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1
Hadjisoteriou, E., and A. Kakas. "Reasoning about actions and change in argumentation." Argument & Computation 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19462166.2015.1123774.
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Hunter, A., and J. P. Delgrande. "Iterated Belief Change Due to Actions and Observations." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 40 (January 30, 2011): 269–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3132.
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In action domains where agents may have erroneous beliefs, reasoning about the effects of actions involves reasoning about belief change. In this paper, we use a transition system approach to reason about the evolution of an agent's beliefs as actions are executed. Some actions cause an agent to perform belief revision while others cause an agent to perform belief update, but the interaction between revision and update can be non-elementary. We present a set of rationality properties describing the interaction between revision and update, and we introduce a new class of belief change operators for reasoning about alternating sequences of revisions and updates. Our belief change operators can be characterized in terms of a natural shifting operation on total pre-orderings over interpretations. We compare our approach with related work on iterated belief change due to action, and we conclude with some directions for future research.
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Lifschitz, Vladimir. "Guest editor's introduction: Reasoning about action and change." Journal of Logic Programming 31, no. 1-3 (April 1997): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-1066(96)00139-2.
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Varzinczak, I. J. "On Action Theory Change." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 37 (February 27, 2010): 189–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2959.
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As historically acknowledged in the Reasoning about Actions and Change community, intuitiveness of a logical domain description cannot be fully automated. Moreover, like any other logical theory, action theories may also evolve, and thus knowledge engineers need revision methods to help in accommodating new incoming information about the behavior of actions in an adequate manner. The present work is about changing action domain descriptions in multimodal logic. Its contribution is threefold: first we revisit the semantics of action theory contraction proposed in previous work, giving more robust operators that express minimal change based on a notion of distance between Kripke-models. Second we give algorithms for syntactical action theory contraction and establish their correctness with respect to our semantics for those action theories that satisfy a principle of modularity investigated in previous work. Since modularity can be ensured for every action theory and, as we show here, needs to be computed at most once during the evolution of a domain description, it does not represent a limitation at all to the method here studied. Finally we state AGM-like postulates for action theory contraction and assess the behavior of our operators with respect to them. Moreover, we also address the revision counterpart of action theory change, showing that it benefits from our semantics for contraction.
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Devedzic, Goran, Danijela Milosevic, Lozica Ivanovic, Dragan Adamovic, and Miodrag Manic. "Reasoning with linguistic preferences using NPN logic." Computer Science and Information Systems 7, no. 3 (2010): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis090223003d.
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Negative-positive-neutral logic provides an alternative framework for fuzzy cognitive maps development and decision analysis. This paper reviews basic notion of NPN logic and NPN relations and proposes adaptive approach to causality weights assessment. It employs linguistic models of causality weights activated by measurement-based fuzzy cognitive maps? concepts values. These models allow for quasi-dynamical adaptation to the change of concepts values, providing deeper understanding of possible side effects. Since in the real-world environments almost every decision has its consequences, presenting very valuable portion of information upon which we also make our decisions, the knowledge about the side effects enables more reliable decision analysis and directs actions of decision maker.
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SCHUBERT, LENHART K. "Explanation Closure, Action Closure and the Sandewall Test Suite for Reasoning about Change." Journal of Logic and Computation 4, no. 5 (1994): 679–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/4.5.679.
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GOODAY, JOHN, and ANTONY GALTON. "The Transition Calculus: a high-level formalism for reasoning about action and change." Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095281397147239.
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Bhansali, S., G. A. Kramer, and T. J. Hoar. "A Principled Approach Towards Symbolic Geometric Constraint Satisfaction." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 4 (June 1, 1996): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.292.
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An important problem in geometric reasoning is to find the configuration of a collection of geometric bodies so as to satisfy a set of given constraints. Recently, it has been suggested that this problem can be solved efficiently by symbolically reasoning about geometry. This approach, called degrees of freedom analysis, employs a set of specialized routines called plan fragments that specify how to change the configuration of a set of bodies to satisfy a new constraint while preserving existing constraints. A potential drawback, which limits the scalability of this approach, is concerned with the difficulty of writing plan fragments. In this paper we address this limitation by showing how these plan fragments can be automatically synthesized using first principles about geometric bodies, actions, and topology.
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Dębska, Agnieszka, and Krystyna Komorowska. "Limitations in reasoning about false beliefs in adults: the effect of priming or the curse of knowledge?" Psychology of Language and Communication 17, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2013-0017.
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Abstract Birch & Bloom (2007) suggest that adults’ reasoning about other people’s mental states is influenced by their privileged knowledge about reality. When asked where a person described in a story would search for a missing object, participants tend to judge with higher probability that the person would search in a particular box when they know that the object is indeed in that box. However, the results of that experiment could be an effect of unintended priming in the experimental materials. The increased attention towards the box might be caused by reading about it in the task instructions. In a new version of the experiment, we controlled for this factor by priming different locations in the instructions. The results show that it is unlikely that priming is the source of Birch and Bloom’s observations: only knowledge about reality changed the participants’ strategies in reasoning about the actions of others.
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Rota, Michael W. "Moral Psychology and Social Change: The Case of Abolition." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 4 (March 2019): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01338.
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The examination of a test case, the popular movement to abolish slavery, demonstrates that the insights of recent psychological research about moral judgment and motivated reasoning can contribute to historians’ understanding of why large-scale shifts in cultural values occur. Moral psychology helps to answer the question of why the abolitionist movement arose and flourished when and where it did. Analysis of motivated reasoning and the just-world bias sheds light on the conditions that promoted recognition of the moral wrongfulness of chattel slavery, as well as on the conditions that promoted morally motivated social action. These findings reveal that residents of Great Britain and the northern United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were in an unusually good position to perceive, and to act on, the moral problems of slavery. Moral psychology is also applicable to other social issues, such as women’s liberation and egalitarianism.
