Academic literature on the topic 'Realia'

The purpose of this study is to find out to what extent and what frequency realia is highlighted in Spanish textbooks for year 7–9. As realia is a wide concept this study has focused on geography, history and music. For this study, a content analysis of both texts and images in teaching materials for year 7-9 has been conducted in order to detect what types of realia are being highlighted and how. The results showed that both teaching materials give a large amount of realia hence a comparison has also been made. In conclusion, all the books in both series do highlight realia, however, they do so in different ways. This means that it matters for the realia education which teaching material is used on an everyday basis, but also that, regardless of what series is used for teaching, the other can serve as a complement.<br>Syftet med den här studien är att få reda på i vilken bredd och med vilken frekvens man tar upp realia i textböcker i spanska för årskurs 7–9. Då realia är ett vitt begrepp har studien fokuserat på geografi, historia och musik. För undersökningen har en innehållsanalys av både texter och bilder i läromedel i spanska för årskurs 7–9 genomförts för att ta reda på vilken typ av realia som tas upp och hur. Resultatet visade att båda läromedelsserierna ger en stor mängd realia och en jämförelse mellan läromedlen har också gjorts. Som slutsats kan man se att alla böcker i serierna tar upp realia men att det görs på olika sätt. Detta bidrar till att valet av läromedel för den vardagliga undervisningen spelar roll för undervisningen av realia men även att oberoende av vilken av dessa serier man använder kan den andra fungera som komplement till undervisningen.

The present research focuses on cultural realia and possible ways of their translation. The concept of realia is defined in the research as well as several classification schemes of realia and translation strategies suggested by various linguists are presented. The examples of cultural realia are selected from J.K. Rowling's book "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and its translations into Lithuanian and German.<br>Darbe nagrinėjamos kultūrinės realijos ir galimi jų vertimo būdai. Pateikiamas realijos apibrėžimas ir kelios realijų klasifikacijų schemos bei įvairių kalbininkų siūlomos vertimo strategijos. Kultūrinių realijų pavyzdžiai surinkti iš J.K. Rowling knygos "Haris Poteris ir paslapčių kambarys" ir jos vertimo į lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbas.

La catégorisation et la nomination sont étudiées ici dans un contexte de contact de langues et de cultures, à travers les écrits d'écrivains de militaires, d'instituteurs et d'autres faisant part de leur découverte de l'Algérie. L'étude en elle-même est menée à partir de la recension exhaustive des manières de nommer les nouvelles réalités, une typologie des procédés linguistiques de nomination dont disposent les auteurs du corpus a pu être dégagée. Cette étape a permis de déterminer les attitudes des locuteurs non seulement par rapport à " l'objet de leur dire " mais également par rapport aux " récepteurs de leur dire ". La notion de dialogisme est ici étendue. Enfin, l'analyse sémantique d'emprunts tente de mettre en évidence la " re-catégorisation " des mots lors de leur transfert dans la langue française<br>How to categorize and name new referents is studied here within the context of a contact between languages and cultures with reference to works done by writers, military men, and primary school teatchers and others who described their explorations of Algeria. The study in itself is carried out on the basis of an exhaustive inventory of the various ways of naming new realities out of which a typology of the linguistic procedures for naming new referents that are used by the authors of the corpus under investigation has been brought out. This important stage allows in this way to determine the attitudes and strategies of the speakers. At last, the semantic analysis of borrowings attemps to shed light on the “categorization” of words when they are transferred to the french language

The purpose of this case study has been to examine the use of realia, or real objects, in distance learning from the North Carolina Museum of Science. In this case study, videotapes of six distance learning classes were used to observe student behaviors and use of real objects during a program from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. Additionally the students and teachers from those classes completed surveys about their experiences. Before using the objects, the students appear uncertain about the program, and disinterested. After receiving the objects, the students appear to be engaged in learning. Later when presented with a live animal that is only seen remotely, the students continue to be active participants in the program. At the conclusion of class, the students frequently identify using the realia as a significant part of class, although in the surveys completed after class, the technology was listed as the most important part. The teachers rated the hands-on materials as significant on their surveys. The use of real objects changes the student behaviors in class. The objects generate multiple forms of interactions, support student dialogue with the instructor and each other, and decrease the sense of separation experienced by the students in distance learning.

