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1
Omodeo, Pietro Daniel. Amerigo Vespucci: The Historical Context of His Explorations and Scientific Contribution. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-402-8.
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This book offers a new reconstruction of Amerigo Vespucci’s navigational and scientific endeavours in their historical context. The author argues that all of the manuscripts or texts that Vespucci left to posterity are reliable and true, except for several amendments imposed upon him for reasons linked to the political and economic interests of those who authorised him to undertake his journeys or which were the result of relationships with his companions. The earliest genuine documentation, which dates from the late fifteenth century or early sixteenth century, confirms this position. Fortunately, careful philological studies of Vespucci’s principal written works are available, while some of his original drawings, which confirm, clarify and enrich what he narrated in his letters, can be identified in Waldseemüller’s large map known as Universalis cosmographia (1507).
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Mattelaer, Johan. For this Relief, Much Thanks ... Translated by Ian Connerty. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987326.
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Even though peeing is something we all do several times a day, it is still a taboo subject. From an early age, we are taught to master our urinary urges and to use decent words for this most necessary physiological activity. This paradox has not gone unnoticed by artists through the ages. For this Relief, Much Thanks! Peeing in Art is a journey through time and space, stopping along the way to look at many different art forms. The reader-viewer will see how peeing figures - men and women, young and old, human and angelic - have been depicted over the centuries. You will be amazed to discover how often, even in famous works of art, you can find a man quietly peeing in a corner or a putto who is 'irrigating' some grassy field. A detail you will never have seen before, but one that you will never forget when confronted with those same art works in future! Artists have portrayed pee-ers in a variety of different ways and for a variety of different reasons: serious, frivolous, humorous, to make a protest, to make a statement... Whatever their purpose, these works of art always intrigue, not least because of their secret messages and symbolic references, which sometimes can only be unravelled by an expert - like the author of this book. The extensive background information about the artists and their work also gives interesting insights into the often complex origins of the different art forms. In short, a fascinating voyage of discovery awaits you!
3
Hartley, Christie, and Lori Watson. Equal Citizenship and Public Reason. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683023.001.0001.
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This book is a defense of political liberalism as a feminist liberalism. The first half of the book develops and defends a novel interpretation of political liberalism. It is argued that political liberals should accept a restrictive account of public reason and that political liberals’ account of public justification is superior to the leading alternative, the convergence account of public justification. In the second half of the book, it is argued that political liberalism’s core commitments restrict all reasonable conceptions of justice to those that secure genuine, substantive equality for women and other marginalized groups. Here it is demonstrated how public reason arguments can be used to support law and policy needed to address historical sites of women’s subordination to advance equality; prostitution, the gendered division of labor and marriage, in particular, are considered.
4
Foster, Charles. On Being Not Depressed. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0003.
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This chapter is written from the perspective of someone who claims never to have suffered from depression. When asked if he has ever been depressed, the author of this chapter reports that he responds vaguely. He states he can be evasive and pompous, insisting that he does not think he satisfies all the clinical criteria. The reason why he is reluctant to accept the notion that he is depressed is not because he feels ashamed about being depressive. On the contrary, he feels that he does not belong to the community of the depressed—an elite club with a black, glorious fellowship of agony in which he cannot share. Another reason is that depression and its symptoms are impossible to describe, even if the will to describe them is intense. No metaphors or similes are sufficient to describe what happens. The author says he is better off with the unnamed and unnamable. He concludes by suggesting that the least unsatisfactory picture is of auto-immune disease: self-consumption.
5
Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 3 Vulnerable Groups, 3.2 Persons Deprived of Their Liberty. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0020.
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This chapter addresses the right to freedom of religion or belief, which all detainees should enjoy regardless of the reasons of their detention. Freedom of religion or belief can be deeply significant for detainees, since it can offer them comfort, rehabilitation, and hope at a time when they are experiencing a paucity of social interaction. The chapter highlights the positive duties upon the State in relation to detention due to the heightened risk of religious violations such as indoctrination, forced conversion or involuntary access to prison chaplains. Moreover, imprisonment imposes particular risks on limitations being imposed on manifestations of religion or belief such as fasting, access to religious materials, diet, clothing, and headdress.
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Irmgard, Marboe. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749936.003.0001.
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The calculation of compensation and damages plays an important role in international investment arbitration. Claimants are usually interested above all with the question of how much they can expect to receive after a possibly long-lasting legal procedure. In addition, general preventive reasons should also be kept in mind. It follows that the financial assessment of the legal claims should as closely as possible reflect economic realities. This means that generally accepted valuation standards and approaches should be applied which so far has not been self-evident in international legal disputes.
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Dooley, Brendan, ed. The Continued Exercise of Reason. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262535007.001.0001.
