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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Realism and idealism'
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Clarke, Lewis. "Kant's transcendental idealism as empirical realism." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/62313/.
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This thesis examines Kant’s transcendental idealism. It argues that the key to understanding Kant’s idealism lies in appreciating how it is compatible with Kant’s empirical realism. It suggests against the so-called traditional view that transcendental idealism is not a distinction between illusion and reality, where appearances are how things merely seem to be to us in virtue of the nature of our minds, and where things in themselves are understood to be how things really are. Instead, it argues that transcendental idealism, when charitably interpreted, reveals how minds such as ours can have genuine cognitive access to reality, based on exploring the links between the conditions of experience, in terms of a priori forms of intuition and categories that the cognitive subject supplies to its experience, and the conditions of the possibility of the objects of experience, in terms of the necessary ontological structures that objects of experience must have in order to be representable through human forms of intuition (space and time). The thesis suggests that Kant uses his transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves in at least three ways and that unpacking these three uses helps us to get a better grasp on Kant’s idealism. The three senses of the transcendental distinction are: (1) the traditional phenomenalist conception, according to which appearances are ‘mere representations’ and things in themselves are the putatively ‘real’ things, (2) the notion that things in themselves are ‘objects of a pure understanding’ and (3) that appearances are conditioned phenomena while things in themselves are the unconditioned ground of phenomena. The thesis argues that senses (2) and (3) can be combined to yield transcendental idealism as empirical realism, while the arguments and passages that turn on sense (1) must be rejected.
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Rydström, Samuel. "Realism och idealism i svensk säkerhetspolitik." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5460.
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Contemporary Swedish security policy indicates a shift from an international orientation into an increased nationally emphasized policy. This thesis questions if the governmental view on security and external context has changed from a liberal to a more realist notion and how that may be reflected in the security policy transformation 2004-2015. The liberal and realist schools of thought constitutes the basis of the analytic framework. Realists argue that international relations are tinged by anarchy, uncertainty and power struggle between states while liberalists share an optimistic view on humanity and contend that international relations can overcome anarchy. The conclusion of the thesis argues that a realist view of the surrounding world has increased in response to the Russian violations against Georgia and Ukraine. This is also reflected in the security policy transformation process. However, the government´s views seem to have retained liberal values on security along with the essence of external relations as a means to take unified action against a broad scale of security threats.
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Griffiths, Martin. "Realism, idealism, and international politics : a reinterpretation /." London ; New York : Routledge, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374085815.
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Hudgins, Charles G. "Royce and Perry on Idealism and Realism." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45321.
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This thesis is primarily an attempt to reconstruct the debate between Josiah Royce and Ralph Barton Perry concerning the viability of both the realist and idealist positions. Secondarily, I will show that this debate is a crucial part of an adequate understanding of the changes that took place in American philosophy in the early part of twentieth century. Royce's arguments against the neorealist position of Perry (and others) centered on both the nature of error, and the nature of independence. Perry' response to these arguments was an elaborate effort to demonstrate a coherent and consistent neorealist system which avoided the problems that Royce claimed must beset any such system. I will not attempt to assign the label of "winner" to either participant, however, I will show that the degree of incommensurability involved in the debate played an important role in the shift in American philosophy at the time.Master of Arts
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Stenseth, O. N. "Idealism and realism in early German Romanticism." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473273/.
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The early German romantics Hölderlin, Novalis, and Schlegel were united in their attempt to combine idealism and realism. However, contemporary interpretations of early German romanticism have, as far as idealism and realism is concerned, found two major strands of interpretation in Manfred Frank and Frederick C. Beiser that respectively characterise the romantics as epistemological and metaphysical realists and as absolute idealists. Against both of these interpretations I will argue that we both can and should interpret the Frühromantiker as finding some middle path between idealism and realism. In order to motivate this claim I will begin by summarising what I take to be the main features of the positions of the three major early German romantics (Hölderlin, Novalis, and Schlegel) as well as making it apparent that finding some way of combining idealism and realism was in fact their goal. In light of these features I will then critique both Frank and Beiser's one-sided interpretations as well as offer an interpretation that does take into account the romantics' self-proclaimed aim. Having gone through Hölderlin, Novalis, and Schlegel in turn, summarised the major elements of their philosophy, shown how the three can be interpreted as neither idealists nor realists, and rejected any absolute idealist readings, as well as having given a reading of these philosophers consistent with their attempt to combine idealism and realism, I will end by concluding that we both can and should interpret the Frühromantiker as finding a middle path between idealism and realism.
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Lenman, James. "Realism and idealism in the theory of value." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14766.
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This thesis defends an account of value which emphasizes the central place occupied by experiences among the objects of evaluation, a point that is particularly stark in the case of aesthetic value, to which a chapter is devoted that adumbrates the wider understanding of value subsequently defended. More generally it is argued that values do not transcend the attitudes and institutions in which they are embodied. They nonetheless enjoy in virtue of their structuring by norms of consistency, stability and deference enough in the way of objectivity to do justice to various phenomenological considerations often thought to favour realism. It is argued however that this level of objectivity is compatible with the rejection of any form of reductive naturalism and, more generally, of cognitivism- views which should indeed, it is argued, be rejected in favour of an expressivistic understanding of value.
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Bathe, David A. Schapsmeier Edward L. "Wendell L. Willkie a political odyssey from realism to idealism /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1991. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9219080.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1991.Title from title page screen, viewed December 22, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Edward Schapsmeier (chair), L. Moody Simms, Ronald Pope, Lawrence McBride, Donald Davis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 319-329) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Gilmore, Charles A. "The modern Olympic movement : the confluence of realism and idealism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA367987.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1999."June 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Frank M. Teti. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91). Also available online.
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Walker, Eric Dane. "Transcendental Idealism, Transcendental Realism, and the Possibility of Objective Reference." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05292008-185219/.
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The goal of my thesis is to understand why Kant thinks that transcendental idealism can secure empirical realism, the idea that there really exists an objective world that we can come to know through experience. I maintain that, according to Kant, the possibility of coming to know objective reality depends upon the possibility of referring to objects, which itself, Kant thinks, can be explained by transcendental idealism. The transcendental idealist worldview is supposed by Kant to explain the possibility of referring to objects because it recognizes that objects must conform to cognition and not the other way around. Therefore, I explore what Kant means by objects conforming to cognition. I start with the fact that Kant says that the conditions for the possibility of our experience of objects must be identical with the conditions for the possibility of those objects themselves. I then argue that this means that according to the transcendental idealist worldview, objective reality, if it is to be full-blooded objective reality, must be essentially able to show up for us in experience. In opposition to this worldview stands what Kant calls transcendental realism, the prevailing worldview that supposes that full-blooded objective reality simply cannot be essentially able to show up for us in experience. Kant says that the prevailing transcendental realist worldview, of which he claims all philosophies hitherto are variations, will never be able to explain the possibility of referring to objects, and that only his transcendental idealism can. Because Kant imputes so much importance to the opposition, I elaborate the distinction between transcendental idealism and transcendental realism, and clarify why only the latter can, as the former cannot, explain the possibility of referring to objects and thus the possibility of knowing an objective world, and thereby secure an empirical realism.
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Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Pereira. "A Teoria Cartesiana da Criação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-02072014-124620/.
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Esta tese tem como objetivo expor a teoria cartesiana da criação, desenvolvida nas Meditações. Começando pela submissão dos fundamentos da tradição filosófica (o realismo e o idealismo) ao método da dúvida, a crítica cartesiana acabará por atingir a cosmologia cristã, consolidada por Tomás de Aquino sobre o realismo aristotélico, bem como as soluções idealistas favoráveis à existência de verdades, essências e naturezas eternas e incriadas. A partir daí, Descartes desenvolve uma concepção de criação cuja universalidade envolve a ideia de Deus, a coisa pensante, as coisas simples e universais e as coisas materiais. A universalidade da criação é uma exigência da ideia cartesiana de Deus como ser sumamente perfeito. Entendida como perfeição, a onipotência divina requer a dependência absoluta de todas as coisas em relação a Deus enquanto causa eficiente, isto é, causa criadora. Do contrário, há uma clara negação da onipotência e, consequentemente, da perfeição divina. Pretendemos ainda mostrar que a teoria cartesiana da criação é o fundamento da teoria da livre criação das verdades eternas, que alguns intérpretes consideram incompatível com o sistema cartesiano.This thesis aims to expose the Cartesian theory of creation, developed in Meditations. Submitting the foundations of the philosophical tradition, namely realism and idealism, to the methodical doubt, Cartesian criticism will eventually reaches out the Christian cosmology, consolidated by Thomas Aquinas on Aristotelian realism, as well as the favorable idealistic solutions to the existence of truths, essences and eternal and uncreated natures. From there, Descartes develops a conception of creation whose universality involves the idea of God, the thinking thing, the simple and universal things and the material things. The universality of creation is a requirement of the Cartesian idea of God as a supremely perfect being. Understood as perfection, divine omnipotence requires the absolute dependence of all things in relation to God while efficient cause, that is, creative cause. Otherwise, there is a clear denial of the omnipotence and consequently of the divine perfection. We also intend to show that the Cartesian theory of creation is the foundation of the theory of the creation of the eternal truths, that some interpreters consider incompatible with the Cartesian system.