Realia (from Latin – “fact”, “event”, “thing”) are the words and phrases that denote the names of objects, phenomena related to the geographical environment, culture, and material everyday life or socialhistorical peculiarities of the nation, country, tribe, and reflect national, local or historical color [1, 47].

Realia (from Latin – “fact”, “event”, “thing”) – are the words and phrases that denote the names of objects, concepts of phenomena characteristics related to the geographical environment, culture, and material everyday life or social-historical peculiarities of the nation, country, tribe, and reflect national, local or historical color. [1, 47] Such words have no analogues in other languages, and therefore cannot be translated in a general way, because they require a special approach. Realia are real hindrances for interpreter, who must save the author's style in the most accurate way.

This thesis examines the translation of cultural elements from Norwegian to Italian. The analysis is made on the basis of theories of translation studies and focuses on the realia found in the contemporary Norwegian novel Svøm med dem som drukner, written by Lars Mytting and published by Gyldendal in 2014. The initial hypothesis of the work was that in the Italian translation the geographical-cultural aspects would be dominant and the plot and psychological aspects subdominant; that is, a hierarchy of dominants opposite of that of the original in Norwegian. The thesis presents the results of analytical parallel reading of the original Svøm med dem som drukner and the Italian version Sedici Alberi from 2017, translated by Alessandro Storti. During the parallel reading words and phrases specific to the Norwegian language culture (realia) were collected and grouped according to the type of realia (geographical, ethnographical or political/social as suggested by Osimo) and the translation strategy used (transcribing, creation of a new word or calque, using a different related word from the source language etc. as suggested by Osimo). While some of the strategies lead to bringing the translation close to the original (adequacy), others make the word or phrase, to a varying extent, consistent with the target culture (acceptability). The results obtained confirm the original hypothesis that Sedici Alberi would be an “adequate” translation. Further work in this area could focus on the analysis of style and language in the same translation, to see whether also these aspects conform with the translation being “adequate”.

In this thesis the translation of cultural elements from Italian to Swedish is examined. The study is based on the analysis of the realia found in the Italian novel Le otto montagne, which was written by Paolo Cognetti and published in 2016 by Einaudi. The analysis is based on theories of translation studies. The thesis presents the results of analytical parallel reading of the original Le otto montagne and the Swedish version De åtta bergen, which was translated by Malin Emitslöf and published by Contempo förlag in 2018. The original hypothesis was that the strategies chosen by the translator would show tendencies to aim for an adequate translation of the culture specific elements and the names. During the parallel reading phrases and words specific to the Italian language culture (realia) were collected. The elements of realia which were found were first grouped according to type of realia. The next step was to determine which method had been used by the translator, to render the specific element of realia into Swedish. The results obtained do not fully verify the original hypothesis, that the strategies chosen by the translator would in general show tendencies to aim for an adequate translation of the culture specific elements. However, when the culture specific element in question was connected to specific domains or subjects, this tendency to aim for an adequate translation was more distinct. These subjects were for instance traditional life in the mountains, alpinism etc, i.e. subjects with a strong connection to the mountains. As a complement to the results of the parallel reading, Malin Emitslöf, the translator, was asked to answer a number of questions regarding the translation, her background, etc. Her very helpful and comprehensive answers can be found in the appendix of this thesis. The answers to the questions in the interview suggest that the translator did not choose strategies or model readers consiously, but rather made the various choices during the translation process based on intuitive experience from previous work with translation, extensive exposure to the two language-cultures, the gut feeling, and a good instinct for language. Further work in this area could focus on the comparison of the translation of the elements of realia in the book (i.e. Le otto montagne) into different languages, for instance Swedish and Spanish. Another suggestion would be to compare the methods and experiences of two different translators, Malin Emitslöf e Aija Cirulis, by doing interviews with them both. They both have experience from translating a novel written by Paolo Cognetti, into Swedish. La Cirulis recently translated the book “Senza mai arrivare in cima” by Cognetti, into Swedish. (Contempo 2020). It would be interesting to make a comparison between their experiences, their methods and their strategies.

