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Journal articles on the topic 'Reasons All Can Accept'
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1
Bohman, James, and Henry S. Richardson. "Liberalism, Deliberative Democracy, and “Reasons that All Can Accept”*." Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 3 (September 2009): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00330.x.
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Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn, and Mattias Skipper. "An Instrumentalist Account of How to Weigh Epistemic and Practical Reasons for Belief." Mind 129, no. 516 (October 1, 2019): 1071–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz062.
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Abstract When one has both epistemic and practical reasons for or against some belief, how do these reasons combine into an all-things-considered reason for or against that belief? The question might seem to presuppose the existence of practical reasons for belief. But we can rid the question of this presupposition. Once we do, a highly general ‘Combinatorial Problem’ emerges. The problem has been thought to be intractable due to certain differences in the combinatorial properties of epistemic and practical reasons. Here we bring good news: if we accept an independently motivated version of epistemic instrumentalism—the view that epistemic reasons are a species of instrumental reasons—we can reduce The Combinatorial Problem to the relatively benign problem of how to weigh different instrumental reasons against each other. As an added benefit, the instrumentalist account can explain the apparent intractability of The Combinatorial Problem in terms of a common tendency to think and talk about epistemic reasons in an elliptical manner.
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Lafont, Cristina. "The Priority of Public Reasons and Religious Forms of Life in Constitutional Democracies." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 11, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v11i4.3036.
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In this essay I address the difficult question of how citizens with conflicting religious and secular views can fulfill the democratic obligation of justifying the imposition of coercive policies to others with reasons that they can also accept. After discussing the difficulties of proposals that either exclude religious beliefs from public deliberation or include them without any restrictions, I argue instead for a policy of mutual accountability that imposes the same deliberative rights and obligations on all democratic citizens. The main advantage of this proposal is that it recognizes the right of all democratic citizens to adopt their own cognitive stance (whether religious or secular) in political deliberation in the public sphere without giving up on the democratic obligation to provide reasons acceptable to everyone to justify coercive policies with which all citizens must comply.
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Bespalov, Andrei. "Religious Faith and the Fallibility of Public Reasons." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwz014.
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Abstract Rawlsian liberals define legitimacy in terms of the public justification principle (PJP): the exercise of political power is legitimate only if it is justified on the grounds of reasons that all may reasonably be expected to accept. Does PJP exclude religious reasons from public justification of legal provisions? I argue that the requirement of ‘reasonable acceptability’ is not clear enough to answer this question. Furthermore, it fails to address the problematic fact that justification on the grounds of religious faith involves non-negotiable claims, which is incompatible with respect for fellow citizens as co-legislators. Accordingly, I reformulate PJP in fallibilistic terms: the exercise of political power is legitimate only if it is justified on the grounds of reasons that can be subject to reasonable criticism. I show that reasons based on religious faith do not meet this principle, just like any other reasons that involve claims about final values.
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Cornell, David M. "Salvaging Truth from Ontological Scrap." Philosophy 96, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 433–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819121000048.
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AbstractWhat should one do when one's philosophical conclusions run counter to common sense? Bow to the might of ordinary opinion or follow the indiscriminate force of philosophical reason, no matter where it leads? A few strategies have recently been proposed which suggest we needn't have to make this difficult choice at all. According to these views, we can accept the truths of common sense whilst simultaneously endorsing philosophical views with which they seem to conflict. We can, for instance, accept it as true that the Taj Mahal is in India, whilst also eliminating the Taj Mahal from our ontology. I argue that these strategies generate a new conflict with common sense and thus undercut one of the central motivations that drives them. I also argue for the stronger claim that these kinds of ‘truth-salvaging’ strategy are incapable in principle of reconciling theory with common sense. This does not mean that they must be abandoned, for there may be good independent reasons for endorsing them, but it does eliminate one of their most promising advantages. The upshot of the paper will be two-fold. First, one of the major motivations for endorsing these kinds of strategy will be severely undermined. Secondly, and perhaps more significantly, it will mean that for those who think philosophy should be strictly constrained by common sense, all radical ontological views will effectively be off the table.
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Komine, Atsushi. "Beveridge and his pursuit of an ideal economics: why did he come to accept Keynes’s ideas?" International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2015-0149.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine two (accidental and inevitable) reasons why W.H. Beveridge, who in 1936/1937 had rejected all of the elements of Keynes’s General Theory, came to accept it enthusiastically in the 1940s. Design/methodology/approach The paper answers this question in three steps. First, it distinguishes apparently changeable factors in Beveridge’s views, from consistent ones. Second, it looks for factors of the latter type in his three goals for economics. Third, it compares his goals with those of Keynes. Findings Beveridge’s three goals overlapped with Keynes’s ideals for economics and economists, and this is not historically accidental: economics should be useful as a basis for verification by fresh observations (as an exact science); economic knowledge should be useful in business and policy-making processes (for new kinds of educated professions); and economic studies requires a wide range of related subjects (a liberal education). Research limitations/implications This paper attempts to clarify the cognitive assumptions of the two economists. This clarification can contribute to understanding the process and reasons behind Beveridge’s acceptance of Keynesian economic theory and policies on a theoretical level. Originality/value This paper examines previously ignored reasons for Beveridge’s acceptance of Keynesian economics. Moreover, it suggests certain pre-analytic assumptions concerning the co-existence of social insurance and full employment policies. This perspective will be useful for historians of economics and the welfare state.
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Chawla, Raina, Rashmi Ahuja, and Priyanka Sharma. "Awareness of post partum intra uterine contraceptive device and reasons for its low acceptance in an urban Indian population." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20200260.
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Background: The safety and efficacy of the Post-Partum Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (PPIUCD) has been documented worldwide. With increasing institutional deliveries and greater sensitization, the aim is to increase PPIUCD insertions. Many areas still report poor acceptance. Objectives of this study to determine the proportion of antenatal women willing to accept PPIUCD insertion and the reasons behind refusal to accept this method.Methods: A prospective questionnaire study was done between January 2019 to June 2019 of 200 women. Inclusion criteria were antenatal women in the 2nd/3rd trimester. Exclusion criteria were those opting for a permanent method of contraception and those with a contra-indication.Results: Eighty-four women (42%) had never used any method of contraception. Earlier Intrauterine device (IUD) use (including both interval and PPIUCD) was in only 18.9% of all contraceptive users. Only 2 women in the group had ever used PPIUCD. 79% of women were aware of IUDs. Those unaware were mainly nulliparous. Amongst those aware of an IUD, 88 (56%) were aware it could be inserted postpartum. Only 18% were aware it could be inserted intra-cesarean. All women who participated were offered the option for a PPIUCD. Fifty-nine (29.5%) of all women expressed their willingness but on follow up till delivery only 18 of these women got a PPIUCD inserted. Amongst those not willing for the PPIUCD insertion the commonest reason was general apprehension (39%) followed by partner refusal (33%) and fear of complications (31%). Six women (4.2%) gave history of complications following earlier use and were unwilling for its repeat use. Conclusion: The large unmet need for contraception in India can be solved through repeated counselling and discussions with the woman during her antenatal visits. Alleviating apprehension and addressing concerns of the couple will increase PPIUCD acceptance.
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McCullagh, C. Behan. "The Truth of Basic Historical Descriptions." Journal of the Philosophy of History 9, no. 1 (March 27, 2015): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341293.
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Most historians and many philosophers of history persist in believing that present evidence can warrant belief in the truth of descriptions of particular events in the past. In most of his books on historical knowledge and understanding Alun Munslow has expressed his faith in basic historical descriptions too. Recently, however, he has presented several reasons for doubting their truth. He sees all historical descriptions as nothing but literary creations, reflecting not only the language but also the beliefs and conventions of the historian’s culture. He can find no meaningful relation between texts and events, especially between historical texts and past events that are beyond observation. He allows that we often accept the truth of historical descriptions for everyday purposes, but he offers philosophical reasons for denying that they have any intelligible relation to the past. In this paper I consider the reasons for his scepticism, discuss several popular theories of truth, and then explain why, and in what sense, we are often justified in believing that historical descriptions give us a true account of what happened in the past.
