Academic literature on the topic 'Real gas equation of state'
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Journal articles on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Sokolov, Mikhail, Nikolay Sadovsky, Anatoly Zuev, Lyubov Gileva, and Minh Hai Nguyen. "Real gas state equations comparative analysis for low-temperature calculations." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914005007.
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In this paper, various real gas state equations are considered and their comparative analysis is carried out. The following state equations are studied in the work: Benedict-Webb-Rubin modification equation, Ridlich-Kwong Real Gas equation, Peng-Robinson Real Gas equation, and the modified Ridlich-Kwong real gas state equations proposed by Barsuk S.D. We have made a direct comparison of these calculation methods with most accurate identification. In addition, the paper analyzes the equations features, with applicability limits definition of each state equations. For the chosen one, as the most universal and exact equation, the calculations were made for the liquid phase and the real gas two-phase state. Based on the data obtained, polynomials were developed for various parameters depending on the gas temperature, which can later be used to build various mathematical models. Our conclusions show main advantages of selected equation for real gases and the reasons for choosing it for modeling low-temperature heat and mass transfer processes.
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Fogelson, R. L., and E. R. Likhachev. "Equation of state of a real gas." Technical Physics 49, no. 7 (2004): 935–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1778873.
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Aliyev, Vasif I., Jamaladdin N. Aslanov, Nadir I. Nabiev, and Mahluqa S. Rahimova. "Influence of the non-equilibrium state of real gases on their properties." Nafta-Gaz 79, no. 2 (2023): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2023.02.02.
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"This scientific work presents a study of areas of application and improvement for the Clapeyron–Mendeleev equation to determine the technological parameters of natural and associated petroleum gas under field conditions. As a result of scientific and practical research and laboratory work, the authors, based on the molecular kinetic theory of gases, developed and improved the Clapeyron–Mendeleev equations of state of real gases by adding some genuine parameters for natural and associated petroleum gases produced from oil and gas condensate fields. In this regard, two additional parameters are introduced in the Clapeyron–Mendeleev equation-relative density and relative velocity of gas: and this, as a new scientific result, helps determine any parameter from the seven included in the equation of state of natural and associated petroleum gases developed by the authors. Continuous technological process according to the system of “production, collection, preparation and transportation of products (oil + gas)”, including, separately in non-equilibrium conditions of “collection, preparation and transportation of gas” due to internal energy, causes a natural change in a wide range of basic technological parameters that contribute to frequent changes in the physical and chemical state of the gas. Therefore, this work establishes that one of the main tasks is to show the composition of natural and associated petroleum gas as a result of irreversible transformations of hydrocarbon and acidic components of its internal energy, as a result of which the gas is characterised by a number of patterns in the composition and distribution of components of various hydrocarbon and heterogeneous compositions (i.e., physically and chemically heterogeneous). In these conditions, a practical calculation of gas facilities (gas treatment point, selection of gas separators, field gas pipelines, compressor stations) is carried out to determine process parameters using the Clapeyron–Mendeleev equation of state for real gases, and the results show large errors. This proves once again that many authors have developed equations of state for real gases based on the results of laboratory studies with single-atomic and laboratory gases (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.). However, the authors here carried out laboratory studies with products and associated petroleum gas. According to the results of laboratory studies, the authors recommend an improvement of the equation of state of natural and associated petroleum gases.
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Drikakis, D., and S. Tsangaris. "Real Gas Effects for Compressible Nozzle Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 1 (1993): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910092.
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Numerical simulation of compressible nozzle flows of real gas with or without the addition of heat is presented. A generalized real gas method, using an upwind scheme and curvilinear coordinates, is applied to solve the unsteady compressible Euler equations in axisymmetric form. The present method is an extension of a previous 2D method, which was developed to solve the problem for a gas having the general equation of state in the form p = p(ρ, i). In the present work the method is generalized for an arbitrary P-V-T equation of state introducing an iterative procedure for the determination of the temperature from the specific internal energy and the flow variables. The solution procedure is applied for the study of real gas effects in an axisymmetric nozzle flow.
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Koroleva, M. R., O. V. Mishchenkova, V. A. Tenenev, and T. Raeder. "Nonlinear Processes in Safety Systems for Substances with Parameters Close to a Critical State." Nelineinaya Dinamika 17, no. 1 (2021): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd210109.
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The paper presents a modification of the digital method by S. K. Godunov for calculating real gas flows under conditions close to a critical state. The method is generalized to the case of the Van der Waals equation of state using the local approximation algorithm. Test calculations of flows in a shock tube have shown the validity of this approach for the mathematical description of gas-dynamic processes in real gases with shock waves and contact discontinuity both in areas with classical and nonclassical behavior patterns. The modified digital scheme by Godunov with local approximation of the Van der Waals equation by a two-term equation of state was used for simulating a spatial flow of real gas based on Navier – Stokes equations in the area of a complex shape, which is characteristic of the internal space of a safety valve. We have demonstrated that, under near-critical conditions, areas of nonclassical gas behavior may appear, which affects the nature of flows. We have studied nonlinear processes in a safety valve arising from the movement of the shut-off element, which are also determined by the device design features and the gas flow conditions.
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Koroleva, M. R., and V. A. Tenenev. "Approximate Riemann Solvers for the Soave – Redlich – Kwong Equation of State." Nelineinaya Dinamika 20, no. 3 (2024): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd240905.
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Three methods for constructing an approximate Riemann solver for the Soave – Redlich – Kwong real gas model are presented: linearization of nonlinear equations, cubic interpolation, and local approximation of the equation of state by a two-term equation of state. These methods are tested by considering the problem of the decay of a discontinuity in a pipe in an axisymmetric setting for the low-molecular and high-molecular substances, including a region of nonclassical gas behavior. It is demonstrated that the linearization method is reasonable only for the testing problems. The method of approximation by cubic splines is acceptable for complex three-dimensional nonstationary calculations. However, it is found that the bicubic interpolation method does not work well for flows with large pressure drops. The local approximation method is the most economical and universal for practical calculations. It has been used for numerical modeling of real gas flows through a safety valve. The results of calculations for hydrogen and water vapor in a wide range of pressure variation are presented. The method of local approximation of the equation of state allows one to describe all features of gas flows for complex problems.
