2:1 dan 5:2. dengan dan variasi waktu 1 dan 3 jam. Sintesa ini berlangsung pada temperatur 190°C dan menggunakan katalis CH3COOK sebanyak 1% dari berat TAG yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu reaksi gliserolisis, semakin tinggi jumlah mol dig/iserida yang terbentuk di dalam minyak goreng sehat. Rasia mol reaktan gliserol: trigliserida yang menghasilkan perolehan DAG tertinggi adalah rasio 2:1 dengan waktu reaksi 3 jam, yaitu sebesar 97, 726%-mol DAG per mol TAG mula-mula. Semakin tinggi rasio mol reaktan gliserol : trigliserida, %-monogliserida (MAG) yang terbentuk juga semakin tinggi.Kata Kunci: DAG (Digliserida), gliserolisis, TAG (Trigliserida)
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Budhi, Yogi Wibisono, and Mohammad Effendy. "Pemanfaatan emisi gas metana dari stasiun kompresor sistem perpipaan gas alam sebagai sumber energi termal." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 8, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2009.8.1.2.
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Methane gas emmision utilization from natural gas piping system compressor station as thermal energy sourceEmission of CH4 gas to the atmosphere may result in a global warming effect 21 times larger than that of CO2. One of the strategies to reduce this impact is to convert CH4 to CO2 in a Reverse Flow Reactor (RFR). RFR is a suitable apparatus to process gases with very low concentrations (0.1–1 %-v). The CH4 combustion reaction is exothermic, with a DTadiabatic between 10–200 oC (at a 0.1–1 %-v concentration), and therefore its heat of reaction may be used as a thermal energy source. RFR is capable of controlling heat transfer in the reactor, storing heat, and releasing it to heat low-temperature feeds. This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of the removal of heat generated by CH4 combustion as thermal energy source on the performance of RFR. The methodology in this study involved computer simulations. For a feed flowrate of 0.22 L/s, the optimum rate of heat that can be recovered was 43 kJ/m3×s (heat recovery efficiency of 50.4%). An air flowrate of 92.9 g/s was required to extract the heat.Keyword: Reverse flow reactor, methane catalytic combustion, modeling, green house effect simulation, gas piping system. AbstrakEmisi gas CH4 ke atmosfer dapat menyebabkan pengaruh pemanasan global 21 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan gas CO2. Salah satu strategi untuk mengurangi dampak tersebut adalah dengan mengkonversi gas CH4 menjadi CO2 dalam Reaktor Aliran Bolak-Balik (RABB). RABB adalah piranti yang tepat untuk mengolah gas yang berkonsentrasi sangat kecil (0,1-1 %-v). Reaksi pembakaran CH4 bersifat eksotermis dengan DTadiabatik berkisar antara 10–200 oC (konsentrasi 0,1–1 %-v), sehingga panas reaksinya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi termal. RABB memiliki kemampuan dalam mengendalikan pergerakan panas di dalam reaktor, menyimpan panas, dan memberikannya kembali untuk memanaskan umpan yang bertemperatur rendah. Makalah ini menyampaikan hasil kajian tentang pengaruh pengambilan panas hasil reaksi pembakaran gas CH4 sebagai sumber energi termal terhadap kinerja RABB. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan simulasi komputer. Untuk laju alir umpan sebesar 0,22 L/s, panas optimum yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah 43 kJ/m3.s (efisiensi pemulihan panas 50,4%) dan dibutuhkan laju alir udara sebesar 92,9 g/s untuk mengekstrak panas.Kata kunci: Reaktor aliran bolak-balik, pembakaran katalitik metana, pemodelan, simulasi efek rumah kaca, sistem perpipaan gas
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Sumardiono, Siswo, Listiyana Riska, Bakti Jos, and Isti Pudjiastuti. "Effect of Esterification on Cassava Starch: Physicochemical Properties and Expansion Ability." Reaktor 19, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.1.34-41.
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In this study, the characteristic of cassava starch have been developed through esterification reaction using ethyl lactate. Commercial cassava starch was modified by using (0.5; 0.75; 1.00; 1.25; 1.50 % v/v) ethyl lactate solution with pH 6, 7, 8, 9 for 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 minutes and the drained starch was dried with sun drying. The cassava starch which has been esterified with 1.5% ethyl lactate for 15 minutes pH 6 gave highest volume expansion of 2,438.9 %. For swelling power, the highest value was 19.32 swelling power at variable concentrations of 1.5% ester, esterification period of 15 minutes, and pH 6. The lowest amylose content was 15.68 % in ester concentration of 1.5 %. From the scanning electron micrograph, shows that the cassava starch after and before modification has not changed since the modifications performed under the gelatinization temperature. FTIR spectra of native cassava starch and ester cassava starch shown shift of the carboxyl group of starch from 1072.37 to 1087.80 cm-1 and a decrease in the OH group is from 3452.53 to 3417.81 cm-1. Bond formed indicates that the esterification reaction occurs between cassava starch with ethyl lactate esters. Keywords: volume expansion, cassava starch, ester starch, ethyle lactate, modified starch
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Fitriyani, Lely, Edwan Karadena, and Sukandar Sukandar. "Solid Concentration Effect for Solvent Extraction Process of Oily Contaminated Soil." Reaktor 19, no. 2 (August 11, 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.2.84-88.
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Solvent extraction has been used as a method to wash oil content of oily contaminated soil in industry for years. Some solvents and temperature ranges has been chosen to increase the oil recovery rate of extraction process, however only few studies reported that it has been able to reach remaining Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) less than 0.5% in less than 30 minutes. During the experiments, acetone and toluene chosen to extract oil content from contaminated soil by using solvent extraction process. Temperature selected were between 24°C up to 70°C. Mixing apparatus which has been utilized was centrifugation machine with 1000 rpm (1570 g) operational speed. Duration of treatment process was 10 minutes with some variations of solid to solvent ratio. During the experiments, it was observed that by using toluene and acetone as solvents, the optimum Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removal obtained at temperature 50°C. In the other hand, optimum solid to solvent ratio toluene ratio was 1:6. As a solvent acetone observed capable to reduce TPH content until below 0.5% as threshold limit for TPH of contaminated soil regulated by environmental regulation in Indonesia. During the experiments it was also observed the dependency of solid concentration (Cs) with dissociation coefficient (KD). In the other hand, heavy metal at the remaining extracted soil after soil washing was observed available in safe concentration to be discharged to the environment base on regulation in Indonesia. Keywords: solvent extraction, soil washing, contaminated soil, TPH, centrifugation, oil sludge, acetone, toluene, solid treatment.
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Ningsih, Erlinda, Lily Pudjiastuti, Dessy Wulansari, Nurul Anggraheny, Ali Altway, and Kuswandi Kusno Budhikarjono. "Simulasi absorpsi multikomponen gas dalam larutan K2CO3 dengan promoter MDEA pada packed column." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.1.3.
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Simulation of multi-component gas absorption in the K2CO3 solution with promoter MDEA in packed column This research aims to study theoretically the performance of packed column to absorb CO2 and H2S from acid gas using MDEA promoted K2CO3 solution by considering solubility of other gases. Performance is expressed as CO2 recovery percentage. Research was carried out by developing simulation program of gases absorption with chemical reaction in packed column under isotherm condition. Prediction results were validated with petrochemical plant data. The simulation program can predict concentration distribution of dissolved gases and reactants in liquid phase at packed column and also the percentage of CO2 and H2S recovery. Results show that CO2 and H2S recovery increase with the increasing pressure and liquid flow rate. The study also depicts presence of an optimum temperature where CO2 recovery increases with increasing temperature below optimum temperature and decrease with increasing temperature above optimum temperature. The absorption rate increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending on relative effect of temperature on reaction rate, gas diffusivity and solubility. For CO2 absorption into MDEA promoted 30% K2CO3 solution at packed column 3 m in diameter, and 30 m in height filled with 7 cm IMPT packing, the highest CO2 removal efficiency is 99.947% on 100 oC, 32 atm, liquid flow rate of 5900 m3/hr, and gas flow rate of 308 kNm3/hr. Keywords: reactive absorption, isothermal, multi-component, promoter, two-film modelAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari secara teoritis kinerja packed column untuk absorpsi CO2 dan H2S dari gas asam dengan larutan K2CO3 dan promotor MDEA dengan memperhatikan kelarutan gas-gas yang lain, yang dinyatakan dengan %-recovery CO2. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan membuat program simulasi untuk absorpsi gas CO2 disertai reaksi kimia dalam kondisi isothermal. Hasil prediksi simulasi ini divalidasi dengan data lapangan. Dengan menggunakan model packed column ini, diperoleh distribusi konsentrasi gas-gas terlarut, distribusi konsentrasi reaktan dalam fasa cair dalam kolom absorber dan prediksi %-recovery CO2 dan H2S. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi tekanan dan laju alir absorben %-penghilangan CO2 dan H2S semakin besar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya suhu optimum. Di bawah suhu optimum kenaikan suhu menyebabkan kenaikan %-penghilangan sedangkan di atas suhu optimum kenaikan suhu menurunkan %-penghilangan. Laju absorpsi meningkat tergantung pada pengaruh relatif temperatur pada konstanta kecepatan reaksi, difusivitas dan kelarutan gas yang terserap. Untuk absorpsi gas CO2 kedalam larutan K2CO3 30% dengan promotor MDEA pada packed column dengan diameter 3 m dan tinggi 30 m yang diisi dengan packing IMPT 7 cm diperoleh penghilangan CO2 tertinggi 99,947% pada kondisi laju alir larutan 5900 m3/jam, temperatur 100 oC, laju alir gas 308 kNm3/jam serta tekanan 32 atm.Kata kunci: absorpsi reaktif, isothermal, multikomponen, promoter, model dua film.