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George Boole (1815–1864), remembered by history as the developer of an eponymous form of algebraic logic, can be considered a pioneer of the information age not only because of the application of Boolean logic to the design of switching circuits but also because of his contributions to the mass distribution of knowledge. In the classroom and the lecture hall, Boole interpreted recent discoveries and debates in a wide range of fields for a general audience. This collection of lectures, many never before published, offers insights into the early thinking of an innovative mathematician and intellectual polymath. Bertrand Russell claimed that “pure mathematics was discovered by Boole,” but before Boole joined a university faculty as professor of mathematics in 1849, advocacy for science and education occupied much of his time. He was deeply committed to the Victorian ideals of social improvement and cooperation, arguing that “the continued exercise of reason” joined all disciplines in a common endeavor. In these talks, Boole discusses the genius of Isaac Newton; ancient mythologies and forms of worship; the possibility of other inhabited planets in the universe; the virtues of free and open access to knowledge; the benefits of leisure; the quality of education; the origin of scientific knowledge; and the fellowship of intellectual culture. The lectures are accompanied by a substantive introduction that supplies biographical and historical context.
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Shaviro, Daniel N. Economics of Tax Law. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.020.
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This chapter considers the question of how tax law can be designed with an eye to maximizing economic efficiency. From the standpoint of efficiency, no lump-sum tax is better than any other—by definition all succeed equally in avoiding the creation of deadweight loss. This leads directly to two main questions. First, why are lump-sum taxes, or instruments that come as close to them as possible, so absent, not just in actual practice but even in theoretical debate about tax policy? The answer turns on the importance of distributional issues. Second, how do considerations of efficiency operate once we have accepted, for distributional reasons, the need for tax instruments that have the unfortunate side effect of discouraging productive activity?
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Stroud, Barry. Naturalism and Skepticism in the Philosophy of Hume. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.003.
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Hume takes his “naturalistic” study of human nature to show that certain general “principles of the imagination” can explain how human beings come to think, feel, believe, and act in all the ways they do independently of the truth or reasonableness of those responses. This appears to leave the reflective philosopher with no reason for assenting to what he has discovered he cannot help believing anyway. Relief from this unacceptably extreme skepticism is found in acknowledging and acquiescing in those forces of “nature” that inevitably overcome the apparent dictates of “reason” and return the philosopher to the responses and beliefs of everyday life. Living in full recognition of these forces and limitations is what Hume means by the “mitigated scepticism” he accepts.
10
Wedgwood, Ralph. The Pitfalls of ‘Reasons’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0005.
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Many philosophers working on normative issues follow the ‘Reasons First’ program. According to this program, the concept of a ‘normative reason’ for an action or an attitude is the most fundamental normative concept, and all other normative and evaluative concepts can be defined in terms of this fundamental concept. This paper criticizes the foundational assumptions of this program. In fact, there are many different concepts that can be expressed by the term ‘reason’ in English. The best explanation of the data relating to these concepts is that they can all be defined in terms of explanatory concepts and other normative or evaluative notions: for example, in one sense, a ‘reason’ for you to go is a fact that helps to explain why you ought to go, or why it is good for you to go. This implies that none of the concepts expressed by ‘reason’ is fundamental.
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Moreau, Sophia. Faces of Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927301.001.0001.
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This book defends an original and pluralist theory of when and why discrimination wrongs people. Sophia Moreau argues that although all cases of wrongful discrimination involve a failure to treat some people as the equals of others, these failures are importantly different. The first four chapters of the book explore different ways of failing to treat people as equals: through unfairly subordinating some to others, through violating someone’s right to a particular deliberative freedom, and through denying some people access to a basic good. Chapter Five explains why these different wrongs can be seen as parts of a coherent theory of wrongful discrimination, and it presents some of the explanatory advantages of that this theory has over others. Chapter Six argues that the theory enables us to see indirect discrimination as wrongful for many of the same reasons as direct discrimination, and that both should be seen as forms of negligence. Finally Chapter Seven argues that the duty to treat others as equals is a duty held not just by the state, but also by each individual member of society.
12
Huemer, Michael. Can Constitutions Limit Government? Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.12.
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There are systematic reasons why the U.S. constitution has failed to limit the power of the federal government in the way that it was intended to do. After examining which kinds of constitutional provisions have been respected and which have not, we can devise alternative constitutional provisions that would have a greater chance of successfully limiting the power of government. In particular, (i) there should be supermajority rule for passage of all legislation, (ii) there should be a separate, “negative legislature” with the sole power of repealing laws, and (iii) there should be a separate “constitutional court” with stronger powers for enforcing the constitution than the current Supreme Court.
13
Parfit, Derek. What Matters and Universal Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0018.
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This chapter takes a look at the Any-All Thesis. Regarding the argument that some of our reasons are purely personal in the sense that no one else has any such corresponding impartial reasons, this chapter contends that, as the Any-All Thesis claims, there are no such purely personal reasons. We have no reason to try to achieve some aim if this aim's achievement would not be in any way good. When we have some aim whose achievement would be in some way good, everyone has a weak impartial reason to want us to achieve this aim. In addition, this chapter considers some plausible counterexamples to the Any-All Thesis. It shows how, if we can defend this thesis, we can be Universalists about what matters.
