Journal articles: 'Real-Time vehicle simulation'

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Löwenau, J. P., P. J. Th Venhovens, and J. H. Bernasch. "Advanced Vehicle Navigation applied in the BMW Real Time Light Simulation." Journal of Navigation 53, no. 1 (January 2000): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463399008681.

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Advanced vehicle navigation based on the US Global Positioning Systems (GPS) will play a major role in future vehicle control systems. Contemporary vehicle navigation systems generally consist of vehicle positioning using satellites and location and orientation of the vehicle with respect to the roadway geometry using a digitised map on a CD-ROM. The standard GPS (with Selective Availability) enables positioning with an accuracy of at least 100 m and is sufficiently accurate for most route guidance tasks. More accurate, precision navigation can be obtained by Differential GPS techniques. A new light concept called Adaptive Light Control (ALC) has been developed with the aim to improve night-time traffic safety. ALC improves the headlamp illumination by means of continuous adaptation of the headlamps according to the current driving situation and current environment. In order to ensure rapid prototyping and early testing, the step from offline to online (real-time) simulation of light distributions has been successfully completed in the driving simulator. The solutions are directly ported to real vehicles to allow further testing with natural road conditions.

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Serban, Radu, and Edward J. Haug. "Globally Independent Coordinates for Real-Time Vehicle Simulation." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289389.

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Models of the dynamics of multibody systems generally result in a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAE). State-space methods for solving the DAE of motion are based on reduction of the DAE to ordinary differential equations (ODE), by means of local parameterizations of the constraint manifold that must be often modified during a simulation. In this paper it is shown that, for vehicle multibody systems, generalized coordinates that are dual to suspension and/or control forces in the model are independent for the entire range of motion of the system. Therefore, these additional coordinates, together with Cartesian coordinates describing the position and orientation of the chassis, form a set of globally independent coordinates. In addition to the immediate advantage of avoiding the computationally expensive redefinition of local parameterization in a state-space formulation, the existence of globally independent coordinates leads to efficient algorithms for recovery of dependent generalized coordinates. A topology based approach to identify efficient computational sequences is presented. Numerical examples with realistic vehicle handling models demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed approach, relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate formulation, yielding real-time for vehicle simulation. [S1050-0472(00)00404-9]

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Kciuk, Sławomir, Paweł Kielan, Arkadiusz Mężyk, and Krzysztof Wilk. "Hybrid Simulation of Tracked Vehicle Suspension on Real-Time Environment." Solid State Phenomena 248 (March 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.248.161.

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The work presents simulation method of dynamic properties used as assistance in the construction process of suspension systems for high-speed tracked vehicles. Special consideration has been given to the real-time coupling of virtual models with the dynamic response of actual elastic-damping elements of the vehicles. An original design method has been proposed. The method is characterized by the fact that each of the design stages are not performed sequentially, but are parallel to each other and that at each level, mutual coupling between the tasks of the design process occurs. The proposed simulation method using the dSpace system is based on the integration of virtual environment such as LMS Virtual Lab or MATLAB/Simulink with the actual object such as a damper, by means of dedicated input/output devices operating in real time. The method developed in the work allowed for an extension of the classic co-simulations, that is, simulations in two coupled virtual environments, to include an actual component or, rather – its dynamic – often non-linear – characteristic, its response to excitation. The method developed in the work allowed for an extension of the classic co-simulations, that is, simulations in two coupled virtual environments, to include an actual component or, rather – its dynamic – often non-linear – characteristic, its response to excitation.The developed test method and the computer programs have been verified by means of experimental measurements of the dynamic characteristics of the actual object during test-ground tests and in the laboratory. The obtained results of the simulations and experiments allow to confirm the validity of the assumed thesis, which has been included in the summary.

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Oh, Cheol, and Stephen G. Ritchie. "Anonymous Vehicle Tracking for Real-Time Traffic Surveillance and Performance on Signalized Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1826, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1826-06.

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One of the fundamental requirements for facilitating implementation of any advanced transportation management and information system (ATMIS) is the development of a real-time traffic surveillance system able to produce reliable and accurate traffic performance measures. This study presents a new framework for anonymous vehicle tracking capable of tracing individual vehicles by the vehicle features. The core part of the proposed vehicle tracking method is a vehicle reidentification algorithm for signalized intersections based on inductive vehicle signatures. The new vehicle reidentification system consists of two major components: search space reduction and probabilistic pattern recognition. Not only real-time intersection performance but also intersection origin–destination information can be obtained as the algorithm’s basic output. A systematic simulation investigation was conducted of the performance and feasibility of anonymous vehicle tracking on signalized arterials using the Paramics simulation model. Extensive research experience with vehicle reidentification techniques on single roadway segments was the basis for investigating the performance that could be obtained from tracking individual vehicles across multiple detector stations. The findings of this study serve as a logical and necessary precursor to possible field implementation of vehicle reidentification techniques. The proposed anonymous vehicle tracking methodology with existing traffic surveillance infrastructure would be an invaluable tool for operating agencies in support of ATMIS strategies for congestion monitoring, adaptive traffic control, system evaluation, and provision of real-time traveler information.