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Harrison, Paul. "Being barely there : thinking through the break-up of idealism." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340438.
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Rotnem, Daniel Alexander. "Post-WTO Chinese Foreign Policy: The balance between idealism and realism." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291223245.
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Baggett, Ian Robert. "An investigation into the evolution of Maltese geopolitical thought : its heritage, renaissance and rejuvenation." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4739/.
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An increasing number of theorists are involving themselves in the historical evolution of geopolitical thought, although most are concerned only with the development of conventional western thinking' This thesis derives from the idea that it may be interesting and useful to investigate the evolution of geopolitical thought from a non- western or non-mainstream perspective. Given the current demands by the new generation of "critical" political geographers for alternative research and more viable historical perspectives on the evolution of geopolitics" ,it was intended that such an investigation would also prove to be a useful contribution to wider geopolitical knowledge and thinking. Malta was deemed to be the perfect case study from which to conduct such an investigation The thrust of the thesis can be explained in terms of three sub-aims It aims to conduct a thorough investigation into the heritage of geopolitical thought in Malta It then aims to utilize this investigation to propose a viable and thorough historical perspective on the current modes of geopolitical thinking in Malta. Third, by keeping current thinking in its historical context, it then aims instead to generate a number of insights and ideas for future geopolitical thinking in Malta. The three sub-aims introduced above are contrived to satisfy the single overriding aim of the thesis, which is; to highlight and substantiate the insights that new and alternative research into the history of geopolitical thought can bring about, not at the conventional global level of the mainstream meta-theorists but instead at the less-grandiose and more practicable levels. It is in this respect that the thesis sets out to make a new and alternative contribution to wider geopolitical knowledge and thinking.
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Stepanich, Lambert Vincent. "The face of the real : realism, idealism, and Heidegger's ontology of relations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324349.
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Monaghan, Paul Arthur. "The problem of Idealism and Natural Realism in G.H. Mead's social pragmatism." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276866.
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Earles, Laura Evalina. "Ways of old, ways of new : realism and idealism in community supported agriculture /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421624501&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-138). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Storozhenko, Mykyta. "Phenomenology and Metaphysical Realism." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent158664365679686.
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Youla, Christian. "The foreign policies of Mandela and Mbeki : a clear case of idealism vs realism?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1592.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.After 1994, South African foreign policymakers faced the challenge of reintegrating a country, isolated for many years as a result of the previous government’s apartheid policies, into the international system. In the process of transforming South Africa's foreign identity from a pariah state to a respected international player, some commentators contend that presidents Mandela and Mbeki were informed by two contrasting theories of International Relations (IR), namely, idealism and realism, respectively. In light of the above-stated popular assumptions and interpretations of the foreign policies of Presidents Mandela and Mbeki, this study is motivated by the primary aim to investigate the classification of their foreign policy within the broader framework of IR theory. This is done by sketching a brief overview of the IR theories of idealism, realism and constructivism, followed by an analysis of the foreign policies of these two statesmen in order to identify some of the principles that underpin them. Two case studies – Mandela's response to the ‘two Chinas’ question and Mbeki's policy of ‘quiet diplomacy’ towards Zimbabwe – are employed to highlight apparent irregularities with the two leaders’ perceived general foreign policy thrusts. It takes the form of a comparative study, and is conducted within the qualitative paradigm, with research based on secondary sources. The findings show that, although the overarching foreign policy principles of these two former presidents can largely be understood on the basis of particular theoretical approaches, they neither acted consistently according to the assumptions of idealism or realism that are ascribed to them. The conclusion drawn is thus that categorising the foreign policies of presidents Mandela and Mbeki as idealist and realist, respectively, results in a simplistic understanding of the perspectives that inform these two statesmen, as well as the complexity of factors involved in foreign policymaking. More significantly, it is unhelpful in developing a better understanding of South Africa's foreign policy in the post-1994 period.
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Gannon, Dennis Patrick. "Explanations of the Success of Science." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35595.
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Many bodies of modern scientific theory (such as both Newtonian and relativistic physics) have proven to be remarkably successful at predicting future observable phenomena. Some philosophers have seen this success as calling for deeper explanation: what is it about these theories that makes them so predictively reliable, when, presumably, not just any theory would enjoy such success? This question has often motivated philosophers (such as Richard Boyd) to adopt a realist stance towards scientific theories, wherein the entities and mechanisms postulated by a successful theory are understood as referring to real entities and mechanisms in the world. However, as Nicholas Rescher has argued, a close look at the concepts employed in scientific theorizing reveals that they are not of the right kind for such a realist explanation to work. His arguments show that at the root of the meaning of each key element of our standard scientific framework is a reference to mental functionings. This being so, an explanation such a Boyd's ceases to be viable, as an approximately accurate picture of the external world would presumably be free of reference to mental functioning. I thus attempt to provide a plausible explanation for the success of science bearing in mind that a straightforward correspondence between the world described by our theories and the world itself does not obtain. Such an explanation relies not only on the features of the external world that our theories might approximate, but also on the ability of mental processes to enrich this world, both in theorizing and in experience.Master of Arts
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Kleiven, Maren Eline. "From mission idealism to operational realism : a study of Norwegian contribution to international police reform missions." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-mission-idealism-to-operational-realism(b96b5cfa-ab6e-46e8-af32-b135667fec4c).html.
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This qualitative study has examined the overall Norwegian contribution to international police reform missions (IPRMs) using a multiple case study design to compare three different missions where Noway has contributed relatively significantly over a period of time; the bilateral project in Serbia (JUNO); the multilateral UN mission to Liberia (UNIMIL); and finally the regional EU mission to Afghanistan (EUPOL). The case studies have subsequently been systematically compared through a narrative cross-case analysis where similarities and variations has been categorised into three stages; pre-mission, in-mission and post-mission, using analytical software for qualitative studies. Motives and goals for involvement were identified, subsequently set against the police officers actual experience in each mission, and their understanding of the overall picture in relation to their responsibilities. Substantial empirical research work was undertaken to inform the individual case study's including 99 open ended interviews, consisting of 36 Norwegian police officers (practioners), 21 co-operating partners in the missions and 42 experienced senoir officials working with IRPMs throughout the world. Also, oberservational fieldwork and study trpis to 11 countries were conducted, and a wide range of secondary data was reviewed to ensure reliability and validity throughout the thesis. The fidings suggest that there are severe impediments to achoeve a successful outcome of IPRMs, but that the responsibility cannot be attributed to one organisation or country alone. The experiences of Norwegian police officers deployed to different types of IPRMs paint a picture of an international arena torn between idealism and realism, one characterised by a pragmatic approach focused on action and quantity rather than development and quality. Because of a complete absence of overall doctrines and a system that is not sufficiently well grounded, IPRMs suffer from an absence of long-term strategies, goals, success criteria, and planning. Instead, goals are often vague and over-ambitious, demanding results that promote output rather thanoutcome, consequently at the risk of the individual police officer who operates in adverse operational working conditions. The findings reveals a system that currently fails to recognise the need for better and more extensive planning and preparation for the individual police officer pre-mission, that fails to acknowledge the role and professionalism of the police officers in-mission; and that fails to ensure proper debriefing and reintegration procedures for the police officer post-mission. International relations theory was used as a basis for the macro-level of this study, but no mid-range theory was found to inform the meso- and micro-level. Herein lies the original theoretical contribution to this field - it aims to inform the development of internationation police science, one that can substantiate a much needed future universal doctrine on international police reform missions.
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Burazor, Dejana. ""Får vi lov att vara ett land?" : En argumentationsanalys av Europeiska Unionens hänsynstagande av Krims folkrättsliga kriterium utifrån realismen och idealismen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26040.