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Lestari, Dianika, Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati, Afina Rahmani, Lienda Aliwarga, and Yasid Bindar. "Effect of hydrocolloid on characteristics of gluten free bread from rice flour and fermented cassava flour (Fercaf)." Reaktor 19, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.3.89-95.
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Gluten free (GF) bread was made from rice flour and fermented cassava flour. Fermented cassava flour (FERCAF) was produced using a specific design of closed and circulated fermenter, which resulted on a white and neutral aroma flour. However, FERCAF did not have structural component (such as gluten) to provide dough's viscoelasticity and ability to retain gas to hold the volume of bread after baking. Hydrocolloids were added to FERCAF based GF bread to increase water binding of dough. This research aimed to investigate the effect hydrocolloids addition on the characteristics of GF bread made from rice flour and fermented cassava flour (FERCAF). Effect of hydrocolloids to flour ratio (2 %, 3 % and 5 %-wt) and types of hydrocolloid (xanthan gum, agar, and carrageenan) on specific volume of bread, bake loss, bread texture, and microstructure of the bread were investigated. Bread textures were measured using Texture Profile Analyzer (TPA), and microstructure was analysed by SEM. Data experiment showed that addition of hydrocolloids improved GF bread characteristics, specifically increased volume specific, increased porosity, and reduced hardness of GF bread.Keywords: gluten-free bread; cassava; fermented cassava flour; Fercaf; hydrocolloids
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Suhendi, Endang, Andre Wibowo, Tia Lestari, and Teguh Kurniawan. "Effect of Acid Concentration on the Activation of Bayah Natural Zeolite for Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis Application." Reaktor 20, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.3.109-116.
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Biooil is the main product in the pyrolysis process which is expected to be a liquid fuel replacement solution. But the resulting biooil cannot be directly used as a result of high oxygenated compounds, high viscosity, corrosive, and unstable. Addition of activated natural zeolite catalyst to the pyrolysis process is expected to improve the quality of biooil in order to be used as a renewable liquid fuel. The research aims to determine the influence of acid concentrations on zeolite modification to the characteristics of pyrolysis products. Result of catalyst characterization indicates that zeolite activation using acid will increase Si/Al ratio as well as open the surface of previously hindered zeolite. The yield of char produced in this study tends not to undergo significant changes between the catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis by 33% wt. Addition of zeolite catalyst in pyrolysis proved to be able to increase the content of phenol and decrease the content of acetic acid in bio-oil by 6% . Meanwhile, yield of CO2 increases by 20% in the use of catalysts due to the release of oxygen in the oxygenate compounds. The results of this study showed that the resulting biooil still does not meet the specifications of liquid fuels but can be utilized as a renewable chemical feedstock.Keywords: pyrolysis; biomass; natural zeolite;modified
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Priambodo, Dedy, Erlan Dewita, and Ign Djoko Irianto. "ANALISIS ENERGI DAN EKSERGI PADA SISTEM HTR-10 SIKLUS TURBIN UAP." Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir 17, no. 1 (June 14, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jpen.2015.17.1.2561.
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ABSTRAK ANALISIS ENERGI DAN EKSERGI PADA SISTEM HTGR SIKLUS TURBIN UAP. Reaktor tipe HTGR merupakan reaktor yang rencana akan dibangun sebagai Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) pertama di Indonesia. Reaktor HTGR merupakan reaktor dengan suhu pendingin keluar reaktor tinggi (686°C ~ 950°C), efisiensi termal tinggi serta mempunyai sistem keselamatan pasif dan melekat. Untuk mengetahui ketepatan efisiensi suatu pembangkit dipandang tidak cukup jika hanya mengacu pada efisiensi energi saja seperti yang didasarkan pada Hukum I Termodinamika, namun perlu dikombinasikan dengan pendekatan eksergi yang berdasarkan Hukum II Termodinamika. Karena itu, tujuan studi adalah melakukan analisis energi dan eksergi pada sistem HTGR siklus turbin uap untuk mengetahui kerugian/ kehilangan panas yang terjadi dalam komponen sistem pembangkit, sehingga dapat diketahui potensi-potensi kerugian dan dapat dilakukan perbaikan. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah perhitungan menggunakan program cycle tempo dengan input data dari reaktor HTR-10. Hasil studi analisis dan evaluasi terhadap ireversibilitas sistem reaktor HTGR menggunakan siklus turbin uap menunjukkan bahwa reaktor merupakan komponen yang paling tidak efisien diantara seluruh komponen yang ada dalam sistem. Hal ini disebabkan ireversibilitas yang terjadi dalam transfer energi hasil reaksi pembelahan ke pendingin helium. Pembangkit uap, turbin, kondensor, adalah komponen penyumbang kerugian terbesar berikutnya. Hasil studi juga menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi sistem HTGR siklus turbin uap mempunyai potensi besar untuk dilakukan perbaikan sehingga mampu memberikan efek yang signifikan terhadap perbaikan efisiensi sistem. Kata kunci: energi, eksergi, HTGR, analisis, turbin uap ABSTRACT ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS ON THE STEAM TURBINE CYCLE OF HTGR SYSTEM. HTGR type reactor is planned to be built reactors as the first Experimental Power Reactor (RDE) in Indonesia. HTGR tipe reactor is a reactor with a high reactor outlet temperature (~ 900 ° C), high thermal efficiency and also it have inherent and passive safety systems. To determine the accuracy of the efficiency of a power plant is not enough if it merely refers to the energy efficiency just as it is based on the first law of thermodynamics, but it needs to be combined with exergy approach that is based on the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the energy and exergy of HTGR-steam turbine cycle system to determine the loss / heat loss that occurs in the power system components, so it can be seen the potential loss and can be repaired. The methodology used is a calculation using the program cycle due to the data input of the HTR-10 reactor. The results of analysis and evaluation of the irreversibility of HTGR reactor system using a steam turbine cycle shows that the reactor is a component of the least efficient among all components in the system. This is due to the irreversibility of energy transfer that occurs in the cleavage reaction proceeds to the helium coolant. Steam generators, turbines, condensers, is a component of the next largest contributor kerugia. The study shows that the efficiency of the steam turbine cycle HTGR system has great potential to be improved so it can provide a significant effect on the improvement of the efficiency of the system. Keywords: energy, exergy, HTGR, analysis, steam turbine
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Nurdin, Isdiriayani, Pramujo Widiatmoko, Hary Devianto, Anastasia Yuandy, and Rendy Rendy. "Effect of Intermittent Spray Pyrolysis on the Characteristics of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Conductive Glass for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell." Reaktor 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.4.180-186.
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One of dye sensitized solar cell’s (DSSC) component is conductive glass, a transparent glass substrate covered with semiconductor oxide, usually fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). An economic and scalable method used to deposit the FTO film is spray pyrolysis. A research conducted by Fukano et al. (2004) showed that introducing intermittence in spray pyrolysis using batch atomizer improves the glass’ characteristics. This research aims to observe the effect of intermittence on spray pyrolysis method using nebulizer. A compressor nebulizer and hotplate were used, where the glass’ surface temperature reached 300oC. Transmittance, conductance, morphology and composition of the glasses produced were analyzed. Deposition time and intermittence were varied. Variation of time were 5; 7.5; 10; 16; and 39 minutes. Deposition time of 7.5 minutes showed the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 7.83×10-3 Ω-1. Intermittence was performed by turning the nebulizer off during deposition, with varying period and amount of intermittence. Periods of intermittence were varied for 10, 20, and 30 seconds, and amounts of intermittence were varied 1, 2, and 3 times. Variation of 3 intermittences at 20 seconds each resulted in the highest FOM of 19.29×10-3 Ω-1. DSSC’s efficiency built using produced conductive glass are 1.9×10-4 % and 5.5×10-4 %.
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Shofinita, Dian, Yasid Bindar, Tjokorde Walmiki Samadhi, Arwinda Aprillia Jaelawijaya, and Mifta Fawwaz. "Effect of Ethanol Addition as Extraction Solvent on The Content of Bioactive Materials in Dragon Fruit Skin Extract and Powder." Reaktor 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.2.68-74.
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This study aims to produce natural pigments for food prepared from dragon fruit skin by extraction and freeze-drying and to assess the effect of additional ethanol as extraction solvent on the process yield. During extraction stage, the effect of solvent (pure water and additional ethanol) on the yield of bioactive materials was assessed. Furthermore, during freeze-drying, the effect of maltodextrin addition as carrier agent on the quality of powder has also been evaluated. It has been found that the addition of ethanol as extraction co-solvent may give a positive effect on the yield of bioactive materials in the dragon fruit skin extracts, including the contents of anthocyanin, betacyanin, and total phenolic compounds. Regarding freeze drying, it was found that high recoveries of bioactive materials (84-92%) had been achieved, which indicates that freeze-drying may be suitable for drying such heat-sensitive materials. In addition, it was found that the addition of 10% maltodextrin as carrier agent may decrease the moisture content of the powder significantly, up to 8.162.12%, which is beneficial for its storage stability.Keywords: betacyanin; food additives; dragon fruit; extraction; anthocyanin.
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Priyanto, Slamet, Anansya Putri Intan, Bambang Rianto, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, Bambang Pramudono, Edi Untoro, and Puspa Ratu. "The Effect of Acid Concentration (H2SO4) on the Yield and Functional Group during Lignin Isolation of Biomass Waste Pulp and Paper Industry." Reaktor 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.4.162-167.