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van der Weele, Gerda M., Roos de Jong, Margot W. M. de Waal, Philip Spinhoven, Herman A. H. Rooze, Ria Reis, Willem J. J. Assendelft, Jacobijn Gussekloo, and Roos C. van der Mast. "Response to an unsolicited intervention offer to persons aged ≥ 75 years after screening positive for depressive symptoms: a qualitative study." International Psychogeriatrics 24, no. 2 (August 16, 2011): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211001530.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Screening can increase detection of clinically relevant depressive symptoms, but screen-positive persons are not necessarily willing to accept a subsequent unsolicited treatment offer. Our objective was to explore limiting and motivating factors in accepting an offer to join a “coping with depression” course, and perceived needs among persons aged ≥75 years who screened positive for depressive symptoms in general practice.Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, in which 101 persons who had screened positive for depressive symptoms were offered a “coping with depression” course, a sample of 23 persons were interviewed, of whom five (22%) accepted the treatment offer. Interview transcripts were coded independently by two researchers.Results: All five individuals who accepted a place on the course felt depressed and/or lonely and had positive expectations about the course. The main reasons for declining to join the course were: not feeling depressed, or having negative thoughts about the course effect, concerns about group participation, or about being too old to change and learn new things. Although perceived needs to relieve depressive symptoms largely matched the elements of the course, most of those who had been screened were not (yet) prepared to accept an intervention offer. Many expressed the need to discuss this treatment decision with their general practitioner.Conclusions: Although the unsolicited treatment offer closely matched the perceived needs of people screening positive for depressive symptoms, only those who combined feelings of being depressed or lonely with positive expectations about the offered course accepted it. Treatment should perhaps be more individually tailored to the patient's motivational stage towards change, a process in which general practitioners can play an important role.
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Olschewski, M., and H. Scheurlen. "Comprehensive Cohort Study: An Alternative to Randomized Consent Design in a Breast Preservation Trial." Methods of Information in Medicine 24, no. 03 (July 1985): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635365.
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SummaryIf in a clinical trial only few patients consent to randomization, all those patients meeting the clinical inclusion criteria should be considered for analysis. Prerandomization is shown to be efficient only if patients can be persuaded to accept the prescribed therapy and do not introduce a self-selection bias. Under full informed consent conditions, as, for example, in a breast preservation trial, the first requirement must be questioned for ethical, the second one for methodological reasons. Conventionally randomized trials with the inclusion of patients having therapeutic preferences appear to be preferable. We briefly discuss the way of analysing the data from such a cohort study.
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FORCIGNANÒ, FILIPPO. "IL PROBLEMA DELLE IDEE DI ARTEFATTO IN PLATONE." Méthexis 27, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680974-90000633.
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It is widely believed that Plato promoted a version of the "one over many" argument such that there would be Forms of all things. Among these Forms are also included those of artefacts. Aristotle denies, however, that Plato would accept such Forms. The ancient Platonic tradition is unusually unanimous in denying the existence of Forms of artefacts. This paper supports three main points: (a) through a careful examination of some Platonic texts (in particular Resp. 596a) it is possible to assert that he has never encouraged a version of the "one over many" that justifies the existence of Forms of all things; (b) the reductio ad unum defended by Plato can not be considered identical to Aristotle’s version of "one over many" argument; (c) there are some good textual and speculative reasons to deny the existence of Forms of artefacta. It is finally discussed a recent proposal by David Sedley, according to which Plato, in his mature works, accepted only Form of what has opposed properties and of artefacts (but not of natural things).
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Bedford, Helen E., and David A. C. Elliman. "Fifteen-minute consultation: Vaccine-hesitant parents." Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition 105, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-316927.
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Vaccination is a proven, highly effective intervention to protect against potentially serious infectious diseases. UK vaccine uptake rates are high overall, but considerable variation exists within and between districts. The main reason for under vaccination is difficulty accessing vaccination services for practical or logistical reasons. While some parents decline specific vaccines, only a small minority decline them all. It is unsurprising that many parents have questions about vaccination, but most are easily addressed. This article provides practical guidance on how to engage effectively with parents with the ultimate aim of supporting informed vaccination decisions. The focus will be on conversations with parents whose concerns make them unsure whether to accept vaccination or who have previously delayed or declined vaccines. In view of recent outbreaks of measles, the example question concerns MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. Although conversations with some parents, especially those who are determinedly anti-vaccine, can be uncomfortable, even challenging, it is important to offer all parents the opportunity to discuss their concerns. Even though advice may go unheeded or even be unwelcome, parents can change their minds about previous decisions. Health professionals and the National Health Service are trusted sources of advice about vaccinations and have a responsibility to ensure parents are appropriately informed.
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MELZER, ARTHUR M. "Esotericism and the Critique of Historicism." American Political Science Review 100, no. 2 (May 2006): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406062162.
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“The relation of history to reason,” observes Jurgen Habermas, “remains constitutive for the discourse of modernity—for better or worse” (1987, 392). The worse of it is: the modern premise of reason's imbeddedness in history means that unless we can demonstrate—through an increasingly suspect “grand narrative” of “reason in history”—that history is fundamentally rational, we must accept that reason is fundamentally historical and that all our “knowledge” is merely temporary, local, and arbitrary.To avoid this collapse into historical relativism, we must reassess the crucial premise: reason's historicity. Why is the modern mind so utterly captivated by the idea that every mind is a prisoner of its times? This question receives its most probing treatment in the work of Leo Strauss. His rediscovery of the theory of esotericism—which is the premodern understanding of the relation of reason to history—poses important new challenges to the whole historicist paradigm. It points the way to a “posthistoricist” relegitimation of reason through a return to Socratic rationalism.
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Mladenovic, Ivan. "On the difference between the reasonable and the rational in normative political theory." Theoria, Beograd 62, no. 4 (2019): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1904135m.
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In this paper I will explore the importance of making the difference between the reasonable and the rational for normative political theory. The starting point of my analysis is Rawls?s distinction between the rational and the reasonable in his later political philosophy. For Rawls one of the main characteristics of reasonable persons is that they are able to offer the justifications for their actions, but also for fair principles of cooperation, in terms of reasons that all can accept. There are many criticisms of this view of reasonable persons and its role within normative political theory. My main concern, however, is whether the presupposition of reasonableness is necessary if one already assumes that all individuals are rational. I will argue that not only the reasonable, but the relationship between the reasonable and the rational is crucially important for normative political theory.
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Adams, Frederick. "Of Epicycles and Elegance." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 4 (December 1994): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717390.
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I am pleased to be able to respond to Al Mele’s reply to my paper on trying and desire (‘Desiring to Try: Reply to Adams’ and ‘Trying, Desire, and Desiring to Try,’ respectively, both this volume). My remarks will bebriet.First, it is not thesis T (as stated in Mele’s reply) that I find objectionable. It may be possible for me to want TO TRY to quit smoking (prior to trying), while currently not wanting TO QUIT smoking (nor trying to quit). I may want to try because I want to ACQUIRE the desire to quit, since people persist in nagging me to quit. So I accept thesis T because it is not the issue. The issue is whether one can PERFORM THE ATTEMPT to quit smoking WHILE one lacks the desire to quit smoking. THAT is what I find objectionable and impossible. Mele accepts that it is possible. I believe such an attempt to be merely ‘going through the motions’ in bad faith and not a genuine attempt at all. I believe this for the controltheoretic reasons that I outlined in my original paper and elsewhere.
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Gaeta, Rodolfo. "Experience and Mathematical Knowledge." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 21, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2017v21n2p209.
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According to a very common view, the main tenet of empiricism is the conviction that all human knowledge derives from sensory experience. But classic philosophers representing empiricism hold that mathematical knowledge is a priori. Mill intended to demonstrate that the laws of arithmetic and geometry have inductive origins. But Frege and others authors showed that Mill’s arguments were wrong. Benacerraf held that, since mathematical objects are abstract entities, they could not have any causal relationship with human beings, so they cannot be known by us. On the other hand, biology and psychology show that in animals and human creatures we can find innate behaviours, in accordance with the theory on natural selection. Experiments performed by Wynn and by other psychologists strongly support that very young babies can determine the results of simple arithmetical operations without any previous learning. We conclude that there are convincing reasons to accept the rationalist thesis about the a priori character of mathematical knowledge.