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Grossi, Davide, Wiebe van der Hoek, Christos Moyzes, and Michael Wooldridge. "Program models and semi-public environments." Journal of Logic and Computation 29, no. 7 (January 28, 2016): 1071–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exv086.
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Abstract We develop a logic for reasoning about semi-public environments , i.e. environments in which a process is executing, and where agents in the environment have partial and potentially different views of the process. Previous work on this problem illustrated that it was problematic to obtain both an adequate semantic model and a language for reasoning about semi-public environments. We here use program models for representing the changes that occur during the execution of a program. These models serve both as syntactic objects and as semantic models, and are a modification of action models in Dynamic Epistemic Logic, in the sense that they allow for ontic change (i.e. change in the world or state). We show how program models can elegantly capture a notion of observation of the environment. The use of these models resolves several difficulties identified in earlier work, and admit a much simpler treatment than was possible in previous work on semi-public environments.
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Sonetti, Giulia, Martin Brown, and Emanuele Naboni. "About the Triggering of UN Sustainable Development Goals and Regenerative Sustainability in Higher Education." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010254.
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Humans are at the center of global climate change: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are igniting sustainability with proactive, global, social goals, moving us away from the Brundtland paradigm ‘do nothing today to compromise tomorrows generation’. This promotes a regenerative shift in the sustainability concept, no longer only considering resources and energy, but also significant human-centric attributes. Despite this, precise ecological and sustainable attitudes have little prognostic value regarding final related individual human behavior. The global cultural challenge, dominated by technological innovations and business imperatives, alongside the mirroring technological fallacy and lack of ethical reasoning, makes the role of small actions, at individual and at academic scale even harder. This paper outlines the context in which universities can collaborate and contribute to triggering sustainability values, attitudes, and behavior within future regenerative societies. This contribution consists in three main areas: the first analyzes the issue of sustainability transitions at the individual scale, where influencing factors and value–behavior links are presented as reviewed from a number of multi and transdisciplinary scholars’ works. The second part enlarges the picture to the global dimension, tracing the ideological steps of our current environmental crisis, from the differences in prevailing western and eastern values, tradition, and perspectives, to the technological fallacy and the power of the narratives of changes. Finally, the task of our role as academics in the emerging ‘integrative humanities’ science is outlined with education promoted as an essential driver in moving from sustainability to regenerative paradigms.
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Weitzman, Martin L. "A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." Journal of Economic Literature 45, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 703–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.45.3.703.
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The Stern Review calls for immediate decisive action to stabilize greenhouse gases because “the benefits of strong, early action on climate change outweighs the costs.” The economic analysis supporting this conclusion consists mostly of two basic strands. The first strand is a formal aggregative model that relies for its conclusions primarily upon imposing a very low discount rate. Concerning this discount-rate aspect, I am skeptical of the Review's formal analysis, but this essay points out that we are actually a lot less sure about what interest rate should be used for discounting climate change than is commonly acknowledged. The Review's second basic strand is a more intuitive argument that it might be very important to avoid possibly large uncertainties that are difficult to quantify. Concerning this uncertainty aspect, I argue that it might be recast into sound analytical reasoning that might justify some of the Review's conclusions. The basic issue here is that spending money to slow global warming should perhaps not be conceptualized primarily as being about consumption smoothing as much as being about how much insurance to buy to offset the small change of a ruinous catastrophe that is difficult to compensate by ordinary savings.
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Cojanu, Valentin. "Self-interest and the modernity of homo economicus." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2015-0192.
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Purpose Criticism directed at neoclassical economics has failed to replace it with a similar grand theory. The authors argue that one possible explanation may lie in the failure of economists to formulate an opinion as to the philosophical foundations of the author’s object of study. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The argument proceeds in two steps. First, the authors review the prevailing philosophical view of “the self-interest theory (S)”, which is one of the most powerful constituents of today’s economics, and social theorizing in general. Second, the authors present a reasoning framework in which rationality becomes intelligible within a schema of integrating the self’s external and internal conditionalities into a unified view of human reasoning. Findings Self-interest has been supposed to give the authors direction about what, concretely, to do, but, on the way, the authors have learned that defining rationality is necessarily a life-dependent process. The conflicts of reasons call for a revised S according to which rationality implies consistency among a person’s competing behavioural drivers rooted in three ontological realms, natural, social, and cultural. Originality/value First, understanding the purpose of one’s actions in rational terms demands redirecting attention from outcomes in terms of utility, profits, or welfare to a social profile of a rational person, with real life coordinates in space and time, as well as the personal histories of that individual. A change in explaining aspirations leads, and this is the second implication, to change in defining the meaning of economic (or social) behaviour. Decision making is not necessarily a process of virtuously selecting the best available options, but assessing and acting according to the opportunity of choice; it is not about freedom of choice, but about the degree of freedom a person is willing and is able to take advantage of.
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Abshor, M. Ulil, and Husnul Khotimah. "ETIKA ILMIAH ISLAM SEBAGAI WUJUD TOLERANSI (Analisis Pemikiran Taha Jabir al-Alwani dalam Kitab Adab al-Ikhtilafi fi al Islami)." Al-Banjari : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 19, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v19i1.3517.