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Hanimann, Lucian, Luca Mangani, Ernesto Casartelli, Damian Vogt, and Marwan Darwish. "Real Gas Models in Coupled Algorithms Numerical Recipes and Thermophysical Relations." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 5, no. 3 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp5030020.
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In the majority of compressible flow CFD simulations, the standard ideal gas state equation is accurate enough. However, there is a range of applications where the deviations from the ideal gas behaviour is significant enough that performance predictions are no longer valid and more accurate models are needed. While a considerable amount of the literature has been written about the application of real gas state equations in CFD simulations, there is much less information on the numerical issues involved in the actual implementation of such models. The aim of this article is to present a robust implementation of real gas flow physics in an in-house, coupled, pressure-based solver, and highlight the main difference that arises as compared to standard ideal gas model. The consistency of the developed iterative procedures is demonstrated by first comparing against results obtained with a framework using perfect gas simplifications. The generality of the developed framework is tested by using the parameters from two different real gas state equations, namely the IAPWS-97 and the cubic state equations state equations. The highly polynomial IAPWS-97 formulation for water is applied to a transonic nozzle case where steam is expanded at transonic conditions until phase transition occurs. The cubic state equations are applied to a two stage radial compressor setup. Results are compared in terms of accuracy with a commercial code and measurement data. Results are also compared against simulations using the ideal gas model, highlighting the limitations of the later model. Finally, the effects of the real gas formulations on computational time are compared with results obtained using the ideal gas model.
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Wang, Yarong, and Peirong Wang. "Analysis of the application of ideal gas equation of state." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203019.
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In nature, the molecules of real gas have a certain volume and have interaction force with each other. It is difficult to find the molecular motion law of real gas because of its complex properties. An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that does not exist in reality. Its molecules are elastic, non volume particles, and there is no interaction among them. This kind of gas is simple in nature and easy to be analyzed and calculated by simple mathematical relation. The introduction of the concept of ideal gas greatly simplifies the analysis of some thermodynamic problems.
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Ni, Weixiang, Jian Zhang, Lin Shi, Tengyue Wang, Xiaoying Zhang, and Sheng Chen. "Mathematical Model of Small-Volume Air Vessel Based on Real Gas Equation." Water 12, no. 2 (2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020530.
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The gas characteristics of an air vessel is one of the key parameters that determines the protective effect on water hammer pressure. Because of the limitation of the ideal gas state equation applied for a small-volume vessel, the Van der Waals (VDW) equation and Redlich–Kwong (R–K) equation are proposed to numerically simulate the pressure oscillation. The R–K polytropic equation is derived under the assumption that the volume occupied by the air molecules themselves could be ignored. The effects of cohesion pressure under real gas equations are analyzed by using the method of characteristics under different vessel diameters. The results show that cohesion pressure has a significant effect on the small volume vessel. During the first phase of the transient period, the minimum pressure and water depth calculated by a real gas model are obviously lower than that calculated by an ideal gas model. Because VDW cohesion pressure has a stronger influence on the air vessel pressure compared to R–K air cohesion pressure, the amplitude of head oscillation in the vessel calculated by the R–K equation becomes larger. The numerical results of real gas equations can provide a higher safe-depth margin of the water depth required in the small-volume vessel, resulting in the safe operation of the practical pumping pipeline system.
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Oldřich, Jiří. "ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR WORKING WITH REAL GAS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 20 (December 31, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.20.0065.
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The contribution deals with calculation of isentropic efficiency and also with calculation of isentropic process of real gas or gaseous mixtures. The method is based on numerical solution of basic definitional equation of isentropic process and equation of isentropic efficiency with direct implementation of real gas equation of state (EOS).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Bundy, Christopher. "Effects of unsteady flow and real gas equations of state on high pressure ram accelerator operation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10008.
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Estela-Uribe, Jorge Francisco. "Equation of state for natural gas systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11230.
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McGauley, Patrick James. "Experimental and equation of state studies of model gas condensate mixtures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244516.
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Egorova, Tatiana. "Real-time estimation of gas concentration released from a moving source using an unmanned aerial vehicle." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/31.
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This work presents an approach which provides the real-time estimation of the gas concentration in a plume using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with concentration sensors. The plume is assumed to be generated by a moving aerial or ground source with unknown strength and location, and is modeled by the unsteady advection-diffusion equation with ambient winds and eddy diffusivities. The UAV dynamics is described using the point-mass model of a fixed-wing aircraft resulting in a sixth-order nonlinear dynamical system. The state (gas concentration) estimator takes the form of a Luenberger observer based on the advection-diffusion equation. The UAV in the approach is guided towards the region with the larger state-estimation error via an appropriate choice of a Lyapunov function thus coupling the UAV guidance with the performance of the gas concentration estimator. This coupled controls-CFD guidance scheme provides the desired Cartesian velocities for the UAV and based on these velocities a lower-level controller processes the control signals that are transmitted to the UAV. The finite-volume discretization of the estimator incorporates a second-order total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme for the advection term. For computational efficiency needed in real-time applications, a dynamic grid adaptation for the estimator with local grid-refinement centered at the UAV location is proposed. The approach is tested numerically for several source trajectories using existing specifications for the UAV considered. The estimated plumes are compared with simulated concentration data. The estimator performance is analyzed by the behavior of the RMS error of the concentration and the distance between the sensor and the source.
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Mordini, Carmelo. "Measurement of the density profile of quantized vortices and of the equation of state in a 3D interacting Bose gas." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368246.
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In this thesis I present two different research topics investigated during the course of my PhD, regarding the analysis of spatial structures in a Bose Einstein condensate. Ultracold atomic gases offer a privileged platform for such kind of experiments, thanks to the fine control that can be achieved on the system’s parameters and to the availability of advanced imaging schemes allowing for a great measurement accuracy.
The first topic is about the shape of quantized vortices in an elongated condensate, with the goal of providing a quantitative analysis of the density structure of a quantized vortex filament hosted in a bulk 3D superfluid. We analyzed the shape of the vortex and studied its dynamics during a free expansion, or time of flight (TOF), of the hosting BEC, with the goal of making a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment for the structure of the core of a quantized vortex in three-dimensional (3D) condensates. Simultaneously imaging the sample along orthogonal directions after a long TOF allowed to map the complete 3D shape of the vortex at the end of the free flight, while the full expansion dynamics has been simulated with numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The same data analysis procedure has been applied to both the experimental images and to the density profiles computed with the simulations to ensure a faithful comparison.