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Yamaguchi, Shigeru, Hiroaki Motegi, Yukitomo Ishi, Michinari Okamoto, and Shunsuke Terasaka. "ACT-21 PRIMARY EXPERIENCE OF NOVOTTF THERAPY FOR THE PATIENTS WITH GBM IN OUR INSTITUTION." Neuro-Oncology Advances 1, Supplement_2 (December 2019): ii15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdz039.067.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Based on EF-14 clinical trial, NovoTTF therapy prolong overall survival in the patients with GBM. However, NovoTTF treatment does not become standard therapy because treatment procedures are cumbersome and potentially impose psychological burden on patients who suffer from dismal disease. In our institution, we can choose NovoTTF therapy as one of the treatment options for GBM patients since June 2018. In this report, we summarized primary experience of this novel treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult patients with primary GBM diagnosed after June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. We investigated the suggestion of NovoTTF, patients’ acceptance, the reason of rejection of NovoTTF, and the condition of NovoTTF treatment. RESULTS Among 22 GBM patients, 12 cases were proposed NovoTTF treatment in actual. In 10 cases who were not proposed NovoTTF, the reasons were 1) poor performance status (KPS 50% or less); 7 cases, oldest-old; 1 case, unavailable care person; 2 cases. In 12 cases who were proposed NovoTTF, 5 cases (42%) accepted and performed this therapy. Remaining 7 cases did not accept NovoTTF because rejection of shaving hair; 1 case, troublesome for daily work; 2 cases, refusal due to cumbersome procedure; 2 cases, unavailable cooperation with care person(s); 2 cases. 5 cases treated NovoTTF were 3 males and 2 females, and the median age was 67yo (range 25yo-69yo). All patients were continued NovoTTF for 1–7 months without major complication. In two cases, minor skin trouble was observed, but easy to handle by putting ointment.
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Shirokalova, Galina S. "Historical memory of the Great Patriotic War: reasons for pluralism." VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 12, no. 2 (2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2021.12.2.709.
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The article analyzes the results of a sociological study of the historical memory of students about the World War II in general (and the Great Patriotic War in particular), conducted by the Russian Society of Sociologists in 2020, as well as materials from surveys of other research teams. The author comes to the conclusion that historical memory is formed, first of all, by the information field, set by state institutions or encouraged by them (school, mass media, network resources). Contradictory assessment of the events of the twentieth century led to the rupture of the historical memory of generations and the formation of a large group of people ready to accept the revision of the geopolitical results of the war from the standpoint of history falsifiers. The attitude of young people to the past, without taking into account the cause-and-effect liaison of the events of that time, is explained not only by the extinction of communicative memory for the departure of war generations, the desacralization of their life, deed, death. The range of factors is much wider. Since there is no integral picture of the history of the USSR, there is no value core for assessing events of the Great Patriotic War either. In the absence of historical hygiene in the Russian Federation, the entire Soviet period turns into historical antiques for new generations. They treat this in different ways: with reverence, condescension, aggressiveness, indifference, but it is excessive for the daily life of the majority. The slogan “If required, we repeat / can repeat”, replicated on May 9, is nothing more than a short-term emotional reaction, including to PR management, but not the readiness / mindset / promise of action in a real war. The opposition of the state to the country, that is reflected in the popular among young people song of the group Lumen, actually testifies to alienation from both the state and the country, since there is no one without the other. Questions are inevitable: how adequate are the methodologies and techniques based on which social scientists choose the range of factors that form the portrait of modern youth and predict the direction of further socialization of its individual groups? How many meaningful collaborators should there be to lose / win a civilizational battle in which historical memory is only one of the components? According to the author, the conditions and opportunities for the realization of the desired worldview values in modern Russia adjust the attitude to the present and the life strategies of young people to a greater extent than historical memory.
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Sulistyan, Riza Bahtiar. "Lecturer E-learning Training: The Role of Social Exchange Theory." Empowerment Society 3, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30741/eps.v3i2.589.
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The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic is able to change the organizational system that is already running normally. These changes have a profound impact on the human resources of the organization for security reasons. Not all organizations are ready to accept these changes, so there needs to be a special system that is used to keep the organization running normally. With reference to the development of social exchange theory, that training can improve the abilities of employees and the positive results will return to the organization. In this case there is a social exchange between the organization and its human resources. The impact of covid-19 is also felt at the tertiary level in Indonesia. The method used is the preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The participants of this training are all lecturers of STIE Widya Gama Lumajang, East Java. The training results show that there is an increase in ability before and after training. Organizations are not worried about changes in the method of the online learning system that has been established.
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Bulley, Michael. "Spelling reform – a lesson from the Greeks." English Today 27, no. 4 (November 8, 2011): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000575.
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Every now and again a call goes up for the reform of English orthography to make it more user-friendly. After all, it is said, the Spanish, the Germans, and even the French, have accepted changes to their spelling systems. By way of comparison, we could think of the suggestion that the Greeks should abandon their alphabet and adopt the Roman one, to come into line with most other European countries. Thankfully, there seems no serious possibility that this will happen. The reasons against it are solidly linguistic and not ones prompted by blind tradition. The same sorts of reasons should prevail for English. The Greek case, though, can provide some lessons. For there have, in fact, been changes to Greek orthography in recent times. An important one was in 1982, when the variety of diacritic signs was reduced to a single accent.
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Chamisah, Chamisah, and Ridhwan M. Daud. "THE INTEGRATION OF EDUCATION IN MULTI-RACIAL AND MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY." Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika 17, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jid.v17i1.1589.
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This study aims to know the reasons of education ina multi-racial and multi-cultural society demands integration.. The studywhich focuses onMalaysia country typified by three major ethnic groups, namely Malays, Chinese and Indians,foundthat, firstlythe integration of curriculum in creating a holistic education isvital for the society to create a competitive human capital with value laden such as trustworthiness, dedication, creativity, civic awareness and many more. Secondly, integration curriculum emphasizes on the equity and equality of education for all.Through interacting with individuals from a range of religious and ethnic backgrounds, people will learn to understand, accept and embrace differences. Throughsharing experiences and aspirations,a common national identity and ultimately unity can be achieved. Therefore, integrating curriculum is not only to integrate Islamic concepts in the education system but alsoto integrate all the concepts that make one comprehensive curriculum. Thirdly, it is important to integrate the curriculum with a value-laden perspective to encourage solidarity and harmony.
Keywords: Multi-racial; Multi-cultural society; Education; Malaysia
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Wolf, Michael P., and Jeremy Randel Koons. "The Ordinary Language Case for Contextualism and the Relevance of Radical Doubt." Contemporary Pragmatism 15, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 66–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-01501005.
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Many contextualist accounts in epistemology appeal to ordinary language and everyday practice as grounds for positing a low-standards knowledge (knowledgeL) that contrasts with high-standards prevalent in epistemology (knowledgeH). We compare these arguments to arguments from the height of “ordinary language” philosophy in the mid 20th century and find that all such arguments face great difficulties. We find a powerful argument for the legitimacy and necessity of knowledgeL (but not of knowledgeH). These appeals to practice leave us with reasons to accept knowledgeL in the face of radical doubts raised by skeptics. We conclude by arguing that by relegating knowledgeH to isolated contexts, the contextualist fails to deal with the skeptical challenge head-on. KnowledgeH and knowledgeL represent competing, incompatible intuitions about knowledge, and we must choose between them. A fallibilist conception of knowledge, formed with proper attention to radical doubts, can address the skeptical challenge without illicit appeal to everyday usage.
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Rothstein, Bo, and Eric M. Uslaner. "All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust." World Politics 58, no. 1 (October 2005): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022.
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The importance of social trust has become widely accepted in the social sciences. A number of explanations have been put forward for the stark variation in social trust among countries. Among these, participation in voluntary associations received most attention. Yet there is scant evidence that participation can lead to trust. In this article, the authors examine a variable that has not gotten the attention it deserves in the discussion about the sources of generalized trust, namely, equality. They conceptualize equality along two dimensions: economic equality and equality of opportunity. The omission of both these dimensions of equality in the social capital literature is peculiar for several reasons. First, it is obvious that the countries that score highest on social trust also rank highest on economic equality, namely, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and Canada. Second, these countries have put a lot of effort in creating equality of opportunity, not least in regard to their policies for public education, health care, labor market opportunities, and (more recently) gender equality. The argument for increasing social trust by reducing inequality has largely been ignored in the policy debates about social trust. Social capital research has to a large extent been used by several governments and policy organizations to send a message to people that the bad things in their society are caused by too little volunteering. The policy implications that follow from the authors' research is that the low levels of trust and social capital that plague many countries are caused by too little government action to reduce inequality. However, many countries with low levels of social trust and social capital may be stuck in what is known as a social trap. The logic of such a situation is the following. Social trust will not increase because massive social inequality prevails, but the public policies that could remedy this situation cannot be established precisely because there is a genuine lack of trust. This lack of trust concerns both “other people” and the government institutions that are needed to implement universal policies.