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The rise of change and the behavior of society today change the distortion or differences in factors, news, and issues those are freely scattered in the mass media are no longer heard by the Indonesian people, so it becomes the people's consumption that is swallowed raw so that it starts to fix it. When people take news and information about and direct then many questions arise, it is appropriate, but the problem is all the news that comes from the mass media used to criticize and disbelieve others, this causes a variety of differences that result in the decline of humans to be able to support each other and make a difference as a mercy for all nature. All kinds of actions that cause conflict and friction between human beings are triggered by negative ideological reasoning that challenges its truth. Because reason and ideology that are formed do not show a more wise view and behavior in responding to differences. Therefore, the author wants to discuss more deeply about ethical knowledge and scientific knowledge of scientific ethics capable of realizing a tolerant attitude and understanding perspective. Of course, this author uses the Content Analysis method as the main reference in examining the views of Taha Jabir al-Alwani about attitudes and actions relating to science using interpretive-descriptive methods. Then the results obtained from scientific ethics are resolved (1). Self-awareness consists of magical, naive, critical, and transformative awareness,(2). Social awareness consists of mutual support, compilation, understanding, (3). Revolution awareness and (4). Divine Awareness is a difficult challenge to avoid because of hostility, strife, strife, termination of akin relations which is opposed by Allah.
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Hoffmann, J., P. Bertoli, M. Helmert, and M. Pistore. "Message-Based Web Service Composition, Integrity Constraints, and Planning under Uncertainty: A New Connection." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 35 (May 31, 2009): 49–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2716.
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Thanks to recent advances, AI Planning has become the underlying technique for several applications. Figuring prominently among these is automated Web Service Composition (WSC) at the "capability" level, where services are described in terms of preconditions and effects over ontological concepts. A key issue in addressing WSC as planning is that ontologies are not only formal vocabularies; they also axiomatize the possible relationships between concepts. Such axioms correspond to what has been termed "integrity constraints" in the actions and change literature, and applying a web service is essentially a belief update operation. The reasoning required for belief update is known to be harder than reasoning in the ontology itself. The support for belief update is severely limited in current planning tools. Our first contribution consists in identifying an interesting special case of WSC which is both significant and more tractable. The special case, which we term "forward effects", is characterized by the fact that every ramification of a web service application involves at least one new constant generated as output by the web service. We show that, in this setting, the reasoning required for belief update simplifies to standard reasoning in the ontology itself. This relates to, and extends, current notions of "message-based" WSC, where the need for belief update is removed by a strong (often implicit or informal) assumption of "locality" of the individual messages. We clarify the computational properties of the forward effects case, and point out a strong relation to standard notions of planning under uncertainty, suggesting that effective tools for the latter can be successfully adapted to address the former. Furthermore, we identify a significant sub-case, named "strictly forward effects", where an actual compilation into planning under uncertainty exists. This enables us to exploit off-the-shelf planning tools to solve message-based WSC in a general form that involves powerful ontologies, and requires reasoning about partial matches between concepts. We provide empirical evidence that this approach may be quite effective, using Conformant-FF as the underlying planner.
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Eck, Adam, Maulik Shah, Prashant Doshi, and Leen-Kiat Soh. "Scalable Decision-Theoretic Planning in Open and Typed Multiagent Systems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6200.
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In open agent systems, the set of agents that are cooperating or competing changes over time and in ways that are nontrivial to predict. For example, if collaborative robots were tasked with fighting wildfires, they may run out of suppressants and be temporarily unavailable to assist their peers. We consider the problem of planning in these contexts with the additional challenges that the agents are unable to communicate with each other and that there are many of them. Because an agent's optimal action depends on the actions of others, each agent must not only predict the actions of its peers, but, before that, reason whether they are even present to perform an action. Addressing openness thus requires agents to model each other's presence, which becomes computationally intractable with high numbers of agents. We present a novel, principled, and scalable method in this context that enables an agent to reason about others' presence in its shared environment and their actions. Our method extrapolates models of a few peers to the overall behavior of the many-agent system, and combines it with a generalization of Monte Carlo tree search to perform individual agent reasoning in many-agent open environments. Theoretical analyses establish the number of agents to model in order to achieve acceptable worst case bounds on extrapolation error, as well as regret bounds on the agent's utility from modeling only some neighbors. Simulations of multiagent wildfire suppression problems demonstrate our approach's efficacy compared with alternative baselines.
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Can, Derya, and Veli Can. "Fairness in Resource Distribution: Relationship between Children’s Moral Reasoning and Logical Reasoning." Acta Educationis Generalis 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2020-0021.
