Relevant bibliographies by topics / Real gross domestic product

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Real gross domestic product'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 April 2022
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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Appah, Ebimobowei, Sekeme Felix Tebepah, and Doutimiareye Newstyle. "Digital Financial Services and Economic Growth of Nigeria: 2006 – 2021." European Journal of Business and Innovation Research 11, no. 3 (2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejbir.2013/vol11n3123.

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This study investigated digital financial services and economic growth of Nigeria from 2006 to 2021. The study specific objectives include investigation of the relationship between automated teller machine services and real gross domestic product; evaluation of the relationship between point of sales services and real gross domestic product; determination of the relationship between mobile banking services and real gross domestic product; and investigation of the relationship between web banking services and real gross domestic product from 2006 to 2021 in Nigeria. The study anchored on techno
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Yusuf, Aminu Ph.D, Muhammed Gwadabe, Ali Yahaya Ukashatu, Jaafar Aliyu, and Musbahu Dallami Umar. "Manufacturing Sector and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Evidence from Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL)." Open Access Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 1 (2025): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15086492.

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<em>The study examines the impact of manufacturing sector on economic growth in Nigeria using time series data from 1985 to 2022. Data was subjected to unit root tested using &nbsp;Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron, the test showed that real gross domestic product, manufacturing output and agricultural output are stationery at first difference while exchange rate is stationery at level. From the Auto regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model result it&nbsp; indicated that in the short run, manufacturing output &nbsp;has positive but statistically insignificant impact on real gross dom
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Karekezi, Jean, Sunday Owolabi, Peter Ogbebor, and Moseri Nduka. "Financial Development and Real Gross Domestic Product in Rwanda." International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 12, no. 2 (2024): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijefm.20241202.15.

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Real gross domestic product as a macro-economic indicator measures the value of economic output after adjustment for price changes. In this regard, due to the role played by financial development in economic growth, financial intermediation has been regarded as an important factor in boosting gross domestic product in the both developed economies and developing economies. The study investigated the effect of financial development on Real Gross Domestic Product in Rwanda. The study adopted e&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;x post facto &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;design. Time series data were collected from 2011-2022 an
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Chamberlin, Graeme. "Gross domestic product, real income and economic welfare." Economic & Labour Market Review 5, no. 5 (2011): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2011.51.

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Dunaev, B. B. "Optimizing the growth of real gross domestic product." Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 49, no. 1 (2013): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10559-013-9490-7.

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Oloto, Ngozi U. "Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Government Expenditures on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria." International Journal of Advanced Finance and Accounting 4, no. 2 (2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7659920.

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This study is an empirical investigation of the effect of government expenditure on gross domestic product in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to ascertain the effect of government real total capital expenditure on gross domestic product of Nigeria and to examine the effect of government recurrent expenditure on gross domestic product of Nigeria. This study which covered 11 years time scope spans from 2012 to 2022. It adopted <em>ex-post facto</em> research design and used secondary data of annual time series. The materials and information were obtained from the CBN Annual Rep
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COLEMAN, WILLIAM. "GAUGING ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE UNDER CHANGING TERMS OF TRADE: REAL GROSS DOMESTIC INCOME OR REAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT?" Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 27, no. 4 (2008): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2008.tb01047.x.

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I.S., Musa, Mustapha M., and Mansur I. "Impact of Good Governance on Health Outcome, Education Output and Economic Growth among Selected African Countries." African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 7, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-tx4clr4p.

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Good governance is an essential component that drives better health outcomes and education output required as a catalyst that will stimulate economic growth, and this constitutes a vital social objective due to a good level of human capital development. The study evaluated the impact of good governance on health outcomes, education output and economic growth among selected African countries using panel data from 2000 to 2020. The Panel unit root tests indicated that real gross domestic product, health outcome, and indicators of good governance are stationary at a level. In contrast, education
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Kovalenko, Victoria. "Gross domestic product and its place in the state’s economic growth." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 3-4(74-75) (October 27, 2020): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.3-4(74-75).2020.58-72.