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Muthmainnah, Muthmainnah, and Fattah Setiawan Santoso. "Pemanfaatan Sains Dan Teknologi Dalam Pengukuran Arah Kiblat Di Indonesia." Ulumuddin : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/ulumuddin.v10i2.441.
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The direction of the Qibla is very important in salat prayer. Having to know the direction means being part of a series of prerequisite prayer requirements. For the people of Mecca and those who live there, Qibla is not a problem because they do not experience difficulties in determining it. However, for countries and cities outside Mecca in the State of Saudi Arabia it is a very important issue as to which direction the Qibla to the Ka'bah is right to accurate. There are several methods that have been invented and have been practiced and achieved accurate results, but not all ulama of fiqh can fully accept them. Through the study of Indonesian literature on the direction of the Qibla and discussed with descriptive qualitative, opinions and reasons are further explored that help address the need for discussion in astronomy. Not all circles are capable of accepting technological developments, there are some groups who refuse that it is sufficient to determine the direction of the Qibla facing west. Among the groups who reject it, namely traditional scholars or ancient kyai, they believe that the mosque built by the wali cannot be wrong or may not face the Qibla.
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Andersen, Martin Marchman. "What Does Morality Require When We Disagree?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 16, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-20170001.
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In “Principled Compromise and the Abortion Controversy” Simon C. May argues that we do not have a principled moral reason to compromise. While I seek to understand how more precisely we are to understand this suggestion, I also object to it: I argue that we have a principled moral reason to accept democratic decisions that we disagree with, and that this can only be so if disagreement can change what the all things considered right political position is. But if this is so, then also a principled moral reason to compromise is possible. I suggest that there is a class of procedures, including compromise, voting, expert delegation, and coin flip, such that when we disagree about what justice requires, we have a principled moral reason (though not necessarily a decisive reason) to engage in one of these procedures.
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Elahe, Kamalipour Ravari, and Taram Meysam. "Comparative Study of Duress in Certain Religious Penalties in Imami Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 5 (June 29, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n5p88.
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According to freedom of will, people are responsible for what they do and due to this principle, they would be punished. However, whenever human's will is distorted for some reason, punishment would be null and void. One of these reasons that can distort individual will is the principle of duress that is discussed in Imami Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code several times. Hence, almost in all crimes that their penalties are codified in Islamic Penal Code, duress can cause disclaimer of the coercer; unless about duress in murder. Although there are many disputes among jurists on retaliation or lack of retaliation for this crime, opinion of majority of jurists on acceptance of retaliation is accepted by the legislator. About other crimes like duress in adultery and sodomy, the coercer would be disclaimed; unless in cases that the criminal claims for coercion. In this case, legislator accepts principle of lack of duress and makes the court responsible for investigations. However, in Imami jurisprudence, the sentence would be issued for disclaimer of the coercer immediately after creation of doubt for judge and in case of probability of accuracy of claim.
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Patton, Paul. "Epistemic Tools and Epistemic Agents in Scientonomy." Scientonomy: Journal for the Science of Science 3 (December 26, 2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/js.v3i0.33621.
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The only subtype of epistemic agent currently recognized within scientonomy is community. The place of both individuals and epistemic tools in the scientonomic ontology is yet to be clarified. This paper extends the scientonomic ontology to include epistemic agents and epistemic tools as well as their relationship to one another. Epistemic agent is defined as an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements. These stances must be taken intentionally, that is, based on a semantic understanding of the epistemic element in question and its available alternatives, with reason, and for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. I argue that there can be both communal and individual epistemic agents. Epistemic agents are linked by relationships of authority delegation based on their differing areas of expertise. Having established the role of epistemic agents in the process of scientific change, I then turn to the role of epistemic tools, such as a thermometer, a text, or a particle accelerator in epistemic activities. I argue that epistemic tools play a different role in scientific change than do epistemic agents. This role is specified by an agent’s employed method. A physical object or system is an epistemic tool for some epistemic agent if there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of the agent. An agent is said to rely on such a tool.
Suggested Modifications
[Sciento-2019-0014]: Accept the following definition of epistemic agent:
Epsitemic Agent ≡ an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements.
[Sciento-2019-0015]: Accept that there are two types of epistemic agents – individual and communal. Also accept the following question as a legitimate topic of scientonomic inquiry:
Applicability of the Laws of Scientific Change to Individuals: do the scientonomic laws apply to individual epistemic agents?
[Sciento-2019-0016]: Accept the term epistemic tool, with the following definition:
Epistemic Tool ≡ a physical object or system is an epistemic tool for an epistemic agent, when there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.
[Sciento-2019-0017]: Accept the following definition of authority delegation, which generalizes the currently accepted definition to apply to all epistemic agents:
Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to be delegating authority over question x to epistemic agent B iff (1) agent A accepts that agent B is an expert on question x and (2) agent A will accept a theory answering question x if agent B says so.
Also accept the following redefinitions of subtypes of authority delegation, including mutual authority delegation, one-sided authority delegation, singular authority delegation, multiple authority delegation, hierarchical authority delegation, and non-hierarchical authority delegation:
Mutual Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of mutual authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, and B delegates authority over question y to A.
One-Sided Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of one-sided authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, but B doesn’t delegate any authority to A.
Singular Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of singular authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to exactly one epistemic agent.
Multiple Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of multiple authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to more than one epistemic agents.
Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated different degrees of authority over question x.
Non-Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated the same degree of authority over question x.
[Sciento-2019-0018]: Accept the relationship of tool reliance can obtain between epistemic agents and epistemic tools. Accept the following definition of tool reliance:
Tool Reliance ≡ an epistemic agent is said to rely on an epistemic tool when there is a procedure through which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.
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Engel, Andreas. "Can a Patent Be Granted for an AI-Generated Invention?" GRUR International 69, no. 11 (September 15, 2020): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaa117.
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Abstract Three patent offices had to answer the question of whether a patent can be granted for an invention for which an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system called DABUS was named as inventor. All applications were dismissed, but for different reasons. While the European Patent Office focused on formal rules, the UK Intellectual Property Office considered more substantive aspects, and the US Patent and Trademark Office relied on statutory language. From a policy perspective, the decisions find support in the fact that there is no clear consensus for AI to be recognized as an inventor, and that difficult questions would ensue if this were accepted. From a doctrinal perspective, the decisions do not rule out the patentability of AI-assisted inventions in general, as it remains possible to designate a human inventor when AI has merely facilitated the inventive process. This leaves the question of who should own a patent for an AI-generated invention, if patentability for such inventions is considered desirable. A possible solution could be to grant ownership directly to the company operating or owning the AI.
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Massett, Holly A., Amy Gravell, Brittany Waters, Grace Mishkin, Andrea Denicoff, S. Percy Ivy, Jeffrey Moscow, James A. Zwiebel, Michael Montello, and Jeffrey S. Abrams. "Transparency around disapproval reasons of early-phase trial proposals submitted to the National Cancer Institute (NCI)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 6585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6585.
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6585 Background: NCI’s ETCTN accepts Letters of Intent (LOI) for a new clinical trial either from a response to a solicitation for studies, or via unsolicited LOIs, where investigators independently propose novel studies. While the LOI approval rate for the first two years of the ETCTN was 100% for solicited LOI’s, it was only 36% for unsolicited LOIs. Therefore, we analyzed all ETCTN LOI disapproval letters (DL) for unsolicited LOIs to identify the major reasons for disapproval. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on DLs issued between March 2014 and March 2016 (N = 50). Two coders independently scored disapproval reasons per letter using a code sheet with 22 categories identified from a sample of DLs (Intercoder Reliability = 97%). Results: All DLs were issued for unsolicited LOIs (44% = Ph 1; 26% = Ph 1/2; 30% = Ph 2); 271 reasons were identified across the 50 DLs (mean = 5.4/DL). High-level categories included concerns with study design, scientific rationale, feasibility, modality and administrative reasons. The top disapproval reasons were: Insufficient preclinical animal model data (54% of DLs); weak rationale/background (52%); inadequate information for biomarker correlative studies (46%); dose/scheduling plan absent or weak (36%); clinical data not adequately advanced (34%); and, patient population not described/inconsistent with treatment (34%). Top reasons for Phase 1 and 1/2 LOIs resembled the total but Phase 2 LOIs deviated slightly, with ‘weak objective/endpoint’ and ‘biomarker correlative studies’ as top DL reasons. Other common reasons were problems with combination study agents, company/drug collaboration, and competing trials. Conclusions: The reasons for LOI disapproval can be categorized and quantified. To increase transparency in the NCI ETCTN LOI review process, disapproval reasons for each DL are now collected on a standardized coding sheet, and will be reported quarterly to ETCTN PIs. NCI will also meet with all Grant PIs in Spring, 2017 to jointly discuss concerns and explore quality improvement solutions regarding the LOI submission process. The outcome of this meeting will be reported at ASCO as part of our findings.
