Journal articles on the topic 'Real Madrid club de futbol'

A partir de los análisis realizados en el desarrollo de ciertos proyectos de investigación financiados por la Unión Europea, se exponen las características conceptuales más destacadas de los recursos intangibles, sus dificultades de valoración, y su reconocimiento contable como activo en los estados financieros de la empresa, con especial referencia al tratamiento del fondo de comercio, y a la amortización o deterioro de los activos de esta naturaleza, incluyéndose algunos casos de conocidas empresas como Zara-Inditex, Microsoft Skype-Linkedin, y Twitter. Adicionalmente, se presenta la importancia de los intangibles como instrumento de gestión, incluyendo un caso relativo al Real Madrid Club de Futbol

Some observers consider the team to be “Franco’s club” while others consider it as an “Ambassador of Spain”. This paper argues that both attributions were closely intertwined. To demonstrate this, in the first section the analysis delves into the Spanish nation-state and describes how the centre-periphery cleavage determined Francoist nationalism. The second section then sheds light on the ways in which Real Madrid’s identity shifted between monarchist, aristocratic, bourgeois and republican throughout the first half of the 20th century and yet always remained a fundamentally Spanish one. The focus here lies on the 1950s and early 1960s, when Real Madrid became the most successful football club in the world, and one of the most respected Spanish entities abroad. Thirdly, in order to achieve a more differentiated picture of the club’s own identity and self-perception (how the club perceived itself), for one, and external perceptions of it (how the club was perceived by others) for another, four groups or places, which comprise the entity Real Madrid, are analysed in greater detail: (1) club functionaries, (2) the players, (3) club outsiders, the press and politicians in particular, and finally (4) spectators especially those who tend to assign a certain significance to the club. Particularly notable was the behaviour of the functionaries who voluntarily carried out tasks on behalf of the Spanish government. Thus, the article cautions against the widespread assumption that sport is unilaterally instrumentalised by politics and calls for always viewing the role of a football club in context of dictatorship in relation to other clubs and institutions.

The present study aims to analyze the management actions adopted by the Real Madrid club through the lens of the Four Actions Framework of the Blue Ocean Strategy. It is a systematic literature review using the methodology Methodi Ordinatio and employs content analysis as the analytical approach. Searches were conducted in the Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases in May 2023. The research portfolio included 19 articles. The analytical content analysis procedure was carried out using NVivo Pro 14 software. Applying the Blue Ocean Four Actions Framework provided insights into Real Madrid's management strategies and business success. The findings illuminate various aspects of Real Madrid's operations, encompassing website structure, values, communication strategies, management approaches, financial performance, and areas for potential enhancement. Keywords: Blue Ocean Four Actions Framework, Real Madrid club de fútebol, management strategies, soccer club management.

The linguistic analysis of anthems of football clubs is a growing area of linguistic research. This paper therefore contributes significantly to literature on the linguistic analysis of anthems of football clubs by exploring the rivalry ties between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona through the prism and lens of the translated English language versions of their anthems. The study examines how stylistic devices are used to project, construct and reflect various themes in the anthems of Real Madrid and FC Barcelona towards deepening the rivalry ties between them. The study is underpinned by the linguistic and stylistic categories framework by Leech and Short (2007). The translated English versions of the anthems of Real Madrid and Barcelona are sourced from the official websites of the clubs. The findings of the study show that stylistic devices such as repetition, co-referencing, metaphors, personification, and parallelism are aesthetically used in the anthems to project the themes of identity, solidarity, resilience and praises in order to further deepen the rivalry ties between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona especially during El Clásicos. The theme of solidarity is dominantly projected stylistically to present FC Barcelona as a club that calls for internal solidarity in order to champion its Catalonian ideologies while Real Madrid is projected as a club that seeks to establish external solidarity through canvasing for a worldwide fun base. The findings of the study would help fans and players of the two clubs and all lovers of football to better appreciate the content of the lyrics in the anthems. The study concludes that, the rivalry between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona is not only sourced from political and historical antecedents but can equally be sourced from anthems of the clubs since these anthems encode the ideologies of the clubs.

Cuando se generalizó en el extranjero la celebración de partidos nocturnos, decidió la Junta Directiva del Real Madrid Club de Fútbol completar las instalaciones deportivas del Estadio Santiago Bernabéu con una instalación eficiente de alumbrado.

<p>La influencia en el entorno, las exigencias financieras y una concepción global de la gestión empresarial han originado un cambio en el modelo comunicativo del Real Madrid CF, en lo tocante a su relación con sus stakeholders y en especial con los periodistas deportivos. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, una revisión bibliográfica y de información secundaria de fuentes y entrevistas mediante cuestionario a periodistas que cubren la información del club.</p><p>Los resultados muestran que la gestión comunicativa del club equipara a los periodistas con otros públicos objetivos y que el Departamento de Comunicación se ha convertido en un mecanismo de control que limita el acceso a la información, fiscaliza la información dirigida a los medios y entorpece la labor de los periodistas.</p><p>En consecuencia, advertimos que las relaciones personales entre ambos actores se han deteriorado y que el comportamiento comunicativo del Club se homogeneiza con sus homólogos de otras competiciones europeas.</p>

Purpose This paper aims to to provide a better understanding of the effect that the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices might have on brand love. It also analyzes the importance of making supporters be aware and involved in such initiatives. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on the Real Madrid Foundation, which is the most followed charitable sport institution worldwide. Data have been collected through a survey that was available online from January through April 2016. Participation has been solicited among the supporters of Real Madrid on fan sites. This produced a total of 402 completed questionnaires. In addition, the Managing Director of the Real Madrid Foundation has been interviewed. Findings The CSR activities carried out by the team positively influence fan commitment toward the club. Keeping the supporters updated about such initiatives through social networks also helps to increase the bonds between the club and its followers. Moreover, the fans’ use of the club’s website and their involvement in the club’s CSR activities may have a positive impact on the love the supporters profess toward the team’s brand. This claim, however, must be treated with some caution because it has not been proved to be statistically significant. Originality/value This study suggests that developing a website is not enough to get brand love from supporters. Experiential marketing does not seem to have statistical impact on brand love either. Conversely, the CSR actions and the use of social networks to keep followers updated about the social initiatives carried out by the team do provide new opportunities to achieve an emotional attachment toward the club and therefore, positively affect brand love.