Il presente lavoro affronta il problema della traduzione dei termini culturo-specifici nella letteratura contemporanea di lingua tedesca ambientata nella DDR. L’analisi della produzione narrativa della Wendeliteratur consente di osservare come il lessico e le espressioni tipiche della DDR vengano utilizzati nelle opere letterarie in funzione citazionale per denotare e connotare la realtà della Germania dell’Est. Attraverso un approccio integrato che coniuga i contributi teorici degli studi sulla traduzione con gli aspetti della pratica traduttiva il lavoro indaga il tema dei realia attraverso una presentazione delle ricerche esistenti, propone una classificazione specifica per i realia della DDR e procede a una ricognizione delle strategie e dei procedimenti traduttivi concreti, che consente di evidenziare le diverse scelte adottate dai traduttori. Attraverso un’analisi ermeneutica dei testi e lo strumento dell’isotopia come indicatore di coerenza le traduzioni italiane delle opere della Wendeliteratur sono oggetto di un’analisi critica. I risultati dell’analisi vengono infine utilizzati come riferimento per la traduzione dei realia nel racconto di F.C. Delius, Die Birnen von Ribbeck.<br>Literature and realia. GDR-culture-specific terms in the Italian translations of Wendeliteratur Realia are expressions referring to culture-specific phenomena, which can only be understood in the particular cultural context in which they are embedded; consequently they lack a corresponding expression in the target language. In the works of contemporary German literature focusing on life in the GDR, the so called Wendeliteratur, realia are used with a “quotational” function to denote and connote the particular situation of East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall and in the period until Germany reunification. Starting from the existing works concerning culture-specific terms, this thesis proposes a definition of realia. Through an integrated approach joining together the different theoretical issues of the translation studies with the practical issues of the translation task, it then develops a specific taxonomy for culture-specific terms in the GDR and investigates the main translation strategies and concrete procedures through an analysis of the solutions proposed in the translated works. The different choices in the Italian versions are finally submitted to an analysis based on the isotopies containing culture-specific expressions. Realia are repeated through the text assuring its coherence, they constitute an orientation for the interpreting task of the reader/translator, they guide him/her to recognize the different levels of the textual coherence and to choose the most appropriate solutions, taking into account the different textual dimensions and the complexity of the translation task. The results of the analysis are used as reference points for the translation into Italian of Friedrich Christian Delius’ novel Die Birnen von Ribbeck.

Il presente lavoro affronta il problema della traduzione dei termini culturo-specifici nella letteratura contemporanea di lingua tedesca ambientata nella DDR. L’analisi della produzione narrativa della Wendeliteratur consente di osservare come il lessico e le espressioni tipiche della DDR vengano utilizzati nelle opere letterarie in funzione citazionale per denotare e connotare la realtà della Germania dell’Est. Attraverso un approccio integrato che coniuga i contributi teorici degli studi sulla traduzione con gli aspetti della pratica traduttiva il lavoro indaga il tema dei realia attraverso una presentazione delle ricerche esistenti, propone una classificazione specifica per i realia della DDR e procede a una ricognizione delle strategie e dei procedimenti traduttivi concreti, che consente di evidenziare le diverse scelte adottate dai traduttori. Attraverso un’analisi ermeneutica dei testi e lo strumento dell’isotopia come indicatore di coerenza le traduzioni italiane delle opere della Wendeliteratur sono oggetto di un’analisi critica. I risultati dell’analisi vengono infine utilizzati come riferimento per la traduzione dei realia nel racconto di F.C. Delius, Die Birnen von Ribbeck.<br>Literature and realia. GDR-culture-specific terms in the Italian translations of Wendeliteratur Realia are expressions referring to culture-specific phenomena, which can only be understood in the particular cultural context in which they are embedded; consequently they lack a corresponding expression in the target language. In the works of contemporary German literature focusing on life in the GDR, the so called Wendeliteratur, realia are used with a “quotational” function to denote and connote the particular situation of East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall and in the period until Germany reunification. Starting from the existing works concerning culture-specific terms, this thesis proposes a definition of realia. Through an integrated approach joining together the different theoretical issues of the translation studies with the practical issues of the translation task, it then develops a specific taxonomy for culture-specific terms in the GDR and investigates the main translation strategies and concrete procedures through an analysis of the solutions proposed in the translated works. The different choices in the Italian versions are finally submitted to an analysis based on the isotopies containing culture-specific expressions. Realia are repeated through the text assuring its coherence, they constitute an orientation for the interpreting task of the reader/translator, they guide him/her to recognize the different levels of the textual coherence and to choose the most appropriate solutions, taking into account the different textual dimensions and the complexity of the translation task. The results of the analysis are used as reference points for the translation into Italian of Friedrich Christian Delius’ novel Die Birnen von Ribbeck.