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I den här statsvetenskapliga uppsatsen studeras Europeiska Unionens (EU), en organisation med både över- och mellanstatlighet, folkrättsliga hänsynstagande gällande erkännandefrågor om nybildade stater. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning EU:s utrikespolitiska beslutsfattare visar folkrättsliga hänsyn i officiella uttalanden genom två förklaringsmodeller, realismen respektive idealismen. Syftet är även att pröva Ann-Marie Ekengrens analysschema, som är konstruerad att förklara staters agerande, på en hybrid organisation som EU. Materialet i studien baseras på primära källor, såsom EU:s officiella hemsida och sekundära källor, såsom nyhetsartiklar som analyserar händelseförloppet och motiven bakom dem. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en argumentationsanalys och Ekengrens analysschema för att kunna kategorisera argumenten i ett realistiskt eller idealistiskt förklaringssätt. Utredningen påvisar realistiska och idealistiska särdrag i EU:s offentliga argumentation gällande Krims folkrättsliga och statsrättsliga kriterier. Med detta sagt var det ingen av teorierna som lyste starkare än den andre, vilket är ett unikt resultat. Utredningen visar även att teorierna kan förklara EU:s argument i erkännandeprocessen. I dessa argumentationer fanns både maktpolitiska och folkrättsliga hänsynstaganden att hämta. Ett av syftena var även att pröva Ekengrens analysschema som är uppbyggt i fyra delar där samtliga delar tillämpades i denna undersökning. Trots att modellen inte var avsedd för organisationer så blev alla frågor i analysschemat besvarade.
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Vines, Jacob L. "Encounters with the American Prairie: Realism, Idealism, and the Search for the Authentic Plains in the Nineteenth Century." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2511.
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The Great Plains are prevalent among the literature of the nineteenth century, but receive hardly a single representation among the landscapes of the Hudson River School. This is certainly surprising; the public was teeming with interest in the Midwest and yet the principal landscape painters who aimed to represent and idealize a burgeoning America offered hardly a glance past the Mississippi River. This geographical silence is the result of a tension between idealistic and empirical representations of the land, one echoed in James Fenimore Cooper’s The Prairie, Washington Irving’s A Tour on the Prairies, and Margaret Fuller’s Summer on the Lakes, in 1843. Margaret Fuller’s more physical and intimate Transcendentalism unifies this tension in a manner that heralds the rise of the Luminists and the plains-scapes of Worthington Whittredge.
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Lundin, Mimmi. "Utrikespolitisk idealism möter svenska exportintressen : En undersökning om realpolitiska och normativa intressen i svensk utrikespolitik." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339427.
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Lekon, Aysen Dilek. "The interplay of realism and idealism in the thought of Lionel Curtis : a critique of the conception of the 'first debate' in international relations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1802/.
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This thesis analyses the writings of Lionel Curtis (1872-1955), in particular his federation projects, from an International Relations perspective. It argues that the textbook versions of the so-called 'First Debate' between naive idealists and hard-boiled realists is inadequate for a meaningful conceptualization of Curtis's thought. Instead, a neo-Gramscian perspective is adopted here, in which the relations between state and civil society is the crucial variable distinguishing between different state/society complexes. In this interpretation, Curtis's federation plans had two aims: First, integrating the Lockean heartland against Hobbesian contenders and colonial independence movements. Second, stemming Britain's relative decline vis-a-vis the USA within the heartland. Chapter One summarizes the textbook characteristics of idealism and realism and discusses some criticisms of and alternative versions to this dichotomy. Chapter Two follows the revisionist interpretations of E.H. Carr's writings and argues that his position cannot be reduced to putting down idealism in favour of realism. Chapter Three provides an overview of Curtis's life and major activities. Chapter Four traces out textbook elements of idealism and realism within Curtis's writings and shows that he could be placed into both camps. Chapter Five introduces the neo-Gramscian framework used in the thesis, particularly the work of Kees van der Pijl. Chapter Six gives an overview of three political movements which are of relevance for understanding Curtis's thought: empire federalism, new liberalism and social imperialism. Chapter Seven shows how elements of these movements as well as of liberal internationalism and of the state monopoly tendency appear in Curtis's writings. Chapter Eight discusses what Curtis had to say about other state/society complexes of the Lockean heartland, the Hobbesian contenders and the colonial Prize area. The Conclusion summarizes the argument.
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Susic, Semir. "Beyond Good and Evil : An essay on the combination of ideas and aesthetics in George Bernard Shaw's Mrs Warren’s Profession." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of History of Literature and History of Ideas, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8314.
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The objective of this essay is to approach a larger comprehension of the drama of George Bernard Shaw. The essay studies the combination of ideas and aesthetics in the play Mrs Warren’s Profession; how theatrical and mainly literary aesthetics interplay with political ideas and what the consequence of this combination is. The study illustrates that the dramatic method consists of using ideas as effective theatrical tools to move the reader/viewer by thought and not by sentiment. The study also illustrates that a key to understanding Shaw’s drama can be found in the construction of operas and symphonies; musical theoretic constructions are an integrated dramatic technique in Mrs Warren’s Profession. The study shows that it is a play with a political and social purpose; to raise awareness of the mechanisms of prostitution. The play does not use simplifications in terms of good and evil. It questions conventionality, unveils social hypocrisy and attempts to disillusion the reader/viewer. The antithesis between realism and idealism is an important source of dynamics and constitutes one of the principal aesthetical constructions.
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Nyberg, Maria. "Vilket synsätt styr EU:s flyktingpolitik?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2360.
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People in refuge face states with a dilemma. This dilemma consists of a wish (or obligation) to help those who need a refuge, and at the same time consider domestic issues such as financial costs and security problems. Thus, there are two perspectives which are important to consider when refugee policies are made. The aim of this paper is to see which perspective the EU had when making their migration policies. The question asked is: which perspective is behind the making of European refugee policy?
The theories realism and idealism are used to describe the conflicts in the making of European refugee policies. The method used is called qualitative text analyses in which you take out the most relevant information in the different parts of a text.
The results showed that it has been difficult for the European states to agree on a common European migration law. The agreements that have been made have made it more difficult for refugees to enter the European Union, that is, a protective politics have been made. This leads to the conclusion that EU: s refugee policies at large have been formed from a realist perspective to protect the interests of the national states.
Key words: European refugee politics, realism and idealism, Geneva Convention.
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Täljedal, Inge-Bert. "Verklighetsuppfattningen i E. O. Burmans skrift ”Om Kants kunskapslära” och dess eventuella betydelse för Axel Hägerström." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184725.
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Erik Olof Burman, som disputerat 1872 på en boströmianskt präglad avhandling, efterträddes 1911 som professor i praktisk filosofi i Uppsala av sin adept Axel Hägerström. Denne kom att utveckla en materialistisk realism som bröt med Burmans och de närmaste föregångarnas subjektivism. Enligt vad han själv omvittnade, hade Hägerström inspirerats till filosofisk forskning genom att läsa Burmans skrift Om Kants kunskapslära (1884; Kk). I föreliggande studie undersöks dels om denna skrift innebär någon förskjutning av Burmans filosofi i realistisk riktning, dels om den påverkat utvecklingen av Hägerströms realism. Resultat: 1) Kk är väsentligen trogen den boströmianska metafysiken men innehåller formuleringar om rummet och tiden som kan tolkas objektivistiskt; 2) ingen specifik tanke i just Kk kan visas ha påverkat Hägerström; 3) Burmans betoning av verkligheten som logiskt bestämd, hans krav på systemisk enhet i kunskaps- och verklighetsteorin, och Kants avståndstagande från metafysisk spekulation påminner om Hägerström.In 1872, Erik Olof Burman had defended a Boströmian idealistic dissertation in Uppsala. He was succeeded there in 1911 as professor of practical philosophy by his student Axel Hägerström, who was to develop a materialistic realism in contrast to the subjectivism of Burman and his predecessors. According to Hägerström’s own testimony, he had been inspired to take up philosophical research by reading Burman’s essay Om Kants kunskapslära (1884; ”Of Kant’s theory of knowledge”, Kk). In the present paper, an attempt is made at answering whether Burman’s essay on Kant represents any shift of Burman’s philosophy towards realism, and whether it has influenced Hägerström in that direction. Results: 1) Kk remains largely faithful to Boströmian metaphysics but contains expressions about space and time which may be interpreted in a more objectivistic manner; 2) no thought specifically from Kk can be shown to have influenced Hägerström; 3) Burman’s emphasis on reality as logical determination, his demand for systematic unity in the theory of knowledge and reality, and Kant’s rejection of metaphysical speculation are reminiscent of Hägerström.
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Couture-Mingheras, Alexandre. "La pensée et le réel : l'idée de monisme neutre." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H218.
