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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rebellion, 1921

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rebellion, 1921'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rebellion, 1921"

1

Bezgin, Vladimir Borisovich. "NATURAL FACTOR IN TAMBOV REBELLION OF 1920-1921." Manuscript, no. 11 (November 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2019.11.1.

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Bezai, Oleg Vasil'evich, and Vladimir Borisovich Bezgin. "Rural Communities of “Rebellious” Region as Participants and Non-Combatants of Tambov Rebellion of 1920-1921." Manuscript, no. 1 (January 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2020.1.4.

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Lloyd, Nick. "Colonial Counter-insurgency in Southern India: The Malabar Rebellion, 1921–1922." Contemporary British History 29, no. 3 (November 17, 2014): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2014.980725.

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Safonov, Dmitrii Anatol'evich. "New Economic Policy and the 1921-1922 Peasant Rebellion: Study of the Issue." Manuskript, no. 10 (October 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2020.10.12.

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Arkhireyskyi, Dmytro, and Anhelina Bulanova. "Katerynoslav Region rebellion in 1920–1921 according to the Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190203.

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The purpose of the article is to find out and analyze the data of the report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Extraordinary Commission on the actions of the regional insurgent movement at the final stage of the revolution of 1917–1921; to prove the scientific significance of this historical source for further studies of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921 and of the Ukrainian rebel movement during the Revolution and in the post-revolutionary time. Methods of research: chronological, comparative, biographical. The main results: an array of data from The Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Extraordinary Commission on the rebel movement on the territory of the province in 1920–1921 was discovered; the terminology of the state document related to counterinsurgency has been analyzed; it was established that the Katerynoslav Chekists distinguished two main types of insurgency – Makhno and Petliur; describes the dynamics of the deployment of the insurgent movement in Katerynoslav region at the final stage of the revolution; ideological foundations of the state counteraction to the insurgency have been identified; focuses on the most characteristic means of fighting the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission against the Ukrainian armed resistance movement. Practical significance: the results of the work can be used in synthetic works on the history of Ukraine during the revolution of 1917–1921, to develop special courses in the history of Ukraine. These materials can also be used to promote historical knowledge. Originality: the work is completely original, contains criticism of a complex historical source, has elements of comparative analysis. Scientific novelty: first attempt was made to comprehensively withdraw from The Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission and to analyze data on the dynamics of the insurgent movement in the province in 1920–1921, as well as measures of the Chekists to suppress it. Type of article: overview.

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Konecny, Peter. "Revolution and Rebellion: Students in Soviet Institutes of Higher Education, 1921-1928." Canadian Journal of History 27, no. 3 (December 1992): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.27.3.451.

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Holmes, Larry E. "Soviet Schools: Policy Pursues Practice, 1921–1928." Slavic Review 48, no. 2 (1989): 234–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499115.

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Many Bolsheviks heralded the October Revolution of 1917 as the beginning of a new era in history; by 1921, however, much of this optimism had disappeared. Civil war, peasant rebellion, empty factories, closed schools, strikes in the industrial establishments that had survived, and the Kronstadt Revolt made many party members weary and cynical. A few, however, stubbornly adhered to an untarnished vision of a grand future. They could be found especially among those officials responsible for primary and secondary schools at the Commissariat of Enlightenment (Narkompros). Anatolii V. Lunacharskii, commissar of enlightenment from 1917 to 1929; Nadezhda K. Krupskaia, his chief assistant for school policy; and their colleagues still believed that they possessed the means to reshape not only the schools but also human behavior and society. While the party engineered a calculated retreat with the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the state slashed the educational budget, Narkompros remained determined to challenge the present and storm the future. It did so by launching a program of sweeping changes in the content and methods of school instruction. With a faith it hoped was infectious, Narkompros assumed that teachers would follow its lead. It would not be so simple.

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Bezgin, Vladimir B. "Rural communes and Soviet farms on the eve and during the peasant rebellion of 1920–1921." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 189 (2020): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-189-221-226.