AbstractReal Madrid was named as the best club of the 20th century by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics. The aim of this study was to compare if players from Real Madrid covered shorter distances than players from the opposing team. One hundred and forty-nine matches including league, cup and UEFA Champions League matches played by the Real Madrid were monitored during the 2001-2002 to the 2006-2007 seasons. Data from both teams (Real Madrid and the opponent) were recorded. Altogether, 2082 physical performance profiles were examined, 1052 from the Real Madrid and 1031 from the opposing team (Central Defenders (CD) = 536, External Defenders (ED) = 491, Central Midfielders (CM) = 544, External Midfielders (EM) = 233, and Forwards (F) = 278). Match performance data were collected using a computerized multiple-camera tracking system (Amisco Pro®, Nice, France). A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for distances covered at different intensities (sprinting (>24.0 km/h) and high-speed running (21.1-24.0 km/h) and the number of sprints (21.1-24.0 km/h and >24.0 km/h) during games for each player sectioned under their positional roles. Players from Real Madrid covered shorter distances in high-speed running and sprint than players from the opposing team (p < 0.01). While ED did not show differences in their physical performance, CD (p < 0.05), CM (p < 0.01), EM (p < 0.01) and F (p > 0.01) from Real Madrid covered shorter distances in high-intensity running and sprint and performed less sprints than their counterparts. Finally, no differences were found in the high-intensity running and sprint distances performed by players from Real Madrid depending on the quality of the opposition.

Real Madrid Football Club is today the richest sport team in the world and the third most valuable sport brand, according to the latest rankings (e.g., Deloitte, 2010; Forbes 2009). This scholarly commentary proposes the application of a relationship management model of building long-lasting relationships with fans as the main key of Real Madrid’s success. Results of this study highlight that, under the presidency of Florentino Pérez, a public relations approach has been integrated into every strategic decision including the recruitment of players with media appeal; the use of event planning, Internet, social media, promotional tours, and publications; and the display of Real Madrid’s own audiovisual media. The adoption of this model has proven successful despite poor sports results.

In 2014, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid presented a project for the remodelling of their stadia. The new stadia of both clubs will be, not only a place to attend live sports events, but also somewhere fans will be able to consume both football brands permanently, every moment of the day. Currently, stadia have become commodities themselves. At a time when TV rights in Spain were thrown into crisis, sports organizations understand that sports venues allow them to create other significant income sources that could help them to increase their season’s turnover. Hospitality and events packages, for example, are part of this leisure product that professional football clubs offer in their venues. The aim of this article is to analyse how Spanish professional football clubs attempt to maximize the use of their stadiums, and how these venues are also part of a wider city branding strategy for the host cities. Data for this qualitative research are taken from the Spanish football clubs that have UEFA Category 4 stadia: FC Barcelona, Real Madrid, Atlético de Madrid, Atletic Club de Bilbao, Málaga CF, Real Sociedad, RCD Espanyol and València CF.

<abstract> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the frequent references to "Real Madrid DNA", when a team comes from behind in the last minutes of a match, could be understood as merely a journalistic surrogate for truth or having simply degenerated into a catchy phrase without much meaning. We took, as a case study, clubs playing in the top division of the Spanish league between the 2010–2011 and 2021-2022 seasons, resulting in an unbalanced panel with 34 clubs that played at least one season in that category. As for the methodology, a variable was created to measure the percentage of times a club comes from behind in the last minutes of a match and explained using a model that included the economic power of the club, other match-specific variables, and fixed effects to assess whether a differentiating effect for Real Madrid (RM) was detected. Concerning empirical findings, it can be asserted that RM's undoubted ability to improve its results in the final stretch of matches comes mainly from money but also from something else hard to explain. Put differently, finding support to RM having something special, which we can refer to as its DNA. RM's fixed effect is not only positive and different from zero but also higher than any other team. Indeed, it differs from the remaining ones from a statistical point of view.</p> </abstract>

Real Madrid's profitability continued to grow during the epidemic period, making it a rare club in Europe to still be profitable during COVID-19. Based on this event, the purpose of this exploration was to exploare what kind of management style and business strategy Real Madrid used during the epidemic period of 20192022. Using Real Madrid as a case study, this paper analyzed the information sources applied to Real Madrid's revenues in different aspects as well as Real Madrid's business formula. The first reason was Real Madrid's market management philosophy, and the corresponding recommendation was to increase fan loyalty by strengthening the development of the players and improving the rights of the fans, along with digital marketing tools. The second reason was Real Madrid's excellent youth training system, and the corresponding recommendation was to make more use of modern data analysis systems to track the development of each player. The third reason was Real Madrid's team culture, and the recommendation was to utilize the celebrity effect to promote the team's culture. The main objective of such an exploration was to help national soccer clubs learn from Real Madrid's successful management model to improve their profitability.

La incertidumbre y el riesgo juegan un papel preponderante en el momento de tomar la decisión de cobrar un tiro desde el punto penal. Las implicaciones de ganar un torneo de fútbol de alta competencia tienen efectos de señalización sobre los agentes que participan en los diferentes mercados. Este trabajo de investigación advierte que los cobros desde el punto penal no son una simple cuestión de azar y suerte, es una interacción que debe tener en cuenta entre otras muchas variables no solo la técnica, la preparación, las dotaciones de los participantes sino que debe ser una combinación de estrategias y probabilidades. Aplicando la Teoría de Juegos para los tres equipos más representativos de la liga de futbol de España, – Real Madrid, Barcelona y el Atlético de Madrid – y utilizando los datos de la Primera División de España, Copa del Rey, Mundial de Clubes y la Champions League, todas estas competiciones correspondientes a la Temporada 2015-16 y Temporada 2014-15, se determinan las distintas estrategias y probabilidades que el cobrador debe dilucidar para anotar el gol en un cobro desde el punto penal y con ello contrarrestar las diferentes probabilidades y estrategias de las que dispone el arquero para atajar el lanzamiento