14
Meacham, Darian, and Matthew Studley. Could a Robot Care? It’s All in the Movement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0007.
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In this chapter, we ask if care robots can care. The standard and indeed intuitive response to such a question is no. This response is premised on the argument that care requires internal cognitive and emotional states that robots lack. We explore arguments that belie this conclusion. We argue that care robots may participate in the creation of caring environments through certain types of expressive movement, irrespective of the existence of internal emotional states or intentions. We address three possible objections to this argument and argue that none of them is lethal to our hypothesis. Finally, we examine evidence that despite phenomenological similarity, such human–robot interactions are not neurologically equivalent to human–human interactions and seem to show a difference in intensity. We note that this may change as robots become more widespread and we evolve social and cognitive structures to accept them in our daily lives.
15
Siegel, Harvey. The Role of Reasons in Moral Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682675.003.0006.
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Does critical thinking play a role in moral education? If so, what might the role of critical thinking, and in particular, the quest for and critical evaluation of reasons, play in moral education? This chapter explores the role of reasons—considerations that purport to support candidate beliefs, judgments, and actions—in moral education. It considers reasons as they relate to six proposed aims of moral education—the moral improvement of student actions, beliefs, thinking/reasoning, habits, character, and sentiments—and argues that reasons can and do play roles, albeit of varying and somewhat indeterminate strengths, in the promulgation of all six of these aims.
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Cunningham, J. J. Are Perceptual Reasons the Objects of Perception? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.003.0012.
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This paper begins with a Davidsonian puzzle in the epistemology of perception and introduces two solutions to that puzzle: the Truth-Maker View (TMV) and the Content Model. The paper goes on to elaborate TMV, elements of which can be found in the work of Kalderon (2011) and Brewer (2011). The central tenant of TMV is the claim that one’s reason for one’s perceptual belief should, in all cases, be identified with some item one perceives which makes the proposition believed true. I defend an argument against TMV which appeals to (a) the claim that the reason for which one believes should always to be identified with the explanans of the rationalizing explanation to which one’s belief is subject and (b) the claim that the explanantia of rationalizing explanations must be identified with truths. I finish by replying to two objections to the argument.
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Steane, Andrew. What Science Can and Cannot Do. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0010.
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The main limits of science are discussed. First the history of science is sketched; this should take into account social and political developments, as well as the history of ideas. Science itself aspires to give an account of anything and everything. This may make one suspect that there is nothing else to add. This would be a false conclusion, for various reasons. First, science cannot account for either the roots or the purpose of things. Secondly, even a description that is complete in its own terms, may nevertheless lack a central insight, like the attempt to describe images on a movie screen purely in the language of two-dimensional geometry. Finally, the whole approach of analytical discourse is not adequate to engage with all aspects of reality, such as the experience of friendship. A different approach is required, involving the whole self, and investing one’s very identity partly in another.
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Knox, Catherine M. Medication administration and management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0030.
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The courts and professional organizations recognize access to clinically appropriate and timely treatment with psychotropic medication as an essential element of an adequate correctional mental health system. While receiving treatment, incarcerated patients must be monitored and supervised clinically so that optimal patient outcomes are achieved. For many mentally ill inmates incarceration is an opportunity to receive treatment that was not accessible in the community; in one study only one third of those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were receiving medication at the time of arrest compared to two thirds during incarceration. There are many steps, people, and processes involved in getting medication to the patient within a correctional facility. The major components of pharmacy services are prescribing, dispensing, distribution and continuity. The structural aspects of medication administration can also be altered to improve adherence. These include simplifying the medication regime by reducing the number of doses each day, changing to a long acting preparation, and administering medication at times and in ways that are safer and more convenient for the patient and yet clinically acceptable. Reducing reasons for medication discontinuity due to transfers and schedule conflicts also reduces the incidence of adverse events and optimizes treatment efficacy. Almost universally, all medication administration to psychiatric patients in jails and prisons is through directly observed therapy. This allows for opportunities and challenges for correctional patient care in medication lines and on cell blocks or dormitories. This chapter reviews the structural, procedural, and clinical concerns of medication administration and management in jails and prisons.
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Knox, Catherine M. Medication administration and management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0030_update_001.
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The courts and professional organizations recognize access to clinically appropriate and timely treatment with psychotropic medication as an essential element of an adequate correctional mental health system. While receiving treatment, incarcerated patients must be monitored and supervised clinically so that optimal patient outcomes are achieved. For many mentally ill inmates incarceration is an opportunity to receive treatment that was not accessible in the community; in one study only one third of those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were receiving medication at the time of arrest compared to two thirds during incarceration. There are many steps, people, and processes involved in getting medication to the patient within a correctional facility. The major components of pharmacy services are prescribing, dispensing, distribution and continuity. The structural aspects of medication administration can also be altered to improve adherence. These include simplifying the medication regime by reducing the number of doses each day, changing to a long acting preparation, and administering medication at times and in ways that are safer and more convenient for the patient and yet clinically acceptable. Reducing reasons for medication discontinuity due to transfers and schedule conflicts also reduces the incidence of adverse events and optimizes treatment efficacy. Almost universally, all medication administration to psychiatric patients in jails and prisons is through directly observed therapy. This allows for opportunities and challenges for correctional patient care in medication lines and on cell blocks or dormitories. This chapter reviews the structural, procedural, and clinical concerns of medication administration and management in jails and prisons.