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The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in gross domestic product of Ukraine and other countries of the world during 1991–2019. The role of gross domestic product in the country’s economic growth is determined. The current level of gross domestic product of Ukraine in comparison with other countries has been defined. Gross domestic product indicator by purchasing power parity per capita (real gross domestic product) was used for comparative analyses. Attention is focused on the fact that both in Ukraine and in a number of European countries there is a positive trend regarding its growth.
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Mahmut, Alabbas, Salisu Ali, and Ibrahim Haladu Adahama. "Analysis of Human Capital Development, Information Technology (ICT) and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 07, no. 12 (2024): 5733–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14564947.

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The study examined human capital development, information technology, and Economic Growth in Nigeria from 1991 to 2021. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron test indicated that real gross domestic product, information technology, and secondary school enrolment are stationary at first difference. At the same time, growth capital formation is stationary at level. Tertiary school enrolment is also stationary at first difference in the ADF test while it is stationary at a level in the PP test. The ARDL model showed that growth capital formation has a positive but statistically significa
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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Igbokwe, Okezie. "The impact of infrastructure investment on real growth in Nigeria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97461.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Nigerian economy has suffered huge infrastructure deficits since her independence in 1960, thereby limiting economic growth potential of the country considerably. This research conducted a Granger causality test between Real Gross Domestic Product, infrastructure investment and productivity across manufacturing, agriculture and industrial sectors in Nigeria for the period 1981 – 2012 using multivariate vector error correction model. The co integration test shows that there is a long run relationship between infrastructure in
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Mirza, Ata Miran. "Estimates of gross domestic product by provinces in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253453.

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Ahmed, A. K. M. Zasheem Uddin. "Industrialisation and economic growth : a case study of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249883.

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Fotoyi, Asanda. "An analysis of revisions to the South African quarterly gross domestic product." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3635.

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Gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the most important economic performance indicators for any country that is closely watched by governments, businesses and financial communities. GDP often influences economic decisions and policy-making. These decisions are however often based on preliminary initial announcements by statistical agencies. The preliminary estimates are then revised as more comprehensive information becomes available. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the initial GDP announcements are unbiased, efficient and can be relied on. This study focuses on seasonally adjusted
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Biddle, Elyce Anne. "Estimating the impact of occupational fatal injuries on the U.S. gross domestic product." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://eidr.wvu.edu/eidr/documentdata.eIDR?documentid=3704.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 146 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-83).
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Golodenko, Olga. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product Growth in Lithuania." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100712_110906-50447.

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The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to determine what type of causative relationship between FDI and GDP exists in Lithuania. The analysis includes assessment of the overall economic situation in the country, analysis of historical statistical data on FDI, overview of existing studies and regression analysis. The regression is performed in order to reveal the impact of various economic factors on GDP growth. The model in question includes such economic indicators as corruption perceptions level index, harmonized consumer price index, net export, foreign investments via liabilities and FDI.
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Attia, Khalid Abd El-Aziz. "Environmental accounting in a developing country : a case study of Egypt." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21342.

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The existing United Nations System of National Accounting (IJNSNA) provides useful indicators of economic performance in terms of traditional macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment, savings and depreciation of capital. However, they fail to account for the depletion and degradation of environmental capital and hence give a misleading picture of sustainable development. The need for a broader assessment of growth and welfare in terms of modified accounts has therefore become a pressing concern. The main objective of this research is to modify the current Egypti
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Sharify, Nooraddin. "An economic regional planning model for the Golastan Province of Iran." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367094.

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Mota, Likese Angelinah. "Analyzing the relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Lesotho and manufacturing :1997to 2007." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4707_1297857069.

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<p>The study draws on secondary data from the Bureau of Statistics in Lesotho. Simple and multiple linear regression models techniques are used to analyze the relationship between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. The secondary data is analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel. The major finding is that there exists a strong positive linear relationship ( r = 0.986) between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. This means that every time the GDP of manufacturing increases the GDP of Lesotho does the same. Based on this finding, the study
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Kasongo, Atoko. "Essays on savings in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7616.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>Savings is essential for boosting economic growth. Low savings in a country will have negative consequences for both investment and economic growth. South Africa has continued to expe rience declining saving rates and in recent years, accompanied by declining economic growth. The study evaluated savings in South Africa by decomposing it into household saving, cor porate saving and public saving. The focus was to investigate the determinants of household savings, corporate and public savings. In addition to examining the determinants of savings, the research h
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Books on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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Cecchetti, Stephen G. Assessing the sources of changes in the volatility of real growth. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Statistics Canada. Micro-Economic Analysis Division, ed. Real GDP and the purchasing power of provincial output. Micro-Economic Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, 2007.