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Declining oil production in Indonesia lately has been much discussed by industrial practitioners, especially from the petroleum industry. The decrease is due to the age of old drilling wells with high water cut (> 90%), so it is necessary to pursue a production method that can increase the production of these old wells. The EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) method is one way of extracting oil from oil wells that cannot be further retrieved by injecting materials that are not in the reservoir. One ingredient that can be injected is Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) surfactant derived from lignin. Lignin was obtained from the lignin isolation process from Black Liquor, which in this study came from the pulp and paper mill waste of PT. Indah Kiat, Pekanbaru, Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in H2SO4 concentrations (concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% w/w) on the yield of lignin isolation results, and to compare the functional groups between dirty lignin, clean lignin, and pure lignin using FT-IR. Based on the research results, it was found that the best lignin is lignin with an H2SO4 concentration of 20%, with the highest yield and the color of lignin produced tends to be similar to pure lignin. In addition, it was found that the peak of the net lignin group had more similarity with commercial lignin compared to crude lignin. Keywords: Lignin, Black Liquor, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), FTIR
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Herdiana, Brenda Christin. "PENGARUH KETEPATAN WAKTU PELAPORAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN, OPINI AUDIT, PERGANTIAN KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK, PERUBAHAN REPUTASI KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK, DAN INFORMASI LABA TERHADAP REAKSI INVESTOR." Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis 15, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/jab.v16i1.1362.
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Abstract
This research purposed to search empirical evidence danmenganalisis that this study has the effect of timeliness of financial statement reporting the reaction of investors to seek empirical evidence and analysis that this study has the effect of audit opinion, the reaction of investors to seek empirical evidence and analysis that this study has the effect of change of accounting firms publikterhadap investor reaction, to search for and analyze empirical evidence that this study has the effect of changes in accounting firm reputation publikterhadap investor reaction, to search for and analyze empirical evidence that this study has the effect of earnings information to the investor reaction.Samples were companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the years 2008-2012, obtained by purposive. The data analysis technique is a multiple linear regression analysis. Timeliness of research results is a significant effect on investor reactions, opinions no significant effect on investor reaction, switching significantly influence investors' reaction, change the reputation of KAP no significant effect on investor reaction, the EU does not significantly influence investor reaction.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari bukti empiris danmenganalisis bahwa penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh ketepatan waktu pelaporan laporan keuangan terhadap reaksi investor, untuk mencari bukti empiris dan menganalisis bahwa penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh opini audit terhadap reaksi investor, untuk mencari bukti empiris dan menganalisis bahwa penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh pergantian kantor akuntan publikterhadap reaksi investor, untuk mencari bukti empiris dan menganalisis bahwa penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh perubahan reputasi kantor akuntan publikterhadap reaksi investor, untuk mencari bukti empiris dan menganalisis bahwa penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh informasi laba terhadap reaksi investor.Sampel penelitian adalah perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama tahun 2008-2012, yang diperoleh secara purposive. Teknik analisis data adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian adalahTimelinessberpengaruh signifikan terhadap reaksi investor, opinitidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap reaksi investor, switching berpengaruh signifikan terhadap reaksi investor, perubahan reputasi KAPtidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap reaksi investor, UE tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap reaksi investor.
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Nugrahaningtyas, Khoirina Dwi, Nanda Pratiwi, and Eddy Heraldy. "Desulfurisasi Katalitik Tiofen Menggunakan Katalis CoMo/USY dalam Reaktor Batch." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.2368.136-147.
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<p>Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas katalis CoMo/USY pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Reaksi dilakukan pada reaktor sistem batch dengan tekanan gas N<sub>2</sub> sebesar 1 bar gas N<sub>2</sub> dan waktu reaksi selama 1 jam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi temperatur dan variasi karakter katalis pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Product desulfurisasi dianalisis dengan GC-MS. Karakter kestabilan struktur katalis dilihat dengan analisis menggunakan instrument FT-IR. Hasil analisis terhadap uji aktivitas desulfurisasi menunjukkan bahwa pada rentang temperatur 200-300°C, rendemen bertambah dengan meningkatnya temperatur. Adapun efek karakter katalis terhadap aktivitas katalitiknya menunjukkan bahwa karakter katalis yang paling dominan adalah sifat keasaman. Katalis dengan keasaman tertinggi, yaitu katalis CoMo/USY, memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dalam desulfurisasi tiofen dengan rendemen produk sebesar 2,88%. Hasil analisis FT-IR terhadap katalis bekas menunjukkan bahwa struktur cukup stabil dan tidak ada pengotor yang terikat pada katalis.</p><p><strong>Catalytic Desulfurization of Thiophene </strong><strong>using</strong><strong> Como/Usy Catalyst </strong><strong>in</strong><strong> Batch Reactor</strong>. CoMo/USY catalyst activity has been tested for thiophene desulfurization reaction. The reaction was carried out in batch system reactor with N<sub>2</sub> gas pressure of 1 bar and reaction time for 1 hour. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation and catalyst character variation in thiophene desulfurization reaction. The desulfurization products were analyzed by <em>Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectra </em>(GC-MS). The characters of structure catalyst were analyzed by <em>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</em> (FT-IR). The results of the analysis of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range 200-300 °C, the yield raised with increasing temperature The analysis results of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range of 200-300°C, the yield raised with increasing temperature. The effect of the catalysts character on its catalytic activity shows that the most dominant character of the catalysts were its acidity. The highest acidity catalyst, CoMo/USY catalyst, has highest activity in thiophene thiophene with the product yield of 2,88%. The result of the FTIR analysis on used catalyst show that the structure was stable and no impurities were attached the catalyst.</p>
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Meilany, Diah, Dewinka Anugeraheni, Abdul Aziz, Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati, and Tjandra Setiadi. "The Effects of Operational Conditions in Scaling Up of Xylanase Enzyme Production for Xylitol Production." Reaktor 20, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.1.32-37.
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The biological route to produce xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs) comprises of EFBs pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and downstream separation of the produced xylitol. Due to the specificity in the hemicellulose composition of EFBs, a xylanase enzyme that has a high affinity to EFBs is required to hydrolyze the EFBs into xylose. In this research, the influences of aeration, humidity, and mixing in xylanase production were mapped. The xylanase production was performed by Aspergillus fumigatus ITBCCL170 in a solid-state fermentation using a tray fermenter with EFBs as the substrate. The optimal configuration was further scaled up into xylanase production using 1000 g of EFBs as the substrate. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity was 236.3 U/g EFB, obtained from the use of humid air airflow of 0.1 LPM, and mixing was performed once a day. The scaling up resulted in a lower xylanase activity and call for a better design of the fermenter.Keywords: aeration, humidity, mixing, OPEFBs, tray fermenter, xylanase, xylitol
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Susilo, Jati, and Jupiter Sitorus Pane. "FUEL BURN-UP DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSURANIC NUCLIDE CONTENTS PRODUCED AT THE FIRST CYCLE OPERATION OF AP1000." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2016.18.2.2665.
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ABSTRACT FUEL BURN-UP DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSURANIC NUCLIDE CONTENTS PRODUCED AT THE FIRST CYCLE OPERATION OF AP1000. AP1000 reactor core was designed with nominal power of 1154 MWe (3415 MWth), operated within life time of 60 years and cycle length of 18 months. For the first cycle, the AP1000 core uses three kinds of UO2 enrichment, they are 2.35 w/o, 3.40 w/o and 4.45 w/o. Absorber materials such as ZrB2, Pyrex and Boron solution are used to compensate the excess reactivity at the beginning of cycle. In the core, U-235 fuels are burned by fission reaction and produce energy, fission products and new neutron. Because of the U-238 neutron absoption reaction, the high level radioactive waste of heavy nuclide transuranic such as Pu, Am, Cm and Np are also generated. They have a very long half life. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the result of fuel burn-up distribution and heavy nuclide transuranic contents produced by AP1000 at the end of first cycle operation (EOFC). Calculation of ¼ part of the AP1000 core in the 2 dimensional model has been done using SRAC2006 code with the module of COREBN/HIST. The input data called the table of macroscopic crossection, is calculated using module of PIJ. The result shows that the maximum fuel assembly (FA) burn-up is 27.04 GWD/MTU, that is still lower than allowed maximum burn-up of 62 GWD/MTU. Fuel loading position at the center/middle of the core will produce bigger burn-up and transuranic nuclide than one at the edges the of the core. The use of IFBA fuel just give a small effect to lessen the fuel burn-up and transuranic nuclide production. Keywords: Fuel Burn-Up, Transuranic, AP1000, EOC, SRAC2006 ABSTRAK DISTRIBUSI BURN-UP DAN KANDUNGAN NUKLIDA TRANSURANIUM YANG DIHASILKAN BAHAN BAKAR PADA SIKLUS OPERASI PERTAMA TERAS AP1000. Reaktor AP1000 didesain dengan daya nominal 1154 MWe (3415 MWth), mampu beroperasi selama umur reaktor sekitar 60 tahun dan memiliki panjang tiap siklus sekitar 18 bulan. Pada siklus operasi pertama, teras AP1000 menggunakan tiga jenis pengkayaan bahan bakar UO2 yaitu 2,35 w/o, 3,40 w/o dan 4,450 w/o. Penyerap neutron ZrB2, Pyrex dan larutan Boron digunakan sebagai kompensasi reaktivitas lebih pada awal siklus. Di dalam teras reaktor, bahan bakar U-235 mengalami pembakaran melalui reaksi fisi yang akan menghasilkan energi, produk fisi dan neutron baru. Karena adanya reaksi serapan neutron oleh U-238 maka reaktor juga menghasilkan limbah radioaktif tingkat tinggi berupa nuklida transuranium yang mempunyai waktu paruh sangat panjang seperti Np, Pu, Am, dan Cm. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis hasil perhitungan distribusi burn-up bahan bakar dan kandungan nuklida transuranium yang dihasilkan oleh teras AP1000 saat akhir siklus operasi pertama. Perhitungan model geometri 2 dimensi teras AP1000 bentuk ¼ bagian dilakukan dengan paket program SRAC2006 modul COREBN/HIST. Sedangkan input data berupa tabel tampang lintang makroskopik diperoleh dari perhitungan dengan modul PIJ. Hasil prhitungan menunjukkan bahwa burn-up perangkat bahan bakar (Fuel Assembly, FA) tertinggi adalah sebesar 27,04 GWD/MTU dan ini masih jauh lebih rendah dari batas maksimum burn-up yang diijinkan yaitu 62 GWd/MTU. Posisi pemuatan perangkat bahan bakar di bagian tengah teras akan menghasilkan burn-up dan nuklida transuranium yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ditepi teras. Penggunaan bahan bakar Integrated Fuel Burnable Absorber hanya sedikit berpengaruh terhadap penurunan burn-up dan nuklida transuranium yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci: Fuel burn-up, kandungan nuklida transuranium, AP1000, siklus operasi pertama, SRAC2006
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Ábel, Tatjána, and János Fehér. "Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity." Orvosi Hetilap 150, no. 49 (December 1, 2009): 2218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2009.28750.