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Witting, Christian. 5. Duty of care IV: public authorities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811169.003.0005.
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This chapter considers the liability in negligence of public authorities. It commences by examining typical features of public authorities, including their statutory and public dimensions. It then considers the tests that courts have used to determine whether they can accept jurisdiction to hear a case involving a public authority. Finally, the chapter turns to the application of the three-stage test for duty in cases of public authorities, paying special attention to policy reasons for excluding duties of care.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Loose Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0011.
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This short chapter ties up some loose ends. It considers briefly the question how much of the picture presented in this book is available to those who take a Humean approach to practical reason. It considers very briefly the relation of the views presented earlier to those of Anscombe, Peirce, and Dewey. It considers whether, on the account here given, we should accept anything worth calling the Primacy of Practical Reason—a general view about the relation between practical reason and theoretical reason, which is not the same as the Primacy of the Practical, which is a view about the relation between certain sorts of reasons. And it asks how much should change if we allow, as I do not, that propositions can be reasons.
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Rowland, Richard. The Normative and the Evaluative. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833611.001.0001.
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Many have been attracted to the idea that for something to be good is just for there to be reasons to favour it. This view has come to be known as the buck-passing account of value. According to the buck-passing account, for pleasure to be good is just for there to be reasons for us to desire and pursue it. And for liberty and equality to be values is just for there to be reasons for us to promote and preserve them. There has been extensive discussion of some of the problems that the buck-passing account faces such as the wrong kind of reason problem. But there has been little discussion of why we should accept the buck-passing account or what the theoretical pay-offs and other implications of accepting it are. This book provides the first comprehensive motivation and defence of the buck-passing account of value. It argues that the buck-passing account explains several important features of the relationship between reasons and value, as well as the relationship between the different varieties of value, in a way that its competitors do not. It argues that alternatives to the buck-passing account are inconsistent with important views in normative ethics, are uninformative, and are at odds with the way in which we should see practical and epistemic normativity as related. And it extends the buck-passing account to provide an account of moral properties as well as all other normative and deontic properties, such as fittingness and ought, in terms of reasons.
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Svavarsdóttir, Sigrún. The Rationality of Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0013.
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This chapter defends the thesis that an agent can display more or less rationality in selecting ends, even final ends, against the background of a conception of practical rationality as an excellence in the exercise of cognitive capacities in one’s practical endeavors. It moreover argues that Humeans and anti-Humeans alike should accept this conclusion, while refocusing their disagreement on the question of whether excellence in the exercise of cognitive capacities in one’s practical endeavors invariably yields a configuration of attitudes which precludes that some specific kinds of ends make good sense to the agent, so that having these kinds of ends is a sure sign of irrationality. By way of preliminaries, the chapter also offers a new (partial) account of ends and motivates the cognitive excellence conception of practical rationality in preference to conceptions of practical rationality as responsiveness to normative reasons or as coherence of attitudes and actions.
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Wiland, Eric. Moral Testimony. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0003.
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Is there anything peculiarly bad about accepting moral testimony? According to pessimists, trusting moral testimony is an inadequate substitute for working out your moral views on your own. Enlightenment requires thinking for oneself, at least where morality is concerned. Optimists, by contrast, aim to show that trusting moral testimony isn’t bad largely by arguing that it’s no worse than trusting testimony generally. Essentially, they play defense. However, this chapter goes on the offensive. It explores two reasons for thinking that trusting another person’s moral testimony is especially good. The first is an extended application of some of the lessons from recent discussions about epistemic injustice. The second, borrowing some cryptic epistemological thoughts from the young Marx, is that trusting another’s moral testimony is necessary for perfecting ourselves. It concludes that it can be better to accept moral testimony than to arrive at the same moral view on your own.
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Saeed, Abdullah. Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12.
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This chapter explores how Muslims understand secularism and respond to the idea of separating religion from the state. For many Muslims, secularism has negative connotations, as they understand it to be against religion, equivalent to irreligion or antireligion. Due to these preconceptions, a Muslim who calls for secularism to be accepted may face significant resistance in many Muslim-majority countries. Various historical, social, and political reasons account for why much of the Western world has moved to separate religion or the church from the state, even while religion has remained, in several instances, an explicit part of the state. There is ample room in Islamic thought to explore the basic issue of state neutrality vis--vis religion, but the language of political discourse must shift toward more neutral terms. The term “state neutrality” is more acceptable. Muslims can come to accept state neutrality, despite their negative historical experiences associated with secularism.