Cette étude cherche à élucider si le fair-play financier (FPF) de l’UEFA est « juste ». Plus précisément, elle analyse les succès précédents du Real Madrid dans la Ligue des Champions pour déterminer s’ils ont été réalisés de manière « injuste » (selon les critères du FPF) et ont servi de plateforme pour ses revenus et ses succès actuels, considérés comme « justes ». Les méthodes utilisées sont la recherche documentaire et le calcul du pourcentage de revenus dérivés des succès passés, pouvant être considérés comme « injustes » pour évaluer s’ils ont contribué aux victoires récentes. Les résultats indiquent que les victoires initiales du Real Madrid dans la Ligue des Champions auraient été conformes aux exigences du FPF, mais pas ses trois victoires dans la période 1998-2002. Cela signifie que le club génère actuellement des revenus considérés comme « justes » à partir de victoires passées « injustes ». Cependant, ces revenus supplémentaires ne semblent pas avoir contribué aux succès récents. Dès lors, le FPF pourrait être « juste ». Il faut étendre l’analyse à plus de clubs pour examiner la question plus en profondeur. Classification JEL :

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between financial and operational performance and the application of two different talent management (TM) models: internal talent development model and external talent capture model. Comparative case studies of the Football Club Barcelona and the Real Madrid Football Club allow drawing a definitive conclusion for TM in companies related to the competitive strategy.Design/methodology/approachThe two TM models are examined via a longitudinal comparative case study analysis: FC Barcelona and Real Madrid CF. Present paper builds on secondary sources: first, the TM properties of the clubs were extracted from academic sources and newspapers; second, data used to analyze the financial performance were derived from SABI database and operational performance was measured as the effectiveness in winning trophies in football championships (data gathered from Union of European Football Associations and International Federation of Football Associations databases).FindingsThe case analysis reveals that the two TM models offer equally effective financial and operational performance outcomes. The internal talent development model would be more useful for companies whose competitive advantage is achieved through differentiation through teamwork. However, companies that do not achieve a clear differentiation through teamwork should opt for the external talent capture model.Originality/valueTalent is one of a company’s most important intangible assets. Although there exists a growing interest among companies as to the best way to TM, practical models on how to manage talent are virtually nonexistent. Comparative case studies from the sports arena allow for the extraction of lessons for companies related to TM and competitive strategy.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo el estudio de una nómina de recursos macrosintácticos del discurso de jugadores de dos equipos de fútbol: el Real Betis Balompié y el Sevilla Fúbol Club, con el fin de establecer cómo gestionan estos agentes comunicativos las victorias y las derrotas. Para ello, partimos de la metodología de Lingüística pragmática desarrollada por Fuentes Rodríguez. Los resultados revelan un predominio de los operadores argumentativos sobre los otros tipos, con tendencia a la intensificación, tal y como también se deduce del análisis de las apariciones de los modificadores (des)realizantes identificadas. Por otro lado, el estudio de los operadores modales, el segundo grupo más utilizado, revela que los jugadores emplean más recursos orientados a la mitigación de sus aserciones. Por último, en los enunciativos, a pesar de su baja frecuencia, se prefieren los que caracterizan el decir como sincero. Esto nos permite concluir que estamos ante un discurso fundamentalmente persuasivo en el que los hablantes buscan que sus interlocutores acepten sus opiniones aunque no las imponen como las únicas aceptables y verdaderas, algo que puede deberse al ambiente de potencial polémica que tiene siempre el fútbol como espectáculo de masas.

Los enfrentamientos entre Real Madrid y Fútbol Club Barcelona se encuentran entre los acontecimientos deportivos más seguidos por televisión del mundo. Este estudio proporciona un enfoque histórico de la explotación de los derechos de retransmisión en España de una de las mayores rivalidades de la historia del fútbol y de la gestión audiovisual de estos dos clubes, a través de la trascendencia de este fenómeno con la exploración contextual de publicaciones informativas y el análisis documental. El clásico lleva impulsando transformaciones en la comercialización televisiva durante décadas, desde su origen con el interés esencial de 1959 hasta las presentes variedades de mercadotecnia del evento deportivo estrella de la industria mediática española.

AbstractThe presented article focuses on the analysis of the transposition of a national event into supranational one, the most striking example of which is the confrontation of Real Madrid with FC Barcelona, known as El Clásico. The text will examine the elements used in the process of recasting the event, which are decisive for giving it a meaning beyond the framework of a single country. The hypothesis is as follows: “While still functioning in the Spanish symbolic space, Real Madrid and FC Barcelona have transposed the mutual rivalry through permutation of the national event into supranational one, using elements that constitute and determine the specificity of the club. It was possible through reification of identity and orientation towards the idea of social identity”. It indicates the direction of research, which differs from treating this phenomenon only in marketing terms. It also outlines two basic points of reference, focusing the analysis on aspects related to identification issues. These, as will be shown in the text, determine the possibility of emotional involvement of supporters all over the world in experiencing a national holiday such as the confrontation of the Los Blancos and Blaugrana, without having to decode the primordial component which is political and social conflict.

Club soccer today is bigger than it has ever been. The passion people have for their respective clubs can almost certainly be paralleled to that of their national teams. As a sport soccer goes above and beyond the theatrics witnessed on the field. The mechanics involved behind the scenes more often than not determine a club’s success, or lack of it. It is an international sport that elicits passion and pride among supporters culminating into a multimillion dollar business. And like any other firm in a market a club aims to maximise profits at the lowest possible costs. An unavoidable result of the manner in which the soccer market operates is the rather evident disparity that exists amongst soccer clubs today. We have grown accustomed to viewing soccer in an environment tainted with disparity. Over the years, we have been desensitised to how bigger clubs such as Real Madrid and Manchester United seem to only grow bigger. While smaller clubs such as, Xerez and Portsmouth, have to contend with comparatively trivial issues pertaining to merely surviving.