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A mérsékelt alkoholfogyasztás csökkenti a cardiovascularis és 2-es típusú diabetes kockázatát. Ennek az epidemiológiai megfigyelésnek a magyarázata azonban még nem pontosan ismert. Az alkohol emeli a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) koleszterin szintjét. Felmerültek egyéb mechanizmusok is, úgymint a gyulladás- és thrombosisgátló hatások. A mérsékelt alkoholfogyasztás és inzulinérzékenység közötti kapcsolat még vitatott. A lehetséges mechanizmusok közé tartoznak az adiponektinszint emelése, a C-reaktív protein csökkentése és a szabad zsírsav zsírszövetből történő kiáramlásának csökkentése is.
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Bani, Marsi, D. J. Djoko H. Santjojo, and Masruroh Masruroh. "Effect of Reduction Reaction Temperature on Carbon Purification based on Coconut Shell." Natural B 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.natural-b.2013.002.02.10.
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Nugrahaningtyas, Khoirina Dwi, Nanda Pratiwi, and Eddy Heraldy. "Desulfurisasi Katalitik Tiofen Menggunakan Katalis CoMo/USY dalam Reaktor Batch." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.2368.119-130.
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<p>Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas katalis CoMo/USY pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Reaksi dilakukan pada reaktor sistem batch dengan tekanan gas N<sub>2</sub> sebesar 1 bar gas N<sub>2</sub> dan waktu reaksi selama 1 jam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi temperatur dan variasi karakter katalis pada reaksi desulfurisasi tiofen. Product desulfurisasi dianalisis dengan <em>Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectra </em>(GC-MS). Karakter kestabilan struktur katalis dilihat dengan analisis menggunakan instrumen <em>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</em> (FT-IR). Hasil analisis terhadap uji aktivitas desulfurisasi menunjukkan bahwa pada rentang temperatur 200-300°C, rendemen bertambah dengan meningkatnya temperatur. Pada penelitian telah berhasil menghidrogenasi tiofen, tetapi belum bisa menghilangkan kandungan sulfurnya. Adapun efek karakter katalis terhadap aktivitas katalitiknya menunjukkan bahwa karakter katalis yang paling dominan adalah sifat keasaman. Katalis dengan keasaman tertinggi, yaitu katalis CoMo/USY, memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dengan rendemen produk sebesar 2,88%. Hasil analisis FT-IR terhadap katalis bekas menunjukkan bahwa struktur cukup stabil dan tidak ada pengotor yang terikat pada katalis.</p><p><strong>Catalytic Desulfurization of Thiophene </strong><strong>using</strong><strong> CoMo/USY Catalyst </strong><strong>in</strong><strong> Batch Reactor</strong>. CoMo/USY catalyst activity has been tested for thiophene desulfurization reaction. The reaction was carried out in batch system reactor with N<sub>2</sub> gas pressure of 1 bar and reaction time for 1 hour. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation and catalyst character variation in thiophene desulfurization reaction. The desulfurization products were analyzed by <em>Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectra </em>(GC-MS). The characters of structure catalyst were analyzed by <em>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</em> (FT-IR). The results of the analysis of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range 200-300 °C, the yield raised with increasing temperature. The analysis results of the desulfurization activity test showed that in the temperature range of 200-300°C, the yield raised with increasing temperature. The study has successfully hydrogenated thiophene, but has not been able to eliminate the sulfur content. The effect of the catalysts character on its catalytic activity shows that the most dominant character of the catalysts was its acidity. The highest acidity catalyst, CoMo/USY catalyst, has highest activity with the product yield of 2,88%. The result of the FTIR analysis on the used catalyst show that the structure was stable and no impurities were attached the catalyst.</p>
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Kuipers, Jens, and Lars Köhler. "Reaktive Arthritiden nach bakteriellen enteralen Infekten." Arthritis und Rheuma 24, no. 04 (2004): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1618468.
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ZusammenfassungReaktive Arthritiden sind durch den Nachweis eines Erregers oder von Erregerbestandteilen im Gelenk gekennzeichnet, obwohl eine mikrobiologische Anzüchtung des bakteriellen Erregers nicht gelingt. Bei den post-enteritischen reaktiven Arthritiden kommt es Tage bis Wochen nach einem gastrointestinalen Infekt zu einer Arthritis. Aufgrund der Assoziation mit dem Histokompatibilitätsantigen B27 und dem möglichen Auftreten weiterer Symptome, wie Enthesitis und Sakroiliitis werden die reaktiven Arthritiden den Spondyloarthritiden zugerechnet. Die Diagnose beruht auf der typischen Klinik und dem Nachweis der vorangegangenen Infektion. Eine antibiotische Therapie ist nicht indiziert, da in Studien keine positiven Effekte beobachtet wurden. Da zur Zeit keine kausale Therapie zur Verfügung steht, orientiert sich die Medikation an den klinischen Manifestationen des einzelnen Patienten.
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Riadi, Indra, Zulfan Adi Putra, and Heri Cahyono. "Thermal integration analysis and improved configuration for multiple effect evaporator system based on pinch analysis." Reaktor 21, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93.
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Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.
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Altway, Ali, S. Susianto, K. Kuswandi, and K. Kusnaryo. "Kajian ulang transfer massa disertai reaksi kimia pada absorpsi reaktif gas CO2 pada packed column." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 7, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.3.2.
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This article reviewed researches have been carried out concerning simulation of enhancement factor for absorption accompanied by second order chemical reaction under non-isothermal condition and modeling of packed column for CO2 absorption in K2CO3 solution. The value of enhancement factor was predicted using eddy diffusivity model (King model) for describing interface mass transfer phenomena. System of differential equations developed in this modeling was solved with Orthogonal Collocation method. The value of E predicted from this research agrees very well with that predicted using Penetration model (Higbie model) by Vas Bhat (1997). The researches concerning packed column modeling was carried out experimentally and theoretically. Experimental works were carried out to validate theoretical prediction. Material studied in this research was CO2 –air mixture and potassium carbonate solution. Potassium carbonate solution was fed into top of the column and the solution was contacted counter currently with rising CO2-air mixture stream. The liquid leaving the column was analyzed by titration. Theoretical studies were carried out by developing microscopic mass and energy balance model on the packed column. The resulted system of first order differential equations were solved using Forth order Runge Kutta method. The solution of this model requires information concerning rate of gas-liquid interface mass transfer where King model was used in this study. Mass transfer, CO2, solubility, kinetics, and reaction equilibrium data required in this theoretical study were obtained from literatures (Danckwertz, 1970; Kohl and Riesenfeld,1985; and Treyball, 1981). In this research, the effect of absorbent flow rate and the concentration of K2CO3 in the inlet absorbent on percent recovery of CO2 gas was studied.Deviation between simulation prediction results and experimental data was below 10% for absorbent flow rate of 3 to 5 liter/menit and for absorbent flow rate of 5 to 7 liter/ menit the deviation was between 10 and 30%. Key words: mass transfer, eddy diffusivity, absorption, non-isotermal, packed column AbstrakArtikel ini mengkaji ulang penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan mengenai simulasi enhancement factor absorpsi disertai reaksi reversible order dua kondisi non-isotermal dan pemodelan packed column untuk absorpsi gas CO2 kedalam larutan K2CO3 pada packed column. Harga enhancement factor diprediksi dengan menggunakan model eddy diffusivity (model King untuk perpindahan massa antar fasanya). Sistim persamaan diferensial yang dibentuk dari pemodelan ini diselesaikan dengan metoda Kolokasdi Ortogonal. Hasil prediksi harga E dari penelitian ini sangat mendekati hasil prediksi menggunakan model Penetrasi oleh Vas Bhat (1997). Penelitian pemodelan packed column dilaksanakan secara eksperimen dan simulasi. Penelitian secara eksperimen dilaksanakan untuk validasi hasil simulasi. Bahan yang digunakan adalah campuran CO2 dan udara serta larutan potasium karbonat. Larutan potasium karbonat dialirkan kedalam packed column dari atas dan dikontakkan secara berlawanan arah dengan aliran campuran CO2-udara dari bawah. Cairan keluar kolom dianalisa dengan titrasi. Sedangkan percobaan simulasi dilaksanakan dengan mengembangkan model neraca massa dan energy mikroskopik pada kolom. Sistim persamaan diferensial order satu yang dihasilkan diselesaikan dengan metoda Rung Kutta order empat. Solusi model ini memerlukan informasi mengenai laju transfer massa antar fasa gas-liquid yang dalam hal ini menggunakan model King. Data kelarutan CO2, data perpindahan massa, data kinetika dan kesetimbangan reaksi yang diperlukan pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari literatur (Danckwertz, 1970; Kohl and Riesenfeld,1985; dan Treyball, 1981). Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh laju alir absorben dan konsentrasi K2CO3 dalam larutan absorben masuk terhadap persen penyisihan gas CO2. Deviasi antara hasil prediksi simulasi dan data percobaan pada penelitian ini dibawah 10% untuk laju alir absorben dari 3 sampai dengan 5 liter/menit dan untuk laju alir 5 sampai dengan 7 liter menit deviasi nya antara 10-30%.Kata kunci: perpindahan massa, eddy diffusivity, absorpsi, non-isotermal, packed column
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Widodo, Surahmad W., Yazid Bindar, and P. Praharso. "Formulasi sistematika knowledge-based engineering untuk penanganan permasalahan proses." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 7, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.1.6.
