Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réalisme moral'
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Lagrut, Blandine. "Le réalisme moral d'Elizabeth Anscombe : une philosophie de l'intégrité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0107.
Full textFor Elizabeth Anscombe, every effort at goodness is also a quest for truth. Moral vigilance takes the form of a Daimôn reminding each person of the task of examining their life: ‘Perhaps in some way, I can’t see, I may be on a bad path, perhaps I am hopelessly wrong in some essential way*.’ This thesis argues that Anscombe is developing an original type of moral realism centred on the notion of integrity and polarised by one question: how does a person come to grasp, as rigorously as possible, the meaning and gravity of their actions? According to her, three conditions are necessary in order to correctly assess the weight of our actions – they provide the blueprint for our work: we need to know what we are actually doing, we need to have some idea of the necessities of our human nature and, finally, we need to recognise the infinite value of this nature.To know what they are doing, the person must be able to identify the criteria for ‘what counts as a relevant description of an action’. This is precisely what Anscombe sets out to do in her study of intention. She shows that it is possible to isolate types of action which we know that, if we do them intentionally, we are in the wrong. The category of "intrinsically unjust act" becomes available again, providing the starting point for a realist moral epistemology.The person also needs to justify their assessments by basing them on a thorough understanding of the human being. Here again, Anscombe makes a major shift by restoring consistency to the concept of human nature. She relies on the idea that we learn something about the kind of being that humans are by unfolding the logical form of their linguistic practices. Her meta-ethics revolves around an often-unnoticed axis, combining Aristotle’s naturalism and Wittgenstein’s logical grammar.Finally, an action will only be true on a moral level if it manifests the “mystical” value of human nature. Bringing this aspect to light is the most innovative contribution of this thesis. An in-depth study of the ethico-religious texts reveals the core of her metaphysical anthropology: humans are not only rational animals, but also spiritual beings, endowed with a dignity that we can know through “connaturality” or “mystical perception”.By exploring the various facets of Anscombean moral realism, we can ultimately clarify its role in the contemporary ethical debate on absolutism. Are certain acts to be rejected absolutely, whatever the cost to the well-being of the person or the consequent situation? For Anscombe, the answer is yes. But this cannot be done either at the expense of personal discernment or at the cost of alienation. Her way of conceiving the human makes it possible to resolve the tension by establishing that the prohibition does not need to be decreed by an external authority to be absolute. It can be imposed internally on the agent, as compelling evidence, due to their spiritual nature.*G. E. M. Anscombe, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ in Ethics, Religion and Politics, Collected Philosophical Pa-pers III, Oxford, Blackwell, 1981, p. 37.Keywords: moral realism, integrity, absolutism, philosophy of action, moral epistemology, meta-ethics, naturalism, logical grammar, mystical perception, connaturality, metaphysical anthropology, spiritual nature
Tremblay, Hugo, and Hugo Tremblay. "Le réalisme phénoménologique subjectiviste : repenser les oppositions métaéthiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25284.
Full textLes oppositions entre réalisme et antiréalisme puis entre cognitivisme et non-cognitivisme jouent un rôle central dans la typologie des théories métaéthiques. Elles n’arrivent toutefois plus à bien délimiter les positions en jeu. La théorie métaéthique développée dans ce mémoire se heurte à ce problème. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce mémoire est triple. Il tente, d’abord, de remettre en question les oppositions entre réalisme et antiréalisme, puis entre cognitivisme et non-cognitivisme. Il propose ainsi, d’une part, de remplacer la première opposition par une tripartition des familles métaéthiques et, d’autre part, de réconcilier les aspects en apparence contradictoires du cognitivisme et du non-cognitivisme. Il cherche, ensuite, à défendre une théorie métaéthique particulière – le réalisme phénoménologique subjectiviste. Cette théorie impliquant le relativisme moral, il veut, enfin, répondre aux objections communément présentées contre celui-ci.
The oppositions between realism and anti-realism and between cognitivism and non-cognitivism play a central role in the typology of metaethical theories. However, they cannot correctly circumscribe the positions at stake nowadays. The metaethical theory developed in this paper faces this problem. Thus, the objective of this paper is threefold. It attempts, first, to question the opposition between realism and anti-realism, and between cognitivism and non-cognitivism. It thus proposes, in the beginning, to replace the first opposition by a tripartite division of metaethical families and, afterward, to reconcile the apparently contradictory aspects of cognitivism and non-cognitivism. It seeks then to defend a particular metaethical theory – the subjectivist phenomenological realism. This theory involving moral relativism, it wants to finally overcome the objections commonly brought against it.