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Duquette, Anne Marie. Castillo's Bride: A partnership of two - some might call that a definition of marriage... Jordan Castillo insists that he wants a partner, not a wife. Jordan's the only surviving son of a family that can trace its heritage back for centuries. He's also a salvager searching for sunken treasure - Castillo treasure. He knows of one person who can help him find it. A woman. A woman named Aurora Collins. She has her own reasons for agreeing to be his partner. Reasons that, like Jordan's, have everything to do with family. As Jordan and Rory work together, as they risk their lives, they learn to trust each other. And trust can turn into love.... Which means this Castillo might want a bride after all! Harlequin, 2001.
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Crisp, Roger. Sacrifice Regained. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840473.001.0001.
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Does being virtuous make you happy? This book examines the answers to this ancient question provided by the so-called ‘British Moralists’, from about 1650 for the next two hundred years. This involves elucidating their views on happiness (self-interest, or well-being) and on virtue (or morality), in order to bring out the relation of each to the other. Themes ran through many of these writers: psychological egoism, evaluative hedonism, and—after Thomas Hobbes—the acceptance of self-standing moral reasons. But there are exceptions, and even those taking the standard views adopt them for very different reasons and express them in various ways. As the ancients tended to believe that virtue and happiness largely, perhaps entirely, coincide, so these modern authors are inclined to accept posthumous reward and punishment. Both positions sit uneasily with the common-sense idea that a person can truly sacrifice their own good for the sake of morality or for others, and the book shows that David Hume—a hedonist whose ethics made no appeal to the afterlife—was the first major British moralist to allow for, indeed to recommend, such self-sacrifice. Morality and well-being of course remain central to modern ethics, and this book demonstrates how much there is to learn from this remarkable group of philosophers.
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Hudson, Hud. Fallenness and Flourishing. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849094.001.0001.
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This book opens with defenses of the philosophy of pessimism, first on secular grounds and then again on distinctively Christian grounds with reference to the fallenness of human beings. It then details traditional Christian reasons for optimism with which this philosophy of pessimism can be qualified. Yet even among those who accept the general religious worldview underlying this optimism, many nevertheless willfully resist the efforts required to cooperate with God and instead pursue happiness and well-being (or flourishing) on their own power. On the assumption that we can acquire knowledge in such matters, arguments are presented in favor of objective-list theories of well-being and the Psychic Affirmation theory of happiness, and the question—“How are people faring in this quest for self-achieved happiness and well-being?”—is critically investigated. The unfortunate result is that nearly everywhere people are failing. The causes of failure, it is argued, are found in the noetic effects of sin—especially in inordinate self-love and self-deception, but also in insufficient self-love—and such failure manifests both in widespread unhappiness and in that most misunderstood of the seven deadly sins, sloth. After a literary tour designed to reveal the many different ways that sloth can damage a life, a constructive proposal for responding to this predicament featuring the virtue of obedience is articulated and defended. This virtue is analyzed, illustrated, located in a new theory of well-being, and recommended to the reader.
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Shapiro, Matthew. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0049.
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Throughout life, transitions can create some of the most daunting experiences anyone will encounter. Leaving school, finding a job, moving out on your own, finding someone to share your life with—these all constitute life transitions and events that force everyone to look outside of their comfort zone to formulate a solution. Everyone dreads the change, but we all must face it head-on and accept the challenge of something different. For people with disabilities these changes may be overwhelming and, at times, debilitating. The key to success while transitioning is having attained the proper skill set to help overcome whatever transitional barrier(s) your particular disability mandates....
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Ecklund, Elaine Howard, and Christopher P. Scheitle. Beyond Myths, Toward Realities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190650629.003.0008.
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This chapter summarizes the myths and stereotypes that were dispelled and encourages readers to accept this reality moving forward. Suggestions are provided for scientists, religious people, and all those in between. Productive dialogue is possible, and there are several models of this dialogue already in existence. Scientists and religious communities should attempt to build upon shared concerns, while recognizing that technical disagreements often mask more subtle concerns about meaning and ethics. Both groups should recognize their assumptions about the other and how those assumptions are often incorrect or lack nuance. Faith community leaders can be vital in providing space for members who are scientists to help bridge gaps between the scientific and religious domains.
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Sharfstein, Joshua M. Responsibility and Blame. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697211.003.0010.
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Issues of responsibility and blame are very rarely discussed in public health training, but are seldom forgotten in practice. Blame often follows a crisis, and leaders of health agencies should be able to think strategically about how to handle such accusations before being faced with the pain of dealing with them. When the health agency is not at all at fault, officials can make the case for a strong public health response without reservation. When the agency is entirely to blame, a quick and sincere apology can allow the agency to retain credibility. The most difficult situation is when the agency is partly to blame. The goal in this situation is to accept the appropriate amount of blame while working quickly to resolve the crisis.