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Le présent travail porte sur le monisme neutre et montre qu'il s'agit d'une Idée qui sert de levier pour penser un réel antérieur au partage entre idéalisme et réalisme, avant la scission du monde entre intériorité et extériorité. Nous proposons une relecture des auteurs désignés par Russell lorsqu'il en invente la « catégorie ». Si chez Avenarius il s'agit de sauter par-dessus l'histoire car la logique à son principe est jugée viciée, et que chez Mach toute hypostase se trouve amenée à la fine pointe de sa dissolution identitaire, chez James le temps est le lieu même de déprise du dualisme et de neutralisation catégoriale : nous réinterprétons l'expérience pure comme la transposition sur le plan de l'être, pré-dual, du courant de conscience. Ce premier axe s'achève avec Russell, dont nous montrons qu'il est en réalité moniste neutre lorsqu'il en invente et critique la catégorie, selon un idéal de définitisation qui se trouve aussi bien en terrain gnoséologique (le Je pur se démultipliant à l'infini dans la construction logique du monde physique) qu'en terrain éthique (l'universalisation du désir). Le second axe conduit à la philosophie de l'immanence de Schuppe et Schubert-Soldem, ultime figure de réalisation de l'idée où le réalisme se trouve identifié à l'idéalisme, et l'unité restaurée entre la conscience et le monde. A ce titre, la Immanenzphilosophie constitue une version alternative à l'idéalisme transcendantal husserlien et dont la phénoménologie post-husserlienne retrouve certaines intuitions séminalesOur thesis examines neutral monism and defends that is an Idea in order to think reality prior to its division between realism and idealism, before the world-split between interiority and exteriority. In the first part we shed a new light on the authors referred to by Russell when he invents the neutral monism category. Avenarius's aim is to abandon history since its logic is considered to be invalidated. Mach, since he wants to deconstruct all kind of hypostasis, is led to the self-destruction of identity. As for James, we propose to construe his notion of pure experience: time serves the purpose to neutralize all categories and to reject dualism, and thus results from the ontologicaltransposition of the psychological thought current. This first part ends with the study of Russell, where we demonstrate that he is more akin to neutral monism when he invented et rejected the term, in accordance with his rationalist ideal of universalization, in the theoretical field (the pure I which can multiply itself in order to logically construct the physical world) as well as in the ethical one (to universalize one's des ire). The second part leads to the philosophy of immanence of Schuppe and Schubert-Soldem: the idea is here realized, by the identification of realism and idealism, the reconciliation between consciousness and world. The Immanenzphilosophie can be regarded as an alternative to Husserl's transcendental idealism where the post-Husserlian phenomenology finds once again some of its seminal intuitions
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Eriksson, Bo-Josef. "Finns den universella moralen? : En fallstudie av en småstats utrikespolitik." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-960.
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Abstract
Essay in political science, C-level, by Bo-Josef Eriksson, spring semester 2007
Tutor: Susan Marton
”Universal morality - does it exist? - A case study of small states foreign policy”
The purpose of this essay is to examine how well does realism stand of against idealism when the focus of the study is on small states foreign policy? The essay takes it’s starting point at the debate between the two theories of international relations (IR). Realism is the theory that has had the most impact on the study of IR since the second world war. Idealism has been it’s greatest opponent and the debate is still active even up til this day.
My case study of Danmarks foreign aid policy constitutes a worst critical case scenario for realism and therfore my assumptions were that idealism would be the theory that could explain the core-elements of the Danish foregin aid. Core-elements is the caracteristic of the different theory’s and the core-elements of idealism is the oposite of those of realism. The actual examination-material is the policy documnts of Danida. Danida stands for; Danish International Development Assistance, and it’s an department under the Danish ministry of foreign affairs.
The answer to if Danida’s foreign aid policy is based on realistic or idealisti core-elements is that it is based on idealistic core-elements. So to answer the purpose realism didn’t stand that well of when the focus were on a small states foreign policy. The limitations of my study lies in the fact that it’s an qualitative research which means that you may have som problem with generalisations so to be able to say something about all small states there will have to be more research done in this particular area.
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Siedberg, Marie. "Do ideologies matter? : Idea analysis of foreign policy in the United States of America." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2516.
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The aim of this essay is to clarify if there is an ideological difference within the political area of foreign policy of the United States. The question that will be answered is: Is the American foreign policy coloured by different ideologies, or has that area of politics become an arena without ideology differences?
In order to answer the question, the method used in this essay is idea analysis using ideal types as analytical instrument. The texts that are being analysed are the State of the Union Addresses of four American presidents. The presidents are Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton and each president give this speech once a year. The presidents are chosen due to the fact that their presidencies follow each other and are as recently in time as possible.
After analysing all of the speeches and considering the surrounding circumstances, like the Cold War, I came to the conclusion that there is no ideological difference within foreign policy of the United States of America. Some areas of foreign policy, however, show more or less connotations to either idealism or realism. Even tough ideology plays a part; there is no difference between the liberal party and the conservative party.
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Doughty, James. "Pragmatism and Christian Realism in the Political Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr : An Analysis and Evolution of American Liberalism." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30026/document.
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Ce travail visera à analyser la pensée politique du théologien et politologue américain Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971), et plus particulièrement la façon dont le Pragmatisme a pu influencer son oeuvre. Critique à l’égard de l’idéalisme libéral de John Dewey (1859-1952), et plus spécifiquement à l’encontre de l’optimisme dont faisait preuve le pragmatisme politique vis-à-vis de la nature de l’homme, Niebuhr n’arriva pourtant pas à échapper à l’influence du pragmatisme, d’où le sujet de ce travail de recherche : les influences du Pragmatisme politique, celui de John Dewey plus particulièrement, sur l’oeuvre de Reinhold Niebuhr et sur son réalisme chrétien. Cette thèse rassemblera les grandes oeuvres des deux penseurs pour comparer la pensée politique de chacun. Selon Niebuhr, la pensée de Dewey n’était qu’une continuation de l’idéalisme des Lumières ; Dewey restait figé dans un optimisme injustifié à propos de la vision globalement bonne de la nature humaine. Néanmoins, malgré cette critique, Niebuhr fut influencé par ce dernier. L’objectif de cette thèse est de souligner ces influences sur le travail de Niebuhr afin de montrer que la pensée niebuhrienne est un prolongement de la pensée pragmatiste de Dewey, démontré par le Pragmatisme chrétien, et que Niebuhr fait partie du courant de pensée libérale malgré lui. Au mépris des différences fondamentales entre les deux hommes, nous allons donc tenter de démontrer que Niebuhr s’inscrit dans une tradition intellectuelle typiquement américaine, le Pragmatisme étant considéré comme le seul mouvement philosophique authentiquement américain, afin de parvenir à une plus grande connaissance de ces deux penseurs majeurs, mais, aussi, du paysage politique américainThis work aims to analyze the political thought of the American theologian and political scientist Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971). More specifically, it will analyze the way in which Pragmatism was able to influence Niebuhr’s writings. Critical towards the liberal idealism of John Dewey (1859-1952), Niebuhr’s Christian realism was a counter against the optimism that political Pragmatism demonstrated in regards to the nature of man. Despite these criticisms, Niebuhr was unable to escape Pragmatism’s influence. This influence is the reason for this research: how political Pragmatism, specifically that of John Dewey was able to have an impact on Reinhold Niebuhr’s works and his Christian realism. This thesis will study the major works of these two thinkers in order to compare the political thought of each thinker. Younger than Dewey, Niebuhr had for a long time considered Dewey’s thought as nothing more than an idealized and outdated continuation of Enlightenment optimism which was incapable of accurately analyzing the contemporary world. Nevertheless, Niebuhr was influenced by Dewey. This thesis’s goal is to highlight the influences of Pragmatism in Niebuhr’s works in order to show that Niebuhrian thought is a continuation of Dewey’s pragmatic thought, specifically through the notions of Christian Pragmatism and therefore, fits within an overall framework of American Liberalism. In spite of the fundamental differences in thought, we are going to attempt to show that Niebuhr was a part of the typically American intellectual tradition, that is to say, Pragmatism; considered to be a uniquely American philosophical movement. It will be analyzed in order to achieve a greater understanding of these important thinkers, but also, of America’s political landscape
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Sugden, Rebecca Ann. "Conspiracy in Balzac and Sand's July Monarchy fiction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289912.