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Cole-Turner, R. "Faith meets the Human Genome Project: religious factors in the public response to genetics." Public Understanding of Science 8, no. 3 (July 1999): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/8/3/305.
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Providers of genetic services need to be broadly aware of the role that religious beliefs can play in the public's understanding of genetic information and of the choices that are posed. This paper identifies three religious themes that tend to arise when religious people, especially Christians, are involved in genetic testing and pre-symptomatic diagnosis. The first theme of fate and freedom leads to the prediction that religious people will be less likely than others to ascribe fatalistic or deterministic powers to genes but will want to maintain room for human and divine freedom, and that perhaps they will err too much in this direction. The second theme, having to do with religious community, suggests that religious people will experience a tension between the need for genetic privacy and the desire to share personal concerns with their faith community. Third, religious people regard the unborn with respect, even if not all regard the fetus as a person. Those who accept abortion for genetic reasons are likely to grieve the loss and to look for rituals to mark the value of the life that was not continued.
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Jowitt, Joshua. "Legal rights for animals: aspiration or logical necessity?" Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.02.02.
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Whereas regulation relating to minimum standards of animal welfare is increasingly uncontroversial in contemporary popular discourse, the same cannot be said of viewing animals as legal persons possessing legally enforceable rights in and of themselves. The purpose of this article will be to explore this reticence and ask whether the continued anthropocentricity of legally enforceable rights is compatible with the very concept of law itself. The article will draw heavily on the moral writing of Alan Gewirth, engaging with his justification for why human beings themselves can make philosophically valid claims to be rightsholders. Taking Gewirthian ethical rationalism as providing a universally applicable hypothetical imperative which binds all agents to comply with its requirements, the article will move on to discuss the implications of the theory on our understanding of legal normativity. If we accept that the purpose of law is to guide action, and that legal normativity therefore operates at the level of practical rationality, the Gewirthian project necessarily limits the content of law to those norms which are compliant with the moral underpinning of all normative reasons for action. A necessary connection between law and morality can therefore be established which requires equal respect for all agents. By creating this necessary connection, it is possible to move beyond an anthropocentric conception of legal normativity to one that necessarily must instead respect the basic rights possessed by all agents – regardless of species. Legal rights for animals that are capable of acting within Gewirth's conception of agency must therefore be seen not to be a mere aspiration for a well-meaning society, but a logical necessity within any legal system.
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Xuhong, Kong, and Hong Jingjing. "Productive Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on the Theory of Involvement: A Case Study on the Farmers’ Paintings of XinJi County, Hebei Province, China." SHS Web of Conferences 86 (2020): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208601031.
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The productive protection of intangible cultural heritages, always in the form of tourism development under the present context, is put forward by Chinese scholars, which are beneficial to both the protection of the heritage and the economy development of the locals. While not all intangible cultural heritages can be understood and accepted by tourists due to the reasons that the living circumstances and contexts of these heritages are changing and disappearing that it’s hard for tourists to understand, neither do they desire to pay for it. Therefore, how to make tourists even including some craftsmen understand and accept the heritage means a lot to the protection and inheritance of these heritages. The paper argues that the Involvement Theory can be referred to analyze settle the problems. A case study of the farmers’ painting in Xinji County, Hebei Province was carried out as the example, which is one of the most representative intangible cultural heritage of folk art in Hebei Province, China, with a long history of development, rich cultural connotation and high artistic value. A field investigation and deep-interview was carried out to gather the information of its status quo, problems of its inheriting and developing were analyzed, the paper found that with the development of the times and society, farmers’ painting is losing its survival environment, the income of farmers’ painting is not proportional to their putting-in and cost, the value of farmers painting can not be reflected, and the productive protection is seriously hindered. Therefore, based on the perspective of involvement theory, this study analyzed the bottleneck of productive protection of Xinji Farmers’ Painting, suggested how to stimulate the involvement of tourists into the understanding and producing and creation of the paintings in order to promote the inheritance of the heritage.
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Shmelev, В. A. "The Reasons of the Confrontation Between Russia and the Ukraine." Post-Soviet Issues 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2021): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-1-33-53.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the historical prerequisites for the formation of the ideology of Ukrainian nationalism, analyzes its main provisions, and its impact on the foreign and domestic policy of the independent Ukrainian state. The Ukrainian national idea was formed in the late 19th first half of the 20th century. It was based on three fundamental provisions: the Russian state is the enemy of Ukrainian independence and therefore in the interests of Ukraine its weakening, and even better disintegration; the Russian population in Ukraine is a very serious obstacle to the formation of an independent Ukrainian state, and therefore it should be assimilated; the independence of the Ukrainian state can be guaranteed only by close cooperation with European countries, which will help it in defending its independence in the confrontation with “Asian” Russia, as Ukraine is a European country, part of Europe. On the basis of these ideological provisions it was supposed to form a Ukrainian identity. As the article emphasizes, the national Ukrainian idea in this form contains a very large charge of conflict with Russia, inevitably leads to a clash of their geopolitical interests. The proclamation of Ukraine’s independence in 1991 meant the emergence of a second Russian state, whose population had to be transformed into a Ukrainian nation. The ruling political elite of the country with the support of the Ukrainian intelligentsia as the ideological basis for the construction of the Ukrainian nation state and the Ukrainian nation adopted the basic tenets of the Ukrainian national idea, which was formed in the first half of the 20th century and put them at the basis of its foreign and domestic policy. All Ukrainian Presidents, though with varying degrees of determination and consistency, implemented them. Kiev’s policy of strengthening the country’s independence implied independence from Russia, which is seen as the main threat to the national security of the young Ukrainian state. The article states that the presidential elections of 2019 and the defeat of P. Poroshenko showed that the majority of Ukrainian society does not accept such an identity. They need an identity on other principles, which in Ukraine have not yet developed and are not visible. So far, there are no political forces, political party, that could formulate them and put them in the basis of statehood and nation-building. The current President V. Zelensky in his policy is guided by old ideas and visions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the New Independent States, Russia did not immediately realize the scale of the challenges and threats to the country’s security from Ukraine. Sobering occurred under the influence of the “Orange Revolution”, when Kiev abandoned the policy of multivectors and began to pursue a pronounced pro-Western policy. At the same time, Moscow begins to realize that it will not be able to enter the community of democratic states on its own terms, and begins to position itself as an independent center of power, opposing the West. Strengthening its positions in this confrontation, it connects with the consolidation of the post-Soviet states around itself within the framework of integration projects, first EvrAzES, and then the EAEU. Moscow linked their successful implementation with Ukraine’s participation in their implementation, because it believed that without it these projects would not be effective. However, Kiev did not want to support these plans, focusing “on entering Europe”. According to the author, from that moment the foreign policy strategies of both countries began to differ in principle and the two countries from strategic partners turned into geopolitical rivals. The West supported Kiev in its pro-Western foreign policy, considering it as an element of deterrence of Russia’s great-power ambitions. Both Moscow and the West tried to drag Kiev to their side. The coup d’etat carried out by nationalist forces in Kiev in February 2014 seemed to mean the West’s victory in this peculiar tug-of-war. In response, Moscow annexed Crimea and supported the struggle of the self-proclaimed DPR and LPR against the Kiev government. As a result, Ukraine has embarked on a tough confrontation with Russia, seeing it as an aggressor and an enemy. The author of the article comes to the conclusion, that overcoming the confrontation between them will take a lot of time and effort and for the foreseeable historical perspective the relations between them will be based on the principles of the zero-sum game. In these circumstances, there is no need to talk about partnership and cooperation, as it is a question of relations between two hostile States. The most that can be expected is to maintain a “cold peace” between them. But such a state can be achieved only if relations between Russia and the West are normalized, and a new Cold War is eliminated.
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Dzansi, D. Y. "Doing Well By Doing Good In The Community: Evidence From Some South African Small Businesses." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i1.9534.