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AbstractIntroduction: The aim of this study is to examine children’s moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes and the relationship between these two mechanisms. In the present study the focus is on the relationship between the factors such as fair sharing, equality, merit, ownership, opportunity in the resource allocation and logical reasoning among the children aged 5-7.Methods: In this study, which aims to examine how the logical thinking skills differ according to the children’s moral reasoning process, a survey design approach was used. Participants were 92 children aged 5 (female N=13, male N=14) and aged 6 (female N=17, male N=18), aged 7 (female N=17, male N=13). The data collected from the moral and logical reasoning tasks were analyzed in two steps. At the first step the answers of the participants were scored. At the second step their justifications were categorized. To test out hypotheses we used two general linear models to examine the age effects of Age (5-7 years) and Reasoning (equality, ownership, merit, opportunity) on children’s evaluations of the vignette characters’ actions. Age-related changes in children’s evaluation and their logical reasoning skills related to initial distribution and transfer status were analyzed by the variance analysis.Results: Based on the findings of the study it can be stated that the children in the age group of 6-7 evaluated negatively the reward distribution based on the outcomes due to their concerns about the inequality in the opportunities and the violation of the principle of equality. The findings of the study indicate that there is no significant difference in children’s logical thinking skills depending on their age. As a result of the study, it is found that although there is no direct relationship between the moral and logical reasoning processes of children, the children who can reject the AC type inference predominantly emphasize the principle of equality. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning much more frequently emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process.Discussion: Research indicates that children aged around 5 consider the reward distribution based on the outcomes fair. Older children, on the other hand, evaluate the inequalities in resource distribution as unfair. These findings support the results of the study suggesting that older children consider inequal source distribution both at the first case and at the transfer cases unfair. The children’s approval or disapproval of the transfer varies based on their reasoning processes. They support transfer if they emphasize the principle of equality, but they do not support it if their focus is on the principle of ownership. Older children are found to have a commitment to the principle of equality, and the difference between the 5-year age group and the 6-7-year age group is remarkable in this regard. Similar findings are reported in the previous studies, and it is generally stated that younger children are more selfish and that the tendency to distribute resources equally becomes dominant due to the increase in the age of children. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process much more frequently.Conclusion: Cognitivists argue that cognition and particularly reasoning have significant roles in making moral decisions. It suggests that children whose logical thinking skills are higher than others understand the necessity of equality to ensure fairness. The basic information on logic should be taught and introduced to the children from an early age. In addition, children should be ensured to use these methods through connections with both daily life and other courses at schools. It is thought that having basic logic knowledge by children will affect positively their cognitive, affective and social development. In order to examine this effect, a logic program including simple logic rules and basic inference types should be developed and the effects of such programs on the cognitive, affective and social development of children should be examined.
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Can, Derya, and Veli Can. "Fairness in Resource Distribution: Relationship between Children’s Moral Reasoning and Logical Reasoning." Acta Educationis Generalis 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2020-0021.
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Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine children’s moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes and the relationship between these two mechanisms. In the present study the focus is on the relationship between the factors such as fair sharing, equality, merit, ownership, opportunity in the resource allocation and logical reasoning among the children aged 5-7. Methods: In this study, which aims to examine how the logical thinking skills differ according to the children’s moral reasoning process, a survey design approach was used. Participants were 92 children aged 5 (female N=13, male N=14) and aged 6 (female N=17, male N=18), aged 7 (female N=17, male N=13). The data collected from the moral and logical reasoning tasks were analyzed in two steps. At the first step the answers of the participants were scored. At the second step their justifications were categorized. To test out hypotheses we used two general linear models to examine the age effects of Age (5-7 years) and Reasoning (equality, ownership, merit, opportunity) on children’s evaluations of the vignette characters’ actions. Age-related changes in children’s evaluation and their logical reasoning skills related to initial distribution and transfer status were analyzed by the variance analysis. Results: Based on the findings of the study it can be stated that the children in the age group of 6-7 evaluated negatively the reward distribution based on the outcomes due to their concerns about the inequality in the opportunities and the violation of the principle of equality. The findings of the study indicate that there is no significant difference in children’s logical thinking skills depending on their age. As a result of the study, it is found that although there is no direct relationship between the moral and logical reasoning processes of children, the children who can reject the AC type inference predominantly emphasize the principle of equality. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning much more frequently emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process. Discussion: Research indicates that children aged around 5 consider the reward distribution based on the outcomes fair. Older children, on the other hand, evaluate the inequalities in resource distribution as unfair. These findings support the results of the study suggesting that older children consider inequal source distribution both at the first case and at the transfer cases unfair. The children’s approval or disapproval of the transfer varies based on their reasoning processes. They support transfer if they emphasize the principle of equality, but they do not support it if their focus is on the principle of ownership. Older children are found to have a commitment to the principle of equality, and the difference between the 5-year age group and the 6-7-year age group is remarkable in this regard. Similar findings are reported in the previous studies, and it is generally stated that younger children are more selfish and that the tendency to distribute resources equally becomes dominant due to the increase in the age of children. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process much more frequently. Conclusion: Cognitivists argue that cognition and particularly reasoning have significant roles in making moral decisions. It suggests that children whose logical thinking skills are higher than others understand the necessity of equality to ensure fairness. The basic information on logic should be taught and introduced to the children from an early age. In addition, children should be ensured to use these methods through connections with both daily life and other courses at schools. It is thought that having basic logic knowledge by children will affect positively their cognitive, affective and social development. In order to examine this effect, a logic program including simple logic rules and basic inference types should be developed and the effects of such programs on the cognitive, affective and social development of children should be examined.
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Schneider, Antonius, Markus Bühner, Therese Herzog, Siona Laverty, Stefanie Ziehfreund, Alexander Hapfelmeier, Dagmar Schneider, Pascal O. Berberat, and Marco Roos. "Educational Intervention Reduced Family Medicine Residents’ Intention to Request Diagnostic Tests: Results of a Controlled Trial." Medical Decision Making 41, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x21989692.