We were able to detail the evolution of the vortex parameters at all times combining a simple analytic scaling-law model valid at early times, experimental data for the width and the depth of the core at long expansion times, and the numerics that were used to bridge between the two. Additionally, we could check the validity of the predictions on the scaling of vortex parameters with the size of the BEC using the experimental data to interpolate between theoretical limiting models. We concluded that quantized vortex filaments can be optically imaged with standard techniques in 3D atomic BECs, at a level of accuracy which indeed is enough to show good quantitative agreement with the predictions of the GP theory for the width, depth, and overall shape of the vortex core.
The second topic is a measurement of the equation of state of a single component BEC. The goal of this project is to verify the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemical potential of a homogeneous Bose gas of weakly interacting particles as a function of temperature, where one expects to find a maximum across the critical point of transition to the superfluid phase. This effect is believed to be a general feature of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition: it has been already experimentally demonstrated in unitary Fermi gases, and although the same is predicted to happen also in a gas of weakly interacting bosons, no experimental evidence has been reported so far. The measurement relies on the local density approximation, which allows to extract information about the thermodynamics of a homogeneous system from accurate measurements of the local properties of a trapped one. My work has focused on developing a series of imaging and data analysis techniques to measure the 3D density profile of a harmonically trapped gas, even in regimes of extreme density such as inside a Bose condensate. With a new high-dynamic-range method we were able to image the 3D density distribution of a trapped sample, leading to a low-noise measurement of the density distribution.
We confirmed the existence of the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemicial potential across, and set the basis for further measurements of the thermodynamics of the system across the transition.In this thesis I present two different research topics investigated during the course of my PhD, regarding the analysis of spatial structures in a Bose Einstein condensate. Ultracold atomic gases offer a privileged platform for such kind of experiments, thanks to the fine control that can be achieved on the system’s parameters and to the availability of advanced imaging schemes allowing for a great measurement accuracy.
The first topic is about the shape of quantized vortices in an elongated condensate, with the goal of providing a quantitative analysis of the density structure of a quantized vortex filament hosted in a bulk 3D superfluid. We analyzed the shape of the vortex and studied its dynamics during a free expansion, or time of flight (TOF), of the hosting BEC, with the goal of making a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment for the structure of the core of a quantized vortex in three-dimensional (3D) condensates.
Simultaneously imaging the sample along orthogonal directions after a long TOF allowed to map the complete 3D shape of the vortex at the end of the free flight, while the full expansion dynamics has been simulated with numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The same data analysis procedure has been applied to both the experimental images and to the density profiles computed with the simulations to ensure a faithful comparison.
We were able to detail the evolution of the vortex parameters at all times combining a simple analytic scaling-law model valid at early times, experimental data for the width and the depth of the core at long expansion times, and the numerics that were used to bridge between the two. Additionally, we could check the validity of the predictions on the scaling of vortex parameters with the size of the BEC using the experimental data to interpolate between theoretical limiting models. We concluded that quantized vortex filaments can be optically imaged with standard techniques in 3D atomic BECs, at a level of accuracy which indeed is enough to show good quantitative agreement with the predictions of the GP theory for the width, depth, and overall shape of the vortex core.
The second topic is a measurement of the equation of state of a single component BEC. The goal of this project is to verify the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemical potential of a homogeneous Bose gas of weakly interacting particles as a function of temperature, where one expects to find a maximum across the critical point of transition to the superfluid phase. This effect is believed to be a general feature of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition: it has been already experimentally demonstrated in unitary Fermi gases, and although the same is predicted to happen also in a gas of weakly interacting bosons, no experimental evidence has been reported so far. The measurement relies on the local density approximation, which allows to extract information about the thermodynamics of a homogeneous system from accurate measurements of the local properties of a trapped one. My work has focused on developing a series of imaging and data analysis techniques to measure the 3D density profile of a harmonically trapped gas, even in regimes of extreme density such as inside a Bose condensate. With a new high-dynamic-range method we were able to image the 3D density distribution of a trapped sample, leading to a low-noise measurement of the density distribution.
We confirmed the existence of the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemicial potential across, and set the basis for further measurements of the thermodynamics of the system across the transition.
6
Mordini, Carmelo. "Measurement of the density profile of quantized vortices and of the equation of state in a 3D interacting Bose gas." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2019. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3728/1/phd-thesis-mordini.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I present two different research topics investigated during the course of my PhD, regarding the analysis of spatial structures in a Bose Einstein condensate. Ultracold atomic gases offer a privileged platform for such kind of experiments, thanks to the fine control that can be achieved on the system’s parameters and to the availability of advanced imaging schemes allowing for a great measurement accuracy.
The first topic is about the shape of quantized vortices in an elongated condensate, with the goal of providing a quantitative analysis of the density structure of a quantized vortex filament hosted in a bulk 3D superfluid. We analyzed the shape of the vortex and studied its dynamics during a free expansion, or time of flight (TOF), of the hosting BEC, with the goal of making a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment for the structure of the core of a quantized vortex in three-dimensional (3D) condensates. Simultaneously imaging the sample along orthogonal directions after a long TOF allowed to map the complete 3D shape of the vortex at the end of the free flight, while the full expansion dynamics has been simulated with numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The same data analysis procedure has been applied to both the experimental images and to the density profiles computed with the simulations to ensure a faithful comparison.
We were able to detail the evolution of the vortex parameters at all times combining a simple analytic scaling-law model valid at early times, experimental data for the width and the depth of the core at long expansion times, and the numerics that were used to bridge between the two. Additionally, we could check the validity of the predictions on the scaling of vortex parameters with the size of the BEC using the experimental data to interpolate between theoretical limiting models. We concluded that quantized vortex filaments can be optically imaged with standard techniques in 3D atomic BECs, at a level of accuracy which indeed is enough to show good quantitative agreement with the predictions of the GP theory for the width, depth, and overall shape of the vortex core.