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Urea plant is a petrochemical plant considered as one of strategic industries in Indonesia. Knowledge is important asset for the company that should be managed well in order to give the optimal profit. Without the adequate knowledge to operate the process plant, the process problems tend to be solved by trial-error effort in the field with unknown result and can cause the losses for the company. With the knowledge-based system, the knowledge can be stored, organized can be accessed again to solve the process problem and minimize the trial-error losses in this thesis knowledge-based system formulation for process problem solving in urea synthesis process unit done by study the heuristic knowledge, study the urea synthesis equilibrium model, study the urea tray reactor with CFD simulation and study of development of process knowledge-based system model. Urea reaction equilibrium model used can explain the impact of temperature, NH3/C02 molar ratio and H2O/C02 molar ratio to the urea conversion. Calculation results of conversion and reactor outlet composition show the agreement with the reactor data. Results of CFD simulation show that the new configuration of reactor tray give the better mixing effect of liquid and gas phase than the conventional tray. Heuristic knowledge based on the experience and the knowledge based on process model become the knowledge base for development of knowledge-based system model for process problem solving.Keywords: knowledge-based, process knowledge, heuristic, simulation, CFD, urea reactor AbstrakPabrik pupuk adalah pabrik petrokimia yang termasuk salah satu industri strategis nasional. Pengetahuan merupakan aset penting bagi perusahaan yang harus dikelola sebaik-baiknya agar memberikan manfaat dan keuntungan yang optimal. Tanpa pengetahuan yang cukup dalam mengoperasikan pabrik, maka masalah proses yang dihadapi cenderung diselesaikan dengan percobaan di lapangan yang hasilnya tidak pasti dan mengakibatkan kerugian bagi perusahaan. Dengan sistem berbasis pengetahuan, maka pengetahuan disimpan, terorganisasi dan dapat diakses kembali untuk menyelesaian masalah proses, serta tindakan coba-coba yang menghasi/kan kesalahan dapat diminimalkan. Dalam tesis ini formulasi sistem berbasis pengetahuan untuk penanganan permasalahan proses pada unit reaktor sintesis urea dilakukan dengan melakukan kajian pengetahuan heuristis, kajian model kesetimbangan reaksi sintesis urea, kajian simulasi CFD tray reaktor, serta kajian model pengembangan sistem berbasis pengetahuan proses. Model kesetimbangan yang digunakan dapat menjelaskan pengaruh suhu, rasio NH3/CO2 dan rasio H20/C02 terhadap konversi. Hasil perhitungan untuk konversi dan komposisi keluaran reaktor menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan data rancangan pabrik. Hasil kajian simulasi CFD menunjukkan bahwa dengan konjigurasi tray baru dihasilkan efek pencampuran fasa cair dan gas yang lebih baik daripada dengan tray konvensional. Pengetahuan heuristis dari pengalaman dan pengetahuan berdasarkan model proses menjadi basis pengetahuan yang dikembangkan sebagai model sistem berbasis pengetahuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah proses.Kata Kunci: basis pengetahuan, pengetahuan proses, pengetahuan heuristis, simulasi, CFD, reaktor urea
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A.Widjaja, A. Widjaja, and Chuang Y.H. Chuang. "EFFECT OF SOLVENT THE SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF PHYTOSTEROLS USING ZEOLITE." Reaktor 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.10.1.31-36.
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The effect of organic solvent on zeolite adsorption of sterols mixiture containing almost the same percentage of campesterol and B-sitosterol was investigated. Although pentane was found to give the highest adsorption rate than other solvents, but it was not chosen as the sovent due to its low boilingpoint and high volatility. Although iso-actane has a high boiling point and adsorption rate like pentane, however, since it shows lower selectivity than other solvents, it was not considered as a good solvent. Based on the the selectivity study which shows that using hexane as the solvent campesterol was adsorbed more than B-sitosterol, and also based on the moderate boiling point of hexane, hexane wasconsidered the best solvent for the separation of campesterol and B-sitosterol by zeolite adsorption. It was found that adding up to 0.3% ethanol could increase the adsorption rate. Methanol, having the highest polarity among other solvents investigated, gave the highest desorption rate of campesterol adsorbed on the zeolite surface. However, solvent selectivity in the desorption was lower than that in adsorption.
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Hisprastin, Yasarah, and Ida Musfiroh. "Ishikawa Diagram dan Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) sebagai Metode yang Sering Digunakan dalam Manajemen Risiko Mutu di Industri." Majalah Farmasetika 6, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v6i1.27106.
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Kualitas produk harus dijaga sepanjang siklus hidup produk sehingga kualitasnya tetap konsisten dan aman untuk digunakan. Salah satu metode untuk menjaga kualitas produk yaitu dengan manajemen risiko mutu. Manajemen risiko yang efektif yaitu dapat memastikan kualitas produk terjamin secara proaktif dan reaktif selama pengembangan, proses produksi, hingga beredarnya produk di pasaran. Metode yang sering digunakan dalam manajemen risiko adalah Ishikawa Diagram dan Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) karena dapat memberikan banyak informasi mengenai penyebab masalah dan akibatnya serta mudah digunakan. Penulisan ini berdasarkan studi literatur melalui buku dan jurnal penelitian yang telah diterbitkan dari 2009 hingga sekarang dan dapat diakses secara online di website jurnal nasional dan internasional mengenai Ishikawa Diagram dan FMEA sebagai metode untuk manajemen risiko. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menelaah kedua metode tersebut dalam manajemen resiko sehingga dapat digunakan secara proaktif dan reaktif. Hasil dari menggunakan kedua metode adalah dapat memfasilitasi keputusan yang lebih baik, memberikan jaminan yang lebih besar untuk menghadapi risiko potensial, serta dapat memengaruhi tingkat pengawasan proses produksi maupun produk akhir. Dapat disimpulkan dengan menggunakan metode dalam manajemen risiko mutu dapat mengendalikan risiko secara efisien.
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Buchori, L., M. D. Supardan, Y. Bindar, D. Sasongko, and IGBN Makertihartha. "The Effect Of Reynolds Number At Fluid Flow In Porous Media." REAKTOR 6, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.6.2.48-55.
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In packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because of the fluid and solid particles interaction to dissipate the energy. The governing equations need to be developed to the forms of specific models. Flows modeling of fluid flow in porous media with thw absence of the convection and viscous terms have been considerably developed such as Darcy, Brinkman, Forchheimer, Ergun, Liu, et.al and Liu and Masliyah models. These equations usually are called shear factor model. Shear factor is determined by the flow regime, porous media characteristics and fluid properties. It is true that these models are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model types above is available only for simple one-dimentionalcases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. The present work is aimed to developed a two-dimentional numerical modeling flow in porous media by including the convective and viscous term. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available Brinkman-Forchheimer and Liu and Masliyah equations. Numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous media is the basic principle of the flow model in porous media. The momentum and continuity equations are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinate. The result were validated with the experimental data . the result show a good agreement in their trend between Brinkman-Forchheimer equqtion with the Stephenson and Stewart (1986) and Liu and Masliyah equation with Kufner and Hoffman (1990) experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, Reynold number, shear factor
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Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto, M. Barbosa, and R. Wijffels. "Effect Of Sparging In Microalgae (Dunaliella Tertiolecta) Cuture Using Bubble Column." REAKTOR 6, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.6.2.56-62.