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Objective Dealing with uncertainty is a core competence for physicians. To evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on family medicine residents’ (FMRs’) intention to request diagnostic tests and their attitudes toward uncertainty. Methods Nonrandomized controlled trial. Intervention group (IG) FMRs participated in interactive “dealing with uncertainty” seminars comprising statistical lessons and diagnostic reasoning. Control group (CG) FMRs participated in seminars without in-depth diagnostic lessons. FMRs completed the Dealing with Uncertainty Questionnaire (DUQ), comprising the Diagnostic Action and Diagnostic Reasoning scales. The Physicians’ Reaction to Uncertainty (PRU) questionnaire, comprising 4 scales (Anxiety Due to Uncertainty, Concern about Bad Outcomes, Reluctance to Disclose Uncertainty to Patients, and Reluctance to Disclose Mistakes to Physicians) was also completed. Follow-up was performed 3 months later. Differences were calculated with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results In total, 107 FMRs of the IG and 102 FMRs of the CG participated at baseline and follow-up. The mean (SD) Diagnostic Action scale score decreased from 24.0 (4.8) to 22.9 (5.1) in the IG and increased in the CG from 23.7 (5.4) to 24.1 (5.4), showing significant group difference ( P = 0.006). The Diagnostic Reasoning scale increased significantly ( P = 0.025) without a significant group difference ( P = 0.616), from 19.2 (2.6) to 19.7 (2.4) in the IG and from 18.1 (3.3) to 18.8 (3.2) in the CG. The PRU scale Anxiety Due to Uncertainty decreased significantly ( P = 0.029) without a significant group difference ( P = 0.116), from 20.5 (4.8) to 18.5 (5.5) in the IG and from 19.9 (5.5) to 19.0 (6.0) in the CG. Conclusion The structured seminar reduced self-rated diagnostic test requisition. The change in Anxiety Due to Uncertainty and Diagnostic Reasoning might be due to an unspecific accompanying effect of the extra-occupational seminars for residents.
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DeFrank, Audrey, and Nora Hillyer. "ClimateQUAL® and Thinklets: Using ClimateQUAL® with Group Support Systems to Facilitate Discussion and Set Priorities for Organizational Change at Criss Library." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8gp68.
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Objective – This article discusses a series of actions taken by the Criss Library at the University of Nebraska at Omaha to implement organizational change, using the ClimateQUAL® survey and facilitated discussions with ThinkTank™ group decision software. The library had experienced significant changes over a five-year period, with a renovation of the facility and three reorganizations resulting in a 50% staff turnover. Recognizing the strain that years of construction and personnel changes had placed on the organization, there was a desire to uncover the mood of the employees and reveal the issues behind low morale, uneasiness, and fear.
Methods – In November 2009, the library conducted a ClimateQUAL® survey to develop a baseline to assess the effectiveness of any changes. After the results were distributed to library faculty and staff, a series of two-hour facilitated discussions was held to gather opinions and ideas for solutions using thinkLets, a pattern language for reasoning toward a goal. The group support system ThinkTank™ software was loaded onto computers, and employees were able to add their ideas anonymously during the sessions. Finally, 12 employees (29%) completed a four-question survey on their perceptions of the facilitated discussions.
Results – The facilitated discussions returned 76 sub-themes in 12 categories: staffing and scheduling issues, staff unity/teamwork, communication, goodwill/morale, accountability, decision-making, policy issues, skills and training, leadership, ergonomics/physical work environment, respect, and bullying. An advisory team culled the 76 sub-themes into 40 improvement strategies. Five were implemented immediately, and the remaining 35 were scheduled to be presented to the faculty and staff via an online survey. Participants’ perceptions of the facilitated discussions were mixed. Eighty-three percent of respondents reported that they did not feel safe speaking out about issues, most likely because a supervisor was present.
Conclusion – Improving organizational climate is a continuous and iterative process that leads to a healthy environment.
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CABALAR, PEDRO, ROLAND KAMINSKI, TORSTEN SCHAUB, and ANNA SCHUHMANN. "Temporal Answer Set Programming on Finite Traces." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 18, no. 3-4 (July 2018): 406–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068418000297.
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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce an alternative approach to Temporal Answer Set Programming that relies on a variation of Temporal Equilibrium Logic (TEL) for finite traces. This approach allows us to even out the expressiveness of TEL over infinite traces with the computational capacity of (incremental) Answer Set Programming (ASP). Also, we argue that finite traces are more natural when reasoning about action and change. As a result, our approach is readily implementable via multi-shot ASP systems and benefits from an extension of ASP's full-fledged input language with temporal operators. This includes future as well as past operators whose combination offers a rich temporal modeling language. For computation, we identify the class of temporal logic programs and prove that it constitutes a normal form for our approach. Finally, we outline two implementations, a generic one and an extension of the ASP systemclingo.Under consideration for publication in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP)
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Boudin, Joel, and Jan Olsson. "Sustainability in Public Pension Funds? A Longitudinal Study of the Council on Ethics of the Swedish AP Funds." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010429.
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Are public pension funds taking sustainability values into serious consideration? This question is addressed by analyzing annual reports of The Council on Ethics in the Swedish public pension system, which has a clear mission from The Swedish Government to consider sustainability values. The council was established in 2007 and supports four funds with advice. This article studies empirically how the council’s expression of words connected to different values has changed over time as well as how it practically reasons in situations of value conflicts. The quantitative data shows that words indicative of “sustainability values” have considerably increased. As a contrast, the critical discourse analysis shows that the council often reasons in a general, loose way about preferable solutions, while more practical claims for action are largely lacking or are vague in relation to sustainable development. The underlying rationale is very much in line with the discourse of economic rationalism. Thus, the quantitative findings suggest an emerging sustainability discourse, while the qualitative analysis clearly indicates that an economic rationale continues to underpin the council’s practical reasoning. However, it is concluded that this is not a simple case of green washing documents but rather a slow train moving towards green institutional change.
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Mason, Cindy. "Engineering Kindness." International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2015010101.