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Kawasaki, Yosuke, Yusuke Hara, Takuma Mitani, and Masao Kuwahara. "Real-Time Simulation of Dynamic Traffic Flow with Traffic Data Assimilation Approach." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0246.

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The real-time traffic state estimation we propose uses a state-space model considering the variability of the fundamental diagram (FD) and sensing data. Serious congestion was caused by vehicle evacuation in many Sanriku coast cities following the great East Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011. Many of the vehicles in these congested queues were caught in the enormous tsunami after the earthquake [1]. Safe, efficient evacuation and rescue and restoration require that dynamic traffic states be monitored in real time especially in natural disasters. Variational theory (VT) based on kinematic wave theory is used for the system model, with probe vehicle and traffic detector data used to for measurement data. Our proposal agrees better with simulated benchmark traffic states than deterministic VT results do.

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Liu, Xu Dong, Qing Wu Fan, Bang Gui Zheng, and Jian Min Duan. "Real-Time Simulation Study for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.965.

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To shorten design period and reduce development costs, computer modeling & simulation is important for HEV design and development. In this paper, real-time simulation for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV) is made to test its fuzzy logic control strategy based on dSPACE-DS1103 development kits. The whole real-time simulation schematic is designed and the vehicle forward-facing simulation model is set up. Driver behavior is simulated by two potentiometers and introduced into the system to realize close-loop control. A real-time monitoring interface is also developed to observe the experiment results. Experiment results show that the real-time simulation platform works well and the SHEV fuzzy logic control strategy is effective.

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M., Meenakshi, and M. Seetharama Bhat. "Real-Time Fixed-Order LateralH2Controller for Micro Air Vehicle." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/594086.

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This paper presents the design and development of a fixed low-order, robustH2controller for a micro air vehicle (MAV) named Sarika-2. The controller synthesis uses strengthened discrete optimal projection equations and frequency-dependent performance index to achieve robust performance and stability. A single fixed gain low-order dynamic controller provides simultaneous stabilization, disturbance rejection, and sensor noise attenuation over the entire flight speed range of 16 m/sec to 26 m/sec. Comparative study indicates that the low-orderH2-controller achieves robust performance levels similar to that of full order controller. Subsequently, the controller is implemented on a digital signal processor-based flight computer and is validated through the real time hardware in loop simulation. The responses obtained with hardware in loop simulation compares well with those obtained from the offline simulation.

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Li, Bing, Jianhua Zheng, Yang Hui Zhou, and Li Xi Luo. "Real-Time Simulation Study of Dynamics for Electric Drive Tracked Vehicle Based on Vortex." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.595.

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Aiming at the problem of real-time simulation of vehicle dynamics. Dynamic model of tracked vehicle was built in Vortex. Base class of vehicle was secondary developed to apply torque to the sprockets directly. Finally, dynamics model of electric drive tracked vehicle was established. Under different conditions，the dynamics real-time simulation was carried out. The results showed that the vehicle dynamic simulation in Vortex ensures high accuracy and also has a good real-time.

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Li, Jing-Quan, Pitu B. Mirchandani, and Denis Borenstein. "Real-time vehicle rerouting problems with time windows." European Journal of Operational Research 194, no. 3 (May 2009): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.12.037.

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Kučera, Pavel, and Václav Píštěk. "A Computational Model of ATV Vehicle for Real-Time Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 821 (January 2016): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.821.242.

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The paper deals with the description of a computational model of an ATV vehicle in Simulink software. This computational model is created using the basic elements of own library and represents the main driveline parts for the simulation of longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics. The article describes the design and function of the computational model and demonstrates the usage of an ATV model in the NI VeriStand software. It can be simulated on the hardware for real-time testing. A simulation of drive is then done to verify the functionality of the assembled model.

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Haghani, Ali, Qiang Tian, and Huijun Hu. "Simulation Model for Real-Time Emergency Vehicle Dispatching and Routing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1882, no. 1 (January 2004): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1882-21.

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Vogt, Henning S., Chad C. Schmitke, Kiumars Jalali, and John J. McPhee. "Unified modelling and real-time simulation of an electric vehicle." International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems 6, no. 3/4 (2008): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvas.2008.023582.

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Saban, D., J. F. Whidborne, and A. K. Cooke. "Simulation of wake vortex effects for UAVs in close formation flight." Aeronautical Journal 113, no. 1149 (November 2009): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003389.

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AbstractThis paper addresses the development of multiple UAV deployment simulation models that include representative aerodynamic cross-coupling effects. Applications may include simulations of autonomous aerial refuelling and formation flying scenarios. A novel wake vortex model has been developed and successfully integrated within a Matlab/Simulink simulation environment. The wake vortex model is both sufficiently representative to support studies of aerodynamic interaction between multiple air vehicles, and straightforward enough to be used within real time or near real time air-to-air simulations. The model integration process is described, and computational results of a two-vehicle-formation flight are presented.

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Nguyễn Văn, Đông. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for estimating dynamics parameters of vehicle." Journal of Science and Technology Issue on Information and Communications Technology 17, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst-ud2019-001.