En los últimos años han proliferado los contenidos deportivos de carácter documental, impulsados por la variedad de oferta de los consolidados servicios bajo demanda transnacionales (HBO Max, Netflix, Amazon Prime Vídeo, Apple+, Disney+ o Hulu) y españoles (Movistar+, Atresplayer Premium). Este tipo de formato, en consonancia con la progresiva visibilidad de las mujeres en el deporte, ha derivado hacia una tendencia que consolida los productos audiovisuales protagonizados por mujeres deportistas, y en los que se muestran sus dificultades para abrirse camino. La serie Un sueño Real (HBO: 2020-2022), dirigida por Ana Pastor, retrata la lucha del equipo de fútbol femenino Club Deportivo Tacón hasta ascender a la primera división española para, más tarde, ser absorbido por el Real Madrid. Partiendo de los estudios culturales con perspectiva de género, este artículo analiza cómo la serie explora temas como la igualdad de género y el reconocimiento en el fútbol, así como las barreras y prejuicios a los que se enfrentan las mujeres en el mundo del deporte rey. Palabras clave: (Fuente: tesauro de la Unesco) Deporte; fútbol; género; televisión; desigualdad social; España; producción televisiva. Abstract. In recent years, documentary sports content has proliferated, driven by the variety of contents of the consolidated transnational (HBO Max, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Apple+, Disney+ or Hulu) and Spanish (Movistar+, Atresplayer Premium) on-demand services. This type of format, in line with the progressive visibility of women in sport, has led to a trend of audiovisual products in documentary format focusing on women athletes and their difficulties in breaking through. The series Un sueño Real (HBO: 2020-2022), directed by Ana Pastor, portrays the struggle of the women's football team Club Deportivo Tacón to be promoted to the Spanish first division and later absorbed by Real Madrid. From a cultural studies with a gender perspective, this article looks at how the series explores issues such as gender equality and recognition in football, as well as the barriers and prejudices faced by women in the world of the beautiful game. Keywords: (Source: Unesco Thesaurus) Sport, football, gender roles, television, social inequality, Spain, television production.

The paper analyses the relationships between the teams and supporters of FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol Barcelona, in which the dispute concerning Catalanness has been and remains the foremost issue. FC Barcelona is widely considered an ambassador of Catalonia, a symbol of Catalanness and the epitome of Catalanism as embodied through football. Espanyol, its local rival, has to face allegations of being a non-Catalan club, or an outgrowth of Real Madrid in Barcelona. While Barça is the club in which one “does politics” and with which one creates Catalonia (fer Catalunya), it is emphasized that Espanyol and its supporters are not involved in politics and the Catalan national effort. A perennial feud continues between the boards and fans of both clubs; historical, identity-related and ethnic arguments are invoked to demonstrate the Catalanness of one side (FC Barcelona) and its incompleteness or even utter absence in the other (RCD Espanyol). The analysis conducted in the paper shows that FC Barcelona’s exclusive Catalanness and right to represent Catalonia is a historical and social fact, but it has been challenged recently by Espanyol through the Catalanization the club undertook in mid-1990s and a series of public campaigns to undermine the hegemony of Barça in the city and the region. Espanyol is the active side in the contest to overcome FC Barcelona’s monopoly on representing Catalonia, while Barcelona itself focuses on retaining its previous status. The study demonstrates that both clubs are in fact polysemous, which means that Espanyol has supporters who feel first and foremost Catalans and espouse Catalan independence, while avowed opponents of the same idea can be found among the supporters of the Blaugrana, although the club is primarily Spanish and not only Catalan.

The front pages of newspapers are the main showcase to sell the product. Those first pages are a perfect hook for newspapers to attract readers; thus, it becomes vital to show striking pieces of information, captivating the audience. In the case of the written sport press in Spain, there is a key period in which true information is mingled with half-truths and even rumors: The summer transfer window. This paper shows an analysis of the front-page news appearing in the Spanish sports newspapers Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo, and Sport, over a five-year period (2015–2019), based on a sample of 120 different issues of the newspaper. Many times, the media present information either as something true or as a hypothesis or possibility. After quantitatively analyzing that, it can be noticed that in more than 50% of the cases, the signing or sale of the player referenced on the front page (the main news) does not occur. Similarly, it can be observed that there is a direct link connecting the news referring to Real Madrid with Marca and As, and Fútbol Club Barcelona with Mundo Deportivo and Sport. Finally, almost 100% of this news is showed along with real photographs, using photo montage in just a few cases.

Reseñas Bibliográficas correspondientes al número 12 de Barataria. Para visualizar/descargar la reseña correspondiente diríjase al apartado texto completo (pdf).
 ÍNDICE de las reseñas:
 Autora: S. Giménez Rodríguez, p. 205
 Texto: Antonio GUTIÉRREZ RESA y Octavio UÑA JUÁREZ
 Integración de los inmigrantes a través de los Servicios Sociales municipales en la Comunidad de Madrid
 Madrid: Editorial UNED. 2010. 166 pp.
 
 Autor: R. Pérez Redondo, pp. 205-207
 Texto: Álvaro RODRÍGUEZ DÍAZ
 Los universitarios y el deporte
 Sevilla: Wanceulen Editorial Deportiva. 2010. 162 pp.
 
 Autor: J. C. Correia, pp. 207-208
 Ana Lúcia DE CASTRO (coord.)
 Cultura contemporânea, identidades e sociabilidades. Olhares sobre corpo, mídia e novas tecnologías
 São Paulo: Editora Unesp. 2010. 216 pp.
 
 Autora: M. Velasco Ortega, pp. 208-209
 Texto: Kiamvu TAMO
 Fundamentos da Responsabilidade Social da Empresa (RSE)
 Luanda (Angola): Capatê Publicaciones. 2009. 178 pp.
 
 Autor: T. Gomariz Acuña, pp. 209-210
 Texto: Ángel GARCÍA SANTIAGO y Juan Carlos ZUBIETA IRÚN (Dirs.)
 Los estereotipos nacionales de las poblaciones de los países del Mercosur y de España
 Santander: Ediciones T.G.D. 2006. 376 pp.
 