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This thesis explores the representation of conspiracy in the literature of the July Monarchy (1830-1848) and its engagement with conspiracy thinking, with particular reference to the work of Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) and George Sand (1804-1876). In providing the first sustained scholarly exploration of conspiracy and cultural production in nineteenth-century France, it situates the novel within wider discourses on European political history in the years leading up to the upheaval of 1848. Through close readings of Balzac and Sand's common investment in conspiracist modes of explanation, this study makes the case for a new generic category, the novel of conspiracy, around which literary poetics, historical imagination and political fantasy come to coalesce. Chapter one proposes a re-evaluation of the dialectic between models of surface and depth reading in Balzac's Une ténébreuse affaire (1841), arguing that the conspiratorial landscape of this proto-detective novel belies Balzac's fraught relationship to the severed referentiality of his narrative. As illustration of a Balzacian poetics of conspiracy, Une ténébreuse affaire, it is suggested, points forward in literary history towards the Flaubertian aesthetic of platitude. Chapter two looks to the political criticisms Jacques Rancière makes of Sand's patrician benevolence to inform its reading of Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), which depicts workers' secret societies and the underground networks of Restoration liberalism. Accusations of misguided idealism, this thesis shows, align Rancière's critique and the literary-critical narrative informing Sand's twentieth-century aesthetic devaluation with the reproach that she herself levels at the Carbonarist conspirators of her novel. Chapter three, finally, turns to the alternative origin myth of 1789 that Sand elaborates in Consuelo-La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (1842-44). Her engagement with the founding text of the conspiracist tradition of explanation, it argues, provides the cornerstone for the interrogation of the tensions of a pre-Revolutionary Europe torn between Enlightenment and Illuminism. Framing the Balzacian and Sandian novel as emblematic of a wider discourse on the conspiratorial origins of 1789 has a two-fold advantage. On an immediate level, it nuances received critical ideas on these authors' relationships to history and literary genre (a realist Balzac incapable of looking back further than the Restoration whose demise he so lamented; an idealist Sand too caught up in a utopian future to envisage the historical past). In doing so, this study seeks to problematize the narrative of oppositionality behind the Balzac-Sand binary in terms of which the literary history of nineteenth-century France is habitually couched. Yet, more significantly, it also gestures towards the importance of the conspiratorial as a prism through which to approach the porosity of the very categories of 'literature' and 'history' in the nineteenth-century French context.
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Eile, Mattias, and Kalle Fahlander. "Mellan värderingar och intressen : Temattisk analys av svensk säkerhetspolitik 2008-2020." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45192.
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Försvarsbeslutet 2020 innebär en markant ökad satsning på det svenska försvaret. Även om satsningen inte är jämförbar med upprustningen under andra världskriget och den inte når samma nivå som det kalla krigets neutralitetsförsvar, så utgör satsningen ett trendbrott. Under ett drygt decennium har försvaret gått från att utgöra ett ”särintresse”, ständigt utsatt för reduceringar, till att nu vara föremål för satsningar som innebär att försvaret återetableras på flera orter i landet. Förmågor och förband som varit föremål för avvecklingsdiskussioner får tillskott och den operativa förmågan skall öka. Perioden har också inneburit satsningar på, det i det närmaste bortrationaliserade, totalförsvaret i syfte att öka samhällets motståndskraft och medborgarnas skydd.Författarna vill med denna uppsats undersöka om det senaste decenniets förändringar av försvars- och säkerhetspolitiken kan beskrivas utefter en teoretisk referensram av realism och liberalism. Undersökningens huvudsakliga empiriska material utgörs av utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiska inriktningsdokument och linjetal från perioderna 2008/09, 2014/15 och 2019/20. Dessa dokument undersöks kvalitativt med en metod för tematisk analys och förändringar i det empiriska resultatet analyseras utefter idealtyperna realism och liberalism. Undersökningens slutsatser visar att de försvarspolitiska förändringarna går att beskriva utefter idealtyperna realism och liberalism och den svenska försvarspolitiken har i flera avseenden fått ett ökat inslag av realism samtidigt som den ideologiska grunden är bestående. En del urkunder beskriver det som ett paradigmskifte.The Defense Bill of 2020 meant a significant increase in investment in the Swedish defence. Even if the investment is not comparable to the rearmament during the Second World War and it does not reach the same level as the Swedish armed forces of the Cold War neutrality had, the investment constitutes a change of trend. During little over a decade, the defence has gone from being described as a “special interest”, constantly exposed to reductions, to now being the subject of investments that mean that the Armed Forces is re-established in several places in the country. Capabilities and units that have been the subject of reduction discussions will be reinvigorated and the operational capability will increase. The period has also involved investments in, the almost dismantled, total defence in order to increase society's resilience and the protection of its citizens. With this dissertation, the authors want to investigate whether the changes in defence and security policy over the past decade can be described according to a theoretical frame of reference of realism and liberalism. The dissertation’s main empirical material consists of foreign and security policy documents and declarations from the periods 2008/09, 2014/15 and 2019/20. These documents are examined qualitatively with a method for thematic analysis and changes in the empirical result are analysed according to the ideal types of realism and liberalism. The inquiry’s conclusions show that the defence policy changes can be described according to the ideal types of realism and liberalism, and Swedish defence policy has in several respects gained an increased element of realism even though the ideology is consistent. Some documents describe it as a paradigm shift.
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Eile, Mattias, and Kalle Fahlander. "Mellan värderingar och intressen : Tematisk analys av svensk säkerhetspolitik 2008-2020." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45192.
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Försvarsbeslutet 2020 innebär en markant ökad satsning på det svenska försvaret. Även om satsningen inte är jämförbar med upprustningen under andra världskriget och den inte når samma nivå som det kalla krigets neutralitetsförsvar, så utgör satsningen ett trendbrott. Under ett drygt decennium har försvaret gått från att utgöra ett ”särintresse”, ständigt utsatt för reduceringar, till att nu vara föremål för satsningar som innebär att försvaret återetableras på flera orter i landet. Förmågor och förband som varit föremål för avvecklingsdiskussioner får tillskott och den operativa förmågan skall öka. Perioden har också inneburit satsningar på, det i det närmaste bortrationaliserade, totalförsvaret i syfte att öka samhällets motståndskraft och medborgarnas skydd.Författarna vill med denna uppsats undersöka om det senaste decenniets förändringar av försvars- och säkerhetspolitiken kan beskrivas utefter en teoretisk referensram av realism och liberalism. Undersökningens huvudsakliga empiriska material utgörs av utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiska inriktningsdokument och linjetal från perioderna 2008/09, 2014/15 och 2019/20. Dessa dokument undersöks kvalitativt med en metod för tematisk analys och förändringar i det empiriska resultatet analyseras utefter idealtyperna realism och liberalism. Undersökningens slutsatser visar att de försvarspolitiska förändringarna går att beskriva utefter idealtyperna realism och liberalism och den svenska försvarspolitiken har i flera avseenden fått ett ökat inslag av realism samtidigt som den ideologiska grunden är bestående. En del urkunder beskriver det som ett paradigmskifte.The Defense Bill of 2020 meant a significant increase in investment in the Swedish defence. Even if the investment is not comparable to the rearmament during the Second World War and it does not reach the same level as the Swedish armed forces of the Cold War neutrality had, the investment constitutes a change of trend. During little over a decade, the defence has gone from being described as a “special interest”, constantly exposed to reductions, to now being the subject of investments that mean that the Armed Forces is re-established in several places in the country. Capabilities and units that have been the subject of reduction discussions will be reinvigorated and the operational capability will increase. The period has also involved investments in, the almost dismantled, total defence in order to increase society's resilience and the protection of its citizens. With this dissertation, the authors want to investigate whether the changes in defence and security policy over the past decade can be described according to a theoretical frame of reference of realism and liberalism. The dissertation’s main empirical material consists of foreign and security policy documents and declarations from the periods 2008/09, 2014/15 and 2019/20. These documents are examined qualitatively with a method for thematic analysis and changes in the empirical result are analysed according to the ideal types of realism and liberalism. The inquiry’s conclusions show that the defence policy changes can be described according to the ideal types of realism and liberalism, and Swedish defence policy has in several respects gained an increased element of realism even though the ideology is consistent. Some documents describe it as a paradigm shift.