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Information about vehicle dynamics states is indispensable for modern dynamics control system on vehicle today. For economic reasons, a technique called “virtual sensor” which bases on dynamical model of vehicle and an observation algorithm are used to estimate real states of vehicle. In this paper, a system based on Hardware-in-the-loop simulation will be used to estimate the vehicle states in real time. CarSim is a professional software for simulating the dynamics of vehicle which is used as a virtual vehicle in this paper. An observer based on Luen-berge method is developed and implemented by Arduino Mega 2560 board. Matlab/Simulink plays the role of acquistion and data transfer center. The simulation results show the good performance of observer in real time condtion when the estimated values are well converged to real values given by CarSim.

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Seo, Dong Hyun, Wae Gyeong Shin, and Jong Sang No. "A Study on Fault Detection Algorithm for Motor Control Unit of Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 431 (October 2013): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.431.226.

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Algorithms for motor control unit in electric vehicles are being actively developed with consideration given to safety and reliability these days. Faults during driving are a critical problem that is directly linked to the safety of drivers, and studies on fault detection of control units in various situations are needed. This study investigated the faults of control units in a signal level interface with a dynamic model of drive motor and the real-time interconnection of motor control unit and HILS (hardware-in-the-loop simulation). It was found through real-time simulation that simulating the fault conditions with the sensors of motor control unit could reveal different characteristics of motor control unit. Furthermore, vehicle driving simulations with electric motor control were performed. The results of this study are expected to help the development of electric motor simulations and the evaluation of MCU and control algorithms.

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Khairnar, Vaishali D., and Ketan Kotecha. "Simulation Based Performance of Mumbai-Pune Expressway Scenario for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Using IEEE 802.11P." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2013-0026.

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Abstract Traffic safety applications using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is an emerging technology and promising area within the ITS environment. Many of these applications require real-time communication with high reliability; to meet a real-time deadline, timely and predictable access to the channel. The medium access method used in 802.11p, CSMA with collision avoidance, does not guarantee channel access before a finite deadline. The well-known property of CSMA is undesirable for critical communications scenarios. The simulation results reveal that a specific vehicle is forced to drop over 80% of its packets because no channel access was possible before the next message was generated. To overcome this problem, we propose to use STDMA for realtime data traffic between vehicles. The real-time properties of STDMA are investigated by means of the highway road simulation scenario, with promising results.

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HOW, JONATHAN P., BRETT BEHIHKE, ADRIAN FRANK, DANIEL DALE, and JOHN VIAN. "Real-time indoor autonomous vehicle test environment." IEEE Control Systems 28, no. 2 (April 2008): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcs.2007.914691.

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Joseph, Binsy, and Deepak Vishnu Bhoir. "Design and Assessment of Electric Vehicle Performance Parameters based on Drive Cycle." ITM Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20214001007.

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Electric vehicle plays a significant role, in the future transportation across the world. EV has the potential to reduce air pollution and emission of Greenhouse gasses significantly compared to the existing fossil-fuel-based vehicles. Even though substantial progress can be expected in the area of embarked energy storage technologies, charging infrastructure, customer acceptance of Electric Vehicles is still limited due to the problems of Driving range anxiety and long battery charging time. We can solve most of these problems with the infrastructure development ,optimum sizing and design of the vehicle components and extensive study on vehicle dynamics under various real-time driving conditions. This research focuses on the Matlab software based co-simulation of Electric Vehicle system, including the battery pack and motor, to predict the vehicle performance parameters like driving range, efficiency, power requirement, and energy characteristics under different driving scenarios. The vehicle’s acceleration performance, energy consumption, and efficiency are determined by simulation and verified analytically. Using ADVISOR software the fuel economies and tail pipe emission for various vehicle models are determined by simulation and results are compared with Hybrid Electric vehicle models.

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Yu, Kaijiang, and Junqi Yang. "Performance of a Nonlinear Real-Time Optimal Control System for HEVs/PHEVs during Car Following." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/879232.

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This paper presents a real-time optimal control approach for the energy management problem of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with slope information during car following. The new features of this study are as follows. First, the proposed method can optimize the engine operating points and the driving profile simultaneously. Second, the proposed method gives the freedom of vehicle spacing between the preceding vehicle and the host vehicle. Third, using the HEV/PHEV property, the desired battery state of charge is designed according to the road slopes for better recuperation of free braking energy. Fourth, all of the vehicle operating modes engine charge, electric vehicle, motor assist and electric continuously variable transmission, and regenerative braking, can be realized using the proposed real-time optimal control approach. Computer simulation results are shown among the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach and the ADVISOR rule-based approach. The conclusion is that the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach is effective for the energy management problem of the HEV/PHEV system during car following.

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Andert, Jakob, Feihong Xia, Serge Klein, Daniel Guse, Rene Savelsberg, Raul Tharmakulasingam, Matthias Thewes, and Johannes Scharf. "Road-to-rig-to-desktop: Virtual development using real-time engine modelling and powertrain co-simulation." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 7 (April 10, 2018): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418767221.