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Microalgae as a photosynthetic microorganism that contain chlorophyll has high potential to produce novel high value compounds that can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. With lack of rigid cell wall, microalgae susceptible to have hydrodynamic stress by increasing aeration rate. Increasing gas flow rate will increase the productivity to optimum condition, but after this condition the productivity will decrease due to cell disruption. In this research has been focused on effect of sparging on microalgae cell damage. Sparging experiment was carried out by varying gas flow rate between 0.59 to 5.13 L.min-1 with a sparger made from needle inserted to a piece of silicon. The needle was used with diameter 0.4 to 1.2 mm and 1-9 needles. With this variables resulted gas entrance velocity between 2.56-104 m.s-1. The cell death rate constant (kd) was calculated by loss of cell viability in time using Coulter counter and Flowcytometer. From the experiments resulted gas entrance velocity was main cause for cell damagae. The small bubble was more detrimental than bigger size of bubble. Bubble rising as like in animal cell culture was no effect to detrimental cell.Keywords : D. tertiolecta, cell death rate constant, gas entrance velocity
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Wibowo, Santiyo, and Ningseh Lestari. "Effect of Peanut Shell Torrefaction on Qualities of The Produced Bio-pellet." Reaktor 18, no. 04 (March 31, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.183-193.
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Peanut shells could be regarded as biomass wastes generated from agricultural products, which are abundantly available. The current handling of those wastes is merely through direct incineration, without a proper and controlled manner. Consequently, it could arouse environmental concerns, such as air pollution and human respiratory diseases. One alternative solution is converting those peanut shells to bio-pellet, expectedly applicable for fuels. Relevantly, research on bio-pellet manufacture from peanut shells, previously treated with the torrefaction, was conducted. It’s aimed mainly to identify the fuel-related characteristics of bio-pellet products. The tested bio-pellet parameters covered, moisture content, ash content, volatile matters, fixed carbon content, calorific values, and density. The results revealed that torrefaction temperature and time at raw materials (peanut shells) could improve their qualities in regard to particular calorific value compared to those before such torrefaction; which referred to Indonesia’s Standard (SNI-8021-2014) for wood bio-pellet. Further, torrefaction could increase bio-pellet quality which satisfied the SNI’s Standard, except for ash content. Optimal torrefaction treatment was obtained at 300oC temperature for 60 minutes, whereby it achieved remarkable bio-pellet characteristics in terms of moisture content (3.092%), ash content (6.116%), volatile matters (38.387%), fixed carbon (55.447%), calorific value (6174 cal/g), and density (0.703 g/cm3). The torrefaction bio-pellets from peanut shells could achieve remarkable performances, with respect to fuel consumption rate (0.68 kg/hr), heating value (6174 kcal/kg), and thermal efficiency (16.67%).
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Parikin, Parikin, Bandriyana Bandriyana, and A. H. Ismoyo. "IDENTIFIKASI BAHAN KELONGSONG PADUAN ZrNbMoGe HASIL UJI HIDRIDASI 400ï‚°C - 1 JAM MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK DIFRAKSI = IDENTIFICATION ON ZrNbMoGe ALLOY OF 400ï‚°C-1 HOUR HYDRIDATION TEST FOR CLADDING MATERIALS BY USING DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUE." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 10, no. 1 (September 13, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v10i1.97.
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Abstract
Synthesis of a new niobium containing zirconium alloy of ZrNbMoGe has been developed in PSTBM-BATAN. In PWR/PHWR reactor, this materials face with liquid coolant i.e. H2O demin that may trig a reaction between hydrogen and containing zirconium. Hydridation tests in argon atmospheer were recently carried out looking for hydrogen effect in material. Hydrogenisation must be avoided due to causing brittle of the material via blistering of Zr-H compound system. Sample with 2%Nb, 0.5%Mo, 0.5%Ge and Zr in balance content has been hydridized by flowing H2 at temperature of 400 oC for an hour. Effects of the test by time-high temperatur dependence on the zirconium content were investigated by X-ray diffractometer. The observed peak at 2ï±ï€½20.95ï‚° was mathematically interpolated by orde-2 polynomial regression. Identifying peak was performed by X-ray diffraction technique and then it conformed ’search and match’ by JCPDS tracing. Results show that new phase in 400oC-1 hour hydridation sample was close to crystal structure of ï¥â€“ZrH2. The crystallographic data emphasize that new phase with lattice parameter of a= b= 3.52 Ã… and c= 4.45 Ã… (tetragonal) is (201) plane or 2ï±ï€½21.60ï‚°. Also, the JCPDS traces another new orthorhombic phase of Nb3H3O9 at angle of 2ï±ï€½20.91ï‚° with lattice parameter of a= 9.183 Ã…, b= 22.47 Ã… and c=4.24 Ã… conforming to (220) plane. Hypothesized, this is an anti-hydride layer (passivity) that can overcome hydridation process of cladding materials in thereactor. AbstrakSintesis paduan zirkonium yang mengandung unsur Nb (ZrNbMoGe) telah dilakukan di PSTBM-BATAN. Dalam reaktor PWR/PHWR, bahan ini bersentuhan langsung dengan cairan pendingin, yakni: H2O demin yang bisa memicu reaksi antara Hidrogen dan kandungan zirkonium yang reaktif dalam paduan. Uji hidridasi dalam aliran gas H2 beratmosfir gas argon dilaksanakan untuk memprediksi kelakuan paduan ZrNbMoGe pada temperatur tinggi. Peristiwa hidridasi Zr-H sangat dihindari karena peristiwa blistering yang mampu merapuhkan bahan. Sampel paduan dengan kandungan 2%Nb, 0,5%Mo, 0,5%Ge and Zr dalam kesetimbangan telah diuji hidridasi dalam aliran gas H2 pada temperatur 400ï‚°C selama 1 jam. Pengukuran pola difraksi menggunakan difraktometer sinar-X dengan target Cu. Puncak baru muncul pada sudut 2ï±ï€½20,95ï‚°. Interpolasi matematis dilakukan via regresi polinomial orde-2. Identifikasi dan pencocokan profil menggunakan telusuran JCPDS “search and matchâ€. Hasil memperlihatkan bahwa fasa hidridasi (400ï‚°C-1 jam) sangat dekat dengan struktur kristal ï¥â€“ZrH2. Kristalografi fasa tersebut memiliki parameter kisi a= b= 3,52 Ã… dan c= 4,45 Ã… (struktur tetragonal) dengan refleksi pertama bidang (201) pada sudut 2ï±ï€½21,60ï‚°. JCPDS juga menampilkan fasa lain berstruktur ortorombik pada sudut 2ï±ï€½20,91ï‚° dengan parameter kisi a= 9,183 Ã…, b= 22,47 Ã… and c= 4,24 Ã… dengan bidang refleksi (220). Fasa ini diduga merupakan lapisan anti-hidrid (passivatif) yang mampu menghalangi penggetasan bahan kelongsong akibat proses hidridisasi dalam reaktor. Â
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Nurhasanah, Iis, Weni Safitri, Tri Windarti, and Agus Subagio. "THE CALCINATION TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE ANTIOXIDANT AND RADIOPROTECTION PROPERTIES OF CeO2 NANOPARTICLES." Reaktor 18, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.1.22-26.
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The CeO2 nanoparticles are very interesting to be studied as biomedical materials due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The non-stoichiometric properties of CeO2 play a role in the redox/catalytic processes that scavenging free radicals. These properties make CeO2 nanoparticles as being potentially antioxidant and radioprotector materials. In this paper, we report the calcination temperature effect on the antioxidant properties and radioprotective effect of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method. The CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method at various calcinations temperatures (300oC – 700oC). The formation of CeO2 nanoparticles and crystallite size was analyzed using X-ray diffractometers. The DPPH method was used to investigate antioxidant properties of CeO2. Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) of CeO2 nanoparticles were determined by measurement of the absorbed dose of X-ray radiation (Linac 6 MV 200 MU). X-ray diffraction pattern showed formation of cubic fluorite of CeO2 nanoparticles with crystallite size in the range 9 nm-18 nm. Calcination temperature of 500oC resulted in CeO2 nanoparticles with the best antioxidant properties and lowest DEF value. The radioprotection effect of CeO2 nanoparticles was evaluated based on Escherichia coli survival toward X-ray radiation with a dose of 2 Gy. The CeO2 nanoparticles increased Escherichia coli survival of about 24.8% order. These results suggested that CeO2 nanoparticles may potentially be as radioprotector of X-ray Linac 6 MV. Keywords: Antioxidant, CeO2 nanoparticles, Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF), radioprotector
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Sarwono, Edhi, Rika Endata, and Budi Nining Widarti. "EFFECT OF VARIATION OF MIXTURE LEACHATE WITH FLUID IN CATTLE RUMEN FORMATION OF BIOGAS." Reaktor 18, no. 03 (September 28, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.03.171-175.
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Abstract Composting in addition to producing fertilizers also produce leachate containing organic material, the leachate can pollute the environment if not managed properly. This study uses leachate as the main substance of biogas, mixed with cattle rumen fluid as the biostarter. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of biogas and to determine the effect of variations in the raw material mixture to the volume of biogas, volatile solid, temperature, pH, and flame. The study was conducted over 43 days using three types of batch digester with a capacity of 27 L. Comparison of a mixture consisting of leachate composting organic waste with cattle rumen fluid in each digester with variations in material composition of the mixture of 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 100%: 0%. During the study was observed it the volume of biogas daily, daily pH, temperature daily, weekly flame test and volatile solid test every 10 days. The volume of biogas using the principle of cylinder volume and volatile solid test using USEPA 1684 method. The results show the variation of 70%:30%, which resulted in a final volume of 2.78 L of gas, as well as a decrease in the volatile solid 23.29%, 12.82% increase in the pH. In a variation of 50%:50% produces a final volume of gas that is 0.537 L, as well as a decrease in volatile solid 42.35%, 12.82% increase in the pH. Variations 100%:0% produces a final volume of gas that is 1,247 L, a decrease in volatile solid 21.83%, 5.19% increase in the pH. All three digesters are at mesophilic temperatures and produce blue flame. Based on the results of this study concluded that the composition of the mixture that are in the most optimal is composition of 70%:30%. Keywords : biogas, rumen fluid beef, lindi organic waste composting
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Niawanti, Helda, and Siti Zullaikah. "Effect of Extraction Time on Unreacted Oil Removal in Biodiesel Purification Using Deep Eutectic Solvent." Reaktor 18, no. 2 (June 24, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.2.122-127.