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Iverson, Jennifer. Mechanized Bodies. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.18.
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This essay chronicles the relationship between electronica and the human voice in Björk’s oeuvre fromDebut(1993) toBiophilia(2011). It argues that Björk’s electronica constructs and manipulates bodies, which in some cases can be understood as cyborgs. Disability Studies literature and prosthestic theory help to interrogate the nature of these technological supplements. Even when Björk’s voice is not supplemented by technology, it is always already porous, a position further illuminated by the deconstructive writings of Derrida and Barthes. Björk’s music undermines the fiction that bodies can be whole or natural, in the ableist sense. Instead, Björk’s music asks listeners to accept that all bodies are in need of supplements. This prepares listeners to move out of the binary opposition between abled and disabled.
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Parfit, Derek. Towards a Unified Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0023.
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This chapter builds towards a wider theory combining a version of common sense morality with a particular rule consequentialist justification. It asks whether the most plausible principles of common sense morality can all be given some further justification, which may appeal to some feature that these principles have in common. On one plausible hypothesis, the best principles of common sense morality are also the principles whose acceptance would on the whole make things go best. We might justifiably accept this hypothesis. The two parts of this theory, furthermore, would achieve more by being combined. Rule consequentialism would be strengthened if this theory supports that seems to be the best version of common sense morality. This version of Common Sense Morality would be similarly strengthened if it can be plausibly supported in this rule consequentialist way.
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Yesim, Atamer. Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0118.
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This commentary analyses Article 6.1.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning imputation of non-monetary obligations. In most jurisdictions, there is no special provision regarding the imputation of non-monetary obligations. Either the statutory provisions are formulated to cover all fungible obligations, be they monetary or otherwise, or the courts accept an analogous application of the imputation rule for monetary obligations. In contrast, Art 6.1.13 clarifies that such imputation rules can be applied mutatis mutandis to all other fungible obligations. If, for example, the obligor has to deliver identical cargoes of cement under different contracts, appropriation is first made according to the specifications of the obligor. In the absence of such specifications, Art 6.1.12(2) stipulates that the right of imputation should pass to the obligee.
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Gorman, Jack M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0001.
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After World War II, mental health turned toward psychopharmacology, the use of medications to treat psychiatric illnesses, as its mainstay. The success of medications led some to insist that all mental illness is due to the inheritance of abnormal genes and that life’s experiences play a diminished role. This alienated many who believe that psychotherapy is also an effective way of treating these disorders and led to a mistrust of neuroscience research. Some insisted that neuroscience ignores the human “mind.” In fact, neuroscience research in the past 50 years has clearly shown that adverse life experiences have profound effects on brain function and are involved in every psychiatric illness. By accepting this view of neuroscience, we can also accept the idea that the “mind” is in reality the work of the physical brain.
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Priel, Dan. The Return of Legal Realism. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.25.
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This chapter considers what might be called the ‘realist puzzle’: How can scholars who otherwise agree on very little all see themselves as legal realists? It suggests four possible explanations, not mutually exclusive: (a) that the Realists’ ideas were banal and obvious; (b) that they identified something fundamental that—despite all other differences—all contemporary legal scholars now accept; (c) that different people simply identified in the realists whatever they had already believed; and finally (d) that the Realists were less consistent than people commonly assume. Although there is little direct discussion of the realist puzzle in writings on legal realism, it is a useful framework for considering some current trends in scholarship on legal realism, in a way that helps put some recent discussions in a new light.
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Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 13 Is There a Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0013.
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This chapter assesses the duty of good faith in negotiation. In general, even civilian systems which have long adopted notions of good faith performance have been much slower to accept notions of good faith negotiation. So all over the world the question of whether the parties should be under a duty to negotiate in good faith is very much at the forefront of the debate. The traditional view is that there is no general duty of good faith in negotiation. However, the doctrinal principles applied in England and Australia frequently serve to promote good faith. Those who wish to argue for a general rule of good faith, contractual or tortious, can find support in certain case law. But the mere fact of entering into negotiations does not create such a duty.
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Svantesson, Dan Jerker B. Jurisdictional Interoperability— the Path Forward (for Now). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795674.003.0005.
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This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the concept of ‘jurisdictional interoperability’ as a part of ‘legal interoperability’. In other words, rather than vainly hoping for law reform in the shape of an all-encompassing international agreement overcoming the problems of Internet jurisdiction, we must accept that the road ahead will instead be travelled by many thousands of small steps. Just as the Internet is a successful network of networks, the mid-term solution to the jurisdictional issues online will be found in what one can see as a legal system of legal systems—a system in which domestic legal systems operate smoothly together with a minimum of inconsistencies and clashes.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Nation States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0015.