 Autora: S. Gallego Trijueque, pp. 210-212
 José Manuel CANALES ALIENDE
 Documentos básicos para la modernización y el fortalecimiento de las administraciones públicas en Iberoamérica
 Alicante: Editorial Club Universitario. 2009. 145 pp.
 
 Autor: J. F. Santos Santos, pp. 212-213
 Héctor S. MARTÍNEZ SÁNCHEZ-MATEOS
 La estructura del transporte y sus implicaciones territoriales en Castilla - La Mancha
 Toledo: Consejo Económico y Social de Castilla-La Mancha. 2010. 408 pp.
 
 Autor: S. Donoso García, pp. 213-214
 Texto: José Francisco JIMÉNEZ DÍAZ
 Relatos biográficos de agricultores. Memoria de la revolución agrícola en la costa de Almería y Granada
 Granada: Editorial Comares. 2010. 231 pp.
 
 Autora: M. L. Gallardo García-Saavedra, pp. 214-216
 Texto: Mariano J. GARCÍA CONSUEGRA
 La modernización demográfica de la provincia de Ciudad Real en el siglo XX
 Ciudad Real: Bam-Biblioteca de Autores Manchegos, Diputación de Ciudad Real. 2010. 271 pp.
 
 Autor: J. Rey, pp. 216-218
 Texto: Wenceslao J. GONZÁLEZ
 La predicción científica: concepciones filosófico-metodológicas desde H. Reichenbach a N. Rescher
 Barcelona: Montesinos. 2010. 339 pp.
 
 Autor: E. Díaz Cano, pp. 218-219
 Texto: Maximiliano FERNÁNDEZ FERNÁNDEZ
 Comunicación y reputación en empresas e instituciones
 Madrid: Universitas. 2011. 472 pp.
 
 Autora: P. Madrigal Barrón, pp. 219-220
 Texto: Adrián Oswaldo RAVIER
 La Escuela Austriaca desde adentro. Historias e ideas de sus pensadores
 Madrid: Unión Editorial. 2011. 444 pp.
 
 Autor: R. Pérez Redondo, pp. 220-222 
 Texto: Francisco Javier NOYA MIRANDA (Aut.), Fernán del VAL RIPOLLÉS y Cristian Martín PÉREZ COLMAN
 (Coords.)
 Musyca. Música, sociedad y creatividad artística
 Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. 2010. 303 pp.
 
 Autor: J. Hormigos, pp. 222-223
 Texto: Eduardo DÍAZ CANO
 Tabula rasa. Ernst Troeltsch y sus escritos iniciales
 Madrid: Dykinson. 2010. 290 pp.
 
 Autor: E. Díaz Cano, pp. 223-224
 Texto: Celine-Marie Pascale
 Cartographies of knowledge: exploring qualitative epistemologies
 Thousand Oaks, CA.: SAGE Publications. 2011. 195 pp.

The purpose of this study was to explore the insights from Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (CF) about how value was created and captured by participating in different value offerings with variety of actors to gain a differentiation position in the competitive scope of the football business. We utilized a case study, relying on semi-structure interviews with eight directors, who worked in the marketing department of the club and the multiple sources of secondary documents. The results revealed that Real Madrid CF generated seven value capturing strategies through the value co-creation with global supporters, sponsors, corporate partners and social media. This case study intended to fill the gap in the sports marketing literature by examining how the club has transformed value-creating activities into value captures to sustain their competitive advantage, through implementation of marketing strategies such as; (a) recruitment of star players who pay their way, (b) brand extension in Middle East countries, (c) organizing international friendly matches, (d) establishment of Real Madrid Graduate School for business education and (e) developing new projects such as theme parks and virtual fan experiences.


 Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar el papel que tuvieron los servicios diplomáticos españoles durante la gira que realizó el Real Madrid por Sudáfrica en septiembre de 1964. Al mismo tiempo, esta investigación también plantea dos objetivos específicos: el primero aborda el impacto que la visita del club tuvo en este país, y el segundo estudia el papel que desempeñó esta entidad deportiva dentro de la política exterior del franquismo. A través de la documentación del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores conservada en el Archivo General de la Administración, se ha podido demostrar el estrecho seguimiento que dicho organismo realizó de esta gira internacional.

The incidence and risk factors for poor outcome in patients with COVID are well known, as are the protective measures in high-risk populations. In contrast, the epidemiological and clinical behavior of this disease in the population of elite athletes who are the paradigm of good health is poorly understood. Data on COVID in athletes are scarce and have focused preferentially on the consequences on sports performance of confinement measures and on the pathophysiological risks of infected athletes. Real Madrid is a large elite sports institution with facilities in the City of Madrid where 600 athletes train daily. The incidence of COVID during a study period of 671 days of observation in athletes, professional or amateur, working in the institution has been 0,74 per 1,000 days of exposure. The disease has been asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic in all athletes and did not require any hospital admissions. The different teams did not have to suspend any of its sportive commitments for COVID during the study period and there was no evidence of outbreaks of internal transmission between members of the different teams.

The football rivalry between Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona is one of the most popular at club level globally. In Spain, where it is known as El Clásico (the Classic), it has an unrivalled status in the sports media industry. Its significance relies in part to the historical tension between Catalonia, the region of which Barcelona is the main centre, and Madrid, the capital of Spain. The exaltation of confrontation and partisanship is the central feature of highly popular radio programmes devoted to El Clásico. This study aimed to observe how the media discourse articulated by these programmes was affected by the fact that, during the Covid-19 pandemic, matches were played in empty venues. Through the comparisons of broadcasts of two games, one from 2017 and from 2020, the paper shows that the sensationalistic style is toned down, and a less polarised and partisan sports journalism is possible.