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González, Medina Pedro Pablo. "Realismo trágico de Nietzsche." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/160740.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2015.Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T04:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 337940.pdf: 863731 bytes, checksum: a119b1fb44ca2e5f1f23a8007b3cccfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Um dos mais longos debates dentro da teoria política é a disputa entre o realismo e idealismo político. Qual é a posição de Nietzsche dentro deste debate? Pelos teóricos Nietzsche é considerado um pensador realista. Isso denota-se através de suas obras, estabelecendo diálogos afins a pensadores realistas como Maquiavel e enfrentando pensadores idealistas, como no caso de Rousseau. Ainda que Nietzsche seja adepto a chamada escola realista, nele predomina um pensamento diferente dos realistas e dos idealistas . O realismo trágico de Nietzsche; entendido como afirmação da vida que ultrapassa todas as dimensões desta, deriva também em seu pensamento político. A grande política entendida como um cambio substancial dos valores. O trágico então é por definição um alegre sim! O fato que recupera uma cosmovisão, valores e elementos da cultura antiga greco-romana. Ideias como: agonismo, heroísmo, disputa, pluralismo, viver com intensidade, virtude, entendendo a vida como um devir constante. Configuram uma atitude diferente e quase oposta ao idealismo moderno inspirado na visão de mundo platônica-crista, que promove uma moral universal e ideais políticos escatológicos , que fundamentam em definitivo as instituições da modernidade. Encontramos no realismo trágico uma chave para refletir sobre os valores da vida e quem sabe proclamar o que Nietzsche desejava, um partido para a vida.
Abstract : One of the longest debates within political theory is the dispute between political realism and political idealism. What is Nietzsche's position on this topic? By theorists, Nietzsche is considered a realist thinker. This can be seen throughout his work, in which he establishes an associative dialogue with realist thinkers such as Machiavelli and stands against idealist thinkers, such as Rousseau. Even if Nietzsche is a realist, a kind of thought different from both realism and idealism can be seen to predominate in his work. The tragic realism of Nietzsche, understood as an affirmation of life which surpasses every one of its dimensions, overflows into his political thought. Grand politics is understood as a substantial shift of values. The tragic is by definition a joyful yes! The fact that recovers the cosmology, values and elements of the ancient Greco-Roman culture. Ideas such as: agonism, heroism, dispute, pluralism, living with intensity, virtue, the understanding of life as a constant becoming, configure a different attitude, one almost opposite to modern idealism inspired by the platonic-christian worldview, which promotes a universal morality and eschatological political ideals, which definitely justify the institutions of modernity. In tragic real ism one is able to find a key to reflect on the values of life and perhaps declare what Nietzsche desired, a party of life.
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Esparza, Lara Nicolás. "Una aproximación al constructivismo de Jean Piaget. Crítica a sus fundamentos filosóficos, desde la Teoría del objeto puro de Antonio Millán Puelles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/442979.
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A la present tesi analitzem els pressupòsits metafísics de l’obra de J. Piaget i els estudiem a la llum de La Teoria del Objeto Puro d’A. Millán Puelles. La nostra intenció consisteix en assenyalar un fil conductor metafísic que doni unitat a la lectura dels seus textos, els que concentren el nucli dur de la seva doctrina. En efecte, que Piaget rebutgi i declari estranya la filosofia clàssica –i amb ella tota la filosofia- no implica que las seves solucions no siguin el que ell anomenaria “una fugida cap a un fonament improbable”. Les propostes teòric metodològiques de Piaget són comprensibles quan es descobreixen les influències filosòfiques que determinaren el seu pensament. Convé assenyalar que Piaget no va ser un psicòleg de carrera, sinó un biòleg, qui abans de dedicar-se de ple a la psicologia va estudiar epistemologia, lògica i filosofia. La posició de Piaget depèn, tal com demostrem, de Kant; a ella apliquem l’anàlisi que realitza Millán Puelles i presentem els resultats de la nostra síntesi.En la presente tesis analizamos los presupuestos metafísicos de la obra de J. Piaget y los estudiamos a la luz de La Teoría del Objeto Puro de A. Millán Puelles. Nuestra intención consiste en contribuir a señalar un hilo conductor metafísico que da unidad a la lectura de sus textos, los que concentran el núcleo duro de su doctrina. En efecto, que Piaget rechace y declare extraña la filosofía clásica –y con ella toda filosofía- no implica que sus soluciones no sean lo que él llamaría “una huida hacia un fundamento improbable”. Las propuestas teórico metodológicas de Piaget son comprensibles cuando se descubren las influencias filosóficas que determinaron su pensamiento. Conviene señalar que Piaget no fue un psicólogo de carrera sino un biólogo, quien antes de dedicarse de lleno a la psicología estudió epistemología, lógica y filosofía. La postura de Piaget depende, como demostramos, de Kant; a ella aplicamos el análisis que realiza Millán Puelles y presentamos los resultados de nuestra síntesis.
In this thesis we analyze the metaphysical assumptions of J. Piaget´s work and study them in the light of The Pure Object Theory of A. Millán Puelles. Our intention is to contribute to signal a metaphysical thread that unifies a reading of his texts which constitute the hard core of his doctrine. Indeed, the fact tha Piaget rejects classical philosophy declaring it strange, does not imply that his solutions are not what he would call "an escape into an unlikely foundation." Piaget´s methodological and theoretical proposals are understandable when the philosophical influences that determined his thoughts are discovered. It should be noted that Piaget´s professional areer was not that of a psychologist but that of a biologist, who before dedicating himself to psychology studied epistemology, logic and philosophy. Piaget's position depends, as wehave already showed, on Kant; we apply to it the analysis of Millán Puelles and present the results of our synthesis.
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Rynkiewicz, Kazimierz. "Zwischen Realismus und Idealismus Ingardens Überwindung des transzendentalen Idealismus Husserls." Frankfurt, M. [i.e.] Heusenstamm Paris Lancaster New Brunswick, NJ Ontos-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989828670/04.
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Elsenhans, Hartmut. "Selbstbeschränkter Realismus und geographisch begrenzter Idealismus." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4660/.
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Hellmanns Warnung vor einer Resozialisierung der deutschen Außenpolitik in eine traditionelle Großmachtrolle erweckt bei mir viel Sympathie. Seine Alternative finde ich moralisch ehrenhaft, aber realistisch nur innerhalb des Prozesses der europäischen Integration. Ich glaube allerdings nicht, dass das Erbe der Geschichte Deutschlands ein besonderes außenpolitisches Vorgehen erzwingt. Ebenso wenig glaube ich, dass idealistische Positionen, gleich welcher Couleur, bei der Bewahrung von Frieden realistischen überlegen sind. Der Berliner Republik haftet ein gewisser Wilhelminismus in der Außenpolitik an. Man will durch Nachholen gleich werden wie die anderen. Die Warnung vor Rissen im Bündnis und vor der Möglichkeit einer Spirale des Niedergangs der europäischen Integration im Beitrag von Hellmann teile ich. Ich würde noch weiter gehen: Auch die humanitäre Intervention bleibt Intervention. Prinzipien der Menschenrechte sind wichtig, ihre Ausgestaltung, manchmal sogar Teile ihrer Prinzipien aber strittig. Welche Kriterien gibt uns der offensive Realismus bei der Stärkung der Interventionsmöglichkeiten draußen, wenn wir dabei keine machtpolitischen Interessen vertreten sollen? Wenn wir nicht alle Übel der Welt abschaffen wollen, dann muss eine Hierarchie verfolgt werden. Die rot-grüne Koalition hat mit der Ausnahme der Irak-Entscheidung im Wesentlichen das Ziel verfolgt, den eigenen Einfluss innerhalb der westlichen Staatengemeinschaft zu steigern. Hellmanns Empfehlung lautet wohl, dort mitzumachen, wo supranationale Institutionen geschaffen werden sollen. Welches sind die Kriterien zur Messung dieser Ziele?
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Herrmann-Aktas, Melis. "De la Nature à l'homme : la charnière éthique de la pensée schopenhauerienne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAC025.
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Ce travail essaie de redécouvrir la pensée schopenhauerienne à travers les deux perspectives qu'elle présente : celle se centrant sur la Nature, l'autre sur l'éthique. Des forces cachées derrière les phénomènes naturels à l'intention cachée derrière les actions humaines, nous trouvons l'enjeu majeur de cette pensée comme la problématisation de la réalité par une réflexion sur la chose en soi kantienne. Ainsi, il faut d’abord reconsidérer les questions comme celles de la force, des Idées, de la vie, de la finalité, de l’instinct et de l'animal, pour rendre possible le passage vers une interrogation éthique encadrée par les questions de la liberté et du malThis work tries to rediscover the Schopenhauerian thought through the two perspectives that it presents: one focusing on Nature, the other on ethics. From the forces hidden behind natural phenomena to the hidden intention behind human actions, we find the major challenge of this thought as the problematization of reality by a reflection on the Kantian thing in itself. Thus, we must first reconsider issues such as strength, ideas, life, purpose, instinct and animal, to make possible the passage to an ethical interrogation framed by the questions of freedom and evil
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Andreu, Llovet Roser. "El acceso a la información pública en España: Del idealismo al realismo jurídico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669743.