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Macdonald, Ryan. Real GDP and the purchasing power of provincial output. Statistics Canada, Micro-Economic Analysis Division, 2007.

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David, Paul A. Real income and economic welfare growth in the early republic, or, Another try at getting the American story straight. University of Oxford, 1996.

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Statistical Office of the European Communities., ed. Purchasing power parities and gross domestic product in real terms: Results, 1985 = Parités de pouvoir d'achat et produit intérieur brut réel : résultats, 1985. Statistical Office of the European Communities, 1988.

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Wong, Jason. Forecasting inflation and real GDP: Bayesian VAR models of the New Zealand economy. Reserve Bank of New Zealand, 1993.

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Lafrance, Robert. Evaluating alternative measures of the real effective exchange rate. Bank of Canada, 1998.

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Hall, V. B. A quarterly post-World War II real GDP series for New Zealand. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research Trust, 2007.

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Programme, International Comparison, United Nations Statistical Division, and Statistical Office of the European Communities., eds. World comparisons of real gross domestic product and purchasing power, 1985: Phase V of the International Comparison Programme. United Nations, 1994.

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Braumann, Benedikt. High inflation and real wages. International Monetary Fund, Western Hemisphere Department, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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Jinji, Naoto, Xingyuan Zhang, and Shoji Haruna. "Introduction and Overview." In Advances in Japanese Business and Economics. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5210-3_1.

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AbstractThe world economy was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. It was estimated that the annual growth in the world’s real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 would be $$-3.3$$ - 3.3 % (International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2021). World trade simultaneously contracted sharply.
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Egerer, Matthias, Erich Langmantel, and Markus Zimmer. "Gross Domestic Product." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_17.

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Xuguang, Song. "Gross Domestic Product." In Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Economics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4036-9_489.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "Gross Domestic Product (GDP)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_621.

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Reardon, Jack, and David Wheat. "Gross Domestic Product (GDP)." In Questions for America. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003591856-4.

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Fernandez, Rosa Maria. "Gross Domestic Product and Health." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95681-7_83.

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Fernandez, Rosa Maria. "Gross Domestic Product and Health." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69627-0_83-1.

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Carbaugh, Robert. "Gross Domestic Product and Economic Growth." In Contemporary Economics, 9th ed. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003438571-13.

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McCrone, Gavin. "Gross Domestic Product and its Composition." In Scotland's Economic Progress 1951–1960. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003208402-2.

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Češka, Jaroslav. "Comparison of Gross Domestic Product and Net Material Product." In The Future of the World Economy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02586-4_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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MG, Sarveswaran, Mahalakshmi B, Varun Vaishnav, Shruti Mishra, Sandeep Kumar Satapathy, and Pradeep Kumar Mallick. "Indian Gross Domestic Product Per Capita Prediction based on Economic Indicators." In 2025 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/esic64052.2025.10962623.

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Plaskon, Svitlana, Svitlana Shevelova, Olesya Martyniuk, Ruslana Ruska, Oksana Lesyk, and Svitlana Korendii. "Savings and Gross Domestic Product in Ukraine: Cointegration and Causal Relationships Analysis." In 2024 14th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit62333.2024.10712576.

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Abdali, Mohammad Hassan, Shrikant Krupasindhu Panigrahi, and Mohammed Ali Saleh. "Nexus Between Inflation, Unemployment, Population and Gross Domestic Product: Evidence From GCC Region." In 2024 International Conference on Sustainable Islamic Business and Finance (SIBF). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/sibf63788.2024.10883880.

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Azeta, Ambrose A., Muyideen D. Adewale, Patrick O. Omote, Funmi O. Onaolapo, Idowo A. Bakare, and Steven Tjiraso. "Comparative Analysis of Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron Algorithms for Predicting Gross Domestic Product." In 2024 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/etncc63262.2024.10767565.

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Urrutia, Jackie D., Razzcelle L. Tampis, Joseph Mercado, Aaron Vito M. Baygan, and Edcon B. Baccay. "Modeling the Philippines’ real gross domestic product: A normal estimation equation for multiple linear regression." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH SEAMS UGM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2015: Enhancing the Role of Mathematics in Interdisciplinary Research. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4940848.