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Rice bran oil (RBO) based biodiesel contains unreacted oil such as monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG) to be purified. The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for purification using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). The objective of this work was to study the effect of extraction time on unreacted oil removal. RBO containing 16.49% oil with free fatty acids (FFA) content of 44.75%. Acid catalyzed methanolysis was used for biodiesel production under operating conditions: T = 60°C, t = 8 hours, molar ratio of oil/methanol was 1/10, H2SO4 1% w/w of RBO. Crude biodiesel containing 89.05% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 0.05% FFA, TG 4.03%, DG 4.01% and MG 0.30%. DES was made from choline chloride and ethylene glycol with 1/2 molar ratio, while molar ratio of biodiesel/DES was 1/2. The extraction time was varied from 15 to 240 minutes at 30°C. The highest TG, DG and MG removal were obtained at 240 minutes, they were 3.01%, 0.22% and 0.03%, respectively. FAME and FFA content were 96.55% and 0.03%. Keywords: biodiesel; DES; extraction; unreacted oil; purification
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Abdullah, M. "Effect Of Polymer Molecular Weight On The Luminescence Properties Of Nanocomposite Zinc Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol." REAKTOR 7, no. 1 (June 19, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.7.1.47-51.
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Luminescence Properties Of Nanocomposite (Zinc Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol: Lithium ions) have been synthesized using different molecular weight of polymer. Changing the molecular weight produced no effect of the crystallinity of ZnO nanoparticles if similar molarity of ethylene glycol unit were used. However, the use of high molecular weight of polymers tended to reduce the size of nanoparticles, which implied to the enhancement in the luminescence spectra due to increasing in the particle number concentration. TEM picture of sample prepared using PEG of molecular weight 0f 500,000 exhibitef a particle size of 5 nm, which was close to the value predicted y Waaent-Schere formula or size dependent band gap.Keywords : nanocomposite, luminescent polymer electrolytes, zinc oxide, polyethylene glycol
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Agustin, Niyar Candra, and Ricka Prasdiantika. "Synthesis of Sodium Zirconia as a Catalyst for Transesterification Reaction of Used Cooking Oil." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 17, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v17i1.44-51.
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Catalyst is one of factor that affect the results of the transesterification reaction. Catalyst has spesific properties that can only be used in certain reaction. In order to carry out the transesterification reaction a suitable catalyst is needed and has optimal performance. This research aims to synthesize sodium zirconia (Na2O/ZrO2) as a catalyst for transesterification reaction of used cooking oil into biodiesel and the effect of the concentration of NaOH solution on the zirconia catalyst (ZrO2). The sodium zirconia catalyst(Na2O/ZrO2) was synthesized by wet impregnation method by mixing ZrO2 and NaOH solution with variations in concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 M. Transesterification reaction is carried out with catalyst amount of 5%(w/w), with areaction time of 20 minutes, and by microwave heating at 400 watt microwave power. The comparison of oil molar with methanol was 1:15. Na2O/ZrO2 catalysts was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR) Spectrophotometer, and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The resulting biodiesel was characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Using Na2O/ZrO2 2 M catalysts produced the most biodiesel which was 85.5% (w/w). The formed biodiesel contained methyl palmitate (25,11%), methyl linoleate (10,87%), methyl elaidate (57,88%), and methyl stearate (6,14%). The characterization results showed that Na2O/ZrO2 as the transesterification used cooking oil catalyst was successfully synthesized.
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Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Azeman Mustafa, and Kang Li. "THE EFFECT OF TYPE ZEOLITE ON THE GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE-BASED MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANES." Reaktor 12, no. 2 (November 8, 2008): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.12.2.68-77.
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The permeation rates of O2, N2, CO2 and CH4 has been studied for polyimide-polyethersulfone (PI/PES) blends-zeolite mixed matrix membranes synthesized in our laboratory. The study investigated the effect of zeolite loading and different zeolite type on the gas separation performance of these mixed matrix membranes. Frequency shifts and absorption intensity changes in the FTIR spectra of the PI/PES blends as compared with those of the pure polymers indicate that there is a mixing of polymer blends at the molecular level. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of pure and PI/PES blends membranes have showed one unique glass transition temperature that supports the miscible character of the PI/PES mixture. The PI/PES-zeolite 4A mixed matrix membrane with 25 wt % zeolite loading produced the highest O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity of around 7.45 and 46.05, respectively.
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Kumoro, Andri Cahyo, Sofiah Sofiah, Nurul Aini, Diah Susetyo Retnowati, and Catarina Sri Budiyati. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE ALKALINE EXTRACTION OF PROTEIN FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE." Reaktor 13, no. 2 (October 17, 2010): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.13.2.124-130.
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Chicken bone is a waste of chicken meat processing industry and restaurants that has not been used widely, even though it contains valuable organic compounds that are functionals, such as collagenous and non collagenous protein. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on the protein extraction from chicken bones using dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Controlled parameters in this study were the solvent in the form of sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time for 1 hour, pH 10.5, the ratio of chicken bone powder: solvent (1:4 w/v), and stirring speed 200 rpm. While the operating variables included the extraction temperature of 30oC, 55oC, and 80oC, and particle size of 150 and 250 μm. Experiments were carried out by heating of 300 mL of sodium hydroxide solution with pH 10.5 in a three-necked flask equipped with Leibig condenser, thermometer, mechanical agitator and sampling device to reach the desired temperature (30oC, 55oC, and 80oC). Then, a total of 75 g of chicken bone powders with desired particle size (150μm and 250μm) was introduced into the sodium hydroxide solution and the stirrer was operated at speed of 200rpm. At every 10 minutes interval, as much as 10 mL samples were withdrawn for total protein analysis using Lowry-Folin method. The experiment was terminated after 1 hour. The results show that both increase in temperature and particle size caused an increase in the amount of extracted protein. Highest concentration of protein extracted was achieved at 630.99 mg/L, when the extraction was carried out using 250mm bone particles and temperature 80oC.
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Basuki, B. T. "Effect Of Operating Conditions On Steady-State Behavior Of Activated Sludge In Phenolic Waste Water Treatment." REAKTOR 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.9.2.41-49.
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Steady-state behavior of activated sludge in phenolic waste water treatment was observed and theoretically considered. The apparatus used in this experiment was a continuous perfect mixing tank where activated sludge was withdraw continuosly and auto-returned from a settling tank. To explain the data well, it must be taken into consideration that activated sludge consist of various species of microorganisms. Therefore, ecosystem and whole metabolism of activated sludge would be effected not only by environmental condition (pH, temperature, DO,etc.), but also by operating variables (dilution rate, inlet substrate concentration, etc.). In this study, the relation of whole metabolism of activated sludge between the case which activated sludge is regarded as various species of microorganisms was obtained. Seven empirical parameters in the kinetic equation which were introduce from the predator-prey interaction model were considered to be a function of various operating variables. By using this method, steady-state behavior of activated sludge in the ohenolic waste water treatment could be well explained, moreover, important information to design a practical process for phenolic waste water treatment with activated sludge was obtained.Keywords : phenolic waste water treatment, activated sludge, effect of operating conditions, predator-prey interaction model, kinetic model
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Widiyarti, Galuh, and Muhammad Hanafi. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI KATALIS DAN PERBANDINGAN MOLARITAS REAKTAN PADA SINTESIS SENYAWA." Reaktor 12, no. 2 (December 5, 2008): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.12.2.90-97.
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In the laboratory scale, the effect of the concentration of H2SO4 catalyst (1.25-6.25) (% w/w) and the equivalent mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol (1:1; 1:2.5; 2.5:1) on the synthesis of a-monolaurin has been studied. The a-monolaurin compound has been synthesized from lauric acid and glycerol was done by batch esterification on the free solvent system. The esterification by using 5% H2SO4 catalyst and equivalent mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol 1:2.5 produced most monolaurin, and dilaurin in amount of 31.14 and 4.42%, respectively. The monolaurin and dilaurin are identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The spectral data of monolaurin was compared to spectral data of standard a-monolaurin.Telah dilakukan penelitian sintesis senyawa a-monolaurin dari asam laurat dan gliserol, dengan konsentrasi katalis H2SO4 (1,25 s.d. 6,25) (% berat) dan perbandingan molaritas reaktan asam laurat terhadap gliserol (1:1; 1:2,5; dan 2,5:1) sebagai parameter. Pada reaksi esterifikasi dengan konsentrasi katalis H2SO4 5% dan perbandingan molaritas asam laurat terhadap gliserol 1:2,5 dihasilkan senyawa a-monolaurin terbanyak 31,14% sebagai hasil utama dan senyawa a,a’-dilaurin 4,42% sebagai hasil samping sintesis. Kedua senyawa hasil sintesis diidentifikasi dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), spektrofotometer infra merah (FTIR), spektrometer massa liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), dan spektrometer resonansi magnetik inti (NMR). Karakteristik senyawa a-monolaurin hasil sintesis dibandingkan dengan karakteristik a-monolaurin standar.