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<p>Researchers and policy makers worldwide are convinced that only clear empirical evidence of the economic benefits of business social responsibility (BSR), rather than normative assertions, can motivate small businesses enough to accept and adopt it as an integral business practice. Unfortunately, empirical research so far has yielded mixed results, such that smaller businesses are right to be skeptical about adopting BSR. This paper reports the findings of empirical research on patterns of BSR engagement practices and growth in firms’ sales and gross profit among small and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in a South African setting. This is to determine how a small firm’s economic performance varies (if at all) with the degree of its BSR performance and the kind of BSR activity it engages in. The results suggest a high degree of BSR activity among firms with substantial portions of profit dedicated to BSR. However, contrary to expectations, very weak (minor) link was found between BSR performance and economic performance among the sample of small businesses on some but not all dimensions of BSR considered in the study. Nonetheless, it is recommended that managers and owners of small businesses be encouraged to adopt and practice BSR. Even if they do not do so for economic reasons, they would be right to do so to ‘atone’ for the widely acknowledged detrimental impacts of business on society. </p>
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Vernon, Seth A., Stephen D. Helmer, Jeanette G. Ward, and James M. Haan. "Computed Tomography in Trauma Patients Accepted in Transfer:." Kansas Journal of Medicine 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v12i1.11697.
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Introduction. Computed tomography scans often are repeated ontrauma patient transfers, leading to increased radiation exposure,resource utilization, and costs. This study examined the incidenceof repeated computed tomography scans (RCT) in trauma patienttransfers before and after software upgrades, physician education,and encouragement to reduce RCT.Methods.xThe number of RCTs at an American College of SurgeonsCommittee on Trauma verified level 1 trauma center was measured.The trauma team was educated and encouraged to use the computedtomography scans received with transfer trauma patients as perstudy protocol. All available images were reviewed and reasons for aRCT when ordered were recorded and categorized. Impact of systemimprovements and education on subsequent RCT were evaluated.Results. A RCT was done on 47.2% (n = 76) of patients throughoutthe study period. Unacceptable image quality and possible misseddiagnoses were the most commonly reported reasons for a RCT. Preventablereasons for a RCT (attending refusal to read outside films,incompatible software, and physician preference) decreased from25.8 to 14.3% over the study periods.Conclusions. The volume of unnecessary RCT can be reduced primarilythrough software updates and physician education, therebydecreasing radiation exposure, patient cost, and inefficiencies in hospitalresource usage. Kans J Med 2019;12(1):7-10.
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Witjaksono, Humphrey Sarwono. "SISTEM KEWARISAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN AJARAN AGAMA BUDHA." Jurnal Hukum dan Kenotariatan 3, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/hukeno.v3i2.3374.
Full textAbstract:
Dalam sistem pembagian waris baik menurut Agama Budha maupun Agama Islam masih banyak menggunakan hukum adat atau hukum yang berlaku di masyarakat. meskipun banyak pilihan atau alternatif hukum dalam pembagian waris yang dapat digunakan antara lain, dalam Islam menggunakan 1) hukum adat 2) hukum faroid/hukum Islam 3) KHI dan 4) menggunakan KUH Perdata sedangkan dalam AjaranBudha hukum yang di gunakan dalam pembagian waris adalah Hukum adat dan KUH Perdata. Sedangkan yang menerima warisan dalam Agama Islam semuanya ahli waris bisa menerima asalkan tidak terhalang (alasan tidak bisa menerima waris) sedangkan dalam Agama Budha tidak semua ahli waris karena jika dalam keluarga tersebut (ahli waris) ada yang memutuskan untuk menjadi samanera atau samaneri dan bhikku maka secara otomatis dia tidak akan bisa menerima warisan.Kata kunci: pembagian waris, agama Budha dan agama Islam In the system of inheritance distribution both according to Buddhism and Islamic Religion still use many customary laws or laws that apply in the community. although many legal choices or alternatives in the distribution of inheritance can be used, among others, in Islam using 1) customary law 2) faroid law/Islamic law 3) KHI and 4) using the Civil Code while in the Buddhist Teachings the law used in the distribution of inheritance is Customary law and the Civil Code. While those who receive inheritance in the Islamic Religion all heirs can accept as long as they are not obstructed (reason can not accept inheritance) while in Buddhism not all heirs because if in the family (heirs) someone decides to become samanera or samaneri and bhikku then automatically he will not be able to receive inheritance..Keywords: distribution of inheritance, Buddhism and Islam
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Schmidt, Thomas M. "Glaubensüberzeugungen und säkulare Gründe." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 45, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-2001-0136.
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Abstract John Rawls' conception of a reasonable pluralism proceeds on the epistemological assumption that it is not possible to set up one specific notion of justice attached to certain beliefs about the nature ofthe person, the purpose and the goal of human life. The liberal position insists on the principle of moral justification, according to which no norm is legitimate unless it can be accepted in principle by all affected persons. According to this view, it is recommended, in public debates where the legitimacy of laws and state actions is being disputed, citizens should confine themselves to the use of religious arguments for which independent, secular reasons can be given. This conception has elicited an array of critical responses from authors of a religious persuasion. Critics point above all to the unequal terms of entry to public debates. But it can be shown in termsofamodest foundationalist epistemology that the required translation of religious beliefs in secular reasons is not an unfair and unjustified charge. Personally justified basic beliefs can be tested in intersubjective and public procedures of reasoning without requiring believers to sacrifice their religious or confessional identity.
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Witting, Christian. "INTRA-CORPORATE CONSPIRACY: AN INTRIGUING PROSPECT." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 1 (March 2013): 178–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197313000068.
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AbstractThis paper considers whether unlawful means conspiracy might have a role to play in extending liability from insolvent companies to those who stand behind them. A reason for thinking that the tort might have such a role is that, where an agreement to injure exists, liability can be found not only in those who commit unlawful acts but in any other persons who take steps to further the conspiracy. The paper argues, furthermore, that courts should accept that unlawful means conspiracy might be committed between even the smallest company and its controlling shareholder. This would strengthen the propositions that the company is a separate legal person with its own rights and responsibilities and that it is competent to deal with all comers, including its controller.
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Quatrini, Francesco. "Jesus Nazarenus Legislator." Church History and Religious Culture 97, no. 1 (2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09701002.
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This article examines the manuscript, entitled Jesus Nazarenus Legislator, written by Adam Boreel against the De Tribus Impostoribus. The analysis focuses on three main aspects of the manuscript. First, I give some information about De Tribus Impostoribus. Second, I trace the history of the writing of Boreel’s book. To this end, I will mainly take into consideration the correspondences of Henry Oldenburg and John Worthington. Last, I show that Boreel postulates a rational Christian religion and that he places emphasis on the practical aspects of this religion. For this reason, all humankind can accept it. In conclusion, I will sum up the results obtained from my analysis of the Jesus Nazarenus Legislator; I will also suggest that Boreel’s ideas could be read in light of the discussion on adiaphora in the Christian religion.
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Clarke, Donald C. "The Execution of Civil Judgments in China." China Quarterly 141 (March 1995): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000032914.
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When judgements are not executed, the law is worth nothing. – “The masses”It is a staple of Chinese legal literature that the judgments of Chinese courts in civil and economic cases are plagued by a worryingly low execution rate. This perception should be taken seriously. When the President of the Supreme People's Court devotes significant space to it in his report to the National People's Congress, as did Zheng Tianxiang in 1988 and Ren Jianxin in subsequent reports, clearly something interesting is going on. Yet it would be a mistake to accept all reports at face value. A critical examination of the claims and the evidence can yield a richer picture of reality than has been presented by the literature so far.The issue of whether court judgments can be enforced is important for a number of reasons, among which is its bearing on the relationship between the legal system and the economic system. Laws, courts and court judgments are part of the institutional framework within which economic reform is being carried out in China. Obviously, the rules of the game have to change. But the move from a hierarchically administered economy to a primarily market economy means more than just changing the content of the rules. It implies a whole new way of rule-making and rule-enforcing.This article explores one particular way of making the rules mean something: the enforcement of a court decision that the implementation of a particular rule requires the performance of a particular act - typically, the delivery of money or goods.
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Coskun, Sumeyra Dogan. "Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Knowledge of Students: The Case of Subtraction." Acta Educationis Generalis 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/atd-2020-0025.