The second topic is a measurement of the equation of state of a single component BEC. The goal of this project is to verify the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemical potential of a homogeneous Bose gas of weakly interacting particles as a function of temperature, where one expects to find a maximum across the critical point of transition to the superfluid phase. This effect is believed to be a general feature of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition: it has been already experimentally demonstrated in unitary Fermi gases, and although the same is predicted to happen also in a gas of weakly interacting bosons, no experimental evidence has been reported so far. The measurement relies on the local density approximation, which allows to extract information about the thermodynamics of a homogeneous system from accurate measurements of the local properties of a trapped one. My work has focused on developing a series of imaging and data analysis techniques to measure the 3D density profile of a harmonically trapped gas, even in regimes of extreme density such as inside a Bose condensate. With a new high-dynamic-range method we were able to image the 3D density distribution of a trapped sample, leading to a low-noise measurement of the density distribution.
We confirmed the existence of the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemicial potential across, and set the basis for further measurements of the thermodynamics of the system across the transition.In this thesis I present two different research topics investigated during the course of my PhD, regarding the analysis of spatial structures in a Bose Einstein condensate. Ultracold atomic gases offer a privileged platform for such kind of experiments, thanks to the fine control that can be achieved on the system’s parameters and to the availability of advanced imaging schemes allowing for a great measurement accuracy.
The first topic is about the shape of quantized vortices in an elongated condensate, with the goal of providing a quantitative analysis of the density structure of a quantized vortex filament hosted in a bulk 3D superfluid. We analyzed the shape of the vortex and studied its dynamics during a free expansion, or time of flight (TOF), of the hosting BEC, with the goal of making a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment for the structure of the core of a quantized vortex in three-dimensional (3D) condensates.
Simultaneously imaging the sample along orthogonal directions after a long TOF allowed to map the complete 3D shape of the vortex at the end of the free flight, while the full expansion dynamics has been simulated with numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The same data analysis procedure has been applied to both the experimental images and to the density profiles computed with the simulations to ensure a faithful comparison.
We were able to detail the evolution of the vortex parameters at all times combining a simple analytic scaling-law model valid at early times, experimental data for the width and the depth of the core at long expansion times, and the numerics that were used to bridge between the two. Additionally, we could check the validity of the predictions on the scaling of vortex parameters with the size of the BEC using the experimental data to interpolate between theoretical limiting models. We concluded that quantized vortex filaments can be optically imaged with standard techniques in 3D atomic BECs, at a level of accuracy which indeed is enough to show good quantitative agreement with the predictions of the GP theory for the width, depth, and overall shape of the vortex core.
The second topic is a measurement of the equation of state of a single component BEC. The goal of this project is to verify the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemical potential of a homogeneous Bose gas of weakly interacting particles as a function of temperature, where one expects to find a maximum across the critical point of transition to the superfluid phase. This effect is believed to be a general feature of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition: it has been already experimentally demonstrated in unitary Fermi gases, and although the same is predicted to happen also in a gas of weakly interacting bosons, no experimental evidence has been reported so far. The measurement relies on the local density approximation, which allows to extract information about the thermodynamics of a homogeneous system from accurate measurements of the local properties of a trapped one. My work has focused on developing a series of imaging and data analysis techniques to measure the 3D density profile of a harmonically trapped gas, even in regimes of extreme density such as inside a Bose condensate. With a new high-dynamic-range method we were able to image the 3D density distribution of a trapped sample, leading to a low-noise measurement of the density distribution.
We confirmed the existence of the non-monotonic behaviour of the chemicial potential across, and set the basis for further measurements of the thermodynamics of the system across the transition.
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Oxtoby, Neil Paul. "Keeping it real': A Quantum Trajectory Approach to Realistic Measurement of Solid-State Quantum Systems." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365770.
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To obtain information about a system of interest a measurement has to be made. In experiments that probe the quantum nature of our world, the system itself is, in general, necessarily affected by the act of measurement. If the system is weakly coupled to its bath and the dynamics are such that information concerning the system is spread throughout the many degrees of freedom of the bath, and the bath is being measured then a stochastic master equation for the conditioned state of the system can be found. This is termed a quantum trajectory equation. Realistic detectors are not perfect. Information is lost in the conversion to a signal that the observer can use. This loss may occur in the detector itself, in the circuit containing the detector (described by a response time and electronic noise) or at the circuit output (electronic output noise). In order to obtain a true quantum trajectory for the experiment, the observer must condition the state of the quantum system on results that are available in the laboratory rather than on the microscopic events considered previously in quantum trajectories. A method for treating this was first proposed by Warszawski, Wiseman and Mabuchi [Phys. Rev. A 65, 023802 (2002)], in which the quantum system is embedded within a supersystem that also contains the state of the detector. They applied their theory to photodetectors of various sorts. Warszawski has also done the preliminary work on applying this theory to detecting the state of a pair of quantum dots using a SET (single-electron transistor) [MSc. Thesis, Griffith University (2001)]. The resulting theory is termed 'realistic' quantum trajectory theory.
In this thesis, the approach of Warszawski, et al.is applied to various solidstate readout devices. These include the SET, the QPC (quantum point contact), and the RF-QPC (radio-frequency QPC). Numerically obtained realistic quantum trajectories for the QPC agree with heuristic results. In particular, in certain limits, the realistic quantum trajectories can take on the appearance of ideal quantum trajectories. This thesis also resolves a problem in solid-state continuous quantum measurement theory by deriving a quantum trajectory model for a SET-monitored charge qubit, that guarantees physically meaningful qubit states. The particular limit necessary to achieve this is discussed, and the SET measurement quality is analysed using techniques borrowed from quantum optics. Conditions for which the SET can approach operation at the limit allowed by quantum mechanics are given. This is also done for the QPC, for which the results agree with previous work.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Science<br>Full Text
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Kunz, Oliver. "A new equation of state for natural gases and other mixtures for the gas and liquid regions and the phase equilibrium." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=983888655.
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Měřinský, Ivo. "Expanzní turbina na zemní plyn." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231366.
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This thesis deals with the characteristics of natural gas and the problems of transport. Furthermore, this work deals with the most commonly used thermodynamic cycles, both steam and gas and their applications in the energy industry. The main part of this thesis focuses on the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the gas, determine the minimum temperature gas after expansion in the turbine to prevent the formation of hydrates, design calculation of main dimensions and thermodynamic parameters of the expansion turbine on natural gas. As a final design will be drawn slice computed expansion turbine.
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Mohammad, Nopoush. "NON-EQUILIBRIUM HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1554403936171225.
Full textBooks on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Center, Langley Research, ed. Real-gas flow properties for NASA Langley Research Center Aerothermodynamic Facilities Complex wind tunnels: Under grants NAG1-1663 and NAGW-1331. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1996.