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The author provides first steps toward building a software agent/robot with compassionate intelligence. She approaches this goal with an example software agent, EM-2. She also gives a generalized software requirements guide for anyone wishing to pursue other means of building compassionate intelligence into an AI system. The purpose of EM-2 is not to build an agent with a state of mind that mimics empathy or consciousness, but rather to create practical applications of AI systems with knowledge and reasoning methods that positively take into account the feelings and state of self and others during decision making, action, or problem solving. To program EM-2 the author re-purposes code and architectural ideas from collaborative multi-agent systems and affective common sense reasoning with new concepts and philosophies from the human arts and sciences relating to compassion. EM-2 has predicates and an agent architecture based on a meta-cognition mental process that was used on India's worst prisoners to cultivate compassion for others, Vipassana or mindfulness. She describes and presents code snippets for common sense based affective inference and the I-TMS, an Irrational Truth Maintenance System, that maintains consistency in agent memory as feelings change over time, and provides a machine theoretic description of the consistency issues of combining affect and logic. The author summarizes the growing body of new biological, cognitive and immune discoveries about compassion and the consequences of these discoveries for programmers working with human-level AI and hybrid human-robot systems.
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Wolfson, Julia A., Stephanie Bostic, Jacob Lahne, Caitlin Morgan, Shauna C. Henley, Jean Harvey, and Amy Trubek. "A comprehensive approach to understanding cooking behavior." British Food Journal 119, no. 5 (May 2, 2017): 1147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0438.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of – and need for – an expanded understanding of cooking (skills and knowledge) to inform research on the connection between cooking and health. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes a concept of “food agency” and contrasts it with how cooking is commonly conceived in food and nutrition literature. A food agency-based pedagogy and proposals for using it are also introduced. Findings Cooking is a complex process that may be crucial for making a difference in the contemporary problems of diet-related chronic diseases. There are two interlinked problems with present research on cooking. First, cooking has yet to be adequately conceptualized for the design and evaluation of effective public health and nutrition interventions. The context within which food-related decisions and actions occur has been neglected. Instead, the major focus has been on discrete mechanical tasks. In particular, recipes are relied upon despite no clear evidence that recipes move people from knowledge to action. Second, given the incomplete theorization and definition of this vital everyday practice, intervention designs tend to rely on assumptions over theory. This creates certain forms of tautological reasoning when claims are made about how behavior changes. A comprehensive theory of food agency provides a nuanced understanding of daily food practices and clarifies how to teach cooking skills that are generalizable throughout varied life contexts. Originality/value This commentary is of value to academics studying cooking-related behavior and public health practitioners implementing and evaluating cooking interventions.
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GEBSER, MARTIN, PHILIPP OBERMEIER, THOMAS OTTO, TORSTEN SCHAUB, ORKUNT SABUNCU, VAN NGUYEN, and TRAN CAO SON. "Experimenting with robotic intra-logistics domains." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 18, no. 3-4 (July 2018): 502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068418000200.
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AbstractWe introduce theasprilo1framework to facilitate experimental studies of approaches addressing complex dynamic applications. For this purpose, we have chosen the domain of robotic intra-logistics. This domain is not only highly relevant in the context of today's fourth industrial revolution but it moreover combines a multitude of challenging issues within a single uniform framework. This includes multi-agent planning, reasoning about action, change, resources, strategies, etc. In return,aspriloallows users to study alternative solutions as regards effectiveness and scalability. Althoughasprilorelies on Answer Set Programming and Python, it is readily usable by any system complying with its fact-oriented interface format. This makes it attractive for benchmarking and teaching well beyond logic programming. More precisely,aspriloconsists of a versatile benchmark generator, solution checker and visualizer as well as a bunch of reference encodings featuring various ASP techniques. Importantly, the visualizer's animation capabilities are indispensable for complex scenarios like intra-logistics in order to inspect valid as well as invalid solution candidates. Also, it allows for graphically editing benchmark layouts that can be used as a basis for generating benchmark suites.
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Baral, Chitta, and Michael Gelfond. "Reasoning about effects of concurrent actions." Journal of Logic Programming 31, no. 1-3 (April 1997): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-1066(96)00140-9.
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Kurzen, Lena. "Reasoning about cooperation, actions and preferences." Synthese 169, no. 2 (April 21, 2009): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-009-9551-7.
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Hirshleifer, David, and Joshua B. Plotkin. "Moonshots, investment booms, and selection bias in the transmission of cultural traits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (June 25, 2021): e2015571118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015571118.
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Biased information about the payoffs received by others can drive innovation, risk taking, and investment booms. We study this cultural phenomenon using a model based on two premises. The first is a tendency for large successes, and the actions that lead to them, to be more salient to onlookers than small successes or failures. The second premise is selection neglect—the failure of observers to adjust for biased observation. In our model, each firm in sequence chooses to adopt or to reject a project that has two possible payoffs, one positive and one negative. The probability of success is higher in the high state of the world than in the low state. Each firm observes the payoffs received by past adopters before making its decision, but there is a chance that an adopter’s outcome will be censored, especially if the payoff was negative. Failure to account for biased censorship causes firms to become overly optimistic, leading to irrational booms in adoption. Booms may eventually collapse, or may last forever. We describe these effects as a form of cultural evolution, with adoption or rejection viewed as traits transmitted between firms. Evolution here is driven not only by differential copying of successful traits, but also by cognitive reasoning about which traits are more likely to succeed—quantified using the Price Equation to decompose the effects of mutation pressure and evolutionary selection. This account provides an explanation for investment booms, merger and initial public offering waves, and waves of technological innovation.
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Bell, John. "Nonmonotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic logics and reasoning about change." Artificial Intelligence Review 4, no. 2 (1990): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00133188.