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AbstractIntroduction: Although there is ambiguity about the elements of teacher knowledge, all researchers accept that being able to anticipate what errors can be made, the reasons for and the strategies to overcome these errors, in short, the knowledge of students is important for student achievement. In this study, knowledge of students refers to being aware of students’ possible errors and underlying reasons for these errors and knowing how to overcome these errors. Based on this consideration, the purpose of this study is to investigate pre-service elementary teachers’ knowledge of students on the subtraction topic.Methods: Considering the purpose, the data were collected from 118 pre-service elementary teachers who were enrolled in a four-year Elementary Teacher Education program via a task-based questionnaire related to the topic of subtraction and semi-structured interviews following the questionnaire. The task-based questionnaire included three completed incorrect subtraction tasks and was prepared considering the related literature and the elementary school mathematics curriculum of Turkey. Each task in the questionnaire contained a different type of error. The pre-service elementary teachers’ answers to the task-based questionnaire were categorized as correct, partially correct, wrong, or no answer by means of categorical analysis. The pre-service elementary teachers who gave correct and partially correct answers to the tasks were asked to participate in the second part of the study to learn their possible strategies to overcome the errors made in the tasks.Results: As a result of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pre-service elementary teachers’ responses, it was found that their knowledge of students for subtraction is limited. Specifically, although the pre-service elementary teachers were partially able to identify the errors in the first and second task, they were not able to identify the error in the third task. Furthermore, they were better able to determine a more commonly occurring subtraction error compared to the uncommon ones. The pre-service elementary teachers could not identify the underlying reasons that led the students to the errors. They could not explain what conceptual knowledge related to the topic of subtraction the student lacked that resulted in the errors. As the pre-service teachers did not attain these reasons, they were not able to provide strategies to overcome these errors different than restating the rules or procedures to overcome students’ errors.Discussion: Only being able to identify the errors is not enough to make the instruction effective. Teachers also need to know and provide a rationale for why the errors happen and how to overcome them (Even & Tirosh, 1995). Contrary to this statement, the pre-service elementary teachers in this study could not attempt to understand the students’ thinking or could not explain the reasons behind students’ errors with the notion of subtraction. Son (2013) emphasizes that pre-service teachers tend to explain the reasons for students’ errors as procedural. Similar to this emphasis, the pre-service teachers identified the errors as resulting from not applying procedures carefully or not enough knowing algorithms to find correct solutions. However, without addressing the reasons or focusing on procedures does not promote students’ understanding of the related topic (An, Kulm, & Wu, 2004). The pre-service teachers’ difficulties in identifying the possible conceptual reasons may result from deficits in knowledge of students (Fennema & Franke, 1992; Ball et al., 2008).Limitations: The findings were limited with the responses of the pre-service elementary teachers participating in this study. Moreover, the pre-service elementary teachers’ knowledge of students was investigated within the scope of subtraction.Conclusions: Although the pre-service elementary teachers could identify students’ errors on subtraction, they had difficulty in identifying the reasons and suggesting strategies to overcome the errors. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pre-service teachers’ knowledge of students for the topic of subtraction is limited. An implication of this is that teacher educators need to include error-analysis tasks to help pre-service teachers be aware of the importance of their knowledge of students.
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Hatamla, Saleem. "Administrative Detention and Its Objective and Procedural Warrantees: A Study of the Jordanian Law." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol6iss3pp75-96.
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Personal freedom is the essence of human life. It is not created by legislation or laws. It is rather regulated by laws to reconcile its various aspects and achieve the common good of the community. It, therefore, does not accept restrictions except those that are necessary. The freedom of people should always be maintained; it is not permissible to arrest or detain any person except in accordance with the law. Accordingly, the Jordanian legislator was keen to put in place the procedural rules of administrative detention in terms of setting clear conditions for the practice of this detention and the reasons for resorting to it in order to reduce the abuse of this exercise by the authorities and to reduce the vulnerability of individuals at risk of such a practice. It is well-known that these actions result in a restriction of personal freedom but also it is known that these measures are aimed to protect society from risks. Detainees in this type of arrest are taken without trial, and it is exercised by the executive authority under the powers granted to it by the law. If all these precautions are meant to protect personal freedom and maintain its integrity, then how can the executive authority intervene in personal freedom and exercise maximum restrictions on it and tries to repeal it, given that this type of arrest is essentially a precautionary punitive measure? However, in this sense, it is in stark violation of the principle of legality of crimes and punishments, and it violates constitutional and legal warrantees. Despite all these principles about the sanctity of personal freedoms and the warrantees against excessive use of executive detention, it should be acknowledged that it is sometimes necessary for authorities to administer such a measure. This perplexing situation makes us endeavor to study the provisions and terms governing this kind of arrest and investigate its reasons, in an attempt to state the legal basis that calls for its justification. The study also addresses the main principles governing the behavior of authorities while exercising this detention and the main effects of such a practice.
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Salygin, V. I., I. A. Guliyev, and A. O. Khubaeva. "Foreign Experience of Applying the Principle of "Pump or Pay" in the Field of Pipeline Transportation." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-46-52.
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This article reveals the practice of "ship or pay" principle in the US, Canada and Europe. The authors analyze the practice of concluding contracts for oil and petroleum products transportation, procedures, terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. The "take or pay" principle is a common practice in developed countries like the US, Canada and the UK. The specific feature of the United States is that the pipelines are not built only for one shipper, but rather for all market, which is caused the "open season" tradition. In Canada, "take or pay" principle applies to cover the capital costs of the carrier. The main reasons for usage of terms "take or pay" are to minimize risks of the carrier, building or expanding his own pipeline network, by guaranteeing shipper's financial benefits after the putting pipeline into operation. "Take or pay" contracts cover the carrier's obligation to provide agreed minimum amount of petroleum to the consignor within a certain period. In turn, the shipper is obliged to accept the minimum amount of petroleum and pay, regardless of the fact of acceptance of oil. "Take or pay" principle is a kind of risk-sharing mechanism, which allows to shift the risks of non-fulfillment of the contract to the shipper. Besides, the "take or pay" principle can be indirect guarantee in the context of project financing, and therefore, financing. The article emphasizes the main advantages of the application of this principle and opportunities for its use in Russia.
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Wood, Allen. "Propaganda and Democracy." THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 31, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.16384.
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We are surrounded by communication of many kinds whose aim is to persuade rather to convince, to manipulate rather than to reason. We are being constantly manipulated into forming beliefs or attitudes, or to have feelings of certain kinds; or beliefs and attitudes we already have, but ought to criticize and perhaps reject, are instead being reinforced rather than questioned. Advertising and much public discourse is like this. How should we react to this fact? Perhaps even more importantly, how should we understand it? What does it mean that this is so?Not all persuasion is regrettable or to be disapproved. Our feelings as well as our rational judgment are part of our humanity; emotions even constitute an essential part of our rational capacities themselves. Not all persuasion is propaganda. And perhaps not even all propaganda is necessarily bad.This last point was the focus of a controversy between W. E. B. Du Bois, who held that propaganda could be used for good, and Alain Locke, who held that all propaganda corrupts our thinking. My own view is that propaganda can be used for good, but Locke was perfectly right to be worried about it. More specifically, Du Bois maintained that artistic propaganda could encourage self-respect among African Americans, while Locke argued that propaganda can never reframe the issues in a debate, but must accept the received perceptions of them, and can contribute to any debate only on those terms.
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Rismana, Daud. "Penyuluhan Kesadaran Hukum Tentang Regulasi Alasan Perceraian dalam Hukum Perkawinan Islam bagi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) di Kabupaten Grobogan." Dimas: Jurnal Pemikiran Agama untuk Pemberdayaan 19, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/dms.2019.192.4174.
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<p>Found Beneficiary Families (KPM) The Family of Hope Program (PKH) whose marriage ties have been shaken, some even claim to have long been abandoned by their partners without news and certainty about the continuation of their marriage ties. So they can only surrender to accept the situation without knowing what to do. These problems are due to lack of knowledge and understanding of the reasons for divorce in Islamic marriage law. Then there is no opportunity yet to get legal awareness about the reasons for divorce in Islamic marriage law. As well as from both of these concerns, legal violations occur intentionally or unintentionally. The method used in this service is the lecture method, the discussion method, and the evaluation method. This training and outreach activity produced the first conclusion, this activity was very needed and was beneficial for PKH Beneficiary Families in Wirosari District. Secondly, There is an increase in the understanding and knowledge of the participants of this activity towards the regulations or legislation regarding the reasons for divorce in Islamic marriage law in Indonesia. The third is that not all PKH KPMs in Wirosari sub-district have the opportunity to participate in this activity because of limited funds.</p><p> </p><p>Ditemukan Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) yang ikatan perkawinannya telah goyah, bahkan ada yang mengaku telah lama ditinggalkan oleh pasangannya tanpa kabar dan kepastian mengenai kelanjutan ikatan perkawinan mereka. Sehingga mereka hanya bisa pasrah menerima keadaan tanpa tahu harus berbuat apa. Permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut dikarenakan kurangnya pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai alasan perceraian dalam hukum perkawinan Islam. Kemudian belum adanya kesempatan untuk mendapatkan penyuluhan kesadaran hukum tentang alasan perceraian dalam hukum perkawinan Islam. Serta dari kedua hal tersebut dikhawatirkan terjadi pelanggaran hukum baik disengaja maupun tidak disengaja. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah metode ceramah, metode diskusi, dan metode evaluasi. Kegiatan pelatihan dan penyuluhan ini menghasilkan kesimpulan yang pertama, kegiatan ini sangat dibutuhkan dan bermanfaat bagi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat PKH di Kecamatan Wirosari. Kedua, Terdapat peningkatan pemahaman dan pengetahuan para peserta kegiatan ini terhadap regulasi atau peraturan perundangan tentang alasan perceraian dalam hukum perkawinan islam di Indonesia. Yang ketiga adalah belum semua KPM PKH di Kecamatan Wirosari berkesempatan mengikuti kegiatan ini karena keterbatasan dana.</p>
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J. Giegerich, Heinz. "The English compound stress myth." Word Structure 2, no. 1 (April 2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000270.