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Tamzysi, Cholila, Muflih Arisa Adnan, Fadilla Noor Rahma, and Arif Hidayat. "Exergy Analysis of Microalgae Thermochemical Conversion using Aspen Plus Simulation." Reaktor 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.4.166-173.
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Microalgae is known as the future bioenergy resources due to its unlimited potential and availability. One of the numerous paths to acquire an energy source is gasification, which produce syngas and methane as a hydrocarbon fuel or feedstock product. To set up an efficient gasification plant, several essential information is needed including the effect of oxidizing agent and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio to energy efficiency on certain biomass properties. This paper aims to study the highest exergy possibility on microalgae gasification process by examining the effect of steam and air flowrate independently via ASPEN Plus simulation. The result was validated with experimental data to verify the simulation reliability. It was found that the thermodynamic based simulation is suitable to predict the reactor behavior and acquire an optimum operating condition.Keywords: microalgae; gasification; exergy; simulation
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Megantara, Surya Medal. "Self-Talk Dan Waktu Reaksi." Jurnal Olahraga 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37742/jo.v4i1.81.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of the effect that self-talk has on the reaction time. In this study using the same research method with research methods conducted by tod et.al (2009). the population is all students of Level 3 PJKR Study Program. The sampling technique used is random sampling. Test results on these tests indicate that the significance level is 0. <0.05. Thus, ho is rejected and ha is accepted. In other words, there is an effect of self-talk on reaction time.
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Prasetyaningrum, Aji, Dyah Arum Kusumaningtyas, Purbo Suseno, and Ratnawati Ratnawati. "Effect of pH and Gas Flow Rate on Ozone Mass Transfer of Κ-Carrageenan Solution in Bubble Column Reactor." Reaktor 18, no. 04 (March 31, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.04.177-182.
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This research was conducted to calculate the mass transfer coefficient value for ozonation reaction of κ-carrageenan solution in the bubble column reactor. Ozone gas was produced using ozone generator type corona discharge. In this study, operating conditions were regulated at ozone gas flow rate 2- 5 L min-1, pH 4-10, and temperature 29 ± 1 oC. Samples were tested every 5 minutes to determine the dissolved ozone concentration. The results showed that dissolved ozone concentrations increased with increasing ozonation time and ozone gas flow rate. However, a very high gas flow rate can increase turbulence so that the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) value decreased. In alkaline conditions, the formation of free radicals (HO*) increases so that the amount of dissolved ozone decreases. The kLa value of ozone gas in κ-carrageenan solution is slightly lower than the kLa value of the ozone gas in the water. The results of this study indicate that (kLa) ozone gas in water is 0.131 / minute while the value (kLa) in κ-carrageenan solution is 0.128 / minute.
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Sitompul, J. P. "Studi Produksi Hidrasin VIA Proses Urea." REAKTOR 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.9.2.20-25.
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The use of hydrazine,N2H4 becomes very broad nowadays, in the production of polymer such as automobile air bags, in pharmacy, and in the water treatment for oxygen scavenge. Three commercial processes are available for hydrazine production , i.e. via Rasching-Olin, Ketazin, and Urea process. The operating condition for the later process is very mild compared to with the other two processes and hence requires simple processing equipments. This paper concerns with the kinetic study on production and on the effect of deactivator/ inhibitor during hydrazine bench-scale production via Urea process. Operating condition are at 1 bar and at temperature range 5-100 0C. The yield of the hydrazine and its concentration with varying reactants, NaOH, hypochlorite, and urea during the cource of reaction are presented. Futher, the effect of gelatin as the deactivator toward hydrazine yield is futher examined. A kinetic model is proposed and used to predict yield of hydrazine. The predicted yield is in close agreement with the experimental yield.Keywords : hydrazine, bench-scale production, kinetic model, oxygen scavenger, inhibitor, geltine
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Heffer, Goran, Katica Šimunović, Ivan Samardžić, and Ivan Vidaković. "Effect of speed and impact angle on solid particle erosion of vanadium carbide coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion technique." FME Transactions 48, no. 3 (2020): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2003497h.
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Andarini, Novita, Ria Sherly Farida, and Tanti Haryati. "The Effect of Different Precursor Concentration on The Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles with Coprecipitation Methods for Palm Oil Transesterification Catalysis." Reaktor 21, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.45-51.
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Calcium oxide nanoparticles was prepared by coprecipitation method using calcium acetate as precursor and calcined at 800 °C for 6 hours. This work studied the effect of different precursor concentrations on the size of calcium oxide obtained and its applicated for palm oil transesterification catalysis. Characteristics of samples were measured by XRD and SEM et al techniques. The results showed that the diffraction pattern of CaO has the same diffraction pattern as the XRD standard diffraction pattern from the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS). Calcium oxide analysis using SEM shows the morphology of particles that agglomerate almost all variations in precursor concentration. The particle size increases with increasing precursor concentration. The smallest particle size of 55.758 nm was produced on solid CaO from the lowest precursor concentration of 0.05 M. The catalytic activity of activated calcium oxide nanoparticle compound was tested in the production of methyl esters. The conversion of triglycerides in palm oil into methyl esters was 90.34%.Keywords: nanoparticles, calcium oxide, coprecipitation, precursor, catalys, metyl ester
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Istadi, Istadi, Y. Bindar, and Koswara Koswara. "The moving-slab Heating in the furnace for various production plans." REAKTOR 6, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.6.1.1-7.
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The reheating furnace in occasional production time has to be charged with slabs having fifferent sizes in length, ridth and thickness. This production plan was put due to economical and productivity consideration. Moreover in the future development, the slab grade might be improved to hight grades. It is our expectation that the furnace can be fire for different production plans above. The strategy for firing the burners from zone to zone has to be determined precisely to meet the designed heating curves for the various slab. A suggest to guide in the formulations of the furnace firing strategy was developed in this work. This suggestion is based on three-dimentional mathematical model for heated slab in the furnace. This mathematical model was coded for the computational simulation. The code was able to simulate furnacthree-dimentional effect of fuenace operational parameters and variety of slab length group. The result reasonably represent the slab-heating curve for different operational parameters. Unsymmetrical firing practices can be shown their effect to the 3D temperature distribution of the slab. Keywords : 3Dtemperature distribution, reheating furnace, slab heating, slab length group
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Prasakti, Laras, Rochmadi Rochmadi, and Arief Budiman. "The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.48963.
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The increasing demand of energy in Indonesia has led to the urgency to conduct research and development in renewable energy. Biomass is one of the largest renewable energy sources in Indonesia. For biomass to energy conversion, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been considered as one of the potential methods where biomass is processed using subcritical water to produce bio-oil, aqueous phase, gas, and solid product. In this research, the effect of biomass-water ratio on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process of microalgae Botryococcus braunii has been investigated. The HTL was conducted using biomass/water ratio 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 with various holding time for each ratio. The product was bio-crude oil with similar characteristics to crude oil. Experimental results showed that biomass-water ratio affected the distribution of bio-crude oil yields. For biomass-water ratio of 1:10 and 1:20, it was found that bio-crude oil yields reached a maximum at 20 minutes, while the highest bio-crude oil yield of 4% was obtained at biomass-water ratio of 1:10. On the other hand, with biomass-water ratio of 1:30, bio-crude oil yield was continuously increasing with holding time until it reached the maximum yield of 4% at 40 minutes of holding time. The aforementioned results indicated that the highest bio-crude oil yield was obtained using biomass-water ratio 1:10 and 20 minutes of HTL processing time. A B S T R A KPeruraian anaerobik merupakan salah satu bidang riset yang sangat menarik perhatian dalam era krisis energi. Biogas tidak hanya menyediakan energi alternatif, tetapi juga dapat mencegah pencemaran akibat limbah organik. Limbah lemak susu adalah substrat yang potensial untuk proses peruraian anaerobik karena memiliki potensi biogas teoritis yang tinggi akibat kandungan lemaknya yang tinggi. Namun, peruraian anaerobik dari limbah organik dengan kandungan lemak yang tinggi memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Hambatan utama dalam peruraian anaerobik dari limbah lemak susu adalah kecenderungan untuk membentuk lapisan padatan yang tidak larut dan mengapung di bagian atas fase cair. Fenomena ini menghambat akses bakteri hidrolisis terhadap substrat. Saponifikasi adalah salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutan lapisan padatan tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan ketersediaan substrat untuk bakteri. Saponifikasi akan mengubah kandungan lemak menjadi sabun yang memiliki gugus fungsi polar maupun non-polar. Gugus fungsi yang bersifat polar akan meningkatkan kelarutan substrat dalam air. Studi ini mengevaluasi pengaruh dari berbagai dosis larutan basa yang ditambahkan sebagai reaktan selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi terhadap peruraian anaerobik limbah lemak susu. Kinetika proses peruraian anaerobik dianalisis dengan menggunakan model matematika. Variasi dosis yang diamati pengaruhnya untuk perlakuan awal saponifikasi adalah 0,04 mol basa/g sCOD; 0,02 mol basa/g sCOD; dan nol (tanpa perlakuan awal saponifikasi). Dari penelitian ini, terbukti bahwa saponifikasi berhasil meningkatkan kelarutan limbah lemak susu dan juga ditunjukkan oleh nilai konstanta hidrolisis (kH) 0,00782/hari lebih tinggi dua puluh kali lipat dibandingkan dengan nilai kH 0,00032/hari pada reaktor tanpa saponifikasi. Akan tetapi, penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri asidogenik bawaan substrat terhambat kinerjanya oleh paparan pH yang tinggi selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi berlangsung sehingga hasil gas metan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada reaktor kontrol.