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By front-loading of the conventional vehicle testing to engine test bench or even further forward to offline simulations, it is possible to assess a large variation of powertrain design parameters and testing manoeuvres in the early development stages. This entails a substantial cost reduction compared to physical vehicle testing and hence an optimisation of the modern powertrain development process. This approach is often referred to as road-to-rig-to-desktop. To demonstrate the potential of this road-to-rig-to-desktop methodology as a seamless development process, a crank angle–resolved real-time engine model for a turbocharged gasoline engine was built with the simulation tool GT-POWER®. The model was validated with measurement data from an engine test bench and integrated into a vehicle co-simulation, which also includes a dual clutch transmission, the chassis, the environment and the automated driver. The most relevant functions of the engine and the transmission control systems were implemented in a Simulink-based software control unit. To verify the engine model in the transient vehicle simulation, two 900-s time windows from a 2-h real driving emission test, representing urban and motorway conditions, are simulated using the developed co-simulation platform. The simulation results are compared with the respective vehicle measurement data. The fuel consumption deviation caused by the combustion engine model is within 5%. The transient system behaviour and the dominant engine operation points could be predicted with a satisfying accuracy.

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Hwang, R. S., D. S. Bae, J. G. Kuhl, and E. J. Haug. "Parallel Processing for Real-Time Dynamic System Simulation." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912641.

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A parallel processing algorithm based on the recursive dynamics formulation presented in a companion paper [1] is developed for multiprocessor implementation. Lagrange multipliers associated with cut-joint constraints for closed loop systems are eliminated, resulting in a minimal set of equations of motion. Concurrent generation of the system inertia matrix and the generalized force vector using the algorithm of Ref. 1 is shown to yield finer grain parallelism than earlier recursive algorithms. A new computational structure for dynamic analysis is proposed for high speed parallel processing. Real-time simulation of a vehicle is demonstrated on an eight processor parallel computer to illustrate efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm, even for interactive operator-in-the-loop simulation.

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Park, Hyunjin, Cheol Oh, and Jaepil Moon. "Real-Time Estimation of Lane Change Risks Based on the Analysis of Individual Vehicle Interactions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 20 (September 18, 2018): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790346.

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Lane-changing vehicles continuously interact with adjacent vehicles by adjusting longitudinal and lateral maneuvering. Safe lane changing can be regarded as an outcome of safe vehicle interactions during lane changes. An effective safety assessment of a vehicle changing lanes is essential to developing various countermeasures to prevent crashes. This study developed a methodology for estimating the risks of changing lanes in real time using vehicle trajectory data. Both a real-time risk exposure level (RREL) and a real-time risk severity level (RRSL) were devised to quantify risk levels associated with lane changing based on an analysis of vehicle interactions. Then, fault tree analysis was adopted to integrate the two indicators, RREL and RRSL. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed methodology by conducting VISSIM simulation experiments. The outcome of this study can be used to not only evaluate the effectiveness of traffic management strategies in terms of lane change safety but also support the development of various advanced driving assistance systems.

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Butz, Torsten, Martin Ehmann, Oskar von Stryk, and Thieß-Magnus Wolter. "Realistic road modelling for the real-time simulation of vehicle dynamics." ATZ worldwide 106, no. 2 (February 2004): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224646.

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Ma, Rui, Chen Liu, Zhixue Zheng, Franck Gechter, Pascal Briois, and Fei Gao. "CPU-FPGA based real-time simulation of fuel cell electric vehicle." Energy Conversion and Management 174 (October 2018): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.099.

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YAMAUCHI, Katsuya, Chihiro NAKAGAWA, and Atsuhiko SHINTANI. "Real-time simulation experiments of a three wheeled vehicle and motorcycle." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 87, no. 895 (2021): 20–00443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.20-00443.

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Mohd Zulkefli, Mohd Azrin, Pratik Mukherjee, Yunli Shao, and Zongxuan Sun. "Evaluating Connected Vehicles and Their Applications." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): S12—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-dec-3.

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This article presents evaluation results of connected vehicles and their applications. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V2I) can enable a new paradigm of vehicle applications. The connected vehicle applications could significantly improve vehicle safety, mobility, energy savings, and productivity by utilizing real-time vehicle and traffic information. In the foreseeable future, connected vehicles need to operate alongside unconnected vehicles. This makes the evaluation of connected vehicles and their applications challenging. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed can be used as a tool to evaluate the connected vehicle applications in a safe, efficient, and economic fashion. The HIL testbed integrates a traffic simulation network with a powertrain research platform in real time. Any target vehicle in the traffic network can be selected so that the powertrain research platform will be operated as if it is propelling the target vehicle. The HIL testbed can also be connected to a living laboratory where actual on-road vehicles can interact with the powertrain research platform.

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Pavlović, Tomislav, Ivan Župan, Viktor Šunde, and Željko Ban. "HIL Simulation of a Tram Regenerative Braking System." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121379.

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Regenerative braking systems are an efficient way to increase the energy efficiency of electric rail vehicles. During the development phase, testing of a regenerative braking system in an electric vehicle is costly and potentially dangerous. For this reason, Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is a useful technique to conduct the system’s testing in real time where the physical parts of the system are replaced by simulation models. This paper presents a HIL simulation of a tram regenerative braking system performed on a scaled model. First, offline simulations are performed using a measured speed profile in order to validate the tram, supercapacitor, and power grid model, as well as the energy control algorithm. The results are then verified in the real-time HIL simulation in which the tram and power grid are emulated using a three-phase converter and LiFePO4 batteries. The energy flow control algorithm controls a three-phase converter which enables the control of energy flow within the regenerative braking system. The results validate the simulated regenerative braking system, making it applicable for implementation in a tram vehicle.