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Center, Langley Research, ed. Real-gas flow properties for NASA Langley Research Center Aerothermodynamic Facilities Complex wind tunnels: Under grants NAG1-1663 and NAGW-1331. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1996.
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Center, Langley Research, ed. Real-gas flow properties for NASA Langley Research Center Aerothermodynamic Facilities Complex wind tunnels: Under grants NAG1-1663 and NAGW-1331. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1996.
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New Jersey. State Beach Erosion Commission. Commission meeting of State Beach Erosion Commission: Testimony on the update on the status of federal shore protection projects in Monmouth and Ocean counties, mud dumping off Sandy Hook, offshore oil and natural gas drilling, Clean Beaches Council's "Blue Wave Campaign". State Beach Erosion Commission, 2001.
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Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.
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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Ideal gas processes – and two ideal gas case studies too. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0007.
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This chapter brings together, and builds on, the results from previous chapters to provide a succinct, and comprehensive, summary of all key relationships relating to ideal gases, including the heat and work associated with isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric and isobaric changes, and the properties of an ideal gas’s heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure. The chapter also has two ‘case studies’ which use the ideal gas equations in broader, and more real, contexts, so showing how the equations can be used to tackle, successfully, more extensive systems. The first ‘case study’ is the Carnot cycle, and so covers all the fundamentals required for the proof of the existence of entropy as a state function; the second ‘case study’ is the ‘thermodynamic pendulum’ – a system in which a piston in an enclosed cylinder oscillates to and fro like a pendulum under gravity, in both the absence, and presence, of friction.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Temperature and heat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0003.
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Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversible and unidirectional process. ‘Zeroth’ Law of Thermodynamics. Definitions of isolated, closed and open systems, and of isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isothermal changes in state. Connection between work and heat, as illustrated by the steam engine. The molecular interpretation of heat, energy and temperature. The Boltzmann distribution. Meaning of negative temperatures.
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Real gas computation using an energy relaxation method and high-order WENO schemes. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Wang, Yunchao, and Zixu Li. "Characteristic Analysis of Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension Roll Motion Based on a Novel Real Gas State Equation." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0572-8_39.
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Li, Zeguang, Laiping Li, and Wei Huang. "Comparative Analysis of Mathematical Models of Hydro-pneumatic Suspension Damping." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_66.
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AbstractAt present, for the study of the dynamic characteristics of the hydro-pneumatic suspension of vehicles, the elastic force is mainly modeled by the variable gas equation of state, and the damping force is modeled by thin-walled orifice theory, which only considers the turbulent flow. Here, based on expressing the whole flow field including laminar flow, transition flow, and turbulence with piecewise function, the turbulence region is modeled by the Brasius formula and thin-walled orifice theory respectively. By applying vibration signals collected from real roads, the responses of two piecewise function damping force models and traditional thin-walled orifice model of 1/4 suspension system in the time domain and frequency domain respectively are calculated. The average absolute error MAE and root mean square error RSME are used to compare them with the real upper fulcrum data of the suspension cylinder. The results show that different models can simulate suspension vibration well in the low-frequency range, but there are obvious deficiencies in the middle and high-frequency range, while the short-hole flow theoretical model in the form of a piecewise function is closer to the real value in the frequency domain.
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Ronchi, Claudio, Igor Lvovitch Iosilevski, and Eugene Solomonovich Yakub. "Gas-Liquid Coexistence in Uranium Dioxide." In Equation of State of Uranium Dioxide. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18603-5_4.
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Garrett, Steven L. "Ideal Gas Laws." In Understanding Acoustics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_7.
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Abstract This is the first chapter to explicitly address fluid media. For springs and solids, Hooke’s law, or its generalization using stress, strain, and elastic moduli provided an equation of state. In fluids, we have an equation of state that relates changes in pressure (stresses) to changes in density (strain). The simplest fluidic equations of state are the Ideal Gas Laws. Our presentation of these laws will combine microscopic models that treat gas atoms as hard spheres with phenomenological (thermodynamic) models that combine the variables that describe the gas with conservation laws that restrict those variables. The combination of microscopic and phenomenological models will give us the important characteristics of gas behavior under isothermal or adiabatic conditions and will provide relationships between gas heat capacities and their constituent particles when augmented with elementary concepts from quantum mechanics. The chapter ends by adding a velocity field to the pressure, temperature, and density, thus providing the equations of hydrodynamics that will guide all of the subsequent development of acoustics in fluids.
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Van Nghiep, Dinh, Nguyen Nhu Hien, and Nguyen Thi Phuong Chi. "Real-Time Optimal Control of TRMS with State Dependent Riccati Equation." In Advances in Engineering Research and Application. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04792-4_66.
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Oren, Paul E., R. L. Lee, M. D. Stevenson, and M. R. Tek. "The Development of a Generalized Drawdown Equation for Real Gas FLCW Including the Effects of Wellbore Storage and Turbulence." In Underground Storage of Natural Gas. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0993-9_10.
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Middelburg, Jack J. "Introduction." In SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53407-2_1.
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AbstractThis chapter introduces the macroscopic approach to matter and defines thermodynamic systems and their exchange with the surroundings. The state variables temperature and pressure are presented and linked via the ideal gas law (an equation of state for gas).
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Vega, H. J., and N. Sánchez. "The Statistical Mechanics of The Self-Gravitating Gas: Equation of State and Fractal Dimension." In Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: The Cosmic Microwave Background. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0748-1_21.
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Amirkhanov, Kh I., I. M. Abdulagatov, B. G. Alibekov, and G. V. Stepanov. "Caloric Equation of State for Water and Steam Near the Liquid-Gas Critical Point." In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Properties of Steam. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7676-7_17.
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Sood, Divyanshu, Pranaynil Saikia, Marmik Pancholi, and Dibakar Rakshit. "Performance Analysis of Vacuum Insulation Panels Using Real Gas Equation for Mitigating Solar Heat Gain in Buildings." In New Research Directions in Solar Energy Technologies. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0594-9_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Xu, Xiangtao, YanWei Chen, Geng Niu, and Fandi Zhao. "Interior ballistic modeling and experimental study of a supercritical carbon dioxide gas gun based on a real gas equation of state." In 3rd International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Manufacturing Systems (ICAMTMS 2024), edited by Dailin Zhang and Ke Zhang. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3038289.