The oppositions between realism and anti-realism and between cognitivism and non-cognitivism play a central role in the typology of metaethical theories. However, they cannot correctly circumscribe the positions at stake nowadays. The metaethical theory developed in this paper faces this problem. Thus, the objective of this paper is threefold. It attempts, first, to question the opposition between realism and anti-realism, and between cognitivism and non-cognitivism. It thus proposes, in the beginning, to replace the first opposition by a tripartite division of metaethical families and, afterward, to reconcile the apparently contradictory aspects of cognitivism and non-cognitivism. It seeks then to defend a particular metaethical theory – the subjectivist phenomenological realism. This theory involving moral relativism, it wants to finally overcome the objections commonly brought against it.
Aubé, Beaudoin Félix. "Faits moraux et évolution : un dilemme pour le réalisme moral." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25203.
Full textPlusieurs philosophes estiment que le réalisme moral est incompatible avec la reconnaissance du rôle majeur joué par l'évolution dans le façonnement de la moralité. Sharon Street formule ce problème sous la forme d’un « dilemme darwinien ». Le problème pour les réalistes consiste à expliquer la relation entre les vérités morales indépendantes dont ils supposent l’existence et les pressions évolutionnistes. Deux options s’offrent à eux: nier ou affirmer l'existence d’une telle relation. La première option mène, selon Street, à la conclusion selon laquelle nos jugements moraux sont probablement faux puisqu'ils sont déformés par les pressions évolutionnistes. La seconde option est indéfendable sur le plan scientifique. Deux stratégies argumentatives ont été déployées à ce jour par les réalistes afin de résoudre le dilemme, soit la réponse naturelle et l'explication par un troisième facteur. Nous soutenons dans le mémoire qu'aucune de ces stratégies ne constitue une réponse satisfaisante au dilemme darwinien.
La, Rochefoucauld Sophie de. "Viser à la vie bonne ou le problème du réalisme moral : Nussbaum, Aristote." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010585.
Full textLévi, Ide. "Réalisme moral ou volontarisme théologique ? : le problème de l’objectivité des valeurs et des normes morales en contexte théiste (perspectives médiévales et contemporaines)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE5078.
Full textAccording to the common version of the “Euthyphro dilemma”, it is generally considered that when theists try to describe the relation between God and morality, they must either opt for theological voluntarism or for hard objectivism (moral realism, in particular). According to the first option, fundamental moral statuses depend essentially on God’s contingent, or even necessary, will. According to the second, God acts in conformity to an objective (and necessary) moral order that is in itself independent of His will, as it is of any kind of pro-attitude, will or desire, at least for the most fundamental and prior moral statuses (and moral properties are consequential upon nonmoral ones, if not reducible to them). I argue here for the existence of a third possibility for theists, rejecting the metaethical externalism assumed by the first two options. According to this third option, it is not the case that objects, state of affairs, actions or persons can have value or generate obligations to us independently of all our pro-attitudes and of the ends we are inclined to pursue. I propose a defence, against realist objections in particular, of a universalist (or non relativist) version of that metaethical position and try to show its compatibility with classical theism : the anti-objectivist natural law theory, according to which values and norms relevant for us depend on our motivational set, depending on our – universally shared – natural inclinations or essential dispositions to love and pursue certain ends (or possibly one ultimate end) preferently to others, and to find our completion and happiness in them (in it)
Boldrini, Miranda. "Éthique, imagination et réalité chez Iris Murdoch." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0039.