Athletic Bilbao, also known by its more correct name of Athletic Club, is a professional football club based in Bilbao, in the Basque Country of Spain. Since 1912, it has adhered to its policy of only allowing players from the Basque Country to play for them. This system is known as cantera, from the word for quarry, meaning treating players from the surrounding area as a valuable resource to be extracted and moulded. Despite the self-imposed limitation of this unwritten rule, Athletic Bilbao is one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from LaLiga, along with Real Madrid and Barcelona. Here, we look at how psychology was developed in the club toward developing home-grown players, which became known as La Mirada (“The Gaze” in Spanish). A key perspective of how La Mirada developed over time was to address coaches’ mindsets before those of the players, especially because coaches often felt that their learning was going to be an upward trajectory by relying on what had given them results in other clubs. This Practical Advance paper explores this distinctive journey of psychology with examples from what was themed the lights and shadows of coaches’ and players’ learning development in Athletic Bilbao.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Champions League teams using the entropy-integrated Multi Attribute Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis (MAIRCA) and super-slack-based data envelopment analysis for the 2012–2022 period. Design/methodology/approach This study consists of two sections. First, this study uses the entropy-integrated MAIRCA approach, which is a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique developed by Gigović, to measure the performance of Champions League clubs. Second, this study proceeds with the super-slack-based DEA to evaluate the efficiency of the Champions League clubs. Findings As per the empirical results, Real Madrid is found to be the best-performing club over the past 10 years in terms of financial and sportive performance. Over the analyzed period, teams from the five Major Leagues of Europe perform better. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, performance measurement studies in football have focused on either DEA or MCDM. This study aims to present novelty for football literature by evaluating holistically both the sportive and financial dimensions. This paper also analyzes Champions League teams from the perspective of both MCDM and super-slack-based DEA methods.

IntroductionIn the process of growing societies, and especially in the digital era we live in, there is a need for a strong push for innovation that puts citizens at the center of the process from the beginning to build more resilient, cooperative and flexible communities. Different collaborative design approaches have emerged in recent decades, one of the most interesting being Living Labs, which involves user-centered design and co-creative innovation that bring together different actors and roles. However, although these new methodologies are harnessing creativity, some aspects of this new, more ecosystemic and complex vision are not clearly understood: possible barriers, how to facilitate local and operational solutions, overcoming institutional blockage, integrating new roles, etc.MethodsThe incorporation of the Quintuple Helix as a driver to ensure greater coordinated participation of local actors has proven its usefulness and impact during the re-adaptation of LifeSpace (previously named Smart House Living Lab), managed by the Polytechnic University of Madrid (Spain), a transformation based on the experiences and lessons learned during the large-scale ACTIVAGE pilot funded by the European Commission, more specifically at the Madrid Deployment Site. It involved more than 350 older adult people and other stakeholders from different areas, including family members, formal and informal caregivers, hospital service managers, third-age associations, and public service providers, forming a sense of community, which was called MAHA.ResultsThe living lab infrastructure evolved from a single multi-purpose environment to incorporate three harmoniously competing environments: (1) THE LAB: Headquarters for planning, demonstration, initial design phases and entry point for newcomers to the process, (2) THE CLUB: Controlled interaction environment where returning users validate solutions, focusing mainly on AHA services (MAHA CLUB), such as exergames, social interaction applications, brain training activities, etc. (3) THE NEIGHBOURHOOD: Real-life environments for free and open interaction between actors and implementation of previously validated and tested solutions.ConclusionThe Quintuple Helix model applied in LifeSpace’s new vision allows a coordinated involvement of a more diverse set of actors, beyond the end-users and especially those who are not traditionally part of research and innovation processes.

Abstract On December 2019, in Wuhan-China, SARS-Cov2 coronavirus emerged, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, responsible by June 29 2020, for 10.112.754 cases, and 501.562 deaths, in over 213 countries. Our research aims to study the impact of COVID-19 on Facebook and Instagram posting activity, regarding publications with word ‘Coronavirus', their total interaction and source, as well as an analysis of possible fake news A sample of 4.000 posts (3.025 Facebook and 975 Instagram posts) was extracted through a web-based social media analytics tool, over two periods: January 10-February 27 (P1) and 01 May-June 28 (P2). Data were analysed using Microsoft tools. The 2.000 P1 posts generated 77.654.161 interactions - 70% likes, 4% comments and 27% shares. However, the 2.000 P2 posts prompted more than four times engagement, with 330.930.859 interactions - 92% likes, 2% comments and 6% shares. From January to February, likes increased 59%, but comments and shares decreased by 27% and 57%, respectively: users are generally more engaged but at a less profound level. From May to June, likes, comments and shares decreased 41%, 43% and 51%, as users gradually come out of confinement. Certain events boosted engagement: on January 21, as the first case in the United States was announced, 767.280 interactions were reported, a 21-fold increase from the previous day; February 16 was the day with more monthly engagement when the first case in France was announced. January 25, CNN posted the Facebook post with more interactions of the month (2.510.695). On February, the post with most interactions was from Real Madrid Football Club. On P2, the two most popular posts were from The United Nations International Children's Fund Facebook page (May post had 4.153.981 interactions). Social media is nowadays the most used source of information in the world. In a health crisis like the Covid-19 pandemic, quality information is necessary to keep the population calm and informed on the correct steps to take. Key messages Study the impact of the COVID-19 on Facebook and Instagram, regarding the evolution of publications related to word “Coronavirus”. The importance of Social Media during a Health Crisis.