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En aquesta tesi doctoral es reflexiona sobre el significat que li podem atribuir a la paraula “transparència” quan la trobem esmentada en la legislació de referència general en matèria d’accés a la informació pública, concloent que disposem d’un règim d’accés a la informació pública que no té perquè garantir la transparència del sector públic. D’altra banda, s’exposa la regulació de referència general en l’àmbit de l’accés a la informació pública, continguda en la Llei 19/2013, de 9 de desembre, de transparència, accés a la informació pública i bon govern i la normativa autonòmica que ha estat dictada amb posterioritat, realitzant-se una sèrie de consideracions teòrico-pràctiques sobre la mateixa i evidenciant algunes diferències existents entre el dret normat i el practicat. Després d’observar alguns problemes relacionats amb l’aplicació de la citada normativa, es suggereix realitzar algunes reformes normatives, tot advertint-se que algunes modificacions semblen complicades d’articular per raons político-legislatives i reconeixent que per molts canvis benintencionats que es puguin arribar a proposar, no existeix cap remei normatiu que sigui capaç de solucionar tots els problemes pràctics que s’estan donant actualment.En la presente tesis doctoral se reflexiona acerca del significado que posee la "transparencia" cuando se inserta en la legislación de referencia general en materia de acceso a la información pública, concluyéndose que disponemos de un régimen de acceso a la información pública que no tiene porque garantizar la transparencia del sector público. Por otra parte, se expone la regulación de referencia general en el ámbito del acceso a la información pública -que en España se encuentra esencialmente en la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre y la normativa autonómica que ha sido dictada con posterioridad-, realizándose una serie de consideraciones teórico-prácticas acerca del particular y mostrando algunas de las diferencias existentes entre el derecho normado y el practicado. Observados varios problemas vinculados con la aplicación de la citada legislación, se sugiere realizar algunas reformas normativas, advirtiéndose que algunas modificaciones parecen complicadas de articular por razones político-legislativas y reconociendo que por muchos cambios bienintencionados que se puedan llegar a proponer, no existe ningún remedio normativo que sea capaz de solventar todos los problemas prácticos que se están dando en la actualidad.
This doctoral thesis contains a reflection on the meaning that "transparency" has, when it is implemented in the general reference rules and regulations about the freedom of information, concluding that, freedom of information does not have to ensure the transparency of the public sector. On the other hand, it states the general regulation about the freedom of information established in Law 19/2013, from 9th of December and the regional regulations that have been issued after that one, being carried out a number of theoretical and practical considerations on the matter and showing some of the differences between regulated and practiced law. Having observed several problems related to the application of the aforementioned rules and regulations, it is proposed to carry out some regulatory reforms, noting that some of those are complicated to be articulated for political-legislative reasons, and recognizing that due to well-intentioned modifications that are suggested, there is no master formula that can avoid solving all the practical application problems that current legislation is raising.
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Leszczyna, Dorota Maria. "Del idealismo al realismo crítico. La política como realización en José Ortega y Gasset." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/83387.
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En el siguiente trabajo, pretendo presentar la evolución del concepto de la política en Ortega, desde los primeros años de su actividad intelectual en los que acude al idealismo de sus maestros neokantianos hasta su filosofía madura en la que tiende a establecer una política realista, llamada también la “política de realización“. Pretendo defender la tesis de que esta política es prueba de la superación que supone la filosofía orteguiana del idealismo en la esfera práctica, como lo hace en la esfera teórica su “metafísica de la razón vital”. La política realista “no rechaza el ideal, no va contra él, sino que le impone concreción y disciplina”; de modo que no lo saca subjetivamente de nuestros deseos, sino objetivamente de las cosas. Así, este tipo de política intenta desarrollar y perfeccionar un potencial que ya posee cada nación; y, en lugar de aceptar la realidad nacional, postula transformarla según los ideales extraídos de su “contextura real”.
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Missaggia, Juliana Oliveira. "Redução, intencionalidade, mundo: a fenomenologia Husserliana como superação da oposição entre realismo e idealismo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7480.
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Previous issue date: 2015This work deals with the issue of determining the position of Edmund Hesserl's philosophy in relation to the traditional philosophical opposition between realism and idealism. We argue that the German thinker, through the development of the phenomenological method, proposes a new kind of idealim that does not fit this antinomy as expressed by history in philosophy until the down of contemporaneity, which results in an original solution for the issue. In order to support this thesis we analyze focal concepts developed by Husserk after the so-called "idealist turn" of this ideas, among which we wmphasize the nations of phenomenological reduction, noesis, noema, lifeworld, body, and inter-subjectivity. Throughout this study we also aimed to show how Husserlian philosophy, especially during its later phases, was the precurso of many of the themes which are dear to other phenomenilogists, like Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, who are usually seen as thinkers who radically broke with the method proposed by Husserl. Thus, we position ourselves against interpretations which see Phenomenology as a philosophy qhich represents idealism similar to those by Kant or Berkeley, and we also deny that the innovation put forward by Husserl is due to the lack of ontology in his ideas. Besides, we critically analyse the Husserlian philosophy, briefly pointing the main difficulties we find in his project.
Este trabalho trata do problema de determinar a posição da filosofia de Edmund Husserl em relação à tradicional oposição filosófica entre realismo e idealismo. Defendemos que o pensador alemão, através do desenvolvimento do método fenomenológico, propõe um novo tipo de idealismo que não se encaixa nessa antinomia tal como formulada pela história na filosofia até o começo da contemporaneidade, resultando em uma solução original para a questão. Para sustentar tal tese, analisamos conceitos centrais desenvolvidos por Husserl a partir da chamada “virada idealista” de seu pensamento, entre os quais destacam-se as noções de redução fenomenológica, noese, noema, mundo da vida, corpo e intersubjetividade. Ao longo desse estudo, também procuramos demonstrar como a filosofia husserliana, sobretudo em sua fase tardia, foi precursora de muitos dos temas caros a outros fenomenólogos, como Heidegger e Merleau-Ponty, os quais são usualmente compreendidos como pensadores que romperam radicalmente com o método proposto por Husserl. Desse modo, nos posicionamos contra interpretações que tomam a Fenomenologia como uma filosofia representante de idealismos semelhantes aos de Kant ou Berkeley, assim como negamos que a novidade trazida por Husserl se deva à falta de ontologia em seu pensamento. Além disso, analisamos criticamente o pensamento husserliano, apontando brevemente as principais dificuldades que identificamos em seu projeto.
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Gallo, Rodrigo Fernando. "Realismo e idealismo em Aristóteles e Maquiavel : virtude política e as formas de governo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2013.
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Mzoneli-Makhwaza, Irene Nini. "African male voices: representation of women images in selected isiZulu literary texts; reality or idealism?" Thesis, University of Zululand, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1609.
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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, 2016In this thesis, the research focused on representation of women images in the selected isiZulu literary texts. From the late 1940’s up to 1994 South Africans struggled under the apartheid regime. During this period of time Black women were doubly oppressed by their patriarchal and traditional cultures as well as by the apartheid system of government. With the change of government in 1994, a new era in the history of South Africa was ushered in. The underlying foundations of the new constitution were democratic values of gender equality, non- racial, non sexist society. It is against this backdrop that the thesis focused on exploring the effects and or impact of perceptions about women within a changing and transforming society in Africa in general and South Africa specifically. The isiZulu texts selected that were analysed are works of transitional period partly because they were published during the time of political and social transformation. Whilst other texts that were analysed were published during the post-independence period. The rational behind this was to give a broader spectrum that reflects the reality; as well as to establish whether the socio- political transformation has had an impact on how male authors represent women in isiZulu literary texts. Literary feminist philosophy was employed to highlight whether their depiction is real or idealized. The study concluded that gender inequality was still prevalent in the depiction of women images in selected isiZulu literary texts authored by males. There was no transformation that had been made by male authors in their portrayal of women characters to reflect the current political and social order
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Chataika, Tsitsi. "Inclusion of disabled students in higher education in Zimbabwe : from idealism to reality : a social ecosystem perspective." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3606/.