Full textThe thesis focuses on Iris Murdoch's (1919-1999) moral thought. The research aims to show Murdoch's heterogenic and innovator role within contemporary moral philosophy, in particular in the analytic tradition. Murdoch's philosophical perspective is analyzed in three axes : the relationship between ethics and language ; moral psychology ; the relationship between philosophical method and normativity. The thesis shows Murdoch's contribution to some central debates of contemporary philosophical ethics, notably : the critic of the dichotomy between fact and value ; moral perfectionism ; and the critic of "scientism" and the kind of non-scientific naturalism Murdoch conceive for ethics. Through this analysis, both theoretical and historical, the research argues that Murdoch played a crucial role in the constitution of an alternative line of analytic moral philosophy : a "philosophy of the ordinary" inheriting from Wittgenstein, which consider philosophical reflection as conceptual elucidation interested in ordinary moral life. In this perspective, the thesis explores the relationship between Murdoch's moral thought and contemporary ethics of care along with feminist approaches interested in moral epistemology, in order to show that what Murdoch offers for ethics is a "different moral epistemology"
Kabe-Kagne, Sylvain. "Machiavélisme, Politique et Réalisme." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30041.
Full textThe dissertation we deal with is entitled Machiavelianism: Politics and Realism. Five chapters structure it. Right from the beginning, it has been posited that Machiavelli's political thought is inherent to the Italian social and political context of the XVth and XVIth centuries. Italy was peculiarly in turmoil during this period because some of its provinces were besieged by France and Spain. Machiavelli's deep thought consists in seeing Italy free from the barbarians. Machiavelli has described the mechanism of power, the struggle for its conquest, its confiscation, the confrontation of personal ambitions. How to govern men? To this question, Machiavelli states that the Prince has to behave as a fox and lion in order to unravel traps and threaten the wolves. His bestiality is therefore double-shaped. That is the political realism, thereby. The one who wants the end has to justify the specific means to reach them as well; even though these means supposedly contradict the up-dated ideology. Neither morality nor principles have to embarass the Prince when the question of governing the city is posed. We have analyzed Machavelianism and the concept is inseparable from the state reason. The state reason is ordinarily associated with the political power, all moral and judicial limits cleared off. Finally, a link has been made between Machiavelianism and the XXth century dictatorships
Ruyant, Quentin. "L'empirisme modal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S117/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis dissertation is to propose a novel position in the debate on scientific realism, modal empiricism, and to show its fruitfulness when it comes to interpreting the cognitive content of scientific theories. Modal empiricism is an empiricist position, according to which the aim of science is to produce empirically adequate theories rather than true theories. However, it suggests adopting a broader comprehension of experience than traditional versions of empiricism, through a commitment to natural modalities. Following modal empiricism, there are possibilities in nature, and constraints on what is possible, and a theory is empirically adequate if it correctly delimits the range of possible experiences. The position rests on a situated and pragmatic conception of natural modalities and of empirical confrontation. We claim that it can do justice to the empirical success of science, while not falling prey to the problem of theory change that undermines scientific realism. We explain how constraints of necessity on phenomena can be known by induction, and how this modal epistemology fits with scientific practice. Finally, we claim that a commitment to natural modalities allows for a rich interpretation of the cognitive content of theories. Modal empiricism could renew some metaphysical debates within a pragmatist framework, by tying them to experience and not being constrained by realist prejudices
Desbiolles, Blondine. "La justice à l'épreuve des points de vue : repenser l'impartialité avec Thomas Nagel." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3064.
Full textImpartiality is an essential condition and element of the concept of justice. But what exactly is impartiality in itself? Contemporary theories of justice tend to approach it in strictly political terms, and to leave aside or to limit its epistemological and moral aspects. This work offers to expose, analyse and critically discuss the way Thomas Nagel, from his conception of the conflict of perspectives, renews the approach to the idea of impartiality in epistemological, moral and political terms. Indeed impartiality is first a matter of objective and rational judgment; but such a judgement must also take into account the division of personal and impersonal points of view within us, as well as the pluralism of reasons and values it creates. The concept of impartiality then requires a scrutiny of this division of perspectives, and of the types or degrees of objectivity that could be possible in both moral and political debates. Can we determine impartiality’s criteria, conditions or method? How are we to guarantee it, morally but also politically and distributively? Which principles, reasons or values can a fully impartial justice consistently and legitimately advance or promote? Through our examination of Thomas Nagel’s original and hybrid conceptions, we defend the necessity of going back to these fundamental conditions and questions in order to elaborate a satisfying and realistic conception of impartial justice. Such a conception takes in Nagel’s approach a liberal, democratic, pluralistic and strongly egalitarian shape. It is surely close to Rawls’ or Scanlon’s theorizations of justice, but it is based on original and hybrid theses that offer innovative alternatives. These theses, which Nagel refined and modified over years and which, for most of them, have not yet been translated into French, had not until then been studied in France with a specialized focus on contemporary debates around theories of justice. In our work, we analyse their epistemological, metaethical, ethical, political and economic aspects, while putting into perspective Nagel’s conceptions in relation to those of modern and contemporary thinkers whom he stands out. We also show and explain how his theses combine, complete but also sometimes limit each other. With this analyse, we offer elements of critical discussion and possible extensions of the concept impartiality hence built, as well as of the type of social justice – liberal, pluralist, strongly egalitarian – that it carries. We defend the realist and rationalist perspective of Nagel, his refusal of any form of utopia and his plural, hybrid but demanding conception of impartiality. We also take seriously the difficulties his theses raise and the blockings Nagel faces. But we consider that these difficulties can find, in the options he explores and in the critical elements we suggest in our dissertation, solutions or at least possible resolutions that constitute as many stimulating perspectives to pursue the philosophical effort about justice, impartiality and equity, within and for our actual world
Cabanes-Duchastelle, Mireille. "Le réalisme interne de Hilary Putnam : épistémologie et éthique." Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120039.