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Moraga, Francisco, Doug Hofer, Swati Saxena, and Ramakrishna Mallina. "Numerical Approach for Real Gas Simulations: Part I — Tabular Fluid Properties for Real Gas Analysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63148.
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Recently there has been increased interest in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in closed loop power cycles. As these power cycles capitalize on the non-ideal gas behavior of CO2, their analysis both at the system level and at the detailed component level requires an advanced equation of state. Commonly used analytical equations of state as BWRS (BenedictWebbRubin equation of State) or Peng-Robinson are known to have high errors near the critical point and are thus unsuitable for the analysis of cycles or components where the flow conditions approach the critical point. An accurate equation of state is required at all phases of the development process from high level cycle calculations to the detailed component CFD. The NIST RefProp software package provides accurate CO2 fluid properties across the thermodynamic space but suffers from high computational over-head. This study is presented in two parts. Part I (this part) of this paper describes an approach to creating a tabular representation of the equation of state that is applicable to any fluid. This approach is applied to generating an accurate, fast and robust tabular representation of the RefProp CO2 properties and an error analysis is performed to meet the accuracy requirements. The paper also discusses two approaches used to define speed of sound in the two-phase region and their sensitivity analysis on the 3D compressor flow. Part II of the paper details the numerical simulations of a supercritical CO2 centrifugal compressor using the tabular approach. This paper shows that table resolution can be tailored to match the accuracy requirements while minimizing the time used to evaluate the tabulated thermo-physical functions. Error analysis are shown to demonstrate the level of accuracy possible with this approach.
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Hurda, Lukáš, and Richard Matas. "Radial compressor test data processing with real gas equation of state." In 18TH CONFERENCE OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING, THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138621.
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Surzhikov, Sergey T. "Non-Steady-State Gas Dynamical Process of a Laser Supported Wave Formation in Free Gas Flow." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1027.
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Abstract A non-steady-state problem concerning subsonic stage of low-temperature plasma jet formation in laser supported waves in air of atmospheric pressure is considered. The low-temperature plasma is sustained by CW CO2 laser radiation focusing near a surface through which an air of atmospheric pressure is blowing. Two-dimensional radiative-gasdynamical model is presented. The model consists of Navier-Stokes equations, conservation energy equation, selective radiative heat transfer equation and CO2-laser radiation transfer equation. The real temperature dependence of air thermophysical and optical properties are taken into account. Numerical results of computational simulation of the phenomena are presented. A numerical solution with vortex gas dynamical structure inside laser supported plasma is obtained.
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Cravero, Carlo, and Antonio Satta. "A CFD Model for Real Gas Flows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0518.
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Numerical solutions of Navier-Stokes equations are nowadays widely used for several industrial applications in different fields (aerodynamic, propulsion, naval, combustion, etc..), but the solution methods still require significant improvements especially in two aspects: turbulence modeling and fluid modeling. The paper describes in some detail a real fluid model based on Redlich-Kwong-Aungier equation of state and its implementation into a Navier-Stokes solver developed by the authors for turbomachinery flows analysis.
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Kuchinsky, D. M., D. O. Glazyrin, and Y. A. Boyko,. "Derivation of the equation of state for a real gas with one proportionality coefficient." In Актуальные проблемы морской энергетики. федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52899/9785883036322_421_425.
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Fürst, J. "Locally Optimized Virial Equation for CFD Simulations of Real Gas Flows." In Topical Problems of Fluid Mechanics 2025. Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; CTU in Prague Faculty of Mech. Engineering Dept. Tech. Mathematics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.14311/tpfm.2025.011.
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The contribution proposes a simple virial-like equation of state (EOS) suitable for CFD simulations of real gas flows through turbines or compressors. The virial coe cients are locally optimized using the idealized isentropic flow through the machine. The resulting equation combined with a simple polynomial t for the ideal part of the heat capacity provides a better approximation of the full EOS than standard cubic EOS such as Aungier-Redlich-Kwong.
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Ribeiro Plácido, Paulo Vitor, Rogério Gonçalves dos Santos, and DARIO ALVISO. "VALIDATION OF AN ETHANOL-REDUCED CHEMICAL KINETIC MECHANISM AT SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS USING REAL GAS STATE EQUATION." In 27th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2023.cob2023-0058.
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Kumar, Sumit K., Rainer Kurz, and John P. O’Connell. "Equations of State for Gas Compressor Design and Testing." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-012.
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In the design and testing of gas compressors, the correct determination of the thermodynamic properties of the gas. such as enthalpy, entropy and density from pressure, temperature and composition, plays an important role. Due to the wide range of conditions encountered, pressure, specific volume and temperature (p-v-T) equations of state (EOS) and ideal gas heat capacities, along with measured data, are used to determine the isentropic efficiency of a compressor configuration and to model the actual behavior of real gases and compressors. There are many possible model choices. The final selection should depend on the applicability of the EOS to the gas and the temperature dependence of the heat capacities, as well as the particular process of interest along with the range of pressures and temperatures encountered. This paper compares the thermodynamic properties from five commonly used equations in the gas compressor industry: the Redlich-Kwong (RK), Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS), Peog-Robinson (PR), Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS), and Lee-Kesler-Plocker (LKP) models. It also compares them with a high accuracy EOS for methane from Wagner and Setzmann in the common range for gas compressors. The validity of a linear temperature dependence for ideal gas heat capacities is also evaluated. The objective was to determine if the models give significant differences in their predicted efficiencies. It was found that different EOS gave somewhat different enthalpy changes for methane, ethane and nitrogen for real compressions. This appeared to be connected to the different densities given by the models. Interestingly, the isentropic enthalpy changes are quite similar, suggesting that the effect is canceled out when two properties are involved. However, since the efficiency is the ratio of isentropic enthalpy change to actual enthalpy change, the EOS yield different efficiencies. These differences are on the same order as the typical tolerances allowed for prediction and testing of industrial gas compressors (3 to 5%) and comparisons with the highly accurate equation of state for pure methane from Wagner and Setzmann (1991) showed similar differences. Commonly, the ideal gas heat capacity is assumed linear in temperature from 10 to 150°C (50 to 300°F). Comparison of this form with a quadratic expression from the literature and the highly accurate equation of Wagner and Setzmann for methane, showed insignificant differences among the methods for temperatures up to 600°K (1080°R).