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Chapter 15 takes up some difficulties that arise in connection with nation states. The first is whether the account can accommodate ordinary talk about nation states. The chapter argues that many difficulties arise from ambiguities in how names for nation states are used. The second is the question whether all citizens are agents of what the nation state does when citizenship is typically conferred by a birthright. The chapter argues that only self-conscious citizens are properly thought of as contributing to what the state does. The fourth is whether non-representative governments can be accommodated in the picture. The chapter argues that they can if the citizens accept the form of government. The fifth is whether oppressive governments, which may even have a representative form, are counterexamples. The chapter argues that these are like a Potemkin village, and its citizens akin to POWs.
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Healey, Richard. Probability and Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0009.
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We can use quantum theory to explain an enormous variety of phenomena by showing why they were to be expected and what they depend on. These explanations of probabilistic phenomena involve applications of the Born rule: to accept quantum theory is to let relevant Born probabilities guide one’s credences about presently inaccessible events. We use quantum theory to explain a probabilistic phenomenon by showing how its probabilities follow from a correct application of the Born rule, thereby exhibiting the phenomenon’s dependence on the quantum state to be assigned in circumstances of that type. This is not a causal explanation since a probabilistic phenomenon is not constituted by events that may manifest it: but each of those events does depend causally on events that actually occur in those circumstances. Born probabilities are objective and sui generis, but not all Born probabilities are chances.
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Carruth, Alexander, and Sophie Gibb. The Ontology of E. J. Lowe’s Substance Dualism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0010.
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E. J. Lowe’s model of psychophysical causation offers a way of reconciling interactive substance dualism with the causal completeness principle by denying the homogeneity of the causal relata—more specifically, by invoking a distinction between ‘fact causation’ and ‘event causation’. According to Lowe, purely physical causation is event causation, whereas psychophysical causation involves fact causation, allowing the dualist to accept a version of causal completeness which holds that all physical events have only physical causes. But Lowe’s dualist model is only as plausible as the distinction between fact and event causation upon which it rests. In this chapter it is argued that a suitable distinction between fact and event causation is difficult to maintain within most common ontological systems. It is examined whether accepting the four-category ontology that Lowe defends can alleviate the problem, but it is argued that it is not clear that it can.
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Corrales, Javier. Venezuela. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868895.003.0005.
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This first case study offers more proof of the book’s argument for power asymmetry by controlling for country (while testing the argument across time). Three major constituent assemblies and an aborted case in Venezuela are compared. In all, the best predictor of resulting presidential powers is power asymmetry. Furthermore, this chapter draws on the Venezuelan experience to offer two additional insights about the politics of constitution-making. First, inclusionary processes are crucial for constitutional legitimacy. Second, refined measurements of inclusion are needed to determine the effects of power asymmetry on stability. It is important to measure not just how much the Incumbent wins in terms of formal presidential powers, but also whether the Opposition’s pivotal issues are accommodated. The Opposition can accept a high degree of presidentialism if some of its pivotal issues are accommodated. However, the Opposition will feel threatened if formal presidential powers expand and pivotal issues are rejected.
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Brennan, Samantha. The Structure of Thresholds for Options. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.003.0010.
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Most of us accept that, even if morality requires us to promote the good, we do not have to live up to its demands all the time. Sometimes we can favor our own interests, or provide special benefit to our friends and family. This paper assumes that these options can be overridden if we pass a certain threshold and asks if there is a common structure between these thresholds for options and the thresholds for rights. This moderate deontological account allows for aggregation in considering the total amount at stake, but also requires that the good be structured in a certain way. In the case of rights, there are two relevant structural constraints: an existential constraint (some individual must have as much at stake as the right bearer), and a universal constraint (everyone being considered must have some minimum amount at stake). Both of these constraints also apply to thresholds for options.
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Timmermann, Marybeth, trans. Response to Some Women and a Man. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0026.
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Some of the women who, in their letters, claim to be fulfilled by motherhood and keeping house, display such a rude and caustic aggression that it casts doubt over the happy balance of which they boast. Others reproach me more moderately for seeing motherhood as a servitude; but without a doubt, in France today, it is one. I understand that one can choose it deliberately; I am aware of the joy that children can bring when they have been wanted. But for me, who did not wish to have any and who wanted above all to accomplish an oeuvre, I was lucky to not have any. I am not someone who wishes to impose my manner of living upon all women, since on the contrary, I am actively fighting for their freedom: freedom to choose motherhood, contraception, or abortion. The fanatics are those mothers who refuse to accept that someone might follow a path other than their own....
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Webber, Jonathan. Rethinking Existentialism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735908.001.0001.
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Rethinking Existentialism argues that the core of existentialism is the theory that Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre described when they popularized the term in 1945: the ethical theory that we ought to treat human freedom as intrinsically valuable and the foundation of all other value. The book argues that Beauvoir and Sartre disagreed over the structure of this freedom in 1943 but that Sartre came to accept Beauvoir’s view by 1952, that Frantz Fanon’s first book should also be classified as a canonical work of existentialism, and that Beauvoir’s argument for a moral imperative of authenticity is a firmer ground for existentialism’s ethical claim than any of the eudaimonist arguments offered by Fanon and Sartre. It develops its arguments through critical contrasts with Albert Camus, Sigmund Freud, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The book concludes by sketching contributions that this analysis of existentialism can make to contemporary philosophy, psychology, and psychotherapy.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. Maximal God. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.001.0001.