Full textThe present work offers a critical analysis of putnam's internal realism. Hilary putnam between 1976 and 1994 presented internal realism as an alternative both to metaphysical realism and relativism. Putnam thinks that these two conceptions are fondamentally mistaken in assuming a sharp subject/object dichotomy, with metaphysical realism giving priority to the object and relativism to the subject. Putnam's main arguments against the dichotomy are analysed, in particular the logical, epistemological and metaphysical difficulties it gives rise to. Putnam proposed a constructive reconsideration of the notions of signification, reference, understanding, truth and the mental. We exhibited the intricate relationships among these notions, showing putnam's pragmatism : pluralism, the refusal to internalize belief, the active part of belief in discovering reality, the relevance of meaning analysis in metaphysics, the rejection of the dichotomy fact/value. We appreciated the objective and normative role played by values in internal realism. We criticized the same objective status given to epistemic and ethical values, rather than the objectivity of ethical values. We followed putnam in trying to bridge the gap between subject and object. In particular, we examined the evolution of his view of perception. Until 1994, putnam was a supporter of indirect perception, wich led to a contradiction within internal realism. Together with a conception of perception as direct and the mental as a system of capacities, the "new" putnam brings out a new form of realism ( natural realism is internal realism cured of its contradictions) and a new and leaner metaphysics
Mazars, Marlène. "Socialisation et sens moral chez l'enfant abandonnique : étude réalisée en institution sur 10 cas d'enfants et d'adolescents." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0026.
Full textDufournet, Hélène. "Gouverner sans choisir : entre contrainte morale et réalisme politique : l'engagement français dans le processus d'interdiction des armes à sousmunitions (2003-2008)." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00621041.
Full textBwangila, Ibula Cyprien. "Rationalisme critique et éthique de la discussion : autour de la question de la fondation ultime de la raison et de la morale." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040017.
Full textThis study attempts a critical reappraisal of the issue of the ultimate foundation of reason and morals. Arguments from critical rationalists (Popper, Bartley, Albert) and from the proponent of the discourse ethics (Apel, Habermas) are examined. Popperians defend an anti-foundationalist position. On the other hand, Apel holds a strong foundationalist position within the framework of transcendental pragmatics; the latter builds an a priori ideal community of communication as the ultimate foundation of every rational argumentation. The use of this a priori shelters the criticist principle from the danger of falling into a performative or pragmatic self-contradiction. The position held by Habermas in this debate is peculiar. Although he postulates an a priori ideal community of communication as foundation of a formal or universal pragmatics, he thinks unnecessary to set it in the position of the ultimate foundation of reason and morals. His current position is closer to that of the Popperians. Between a maximalist and dogmatic affirmation of an ultimate foundation and, the rather skeptical and minimalist rejection of it (Popper, Bartley, Albert, Habermas), this study attempts to find a third way. Such a median position follows into the Kantian scheme of a ‘weak’ foundation. And so a quest for a foundation would consistently integrate the faillibilist principle
Jeangène, Vilmer Jean-Baptiste. "Au nom de l'humanité? : histoire, droit, éthique et politique de l'intervention militaire justifiée par des raisons humanitaires." Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4242.