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GIORDANO, LAURA, ALBERTO MARTELLI, and DANIELE THESEIDER DUPRÉ. "Reasoning about actions with Temporal Answer Sets." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068411000639.
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AbstractIn this paper, we combine Answer Set Programming (ASP) with Dynamic Linear Time Temporal Logic (DLTL) to define a temporal logic programming language for reasoning about complex actions and infinite computations. DLTL extends propositional temporal logic of linear time with regular programs of propositional dynamic logic, which are used for indexing temporal modalities. The action language allows general DLTL formulas to be included in domain descriptions to constrain the space of possible extensions. We introduce a notion of Temporal Answer Set for domain descriptions, based on the usual notion of Answer Set. Also, we provide a translation of domain descriptions into standard ASP and use Bounded Model Checking (BMC) techniques for the verification of DLTL constraints.
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O'Mahoney, Joseph. "Making the Real: Rhetorical Adduction and the Bangladesh Liberation War." International Organization 71, no. 2 (2017): 317–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000054.
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AbstractDo normative arguments change what political actors do and if so, how? Rather than using the pure force of abstract moral reasoning, states often try to move the locus of contestation to an arena where they can make practical progress—the evidence or the empirical facts in support of their argument. This paper analyzes how states try to bolster their position first by constructing an argument in which an action represents part of their argument and then by performing that action to make the argument seem more convincing. I call this mechanism rhetorical adduction. The paper challenges theories of communication that deny a causal role to the content of normative arguments and diverges from a leading view on argumentation that arguments have their effects through persuasion. Integrating strategic argumentation theory with theory from psychology about how people make choices based on compelling reasons rather than cost-benefit analysis, I also use theory from sociology on how people resolve morally complex situations through the performance of “reality tests.” I illustrate the mechanism using a case from the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 when initial resistance to recognizing the putative state of Bangladesh after India's invasion of East Pakistan was reversed as a result of an argument that Indian troop withdrawal meant that international norms were not violated.
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Ricci, Paolo F., Louis A. Cox, and Thomas R. MacDonald. "Precautionary principles: a jurisdiction-free framework for decision-making under risk." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23, no. 12 (December 2004): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327104ht482oa.
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Fundamental principles of precaution are legal maxims that ask for preventive actions, perhaps as contingent interim measures while relevant information about causality and harm remains unavailable, to minimize the societal impact of potentially severe or irreversible outcomes. Such principles do not explain how to make choices or how to identify what is protective when incomplete and inconsistent scientific evidence of causation characterizes the potential hazards. Rather, they entrust lower jurisdictions, such as agencies or authorities, to make current decisions while recognizing that future information can contradict the scientific basis that supported the initial decision. After reviewing and synthesizing national and international legal aspects of precautionary principles, this paper addresses the key question: How can society manage potentially severe, irreversible or serious environmental outcomes when variability, uncertainty, and limited causal knowledge characterize their decisionmaking? A decision Rational choice of an action from among various alternatives-requires accounting for costs, benefits and the change in risks associated with each candidate action. Decisions under any form of the precautionary principle reviewed must account for the contingent nature of scientific information, creating a link to the decision/response models to the current set of regulatory defaults such as the linear, non-threshold models. This increase in the number of defaults is an important improvement because most of the variants of the precautionary principle require cost-defined as a choice that makes preferred consequences more likely-analytic principle of expected value of information (VOI), to show the relevance of new information, relative to the initial (and smaller) set of data on which the decision was based. We exemplify this seemingly simple situation using risk management of BSE. As an integral aspect of causal analysis under risk, the methods developed in this paper permit the addition of non-linear, hormetic dose-analytic solution is outlined that focuses on risky decisions and accounts for prior states of information and scientific beliefs that can be updated as subsequent information becomes available. As a practical and established approach to causal reasoning and decision-making under risk, inherent to precautionary decision-making, these (Bayesian) methods help decision-makers and stakeholders because they formally account for probabilistic outcomes, new information, and are consistent and replicable. benefit balancing. Specifically, increasing the set of causal defaults accounts for beneficial effects at very low doses. We also show and conclude that quantitative risk assessment dominates qualitative risk assessment, supporting the extension of the set of default causal models.
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Emerson, E. Allen, and Kedar S. Namjoshi. "On Reasoning About Rings." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 14, no. 04 (August 2003): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054103001881.
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Distributed protocols are often composed of similar processes connected in a unidirectional ring network. Processes communicate by passing a token in a fixed direction; the process that holds the token is allowed to perform certain actions. Usually, correctness properties are expected to hold irrespective of the size of the ring. We show that the question of checking many useful correctness properties for rings of all sizes can be reduced to checking them on ring of sizes up to a small cutoff size. We apply our results to the verification of a mutual exclusion protocol and Milner's scheduler protocol.
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Thielscher, Michael. "Reasoning about actions: steady versus stabilizing state constraints." Artificial Intelligence 104, no. 1-2 (September 1998): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(98)00084-8.
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Fan, Xiaocong, Dianxiang Xu, Jianmin Hou, and Guoliang Zheng. "Reasoning about concurrent actions in multi-agent systems." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (July 1999): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02948746.
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Juhos, Csongor, Ana Cristina Quelhas, and Ruth M. J. Byrne. "Reasoning about intentions: Counterexamples to reasons for actions." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 41, no. 1 (2015): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037274.
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He, Jiankun, and Xishun Zhao. "Reasoning about actions with loops via Hoare logic." Frontiers of Computer Science 10, no. 5 (June 9, 2016): 870–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11704-016-5158-6.