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Gagliardi, Gianfranco, Marco Lupia, Gianni Cario, and Alessandro Casavola. "Optimal H∞ Control for Lateral Dynamics of Autonomous Vehicles." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 4072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124072.

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This paper presents the design and validation of a model-based H∞ vehicle lateral controller for autonomous vehicles in a simulation environment. The controller was designed so that the position and orientation tracking errors are minimized and so that the vehicle is able to follow a trajectory computed in real-time by exploiting proper video-processing and lane-detection algorithms. From a computational point of view, the controller is obtained by solving a suitable LMI optimization problem and ensures that the closed-loop system is robust with respect to variations in the vehicle’s longitudinal speed. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, simulations have been undertaken by taking advantage of a co-simulation environment jointly developed in Matlab/Simulink © and Carsim 8 ©. The simulation activity shows that the proposed control approach allows for good control performance to be achieved.

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Sandrini, Giulia, Marco Gadola, and Daniel Chindamo. "Longitudinal Dynamics Simulation Tool for Hybrid APU and Full Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041207.

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Due to problems related to environmental pollution and fossil fuels consumption that have not infinite availability, the automotive sector is increasingly moving towards electric powertrains. The most limiting aspect of this category of vehicles is certainly the battery pack, regarding the difficulty in obtaining high range with good performance and low weights. The aim of this work is to provide a simulation tool, which allows for the analysis of the performance of different types of electric and hybrid powertrains, concerning both mechanical and electrical aspects. Through this model it is possible to test different vehicle configurations before prototype realization or to investigate the impact that subsystems’ modifications may have on a vehicle under development. This will allow to speed-up the model-based design process typical for fully electric and hybrid vehicles. The model aims to be at the same time complete but simple enough to lower the simulation time and computational burden so that it can be used in real-time applications, such as driving simulators. All this reduces the time and costs of vehicle design. Validation is also provided, based on a real vehicle and comparison with another consolidated simulation tool. Maximum error on mechanical quantities is proved to be within 5% while on electrical quantities it is always lower than 10%.

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Hegedűs, Tamás, Balázs Németh, and Péter Gáspár. "Design of a Low-complexity Graph-Based Motion-Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 7716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217716.

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In the development of autonomous vehicles, the design of real-time motion-planning is a crucial problem. The computation of the vehicle trajectory requires the consideration of safety, dynamic and comfort aspects. Moreover, the prediction of the vehicle motion in the surroundings and the real-time planning of the autonomous vehicle trajectory can be complex tasks. The goal of this paper is to present low-complexity motion-planning for overtaking scenarios in parallel traffic. The developed method is based on the generation of a graph, which contains feasible vehicle trajectories. The reduction of the complexity in the real-time computation is achieved through the reduction of the graph with clustering. In the motion-planning algorithm, the predicted motion of the surrounding vehicles is taken into consideration. The prediction algorithm is based on density functions of the surrounding vehicle motion, which are developed through real measurements. The resulted motion-planning algorithm is able to guarantee a safe and comfortable trajectory for the autonomous vehicle. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated through simulation examples using a high-fidelity vehicle dynamic simulator.

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Özkul, Mükremin, Ilir Capuni, and Elton Domnori. "Context-Aware Intelligent Traffic Light Control through Secure Messaging." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (November 5, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4251701.

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In this paper, we propose STCM, a context-aware secure traffic control model to manage competing traffic flows at a given intersection by using secure messages with real-time traffic information. The vehicle is modeled as a virtual sensor which reports the traffic state, such as its speed and location, to a traffic light controller through a secure and computationally lightweight protocol. During the reporting process, a vehicle’s identity and location are kept anonymous to any other vehicle in the system. At an intersection, the traffic light controller receives the messages with traffic information, verifies the identities of the vehicles, and dynamically implements and optimizes the traffic light phases in real-time. Moreover, the system is able to detect the presence of emergency vehicles (such as ambulances and fire fighting trucks) in the communication range and prioritize the intersection crossing of such vehicles to in order to minimize their waiting times. The simulation results demonstrate that the system significantly reduces the waiting time of the vehicles in both light and heavy traffic flows compared to the pretimed signal control and the adaptive Webster’s method. Simulation results also yield effective robustness against impersonating attacks from malicious vehicles.

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Fei, Rong, Shasha Li, Xinhong Hei, Qingzheng Xu, Fang Liu, and Bo Hu. "The Driver Time Memory Car-Following Model Simulating in Apollo Platform with GRU and Real Road Traffic Data." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (March 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4726763.