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Perfect being theism is a version of theism that says that God is the greatest possible being. Although perfect being theism is the most common form of monotheism in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition, its truth has been disputed by philosophers and theologians for centuries. Maximal God proposes a new, game-changing defence of perfect being theism by developing what the book calls the ‘maximal concept of God’. Perfect being theists typically maintain that God is an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent being but, according to Maximal God, God should be understood rather as a being that has the maximal consistent set of knowledge, power, and benevolence. The book argues that once we accept the maximal concept, we can establish perfect being theism on two grounds. First, we can refute nearly all existing arguments against perfect being theism simultaneously. Second, we can construct a novel, strengthened version of the modal ontological argument for perfect being theism. The book concludes that the maximal God concept provides the basis for a unified defence of perfect being theism that is highly effective and economical.
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Colin, Bamford. 9 Credit Support in Financial Markets. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198722113.003.0009.
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This chapter brings together the numerous mechanisms and ideas that have the effect of supporting a payment obligation, in the sense that the use of one (or more) of these concepts makes it more likely that the obligation will be fulfilled. This objective can be achieved in a number of ways: a third party may accept liability alongside the obligor, as in the case of someone who assumes a joint liability; or the supporter may take a secondary role as a guarantor. The chapter then looks at the forms of support that are available on a commercial basis, in particular performance bonds and export credit facilities. It considers the mechanisms that provide support by a more indirect route, such as comfort letters and credit derivatives. It concludes by examining a form of support that reaches its destination from the opposite direction: subordination, both in the form of general subordination of the creditor to the claims of all other creditors, and as subordination to the claims of a particular creditor.
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Hasinoff, Amy Adele. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.003.0007.
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This book has explored three dominant problems in how people tend to think about sexting: that sexting is a crime, that adolescents sext because they are biologically irrational and irresponsible, and that sexting is a psychological problem of girls' low self-esteem. It has made a case for the decriminalization of consensual sexting and advocated viewing sexting as a form of media production. It has also interrogated both the theory that sexualization causes sexting and the idea that new media participation is inherently good. Finally, it has criticized the assumptions that “information wants to be free” and “privacy is dead” and instead suggested a model of explicit consent for all private media circulation. The chapter concludes by offering three key recommendations: first, we must recognize that granting youth the right to sext will offer them a significant defense against possible harms that the state and peers can commit; second, we need to incorporate consent into how we think about private media circulation; third, we need to accept adolescent girls' sexual agency.
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Gifford, Paul. The Plight of Western Religion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095871.001.0001.
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‘Religion’ can be used to mean all kinds of things, but a substantive definition––based on the premise of superhuman powers––can clarify much. It allows us to attempt to differentiate religion from culture, ethnicity, morality and politics.This definition of religion necessarily implies a perception of reality. Until recent centuries in the West, and in most cultures still, the ordinary, natural and immediate way of understanding and experiencing reality was in terms of otherworldly or spiritual forces. However, a cognitive shift has taken place through the rise of science and its subsequent technological application.This new consciousness has not disproved the existence of spiritual forces, but has led to the marginalization of the other-worldly, which even Western churches seem to accept. They persist, but increasingly as pressure groups promoting humanist values.Claims of ‘American exceptionalism’ in this regard are misleading. Obama’s religion, Evangelical support for Trump, and the mega-church message of success in the capitalist system can all be cultural and political phenomena. This eclipsing of the other-worldly constitutes a watershed in human history, with profound consequences not just for religious institutions but for our entire world order.
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Pasternak, Avia. Responsible Citizens, Irresponsible States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197541036.001.0001.
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International and domestic laws commonly hold states responsible for their wrongdoings. States pay compensation for their unjust wars, and reparations for their historical wrongdoings. Some argue that states should incur punitive damages for their international crimes. But there is a troubling aspect to these practices. States are corporate agents, composed of flesh and blood citizens. When the state uses the public purse to finance its corporate liabilities, the burden falls on these citizens, even if they protested against the state’s policies, did not know about them, or entirely lacked channels of political influence. How can this “distributive effect” of state-level responsibly be justified? The book develops an answer to this question, which revolves around citizens’ participation in their state. It argues that citizenship can be a type of massive collective action, where citizens willingly orient themselves around the authority of their state, and where state policies are the product of this collective action. While most ordinary citizens are not to blame for their participation in their state, they nevertheless ought to accept a share of the remedial obligations that flow from their state’s wrongful policies. However, the distributive effect cannot be justified in all states. Specifically, in (some) nondemocratic states most citizens are not participating in their state in the full sense, and should not pay for their state’s wrongdoings. This finding calls then for a revision of the way we hold states responsible in both the domestic and international levels.