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Inclusion of disabled students in higher education has been gathering momentum in various countries, although until recently, it has not been under the spotlight. This study was born because of the absence of research on personal experiences of disabled students in higher education in Zimbabwe. The study's major object was to investigate the current provision for disabled students in higher education in Zimbabwe. Narrative research and ethnography are the methodologies that informed this study. Fifteen University of Zimbabwe disabled students were the main informants of this study. Inevitably, the study took into cognisance, the researcher's vast personal and professional experience, and diverse views from other scholars through a comprehensive literature review. The study established that attitudes and disability awareness could be either catalysts or obstacles to inclusion. Institutional barriers that incorporate physical access, inappropriate application and admission procedures, inappropriate teaching methods, inadequate support services and resources, and most importantly - absence of legislation and political will, hampered participation of disabled students in higher education in Zimbabwe. Lack of coordinated disability activism among disabled people's organisations was also reported in this study. It was from these research outcomes that the researcher constructed the social ecosystem framework, which embodied the theoretical resources, namely, postcolonial theory, globalisation, disability studies and inclusive education. Critical determinants in the applicability and effective use of the social ecosystem framework in promoting the inclusion of disabled students in higher education in Zimbabwe and beyond were identified. These include enabling socio-cultural beliefs, genuine family and community support, stable political and economic climate, appropriate legislation and political will, appropriate/accessible information and technology, self-belief, proactive disability activism, and sustainable partnerships. Conclusions drawn and practical recommendations were made to various stakeholders in the education of disabled students in higher education. Finally, the research study also signposted areas for further research.
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Missaggia, Juliana Oliveira. "Redu??o, intencionalidade, mundo : a fenomenologia Husserliana como supera??o da oposi??o entre realismo e idealismo." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6227.
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This work deals with the issue of determining the position of Edmund Hesserl's philosophy in relation to the traditional philosophical opposition between realism and idealism. We argue that the German thinker, through the development of the phenomenological method, proposes a new kind of idealim that does not fit this antinomy as expressed by history in philosophy until the down of contemporaneity, which results in an original solution for the issue. In order to support this thesis we analyze focal concepts developed by Husserk after the so-called "idealist turn" of this ideas, among which we wmphasize the nations of phenomenological reduction, noesis, noema, lifeworld, body, and inter-subjectivity. Throughout this study we also aimed to show how Husserlian philosophy, especially during its later phases, was the precurso of many of the themes which are dear to other phenomenilogists, like Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, who are usually seen as thinkers who radically broke with the method proposed by Husserl. Thus, we position ourselves against interpretations which see Phenomenology as a philosophy qhich represents idealism similar to those by Kant or Berkeley, and we also deny that the innovation put forward by Husserl is due to the lack of ontology in his ideas. Besides, we critically analyse the Husserlian philosophy, briefly pointing the main difficulties we find in his project.
Este trabalho trata do problema de determinar a posi??o da filosofia de Edmund Husserl em rela??o ? tradicional oposi??o filos?fica entre realismo e idealismo. Defendemos que o pensador alem?o, atrav?s do desenvolvimento do m?todo fenomenol?gico, prop?e um novo tipo de idealismo que n?o se encaixa nessa antinomia tal como formulada pela hist?ria na filosofia at? o come?o da contemporaneidade, resultando em uma solu??o original para a quest?o. Para sustentar tal tese, analisamos conceitos centrais desenvolvidos por Husserl a partir da chamada ?virada idealista? de seu pensamento, entre os quais destacam-se as no??es de redu??o fenomenol?gica, noese, noema, mundo da vida, corpo e intersubjetividade. Ao longo desse estudo, tamb?m procuramos demonstrar como a filosofia husserliana, sobretudo em sua fase tardia, foi precursora de muitos dos temas caros a outros fenomen?logos, como Heidegger e Merleau-Ponty, os quais s?o usualmente compreendidos como pensadores que romperam radicalmente com o m?todo proposto por Husserl. Desse modo, nos posicionamos contra interpreta??es que tomam a Fenomenologia como uma filosofia representante de idealismos semelhantes aos de Kant ou Berkeley, assim como negamos que a novidade trazida por Husserl se deva ? falta de ontologia em seu pensamento. Al?m disso, analisamos criticamente o pensamento husserliano, apontando brevemente as principais dificuldades que identificamos em seu projeto.
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Davenport, Eli Benjamin. "Immanence and Transcendence in the Idealisms of Leibniz and Berkeley." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Humanities, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5189.
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Recent philosophers assess differently the extent to which affinity is to be found between the idealist metaphysics of G. W. Leibniz and George Berkeley. I argue that these figures’ idealisms are indeed strongly aligned. They espouse related accounts of the nature of mental substance and state. They similarly restrict the domain of causality. They each reject the Lockean primary/secondary quality dichotomy. Over against the criticism that idealisms cannot allow for a distinction to be made out between real and illusory perceptual experience, the two philosophers offer comparable solutions. Nevertheless, their ontologies are not identical, and are primarily to be distinguished in terms of their disparate characterisations of ultimate reality as being either immanent or transcendent to percipient subjects like us. This continuum of transcendentism and immanentism has further application as a conceptual tool both for tracing the rise of modern philosophy and for developing new metaphysical and epistemological accounts of the nature of the world and our relation to it.
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Payne, Benjamin John. "Facing reality: idealism versus conservatism in Australian theatre and politics at the turn of the twenty-first century." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Arts, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001484/.
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This dissertation aims to provide an analysis of mainstream Australian playwriting at the turn of the 21st Century. It will argue that mainstream theatre in the 1990s and early 2000s in many ways reflects the concurrent national political developments, in particular the revision of many of the dominant ideals of previous eras, such as those of the sixties. In this dissertation, I will attempt to outline briefly some of the hallmarks of the theatre of the New Wave, and their relation to the broader social movements occurring in Australia at the time. I will trace the beginnings of disillusionment and revising of these ideals in the late seventies and early eighties. The majority of the argument will then discuss the ways in which early nineties theatre engages with and frequently rebuts these earlier ideals, just as nineties politics saw a revision of many of the ideals of the sixties in society as a whole. I will argue that in the latter nineties, mainstream playwrights begin to reverse this conservative shift, reinstating a number of the ideals of the earlier period. I will demonstrate that Australian mainstream theatre at the turn of the century is integrally related to the politics of the society of the time, and that mainstream theatre demonstrates both radical and conservative tendencies through the period under consideration.
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Fisker-Nielsen, Anne Mette. "An ethnography of young Soka Gakkai members' support for Komeito : religious idealism and political reality in contemporary Japan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/10264/.
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Vainys, Vytautas. "Nusikalstamų veikų realios ir idealios sutapties atribojimo problemos teorijoje ir teismų praktikoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120124_142820-82939.
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Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formų – realios ir idealios nusikalstamų veikų sutapčių atribojimo problema nagrinėjama iš daugeto, kaip kvalifikavimo atžvilgiu jau įvertintos teisinės situacijos pozicijos. Nusikalstamų veikų daugetą atribojus nuo pavienės nusikalstamos veikos, sekantis, ir nemažiau svarbus žingsnis – teisingai nustatyti, kokią daugeto formą tarpusavyje sudaro kaltininko padarytos kelios nusikalstamos veikos. Trumpai apžvelgus tokio atribojimo praktinę reikšmę, darbe didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas Lietuvos baudžiamosios teisės doktrinoje ir teismų praktikoje vyraujančių realios ir idealios nusikalstamų veikų sutapčių sampratų ir požymių analizei, jų išskyrimo pagrįstumo ir teismų sprendimų nuoseklumo vertinimui. Baigiamojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamos išvados ir pasiūlymai, kurie galimai padėtų nubrėžti aiškesnę takoskyrą tarp idealios ir realios nusikalstamų veikų sutapčių, taip padedant šias sutaptis atriboti vieną nuo kitos.The master’s thesis presents thorough analysis of the problem of delimitation of forms of multiple offenses in the criminal law of Lithuania. The so called real and ideal coincidences of criminal acts are analyzed. The problem of multiple offenses prevails in many criminal cases however theoretical and practical variations on the estimation of such usually occur thus determining different judgments. The author presents the most relevant definitions of forms of multiple offenses in the theory of criminal law on the basis of analysis of concepts and attributes of real and ideal coincidence of criminal acts prevailing in Lithuanian criminal law in the historical context of regulations of the Criminal Code. On the basis of theoretical findings and consistent analysis of numerous criminal cases of different courts of Lithuania the author establishes unanimous ground for the most suitable definitions of the real and ideal coincidences of criminal acts. Such definitions that would enable law enforcement and courts in deciding cases properly are an important part of the thesis. The analysis leads to the strong opinion that after delimitation of multiple offenses from single criminal act, the next important step is to correctly determine the form of multiple offenses carried out. Various situations within court rulings are discussed with regard to proper qualification, as the establishment of the most suitable legal estimation. The first chapter of this thesis presents analysis of... [to full text]