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Car following is the most common phenomenon in single-lane traffic. The accuracy of acceleration prediction can be effectively improved by the driver’s memory in car-following behaviour. In addition, the Apollo autonomous driving platform launched by Baidu Inc. provides fast test vehicle following vehicle models. Therefore, this paper proposes a car-following model (CFDT) with driver time memory based on real-world traffic data. The CFDT model is firstly constructed by embedded gantry control unit storage capacity (GRU assisted) network. Secondly, the NGSIM dataset will be used to obtain the tracking data of small vehicles with similar driving behaviours from the common real road vehicle driving tracks for data preprocessing according to the response time of drivers. Then, the model is calibrated to obtain the driver’s driving memory and the optimal parameters of the model and structure. Finally, the Apollo simulation platform with high-speed automatic driving technology is used for 3D visualization interface verification. Comparative experiments on vehicle tracking characteristics show that the CFDT model is effective and robust, which improves the simulation accuracy. Meanwhile, the model is tested and validated using the Apollo simulation platform to ensure accuracy and utility of the model.

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Najini, Hiba, and Senthil Arumugam Muthukumaraswamy. "Piezoelectric Energy Generation from Vehicle Traffic with Technoeconomic Analysis." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9643858.

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This paper presents a technical simulation based system to support the concept of generating energy from road traffic using piezoelectric materials. The simulation based system design replicates a real life system implementation. It investigates practicality and feasibility using a real-time simulation platform known as MATLAB-Simulink. The system design structure was proposed considering factors involved with the field of material sciences for piezoelectric generator modeling and field of power electronics for additional components in producing a realist outcome. It also ensures ease of vehicle performance, as this system utilizes energy source derived as kinetic energy released from vehicles into electrical power output, that is, obtained by harnessing kinetic energy due to strain of vehicles over asphalt road surface. Due to the real-time simulation platform, the system simulation predicts the effective global carbon footprint. In addition to evaluating technical viability, a technoeconomical business analysis provides a strategic perspective. By using the simulation based power generation results, an estimation of implementation cost and payback time in real life (for United Arab Emirates) was derived, hence validating and predicting real-time economic outcome. This is followed by a comparative study with other sources of renewable energy based on levelized energy cost factor that justifies the performance of the proposed system over other renewable energy sources, in support of providing an economical solution on reducing global carbon footprint.

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Yan, Tao, Zhan Zhan Qu, Peng Fei Jia, Dong Hui, and Yun Jia Liu. "Establishment and Research of Semi-Physical and Real-Time Simulation Platform for V2G Electric Vehicle Charging System." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1625.

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Through constructing the battery system of electric vehicle, real-time simulation model of V2G charging converter topology, and combined with material object of hardware and software of V2G charger controller, establishing semi-physical simulation platform for V2G electric vehicle charging system based on RT-LAB real-time systems, which making use of real-time simulation platform to research the control mechanism of charger controller. The experimental results show that: the constructed semi-physical simulation platform is running well, its simulation results of charging and discharging process is relatively consistent with the actual output of V2G charging equipment, it can be used to verify the developed adjustment mechanism of V2G charger and the charging and discharging process of a variety of electric vehicle battery system, provides an ideal semi-physical simulation platform for the verification of the control strategy of electric vehicle V2G charger.

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Guo, Fang, Wei Gu, and Fang Yuan. "Real-Time Risk Assessment Model of Freeway Traffic in Rain and Fog Weather." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2370.

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According to the relative position between before-after vehicles or vehicles and obstacles after braking, a separate vehicle risk in different traffic flow states is divided into four levels. To discriminate real-time traffic status on road sections , the concept of critical density is brought in and the risk of four ranks corresponding to the critical speed are anti-calculated in free driving state and car-following state. By comparing critical speed with the average speed on road section, separate vehicle risk is converted into real-time risk of group vehicles, and real-time risk assessment model of highway traffic in rain and fog weather is established. Simulation results show that the low-density traffic flow will bring lager risk than high-density traffic flow in rain and fog etc disastrous weather; To reduce traffic risk of road section, effective measures are speed limit in low-density flow, speed limit in combination with shunt in high-density flow

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Yang, Longhai, Xiqiao Zhang, Jiekun Gong, and Juntao Liu. "The Research of Car-Following Model Based on Real-Time Maximum Deceleration." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/642021.

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This paper is concerned with the effect of real-time maximum deceleration in car-following. The real-time maximum acceleration is estimated with vehicle dynamics. It is known that an intelligent driver model (IDM) can control adaptive cruise control (ACC) well. The disadvantages of IDM at high and constant speed are analyzed. A new car-following model which is applied to ACC is established accordingly to modify the desired minimum gap and structure of the IDM. We simulated the new car-following model and IDM under two different kinds of road conditions. In the first, the vehicles drive on a single road, taking dry asphalt road as the example in this paper. In the second, vehicles drive onto a different road, and this paper analyzed the situation in which vehicles drive from a dry asphalt road onto an icy road. From the simulation, we found that the new car-following model can not only ensure driving security and comfort but also control the steady driving of the vehicle with a smaller time headway than IDM.

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Vignati, Michele, Nicola Debattisti, Maria Laura Bacci, and Davide Tarsitano. "A Software-in-the-Loop Simulation of Vehicle Control Unit Algorithms for a Driverless Railway Vehicle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 6730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156730.