Lincolnshire, England. The crowd cheer when the ball breaks loose. From one end of the field to the other, the players chase, their snouts hovering just above the grass. It’s not a case of four legs being better, rather a novel way to attract customers to the Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park. During the matches, volunteers are drawn from the crowd to hold goal posts at either end of the run the pigs usually race on. With five pigs playing, two teams of two and a referee, and a ball designed to leak feed as it rolls (Stevenson) the ten-minute competition is fraught with tension. While the pig’s contributions to “the beautiful game” (Fish and Pele 7) have not always been so obvious, it could be argued that specific parts of the animal have had a significant impact on a sport which, despite calls to fall into line with much of the rest of the world, people in Australia (and the US) are more likely to call soccer. The Football Precursors to the modern football were constructed around an inflated pig’s bladder (Price, Jones and Harland). Animal hide, usually from a cow, was stitched around the bladder to offer some degree of stability, but the bladder’s irregular and uneven form made for unpredictable movement in flight. This added some excitement and affected how ball games such as the often violent, calico matches in Florence, were played. In the early 1970s, the world’s oldest ball was discovered during a renovation in Stirling Castle, Scotland. The ball has a pig’s bladder inside its hand-stitched, deer-hide outer. It was found in the ceiling above the bed in, what was then Mary Queens of Scots’ bedroom. It has since been dated to the 1540s (McGinnes). Neglected and left in storage until the late 1990s, the ball found pride of place in an exhibition in the Smiths Art Gallery and Museum, Stirling, and only gained worldwide recognition (as we will see later) in 2006. Despite confirmed interest in a number of sports, there is no evidence to support Mary’s involvement with football (Springer). The deer-hide ball may have been placed to gather and trap untoward spirits attempting to enter the monarch’s sleep, or simply left by accident and forgotten (McGinnes in Springer). Mary, though, was not so fortunate. She was confined and forgotten, but only until she was put to death in 1587. The Executioner having gripped her hair to hold his prize aloft, realised too late it was a wig and Mary’s head bounced and rolled across the floor. Football Development The pig’s bladder was the central component in the construction of the football for the next three hundred years. However, the issue of the ball’s movement (the bounce and roll), the bladder’s propensity to burst when kicked, and an unfortunate wife’s end, conspired to push the pig from the ball before the close of the nineteenth-century. The game of football began to take its shape in 1848, when JC Thring and a few colleagues devised the Cambridge Rules. This compromised set of guidelines was developed from those used across the different ‘ball’ games played at England’s elite schools. The game involved far more kicking, and the pig’s bladders, prone to bursting under such conditions, soon became impractical. Charles Goodyear’s invention of vulcanisation in 1836 and the death of prestigious rugby and football maker Richard Lindon’s wife in 1870 facilitated the replacement of the animal bladder with a rubber-based alternative. Tragically, Mr Lindon’s chief inflator died as a result of blowing up too many infected pig’s bladders (Hawkesley). Before it closed earlier this year (Rhoads), the US Soccer Hall of Fame displayed a rubber football made in 1863 under the misleading claim that it was the oldest known football. By the late 1800s, professional, predominantly Scottish play-makers had transformed the game from its ‘kick-and-run’ origins into what is now called ‘the passing game’ (Sanders). Football, thanks in no small part to Scottish factory workers (Kay), quickly spread through Europe and consequently the rest of the world. National competitions emerged through the growing need for organisation, and the pig-free mass production of balls began in earnest. Mitre and Thomlinson’s of Glasgow were two of the first to make and sell their much rounder balls. With heavy leather panels sewn together and wrapped around a thick rubber inner, these balls were more likely to retain shape—a claim the pig’s bladder equivalent could not legitimately make. The rubber-bladdered balls bounced more too. Their weight and external stitching made them more painful to header, but also more than useful for kicking and particularly for passing from one player to another. The ball’s relatively quick advancement can thereafter be linked to the growth and success of the World Cup Finals tournament. Before the pig re-enters the fray, it is important to glance, however briefly, at the ball’s development through the international game. World Cup Footballs Pre-tournament favourites, Spain, won the 2010 FIFA World Cup, playing with “an undistorted, perfectly spherical ball” (Ghosh par. 7), the “roundest” ever designed (FIFA par.1). Their victory may speak to notions of predictability in the ball, the tournament and the most lucrative levels of professional endeavour, but this notion is not a new one to football. The ball’s construction has had an influence on the way the game has been played since the days of Mary Queen of Scots. The first World Cup Final, in 1930, featured two heavy, leather, twelve-panelled footballs—not dissimilar to those being produced in Glasgow decades earlier. The players and officials of Uruguay and Argentina could not agree, so they played the first half with an Argentine ball. At half-time, Argentina led by two goals to one. In the second half, Uruguay scored three unanswered goals with their own ball (FIFA). The next Final was won by Italy, the home nation in 1934. Orsi, Italy’s adopted star, poked a wildly swerving shot beyond the outstretched Czech keeper. The next day Orsi, obligated to prove his goal was not luck or miracle, attempted to repeat the feat before an audience of gathered photographers. He failed. More than twenty times. The spin on his shot may have been due to the, not uncommon occurrence, of the ball being knocked out of shape during the match (FIFA). By 1954, the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) had sought to regulate ball size and structure and, in 1958, rigorously tested balls equal to the demands of world-class competition. The 1950s also marked the innovation of the swerving free kick. The technique, developed in the warm, dry conditions of the South American game, would not become popular elsewhere until ball technology improved. The heavy hand-stitched orb, like its early counterparts, was prone to water absorption, which increased the weight and made it less responsive, particularly for those playing during European winters (Bray). The 1970 World Cup in Mexico saw football progress even further. Pele, arguably the game’s greatest player, found his feet, and his national side, Brazil, cemented their international football prominence when they won the Jules Rimet trophy for the third time. Their innovative and stylish use of the football in curling passes and bending free kicks quickly spread to other teams. The same World Cup saw Adidas, the German sports goods manufacturer, enter into a long-standing partnership with FIFA. Following the competition, they sold an estimated six hundred thousand match and replica tournament footballs (FIFA). The ball, the ‘Telstar’, with its black and white hexagonal panels, became an icon of the modern era as the game itself gained something close to global popularity for the first time in its history. Over the next forty years, the ball became incrementally technologically superior. It became synthetic, water-resistant, and consistent in terms of rebound and flight characteristics. It was constructed to be stronger and more resistant to shape distortion. Internal layers of polyutherane and Syntactic Foam made it lighter, capable of greater velocity and more responsive to touch (FIFA). Adidas spent