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Chang, Jiahao, Jintao Fu, Peng Tang, Haoyu Liu, Zhentao Wang, and Zhifang Wu. "Calculation of Noble Gas Ion Mobility Based on SRK EOS Under High-Pressure." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-135689.
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Abstract The time response characteristic of detectors in radiation imaging systems holds significant importance, and the response time of the detector will influence the image quality of the imaging system. However, the extended response time of parallel plate ionization chamber detectors currently in use contributes to image blurring. Enhancing the imaging quality necessitates a reduction in detector response time. There are many ways to reduce the response time of ionization chamber detectors. Modifying the working gas within the detector and opting for a working gas component with high ion mobility, while keeping the detector structure unchanged, has proven effective. Typically, gas detectors in radiation imaging systems contain noble gases at high pressure. To select the appropriate working gas components, we need to measure the mobility of ions of different gas components at high atmospheric pressure. Measuring the mobility of ions at high atmospheric pressure requires an accurate calculation of the molecular number density, and it is vital to choose an appropriate equation of state (EOS) for the gas. Hence, this paper suggests a method for calculating molecular number density grounded in the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) gas equation of state. It involves deriving the explicit form of the SRK equation and integrating an iterative approach to compute molecular number density in high-pressure gases. In order to compare the calculated results of different gas equations, various gas equations of state such as the Van Der Waals (VDW), Peng Robinson (PR) equation, ideal gas equation of state, etc. are utilized in this paper. The calculated results of the above equations are compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data. The calculated results show that the SRK EOS is closer to the real value. The calculated results of the ideal gas equation of state deviate the most from the actual value. For some gases (e.g., krypton), the van der Waals equation has no real-number solution when the gas pressure is more than 2900KPa. Thus, in the subsequent measurements of the ion mobility of noble gases under high-pressure conditions, the ion mobility can be calculated with the assistance of the SRK equation and more accurate data can be obtained.
Reports on the topic "Real gas equation of state"
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Butler, P. Real gas equations of state for CHEMKIN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6224858.
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Peterson, Warren. PR663-18602-Z01 Guidance for Applying Revised AGA Report 8 Based on Measurement Uncertainty. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011570.
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The 2017 revision of AGA (American Gas Association) Report #8 encourages adoption of the new GERG2008 EOS (Equation of State) technology but leaves users with the decision on whether to upgrade. Due to the technical complexity of the subject and the potential financial impact, users seek additional technical guidance so that they may confidently apply this discretion. This project investigates technical methods for arriving at choices which are technically defendable and financially responsible. To provide guidance and tools for users, the project constructed deterministic and probabilistic models that illustrate potential impact of EOS upgrades, applying real-world gas composition, pressure, temperature and flow. A step-by-step sequence for evaluating upgrade potential was also created. Includes calculation spreadsheets.
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Zhou. L52284 Upheaval Buckling Limit State Function for Onshore Gas Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010669.
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For buried pipelines a well established problem has been that of upheaval buckling. This occurs because the fluid is usually pumped through the pipes at elevated temperatures causing the pipeline to experience thermal expansion which, if restrained, leads to an increase in the axial stress in the pipeline possibly resulting in a buckling failure. A secondary phenomenon that has also been identified, particularly in loose sands and silts, involves floatation of pipelines through the backfill material, usually shortly after burial. The upheaval buckling limit state function developed in this project employs the critical upheaval buckling force and applied compressive force due to temperature and pressure. It applies to pipe sections containing a hill-crest type of imperfection over which the pipeline is routed using a series of cold formed bends. The critical buckling force is calculated using an empirical equation developed by Boreas based on the results of parametric finite element analyses (FEA) on 252 design cases. The input parameters for the empirical equation are pipe diameter, diameter-over-wall-thickness (D/t) ratio, grade, pressure, soil download and imperfection angle. The development of the equation is described in a technical report prepared by Boreas.
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Harris and Vaze. PR-185-0351-R05 Welding for Small to Medium Diameter Gas Pipelines - Real-Time Quality Monitoring. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011071.
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A literature review was conducted to establish and highlight the state of the art for real-time quality monitoring (RTQM). Work in this task advanced the state of the art in terms of achieving constant welding power input at constant contact tip-to-workpiece distance (CTWD), thus achieving constant welding heat input at constant welding travel speed. This was coupled with high speed on-board DAQ to achieve RTQM, in these terms.
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Savidge. L52322 Effects of Methanol on Gas Measurement. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010057.
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Upstream natural gas and related fluid operations often require the injection of methanol to prevent flow line constrictions and blockages caused by water and natural gas hydrates. Both the constrictions and methanol have a significant impact on measurement accuracy. Natural gas chromatographic analysis and related measurement practices do not account for constrictions or methanol in natural gas streams. API 14.2, A.G.A. Report No.8, A.G.A. Report No.10, ISO 12213, ISO 20765 and GPA 2172 do not account for methanol. Measurement and operation practices rely on accurate information to reduce errors. This report analyzes the effect of methanol on gas measurement physical properties. It establishes the relative effect of methanol on the physical properties by applying the Gas Research Institute's high accuracy equation of state for natural gases as distributed by API, A.G.A, ISO and others as API MPMS Chapter 14.2, A.G.A. Report No.8, A.G.A. Report No.10, ISO 12213 Part 2, and ISO 20765. It applies GPA 2172 for the analysis of the sensitivity of the heating value to methanol.
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George. L52299 Revised Analysis of Orifice Meter Expansion Factor Data. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010289.
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Orifice meter expansion factor data collected at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) between 2003 and 2005 have been reviewed to assess the effect of an assumption made during data reduction. In accordance with the North American orifice meter standard, AGA Report No. 3, Part 1, the data were originally analyzed using a constant value of the isentropic exponent, k = 1.3. By comparison, the expansion factor equation adopted by ISO employs the real isentropic exponent, K, which is a function of pressure, temperature, and gas composition. The SwRI orifice meter expansion factor data have been re-reduced, using values of the real isentropic exponent from archived test data in place of the ideal gas value of k = 1.3. The original expansion factor data were obtained in such a way that the expansion factor values themselves were unaffected by the value of the isentropic exponent. However, the use of k = 1.3 influenced the values of the acoustic ratio, the independent variable used with the AGA and ISO equations to compute values of the expansion factor in measurement applications. The use of the ideal isentropic exponent in the original SwRI data, instead of real values of the isentropic exponent, was found to have caused an average shift in the acoustic ratio.