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The realization of the first prototype of a vehicle requires several tests of the algorithms implemented on the electronic control unit (ECU). This represents an important step for conventional vehicles, which becomes fundamental when dealing with unmanned vehicles. Since there is no human supervision, most critical tasks are handled by the control unit, which results in higher complexity for the control algorithms. In this work, a software-in-the-loop (SiL) test bench is used to validate the control algorithms of a vehicle control unit (VCU) for a driverless railway vehicle (DLRV). The VCU manages the control of the traction motors, pneumatic braking systems, and range extender, as well as control of the hybrid powertrain configuration to guarantee a high level of availability via the use of redundant systems. The SiL test bench has been developed in a Simulink real-time environment, where the vehicle model is simulated along with its fundamental subsystems. The model communicates with the VCU through a CAN bus protocol in the same way that it will operate with a real vehicle. The proposed method can be used to simulate many mission profiles for the DLRV, which may last several hours each. Moreover, this kind of test bench ensures a high time resolution, which allows one to find solutions for problems which occur with a time scale that is much smaller than the simulation time scale.

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Chen, Mei, and Steven I. J. Chien. "Determining the Number of Probe Vehicles for Freeway Travel Time Estimation by Microscopic Simulation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1719, no. 1 (January 2000): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1719-08.

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Using probe vehicles to collect real-time traffic information is considered an efficient method in real-world applications. How to determine the minimum number of probe vehicles required for accurate estimate of link travel time is a question of increasing interest. Although it usually is assumed that link travel time is normally distributed, it is shown, on the basis of simulation results, that sometimes this is not true. A heuristic of determining the minimum number of probe vehicles required is developed to accommodate this situation. In addition, the impact of traffic volume on the required probe vehicle number is discussed.

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Lei, Hua Feng, Ning Shan, and Hao Wang. "A Study on Optimization Technology of Visual Simulation Model Based on Creator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3633.

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Establishing 3d model is basis for visual simulation, it has a great effect on real-time and authenticity in process of rendering and taking on Vega visual simulation platform. Therefore, reasonably optimizing model is very important for solving the contradiction between real-time and authenticity and realizing effects of establishing authentic and fast establishing in visual simulation. This paper will analyze how to use modeling optimization techniques to optimize armored vehicle model based on Creator, so as to make it better to meet immersive and interactive requirements in visual simulation for human, vehicle and driving environment, and perfectly present real-time and authenticity effect for armored vehicle in visual simulation.

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Shen, Fei, and Feng Luo. "Research on Lateral Control System for Intelligent Vehicle Based on Magnetic Markers Guidance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1340.

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This paper presents the development of lateral control system for intelligent vehicle based on magnetic markers guidance. A lateral controller based on fuzzy logic is designed for intelligent vehicle that is non-linear controlled object. Simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm can ensure tracking reference path of intelligent vehicles accurately. The function of the system is finally verified by real vehicle experiment and the results show that the control system has high control accuracy, real-time performance and good reliability at an acceptable vehicle speed.

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Massow, Kay, and Ilja Radusch. "A Rapid Prototyping Environment for Cooperative Advanced Driver Assistance Systems." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2586520.

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Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) were strong innovation drivers in recent years, towards the enhancement of traffic safety and efficiency. Today’s ADAS adopt an autonomous approach with all instrumentation and intelligence on board of one vehicle. However, to further enhance their benefit, ADAS need to cooperate in the future, using communication technologies. The resulting combination of vehicle automation and cooperation, for instance, enables solving hazardous situations by a coordinated safety intervention on multiple vehicles at the same point in time. Since the complexity of such cooperative ADAS grows with each vehicle involved, very large parameter spaces need to be regarded during their development, which necessitate novel development approaches. In this paper, we present an environment for rapidly prototyping cooperative ADAS based on vehicle simulation. Its underlying approach is either to bring ideas for cooperative ADAS through the prototyping stage towards plausible candidates for further development or to discard them as quickly as possible. This is enabled by an iterative process of refining and assessment. We reconcile the aspects of automation and cooperation in simulation by a tradeoff between precision and scalability. Reducing precise mapping of vehicle dynamics below the limits of driving dynamics enables simulating multiple vehicles at the same time. In order to validate this precision, we also present a method to validate the vehicle dynamics in simulation against real world vehicles.

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Ling, Hongwei, and Bin Huang. "Research on Torque Distribution of Four-Wheel Independent Drive Off-Road Vehicle Based on PRLS Road Slope Estimation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (September 11, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5399588.

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In view of the high difficulty in coupling of various electric vehicle parameters, intractable parameter estimation, and unreasonable distribution of vehicle driving torque, the four-wheel hub motor is applied to drive electric vehicles, which can instantly obtain the torque and speed of the hub motor and achieve precise control of the torque of each wheel. According to the vehicle longitudinal dynamics model, a progressive RLS (PRLS) algorithm for real-time estimation of vehicle mass and road gradient is proposed. Meanwhile, by means of taking the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle and the road gradient obtained from the estimation algorithm as the parameter of the torque distribution at the front and rear axles, a dynamic compensation and distribution control strategy of the front and rear axle torques is designed. Moreover, based on hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation and real-vehicle tests, the effectiveness of the proposed estimation algorithm and the rationality of the real-time distribution control strategy of driving torque are verified.