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Tolchinsky, Pancho, Sanjay Modgil, Katie Atkinson, Peter McBurney, and Ulises Cortés. "Deliberation dialogues for reasoning about safety critical actions." Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 25, no. 2 (May 11, 2011): 209–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10458-011-9174-5.
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Feng, Yuan, and Ming-Sheng Ying. "Process algebra approach to reasoning about concurrent actions." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (May 2004): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02944906.
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MASON, IAN, and CAROLYN TALCOTT. "REASONING ABOUT OBJECT SYSTEMS IN VTLoE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 06, no. 03 (September 1995): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054195000160.
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VTLoE (Variable Type Logic of Effects) is a logic for reasoning about imperative functional programs inspired by the variable type systems of Feferman. The underlying programming language, λ mk , extends the call-by-value lambda calculus with primitives for arithmetic, pairing, branching, and reference cells (mutable data). In VTLoE one can reason about program equivalence and termination, input/output relations, program contexts, and inductively (and co-inductively) define data structures. In this paper we present a refinement of VTLoE. We then introduce a notion of object specification and establish formal principles for reasoning about object systems within VTLoE. Objects are self-contained entities with local state. The local state of an object can only be changed by action of that object in response to a message. In λ mk objects are represented as closures with mutable data bound to local variables. A semantic principle called simulation induction was introduced in our earlier work as a means of establishing equivalence relations between streams, object behaviors, and other potentially infinite structures. These are formulated in VTLoE using the class apparatus. The use of these principles is illustrated by validating a variety of basic tranformation rules.
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Baral, Chitta, and Nam Tran. "Representation and Reasoning about Evolutions of the World in the Context of Reasoning about Actions." Studia Logica 79, no. 1 (February 2005): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-005-0493-x.
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DEMRI, STÉPHANE, and DAVID NOWAK. "REASONING ABOUT TRANSFINITE SEQUENCES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, no. 01 (February 2007): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107004589.
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We introduce a family of temporal logics to specify the behavior of systems with Zeno behaviors. We extend linear-time temporal logic LTL to authorize models admitting Zeno sequences of actions and quantitative temporal operators indexed by ordinals replace the standard next-time and until future-time operators. Our aim is to control such systems by designing controllers that safely work on ω-sequences but interact synchronously with the system in order to restrict their behaviors. We show that the satisfiability and model-checking for the logics working on ωk-sequences is EXPSPACE-complete when the integers are represented in binary, and PSPACE-complete with a unary representation. To do so, we substantially extend standard results about LTL by introducing a new class of succinct ordinal automata that can encode the interaction between the different quantitative temporal operators.
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Mutanen, Arto. "MOKYMASIS KAIP STRATEGINIS PROCESAS – HINTIKKOS MODELIO PLĖTOTĖ." Problemos 77 (January 1, 2010): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2010.0.1902.
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Šiame straipsnyje mokymasis aiškinamas kaip strateginis procesas. Remiamasi Jaakko Hintikkos mokymosi interogatyviu modeliu, pagal kurį protavimas interpretuojamas kaip strateginis paieškos procesas. Pagal šį modelį visi relevantiški veiksniai atlieka metodologiškai pagrįstą vaidmenį. Mokymosi procesas vyksta laike ir erdvėje: mokymasis yra aktyvi naujo žinojimo paieška. Siekiant geriau suprasti šiuos procesus, reikia juos schemizuoti. Mokymasis kaip aktyvi paieška yra su tikrovės objektais susijęs veikimas. Veikiantysis savąja veikla keičia realybę. Eksperimentavimas turi būti suprantamas kaip metodinis veikimas. Tai leidžia suprasti mokymąsi kaip strateginį procesą: mokinio, kaip ir mokytojo, veiksmai turi būti pagrįsti strategiškai ir metodologiškai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Hintikka, strategija, sistemos pokytis, aukštos kokybės mokymasis, stebėjimas, eksperimentavimas.Learning as a Strategic Process: Development of Hintikka’s ModelArto Mutanen SummaryIn this article learning process is studied as a strategic process. In this we have as a background information Jaakko Hintikka’s interrogative model of learning which understand all reasoning as a strategic searching process in which all the relevant factors have methodologically motivated roles. A learning process takes place in space and time: learning is an active search for new knowledge. To get a better understanding the whole framework has to be schematized. Learning as an active search is object related acting in reality. While acting an actor brings about some changes in reality. Experimentation has to be understood as methodical acting. This is a key to understand learning process as a strategic process: actions of learner and teacher have to be motivated strategically or methodologically.Keywords: Hintikka, strategy, system transformation, high quality learning, high quality teaching, observation, and experimentation.">
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Giordano, L. "Reasoning about actions in dynamic linear time temporal logic." Logic Journal of IGPL 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/9.2.273.
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Virvou, Maria, and Katerina Kabassi. "Reasoning About Users' Actions in a Graphical User Interface." Human–Computer Interaction 17, no. 4 (December 2002): 369–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1704_2.
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da Costa Pereira, Célia, and Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi. "Reasoning about actions with imprecise and incomplete state descriptions." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 160, no. 10 (May 2009): 1383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2008.11.019.
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Lokhorst, Gert Jan C. "Reasoning about actions and obligations in first-order logic." Studia Logica 57, no. 1 (July 1996): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00370676.
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Augusto, Juan Carlos. "A general framework for reasoning about change." New Generation Computing 21, no. 3 (September 2003): 209–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03037474.
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Curry, Judith. "Reasoning about climate uncertainty." Climatic Change 108, no. 4 (August 9, 2011): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0180-z.
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