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This study investigates the distribution of end-stress and fore-stress among English NN and NNN compounds. It finds that end-stress in NNs is not ‘exceptional’, as many researchers have claimed, but confined to a reasonably well defined class of attribute-head NNs within which it is (at least optionally) grammatical and often predictable. In NNNs – NNs with embedded NNs – both fore-stress and end-stress can occur in both the embedding and the embedded NN, giving rise to eight possible stress patterns, all of which are attested. Moreover, the distribution of fore-stress and end-stress in embedding and embedded NNs follows the regularities identified in free-standing NNs. There is therefore no reason to accept the generalization whereby in NNNs, the second element is always stressed under right-branching and the first element under left-branching. While such patterns are perhaps particularly frequent, all others are also grammatical: the Compound Stress Rule known in the literature for some fifty years, deriving stress patterns from structural geometry, is wrong.
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Scattola, Merio. "Law, War and Method in the Commentary on the Law of Prize by Hugo Grotius." Grotiana 26, no. 1 (2007): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607508x366517.
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AbstractThe question whether both enemies in a war could claim the same right, was a fundamental topic in the early modern theory of war and Grotius treated it briefly in his On Law of Prize and Booty. The jurisprudence of the seventeenth century developed two explanations: the Scholastic tradition held that only one party could fight with right reason, whereas some authors of the humanistic tradition thought that in some cases it was impossible to solve this question. Grotius took elements from both traditions, applying them to two different levels of his argument. If we namely consider the rulers, we should accept the Scholastic conclusion that only one party can fight with right reason. But the subordinate soldiers do not always have an exhaustive knowledge of the situation and need first of all to acknowledge that their superiors command legitimately. Thus, each level uses a different logical relationship in the Aristotelian square because the enemies follow in the former case the pattern of contrary propositions, but in the latter they obey a pattern of subcontrary propositions.
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Düringer, Eva-Maria. "Desires and Fiction." Journal of Literary Theory 12, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlt-2018-0014.
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Abstract It is often claimed that we cannot desire fictional states of affairs when we are aware of the fact that we cannot interact with fictional worlds. But the experiences we have when we read an engaging novel, watch a horror film or listen to a gripping story are certainly very similar to desires: we hope that the lovers get together, we want the criminal to get caught, we long for the hero to make his fortune. My goal in this paper is to outline the reasons why we might find it difficult to call these experiences genuine desires and to argue that they are not good reasons. In the second section I look at three reasons in particular: first, the reason that, if we genuinely desired fictional outcomes, we would act in silly or dangerous ways; second, the reason that, if we genuinely desired fictional outcomes, we would change plot lines if we had the chance, which in fact, however, we would not; and third, the reason that, if we genuinely desired fictional outcomes, we would not think it impossible to interact with fictional worlds, which, however, we do. I will dismiss the first two reasons right away: depending on how we interpret the first reason, either it does not have much weight at all, because we have many desires we never act on, or it rests on a functionalist definition of desires that wrongly takes it to be the functional role of desires to bring about action. I will dismiss the second reason by arguing that, if we desire a particular fictional outcome that we could bring about by changing the plot line, whether or not we would do it turns on our assessment of the cost of interference; and this, in turn, depends on the perceived quality of the literature. There is nothing that speaks against taking both the desire for a particular fictional outcome and the desire for a work of literature to remain what it is as genuine desires. I turn to possible ways of dealing with the third and strongest reason in the third section. The claim that, if I desire that p, I must not think that there is nothing I could possibly do to bring it about that p, is plausible. And of course, I do think that there is nothing I could possibly do to bring about a fictional state of affairs. I will argue that there are three possible ways of dealing with this problem. The first is to point to partners in crime such as the desire that one is reunited with a loved one who has recently passed away. I take these to be genuine and ordinary desires, even though they are accompanied by thoughts, indeed agonising thoughts, that there is nothing we could possibly do to bring about the desired end. Secondly, I will look at Maria Alvarez’s recent account of desires as multi-track dispositions. Alvarez claims that desires are dispositions not only to actions, but also to certain thoughts, feelings, and expressive behaviours and that they need to have had at least one manifestation in order to exist. Modifying this view a little, I argue that desires need to have manifested at least once in action preparations and show how, on this picture, the thought that I can do nothing to bring about the desired end is not in unbearable tension with the existence of the desire. Finally, I will point to the distinction between physical and metaphysical possibility and argue that, even if we accept the claim that a mental attitude cannot be a desire if it is accompanied by the thought that there is nothing one could possibly do to bring about the desired end, then this is only a problem for desires about fictional states of affairs if we think that metaphysical possibility is at play. However, there is no problem for desires about fictional states of affairs if they are accompanied by thoughts about the physical impossibility of bringing them about. I begin the paper by describing in the first section how desires enter into the controversies surrounding the classic Paradox of Fiction, which is the puzzle about whether and how we can have emotions about fictional characters, and by providing some examples designed to feed the intuition that we do, indeed, have genuine desires about fictional states of affairs.
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Tiutina, Liubov. "CONTRADICTION BETWEEN MODERN AND CONSERVATIVE DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.93-104.
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The history of the development of architecture has shown that until the middle of the XIXth century, the expression of the plastic language of buildings was restrained by both the preferences of society and the material construction base. Industrial progress has reorganized the structural framework of buildings and the outer wall has ceased to accept the load of floors. In the XXth century it provided opportunities for an expanded stylistic diversity of architecture in the spirit of modernism. However, parallel to this, the processes of returning to the plastic language of architecture of the past took place wave-like. There are several reasons for this phenomenon.
Firstly, there are ideological beliefs and interference of political forces in architecture. States with a totalitarian regime in the XXth century (Germany, Italy, the USSR) dictated their own conditions for proper life, rejecting the avant-garde and modernist trends. Secondly, there is a certain philosophical, intellectual attitude to reflection with the architecture of the past. The origin of this phenomenon comes from the United States, where modernism from the beginning of the XXth century to the 60s had been developing without non-stop. All of this led to some emotional fatigue and boredom, and as a result, the style of postmodernism appeared, where elements of historicism were rethought and introduced into modern architecture. The third reason for returning the vector of architecture development back to the past is lack of understanding of the trends and opportunities of modern architecture. In Ukraine, buildings are being built from reinforced concrete, with a free curtain facade, but the plastic language of architecture is expressed in an eclectic mix of different historical styles. This distortion of the essence of modern architecture can be explained by the inability of modern architects to keep up with the time. The fourth reason for the desire to return to the style of historicism is dictated by the historical environment of old cities, which, according to both society and architects, should be maintained in its context even if new buildings appear there or renovations are carried out.
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Ross, Jacob. "Rethinking the Person-Affecting Principle." Journal of Moral Philosophy 12, no. 4 (August 11, 2015): 428–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-01204004.
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In Rethinking the Good, Larry Temkin argues for a principle that he calls the Narrow Person-Affecting View. In its simplest formulation, this principle states that a first outcome can be better than a second outcome only if there is someone who fares better in the first outcome than in the second. Temkin argues that this kind of principle gives us reason to reject the Transitivity Thesis, according to which, if A is better than B, and B is better than C, then A must be better than C. In this paper, I argue that the various formulations which Temkin has offered of the Narrow Person-Affecting View all face serious problems. I then propose an alternative view that captures the spirit of Temkin’s formulations while avoiding their difficulties. I conclude by arguing that, even if we accept such a person-affecting view, we needn’t reject the Transitivity Thesis.