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Shi, Zhenwu, and Lu Yu. "Application Research on a Correlation Analysis of Real Estate Price and Gross Domestic Product Based on Combined Measurement Models." In International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2016. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480274.128.

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Tengiz, Yusuf Ziya, Emine Şule Aydeniz, and Ali Göksenli. "Effects of Financial Risks in Turkish and Eurasian Economies on Real Economic Growth and Public Sector Borrowing: 2000-2013." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01083.

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The effects of global and economical crisis on Turkey and Eurasian countries depend strongly on countries’ dependence ratio of foreign trade, on integrations and economic structure. Real economic growth of Russian and Belarus economies is affected by Euro and US-dollar rate of exchange (RoE), Kazakhstan’s economy by Euro RoE, Turkmenistan’s by Euro exchange and interest and Turkish economy by Euro RoE and consumer price index (CPI). The effect of public borrowings ratio on gross domestic product is affected in Russian economy by Euro RoE, CPI and interests 1 and 2, in Kazakhstan economy by US
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Jánošková, Kristína, Barbora Jánošková, and Dagmar Petrušová. "DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF SLOVAK HIGHER TERRITORIAL UNITS IN YEARS 2009-2018." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.25.

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The establishment of the regional level in Slovakia was one of the conditions for our accession to the European Union. Its real creation took place in the Slovak Republic two years before the accession to the European Community. Despite the efforts of the Cohesion Policy of the European Union to reduce regional disparities across the member states of the EU, at the regional level of the Slovak Republic, it is possible to constantly monitor differences in the development of the regions. Their elimination is the main objective of Slovak regional policy. The representatives of the national level
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Öcal, Ayşe. "An Empirical Analysis of Obesity Kuznets Curve Model for the Eurasian Economic Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02473.

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This paper aims to analyse the relationship between obesity and economic growth in the context of the Obesity Kuznets Curve model for the Eurasian Economic Union for the years between 2000-2016. The relationship between obesity rates and the real gross domestic product has been examined for the Eurasian Economic Union in the context of the Obesity Kuznets Curve model using the fixed-effects model. The results show that the Obesity Kuznets Curve Model is valid for the Eurasian Economic Union. Therefore, this paper points out that the relationship between obesity rates and economic growth within
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Bildirici, Melike, Elçin Aykaç Alp, and Fazıl Kayıkçı. "Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Growth in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00149.

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This study aims at analyzing the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in Turkey by using Threshold Cointegration. As the studies about the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on growth are surveyed, it is seen that all of them uses liner methods except two. Starting point of these studies that use liner methods are the positive relationship between Growth and Foreign Direct Investment. As such, Yılmaz and Barbaros (2006) find positive relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and market size in Turkey between 1980 and 2001. Erdal and Tatoğlu (2002) reach the same conc
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Reports on the topic "Real gross domestic product"

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Beirne, John, and Nuobo Renzhi. Debt Shocks and the Dynamics of Output and Inflation in Emerging Economies. Asian Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240396-2.

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This paper analyzes how public debt shocks affect output and inflation in 34 emerging market economies during 2000 to 2022 using panel local projections. Unexpected increases in public debt lead to significant declines in real gross domestic product and increases in inflation. Initial debt levels, domestic financial conditions, and income levels intensify the gross domestic product decline, while tighter global financial conditions mitigate these effects. Inflation impacts vary depending on fundamentals. The paper also identifies nonlinearities in the dynamics, with amplified effects during ec
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Tian, Nan, Aude Fleurant, Pieter D. Wezeman, and Siemon T. Wezeman. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/zzcw7025.

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World military expenditure is estimated to have been $1686 billion in 2016, equivalent to 2.2 per cent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) or $227 per person. The 2016 estimate is a marginal increase of about 0.4 per cent in real terms on 2015. After 13 consecutive years of increases (from 1998 to 2011), world military spending has continued to plateau—with only minor decreases between 2011 and 2014 (an average of 0.7 per cent per annum) and slight increases in 2015 and 2016. From 24 April 2017 the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database includes newly released information on military expen
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Matar, Walid, and Doaa Filali. Alternative Fuels for Saudi Cement Manufacturing with Time-varying Carbon Pricing. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp12.