three years researching and developing the 2006 World Cup ball, the ‘Teamgeist’. Fourteen panels made it rounder and more precise, offering a lower bounce, and making it more difficult to curl due to its accuracy in flight. At the same time, audiences began to see less of players like Roberto Carlos (Brazil and Real Madrid CF) and David Beckham (Manchester United, LA Galaxy and England), who regularly scored goals that challenged the laws of physics (Gill). While Adidas announced the 2006 release of the world’s best performing ball in Berlin, the world’s oldest was on its way to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg for the duration of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Mary Queen of Scot’s ball took centre spot in an exhibit which also featured a pie stand—though not pork pies—from Hibernian Football Club (Strang). In terms of publicity and raising awareness of the Scots’ role in the game’s historical development, the installation was an unrivalled success for the Scottish Football Museum (McBrearty). It did, however, very little for the pig. Heads, not Tails In 2002, the pig or rather the head of a pig, bounced and rolled back into football’s limelight. For five years Luis Figo, Portugal’s most capped international player, led FC Barcelona to domestic and European success. In 2000, he had been lured to bitter rivals Real Madrid CF for a then-world record fee of around £37 million (Nash). On his return to the Catalan Camp Nou, wearing the shimmering white of Real Madrid CF, he was showered with beer cans, lighters, bottles and golf balls. Among the objects thrown, a suckling pig’s head chimed a psychological nod to the spear with two sharp ends in William Golding’s story. Play was suspended for sixteen minutes while police tried to quell the commotion (Lowe). In 2009, another pig’s head made its way into football for different reasons. Tightly held in the greasy fingers of an Orlando Pirates fan, it was described as a symbol of the ‘roasting’ his team would give the Kaiser Chiefs. After the game, he and his friend planned to eat their mascot and celebrate victory over their team’s most reviled competitors (Edwards). The game ended in a nil-all draw. Prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was not uncommon for a range of objects that European fans might find bizarre, to be allowed into South African league matches. They signified luck and good feeling, and in some cases even witchcraft. Cabbages, known locally for their medicinal qualities, were very common—common enough for both sets of fans to take them (Edwards). FIFA, an organisation which has more members than the United Nations (McGregor), impressed their values on the South African Government. The VuVuZela was fine to take to games; indeed, it became a cultural artefact. Very little else would be accepted. Armed with their economy-altering engine, the world’s most watched tournament has a tendency to get what it wants. And the crowd respond accordingly. Incidentally, the ‘Jabulani’—the ball developed for the 2010 tournament—is the most consistent football ever designed. In an exhaustive series of tests, engineers at Loughborough University, England, learned, among other things, the added golf ball-like grooves on its surface made the ball’s flight more symmetrical and more controlled. The Jabulani is more reliable or, if you will, more predictable than any predecessor (Ghosh). Spanish Ham Through support from their Governing body, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol, Spain have built a national side with experience, and an unparalleled number of talented individuals, around the core of the current FC Barcelona club side. Their strength as a team is founded on the bond between those playing on a weekly basis at the Catalan club. Their style has allowed them to create and maintain momentum on the international stage. Victorious in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship and undefeated in their run through the qualifying stages into the World Cup Finals in South Africa, they were tournament favourites before a Jabulani was rolled into touch. As Tim Parks noted in his New York Review of Books article, “The Shame of the World Cup”, “the Spanish were superior to an extent one rarely sees in the final stages of a major competition” (2010 par. 15). They have a “remarkable ability to control, hold and hide the ball under intense pressure,” and play “a passing game of great subtlety [ ... to] patiently wear down an opposing team” (Parks par. 16). Spain won the tournament having scored fewer goals per game than any previous winner. Perhaps, as Parks suggests, they scored as often as they needed to. They found the net eight times in their seven matches (Fletcher). This was the first time that Spain had won the prestigious trophy, and the first time a European country has won the tournament on a different continent. In this, they have broken the stranglehold of superpowers like Germany, Italy and Brazil. The Spanish brand of passing football is the new benchmark. Beautiful to watch, it has grace, flow and high entertainment value, but seems to lack something of an organic nature: that is, it lacks the chance for things to go wrong. An element of robotic aptitude has crept in. This occurred on a lesser scale across the 2010 FIFA World Cup finals, but it is possible to argue that teams and players, regardless of nation, have become interchangeable, that the world’s best players and the way they play have become identikits, formulas to be followed and manipulated by master tacticians. There was a great deal of concern in early rounds about boring matches. The world’s media focused on an octopus that successfully chose the winner of each of Germany’s matches and the winner of the final. Perhaps, in shaping the ‘most’ perfect ball and the ‘most’ perfect football, the World Cup has become the most predictable of tournaments. In Conclusion The origins of the ball, Orsi’s unrepeatable winner and the swerving free kick, popular for the best part of fifty years, are worth remembering. These issues ask the powers of football to turn back before the game is smothered by the hunt for faultlessness. The unpredictability of the ball goes hand in hand with the game. Its flaws underline its beauty. Football has so much more transformative power than lucrative evolutionary accretion. While the pig’s head was an ugly statement in European football, it is a symbol of hope in its South African counterpart. Either way its removal is a reminder of Golding’s message and the threat of homogeneity; a nod to the absence of the irregular in the modern era. Removing the curve from the free kick echoes the removal of the pig’s bladder from the ball. The fun is in the imperfection. Where will the game go when it becomes indefectible? Where does it go from here? Can there really be any validity in claiming yet another ‘roundest ball ever’? Chip technology will be introduced. The ball’s future replacements will be tracked by satellite and digitally-fed, reassured referees will determine the outcome of difficult decisions. Victory for the passing game underlines the notion that despite technological advancement, the game has changed very little since those pioneering Scotsmen took to the field. Shouldn’t we leave things the way they were? Like the pigs at Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park, the level of improvement seems determined by the level of incentive. The pigs, at least, are playing to feed themselves. Acknowledgments The author thanks editors, Donna Lee Brien and Adele Wessell, and the two blind peer reviewers, for their constructive feedback and reflective insights. The remaining mistakes are his own. References “Adidas unveils Golden Ball for 2006 FIFA World Cup Final” Adidas. 18 Apr. 2006. 23 Aug. 2010 . 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Tudor History 21 Jul. 2010 http://tudorhistory.org/primary/exmary.html>. “The History of the FA.” The FA. 20 Jul. 2010 “World’s Oldest Ball”. World Cup South Africa 2010 Blog. 22 Jul. 2010 . “World’s Oldest Soccer Ball by Charles Goodyear”. 18 Mar. 2010. 20 Jul. 2010 .