Full textMilitary intervention justified on humanitarian grounds is a constant of the international order, designated by different names: “intervention d’humanité” in the nineteenth century, humanitarian intervention in the English-speaking tradition, “droit” or “devoir d’ingérence” in France, responsibility to protect the last few years. The aim of this interdisciplinary dissertation is to understand this complex phenomenon in all its dimensions - historical, legal, ethical and political - and develop a realistic theory of intervention by the analysis of five criteria: just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort and proportionality. We show that realism is not an amoral conception of foreign policy but an epistemological commitment to analyze international relations as they are rather than as we would like them to be. That so-called humanitarian intervention is not, contrary to a widespread prejudice, a recent phenomenon, or even inherited from the nineteenth century. We can trace its genealogy in several millennia in many cultures. That none of the terminology used is satisfactory. That one must abandon the criterion of good intention because the intervening state is not, cannot and should not be disinterested. That it is possible to defend a minimal interventionism, in some cases and under certain conditions, while assuming the lack of disinterestedness, the selectivity of interventions, the risk of abuse and the uncertainty of the result.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) de Paris, pour un doctorat en études politiques.
Coste-Rooryck, Yolande. "Le réalisme militant dans le "Tableau de Paris" et le "Nouveau Paris" de Louis-Sébastien Mercier : une tentative de révolution esthétique et éthique." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT5012.
Full textThe Picture of Paris and The New Paris, before and after the historical cut of French Revolution, compose a unique diptych that reflects a colourful capital ; but Mercier also wanted to show the misery, willing to reach possibly the leaders of the country ( particularly in the first picture) to make them " realize " what was really happening in the everyday life. He had clearly a political and moral aim. He set up a brandnew technic for observing, combining two necessities, convince and " make true ". This militant realism came also as a result of rejecting the academic litterature, and an ideal of democratic litterature that is to be related to the underlying realism in the novels and theater pieces at the time. Mercier provides a large range of styles, from comic to touching, and sometimes uses vehemence and visions. But reality very often is far from the philosophical ideal, so that Mercier always has to juggle with them both, what is not very conclusive
Landry, Jean-Michel. "Les ingénieurs de l'âme : pouvoir et subjectivation sous Staline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25060/25060.pdf.
Full textGichkina-Stich, Anna. "Le Roman russe d'Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé dans l'histoire intellectuelle, spirituelle, poltique et culturelle de la France." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040201.
Full textThe Russian Novel by Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé comes out just at the right time. At the end of the 19-th century «the horizon of expectation» in France is more than favourable to perceive Russian literature. Satiated and suppressed by the postwar (1871) pessimism, exultant scientism and naturalism the French society begins to feel the need for change in all spheres of life. The loss of position on the international scene makes the country seek for alliance with Russia which becomes the main political goal of France in this historic period. Soon it becomes one of the goals of the viscount’s literary works. Seeing spiritual poverty in contemporary France Vogüé gives emphasis to Christian nature of Russian literature. Bringing the country back to its original Christian values – that is the other goal of Vogüé embodied in The Russian Novel.Before the book comes out in 1886, it is a total success both among intellectuals and general public. Introducing Russian literature in France Vogüé wants his compatriots not only to know and appreciate Russian literary and cultural genius, but to discover specific features of the Russian soul. The French-Russian alliance, cultural and intellectual convergence of the two countries, Russomania among the general public, Russophilia among the intellectuals, rebirth of idealism - these were the numerous echos of The Russian Novel in France
Herrmann-Aktas, Melis. "De la Nature à l'homme : la charnière éthique de la pensée schopenhauerienne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAC025.
Full textThis work tries to rediscover the Schopenhauerian thought through the two perspectives that it presents: one focusing on Nature, the other on ethics. From the forces hidden behind natural phenomena to the hidden intention behind human actions, we find the major challenge of this thought as the problematization of reality by a reflection on the Kantian thing in itself. Thus, we must first reconsider issues such as strength, ideas, life, purpose, instinct and animal, to make possible the passage to an ethical interrogation framed by the questions of freedom and evil
Froidevaux, Sandra. "Faits, valeurs et non-cognitivisme : une analyse critique." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16557.
Full textSoucy, Guillaume. "Constructivisme moral : la question de l’objectivité des faits moraux." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20304.
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