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Chen, Gang, and Wei-gong Zhang. "Design of prototype simulation system for driving performance of electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 42, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-06-2014-0353.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test (URAT) to solve that it is difficult and dangerous to online debug control program and to quickly obtain test vehicle dynamic performance. Design/methodology/approach – The driving performance of the electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the prototype simulation system. The system can simulate various driving conditions of test vehicles. An improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model matching to the electromagnetic URAT is established. The proposed model has good real-time, and it is easy to implement. The displacement of throttle mechanical leg, brake mechanical leg, clutch mechanical leg and shift mechanical arm is used for the system input. Test vehicle speed and engine speed are used for the system output, and they are obtained by the computation of the established vehicle longitudinal dynamics model. Findings – Driving conditions simulation test and vehicle emission test are performed using a Ford Focus car. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed prototype simulation system in the paper can simulate the driving conditions of actual vehicles, and the performance that electromagnetic URAT drives an actual vehicle is evaluated by the simulation system. Research limitations/implications – Future research will focus on improving the real time of the proposed simulation system. Practical implications – The autonomous driving performance of electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the proposed prototype simulation system. Originality/value – A prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic URAT based on an improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model is proposed in this paper, so that it can solve the difficulty and danger of online debugging control program, quickly obtaining the test vehicle performance.

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Jagadeesh, G. R., T. Srikanthan, and X. D. Zhang. "A Map Matching Method for GPS Based Real-Time Vehicle Location." Journal of Navigation 57, no. 3 (August 24, 2004): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463304002905.

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Accurate vehicle location is essential for various applications in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Existing vehicle location systems rely on multiple positioning sensors and powerful computing devices to execute complex map matching algorithms. There exists a strong need for exploring a solution for vehicle location that relies on a GPS receiver as the sole means of positioning and does not require complex computations. Towards this end, the error characteristics of the GPS signal were studied through the analysis of GPS data collected during test drives. Based on the inferences drawn and a simple fuzzy rule set, a novel yet simple map matching algorithm was developed. Due to the difficulties in testing the algorithm through on-road trials, a simulation environment that is capable of reproducing the field conditions in the laboratory was developed. Simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm overcomes many of the inadequacies of the existing methods and is capable of achieving high accuracy with minimal computational requirements.

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Yu, Qinxiao, Ning Zhu, Geng Li, and Shoufeng Ma. "Simulation-Based Sensor Location Model for Arterial Street." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/854089.

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Traffic sensors serve as an important way to a number of intelligent transportation system applications which rely heavily on real-time data. However, traffic sensors are costly. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize sensor placement to maximize various benefits. Arterial street traffic is highly dynamic and the movement of vehicles is disturbed by signals and irregular vehicle maneuver. It is challenging to estimate the arterial street travel time with limited sensors. In order to solve the problem, the paper presents travel time estimation models that rely on speed data collected by sensor. The relationship between sensor position and vehicle trajectory in single link is investigated. A sensor location model in signalized arterial is proposed to find the optimal sensor placement with the minimum estimation error of arterial travel time. Numerical experiments are conducted in 3 conditions: synchronized traffic signals, green wave traffic signals, and vehicle-actuated signals. The results indicate that the sensors should not be placed in vehicle queuing area. Intersection stop line is an ideal sensor position. There is not any fixed sensor position that can cope with all traffic conditions.

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Montazeri-Gh, M., A. Fotouhi, and A. Naderpour. "Driving patterns clustering based on driving features analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 6 (May 25, 2011): 1301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041298310392599.

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This article presents driving features analysis in order to determine superior driving features for driving conditions clustering. At first, data gathering is performed in real traffic conditions using advance vehicle location systems. Then driving data segmentation is performed and 21 driving features are defined for each driving segment. After driving feature extraction, the dependency between driving features is investigated. Influence of driving features on vehicle's fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is then studied using computer simulations. The simulation results are then verified by an experimental test. Two types of vehicles, a conventional vehicle and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), are simulated. Finally, the most effective driving features are determined. Two superior driving features, ‘energy’ and ‘idle time percentage’, are then used for driving segments clustering. Driving segments clustering may be utilized for driving cycle development, intelligent HEV control, etc.

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Kang, Jong Su, Jun Hyun Lim, and Dae Sung Bae. "A Jacobian Update-Free Newton's Method for Efficient Real-Time Vehicle Simulation." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers 23, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7735/ksmte.2014.23.4.337.

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Choi, G. J., Y. M. Yoo, K. P. Lee, and Y. S. Yoon. "Vehicle Modeling Methods for Real-time Dynamic Simulation Using Suspension Composite Joints*." Mechanics of Structures and Machines 28, no. 4 (November 22, 2000): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/sme-100102024.

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Schmitt, Alexander, and Robert Seifried. "Real-Time Simulation of Elastic Multibody Systems with Application in Vehicle Dynamics." PAMM 15, no. 1 (October 2015): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510028.

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Chen, Jim X., Xiadong Fu, and J. Wegman. "Real-time simulation of dust behavior generated by a fast traveling vehicle." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 9, no. 2 (April 1999): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/333296.333366.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Real-Time vehicle simulation'

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