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After cement production in Saudi Arabia surged in the first half of the 2010s due to the country’s rapid economic development, it has slowed measurably in recent years as economic growth has declined. This is shown in Figure 1, along with the evolution of the Kingdom’s real gross domestic income (RGDI). Still, it ranks among the top 10 countries for existing cement kiln capacity. The Saudi cement industry has relied on Arab Heavy crude oil, heavy fuel oil (HFO), and natural gas to produce clinker, a key cement ingredient.
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Zeng, Wendy, William Johnson, and James C. Davis. United States and global macroeconomic projections to 2033. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2024.8374830.ers.

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS) International Macroeconomic Data Set provides historical and 10-year projected macroeconomic variables for 181 countries, as well as regional and income groupings, which account for more than 99 percent of the world economy. The main macroeconomic variables include the real Gross Domestic Product (real GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), exchange rates, and population. These indicators are the benchmark for the annual USDA Baseline agricultural supply and demand projections, providing a 10-year outlook on U.S. and global
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Lopes da Silva, Diego, Nan Tian, and Alexandra Marksteiner. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/jtfi7245.

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World military expenditure in 2020 is estimated to have been $1981 billion, the highest level since 1988—the earliest year for which SIPRI has a consistent estimate for total global military spending. World military expenditure in 2020 was 2.6 per cent higher in real terms than in 2019 and 9.3 per cent higher than in 2011. The global military burden—world military expenditure as a share of global gross domestic product—rose by 0.2 percentage points in 2020, to 2.4 per cent. This increase was largely due to the fact that most countries in the world experienced severe economic downturns in 2020
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Cooper, Julian. Preparing for a Fourth Year of War: Military Spending in Russia’s Budget for 2025. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55163/cbxj2246.

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The Russian government has been devoting an ever-increasing volume of resources to the war with Ukraine, while attempting to maintain normality for its citizens. Russia has maintained an almost balanced budget because the economy has been growing at a rapid pace, despite tough international sanctions. The challenge in preparing the budget for 2025–27 was to continue this balance as the economy showed signs of overheating and the Central Bank attempted to cool it, creating problems for businesses. Despite diminished budget transparency, Russia’s total planned military expenditure in 2025 can be
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7

Albert, Jose Ramon. Poverty Transitions and the Near-Poor in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.27.

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This study provides an in-depth analysis of poverty dynamics in the Philippines, focusing on the period from 2003 to 2009. Utilizing panel data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to examine transitions into and out of poverty, it pays special attention to the near-poor population—those whose incomes hover just above the poverty line. Despite the Philippines experiencing an average growth of 4.8 percent in real gross domestic product during this period, the overall poverty incidence remained stagnant, highlighting a disconnect between economic growth and poverty reduction. Thi
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8

Campagnolo, Lorenza, Gabriele Mansi, Francesco Bosello, and David Raitzer. Quantifying the Economic Costs of Climate Change Inaction for Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22617/wps250073-2.

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This paper assesses the potential economic consequences of climate change in Asia and the Pacific. Under a high-end emissions scenario, its modeling finds that losses reach 16.9% of gross domestic product in the region by 2070. Damage function extrapolation of the losses suggests they could reach 41% of gross domestic product by 2100. Even a scenario that attains Paris Agreement goals leads to 11% GDP loss by 2100. The analysis covers shocks in agriculture, fisheries, forestry, energy demand, capital (from sea level rise and riverine floods), and labor (from heat stress and extreme events). It
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9

Whitaker, Stephan D. The impact of the additional appropriations on federal spending in the Fourth District. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ddb-20230829.

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Headlines regularly report large changes in federal spending. But despite recent additional appropriations, it appears that the federal funds flowing into the Fourth District in 2023 have returned to their prepandemic levels relative to the District’s gross domestic product.
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10

McCarty, Tanner J., Zuyi Wang Wang, Man-Keun Kim, and James Evans. The Economic Contribution of Utah’s Energy and Mining Industries. Utah Geological Survey, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/mp-176.

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Utah’s abundant energy and mineral resources are used to heat homes, drive industry, and keep the lights on. Effectively managing these energy and mineral resources and their associated supply chains requires knowledge of their economic value and how they currently contribute to Utah’s economy. This report calculates the total economic contribution of Utah’s energy and mining industries for 2019 and 2020. Each industry makes substantial contributions to Utah’s gross domestic product, employment, and tax base. Collectively, these industries contributed over 10% to Utah's total Gross Domestic Pr
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