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Willson. L51709 Development-Test Electronic Gas Admission for Large Bore Engines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010114.
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The pipeline industry uses over 8,000 large bore engines in gas transmission/compression service". These engines are typically gas fueled and spark ignited. Some early versions of the engines are piston scavenged, but most are turbocharged. Some models, especially those equipped for lean burn operation, utilize pre-combustion chambers for enhanced ignition. Typically, the gaseous fuel is admitted directly into the top of the engine combustion chamber by a cam-operated, mechanical gas admission valve (MGAV). The MGAV is operated by an engine driven cam, cam follower, push rod, and rocker assembly. Such mechanisms offer little in the way of adjustability of the gas admission event: the ability to change the start of gas admission (SOA) and end of gas admission (EOA). The gas admission system is generally optimized for a particular mode of engine operation, typically rated speed and full load, and is fixed in that state. Desired changes in the gas admission cycle are not easily accomplished. At the same time, however, undesired changes commonly occur due to wear, failure, and mis-adjustment of the MGAV drive train. This report documents the development of a natural gas-fueled large-bore engine test bed (LBET) at Colorado State University and the subsequent test of an electronic gas admissions valve (EGAV) with in-cylinder pressure feedback. The LBET is now a state-of-the-art natural gas-fueled test facility. It will be open for use in late 1994 or early 1995 to all parties interested in testing equipment that might lead to safer, more economical and cleaner burning gas fueled engines. The EGAV tests were successful. The valve allows for precise control of fuel admission and end of admission timing. This results in the engine running in a real-time balance condition. Laboratory tests showed a 30% reduction of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides reductions with a 2% reduction in fuel consumption. Field testing will continue in 1995 prior to commercialization.
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Christensen, Lance. PR-459-133750-R03 Fast Accurate Automated System To Find And Quantify Natural Gas Leaks. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011633.
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Miniature natural gas sensors weighing a few hundred grams with 10 ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ethane present the energy industry with cost effective ways to improve safety, comply with State and Federal regulations, decrease natural gas emissions, and attribute natural gas indications to thermogenic or biogenic sources. One particularly promising implementation is on small unmanned aerial systems (sUASs) flown by service providers or in-house personnel or even more ambitiously as part of larger network conducting autonomous, continual monitoring. This report describes refinement of the OPLS measurement system to include all ancillary instruments needed to put OPLS methane and ethane measurements into context for leak surveillance, localization, and quantification. Flights were conducted on a variety of VTOLs and fixed wing drones as described below to ensure that the overall system development resulted in a system that was platform agnostic. This report describes: - The complete agnostic OPLS measurement system.The individual components are described and their performance investigated.Technical issues that arose during testing and field deployment are described. - Field experiments of the refined OPLS measurement system at a real-world oil and gas production site.These experiments exercise the OPLS system's ability to do leak surveillance, localization, and quantification. - Laboratory development of the OPLS instrument to improve its performance in terms of signal-to-noise and accuracy. - Field experiments demonstrating the successful application of OPLS on a fixed-wing hybrid flown at altitudes higher than 50 m. - Field experiments demonstrating the utility of source attribution using the ethane measurement capability. There is a related webinar.
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George and Hart. PR-015-06603-R02 Tests of Instruments for Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Points in Natural Gas Streams Phase 2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010969.
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Research has assessed the accuracy of two commercially-available hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) analyzers, an Ametek� Model 241 CE II and a Michell Condumax II. During a previous phase of this project, both automated analyzers, along with a Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device serving as a reference, were tested on gravimetrically-prepared gas blends chosen to simulate a transmission-quality gas and a production gas. The measurement repeatability of both units was found to be better than the manual chilled mirror. Trends in the analyzer and manual chilled mirror measurements suggested that differences in performance between the automated units were related to their measurement techniques and default set points. During the second phase of the project, the Ametek and Michell automated analyzers were tested again on the transmission-quality test gas used in Phase 1, but with specific levels of contamination added to gain knowledge of their performance under adverse conditions. In one round of tests, water vapor was added to simulate a transmission gas with water vapor levels above common tariff specifications. In the second round of tests, the test gas contained both methanol and water vapor, simulating a stream to which methanol has been added to prevent hydrates. Contaminants were added to the test gas stream in amounts such that, depending upon the pressure of the test stream, the contaminant dew point would be reached first, the HCDP would be reached first, or the two phases would condense simultaneously. Multiple HCDP measurements were made with the analyzers to determine their ability to accurately measure HCDPs under these adverse conditions. Analyzer results were again compared to HCDP measurements taken with the Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device and a digital video camera. Results were adjusted for small changes in the heavy hydrocarbon content of the test gases over time, using predictions from an equation of state and gas chromatographic analyses of the test gases.
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Tossey, Brett, and Ramgopal Thodla. PR-180-094506-R01 Challenges for Safe and Reliable On-Shore Pipeline Transport of Supercritical CO2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010712.
Full textAbstract:
There is interest within the pipeline industry in transporting supercritical CO2 in pipelines. A significant issue is the lack of an independent industry standard for supercritical CO2 pipelines. Existing industry standard for liquid and gas transmission are used for mechanical design requirements, but selected properties of supercritical CO2 make it a unique product. Impurities in the gas steam, materials selection, and leak detection in supercritical CO2 require special consideration. The objective of this project is to engage the supercritical CO2 industry in a workshop and use their knowledge to complete a gap analysis. The project is divided into two main thrusts; survey of knowledge and gaps by conducting an industry workshop (Thrust 1) and to outline what efforts and work is needed to close these gaps in a limited way (Thrust 2). This report summarizes the results of both thrusts. This report summarizes the results of the gaps analysis. The primary finding is that the supercritical CO2 pipeline operators in the United States are confident that the designs of their transmission systems are safe and adequate. Another important finding was the need for improvement in the equation of state (EOS). Currently, most models fail to accurately predict the affects of coal combustion impurities on the phase behavior of supercritical CO2. Improvements in metering technology, materials selection criteria, and leak detection were also identified as gaps. The final gap that was identified was the need for a standardized �blow-down� procedure during system startup and shutdown. An industry standard specific to supercritical CO2 transportation should include sound engineering guidance covering each of these gaps. See the associated linked documents for appendices to this report.