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We examine the state of communes and farms, the attitude of the rural population to their organization and activities, as well as the state of collective farms on the eve and during the Tambov rebellion of 1920–1921. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for a scien-tific understanding of the problem of insurrection in the Civil War and its manifestation in the form of a peasant rebellion led by A.S. Antonov. The purpose of the study is to establish the fate of collective farms during the armed protest of the Tambov peasants. The work was carried out on the basis of a wide range of archival sources, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The analysis of the problem is carried out taking into account the achievements of modern historiography of the issue and the use of scientific tools of advanced methodological approaches. We apply the entire arsenal of methods of historical research based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. It is established that the armed raids of rebel detachments on agricultural communes, Soviet farms were due to the need of the partisans for food, horses, forage, and the active participation of the local population in them stemmed from their view of the land and property of collective farms as rightfully belonging to them.

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Kanishchev, Vladimir V. "Officers of the Russian Imperial army as part of the confrontation sides of the Tambov rebellion of 1920–1921." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 189 (2020): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-189-234-244.

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We consider a new aspect of the well-studied themе, related to objective circumstances and subjective motives for choosing a life position in the Civil war: the entry of former officers of the Russian Imperial army into the ranks of the Soviet or rebel armed forces. First of all, contradic-tions in information about the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary military service of a se-lected circle of persons are revealed. With a sufficient degree of accuracy, 16 former officers who became the leaders of the suppression of the “Antonovshchina” in 1920–1921 and a maximum of 23 rebel commanders from the ranks of officers of the “old” army are identified. Differences of the social and professional image of the commanders of the opposing sides are established. Among the Soviet commanders, career officers from different classes prevailed, including 5 peasants (only 1 – Russian), of non-Tambov origin, who entered the region no earlier than 1917. On the contrary, among the rebel military leaders, all, except for one tradesman, came from the peasant class (only 3 were not from the Tambov Governorate). However, the loyalty of some former rebel commanders to their political leadership was low. Therefore, the study specially analyzes the “psychology of betrayal” of such people who went over to the side of the Soviet troops. The military leaders of the suppression of the Tambov rebellion, who came from the officer environment, made a choice in favor of Soviet power in 1917–1918 and by 1920 they repeatedly showed loyalty to the “workers’ and peasants’ state”. However, for the time being, this state recognized the devotion of, in principle, alien to it “gold-chasers”. In the 1930s almost all officers who took part in the suppression of the Tambov rebellion became victims of political repression.

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McGrath, Andrew. "The Anglo-Irish War (1919–1921): Just War or Unjust Rebellion?" Irish Theological Quarterly 77, no. 1 (February 2012): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021140011427226.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rebellion, 1921"

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Butler, Matthew John Blakemore. "Devotion and indifference in religious revolt : the Cristero rebellion in east Michoacan, 1926-1929." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311338.

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Grunberg, Angela. "The Chayanta rebellion of 1927, Potosi, Bolivia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339296.

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Hayball, Harry Jack. "Serbia and the Serbian rebellion in Croatia (1990-1991)." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2015. http://research.gold.ac.uk/12301/.

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It is often suggested that the Serbian rebellion in Croatia in 1990-91 was orchestrated by Serbia, and, in particular, by its president Slobodan Milošević personally. Despite the popularity of this interpretation, however, the literature on the break-up of Yugoslavia is yet to offer a focused study of Serbia's role in the descent into conflict in Croatia. Many sources that have become available in recent years remain unused. Through a critical and cautious use of such sources, including extensive interviews with participants in the conflict and contemporary documentation, this thesis aims to fill this gap in the literature and to update our knowledge of this important aspect of the bloody disintegration of Yugoslavia. Honing in on Belgrade's relationships with Serb political and military/paramilitary leaders in Croatia, as well as Serbia's direct involvement in and attitude towards the road to war, it concludes that the existing focus on Milošević's Serbia has been misplaced. Serbia's stance towards Croatia was hardline, but Belgrade's influence over the Croatian Serbs was limited and its direct involvement in events minimal. Milošević did not have a grand plan to orchestrate violence in Croatia, and the leaders of the Serbian rebellion in Croatia were fundamentally independent and autonomous actors, who, far from being Milošević's puppets, were often in conflict with him. The interaction between Croat and Serb nationalists within Croatia provides a strong explanation for the descent into conflict there, including its rapid militarisation. A partial exception is provided by the region of Eastern Slavonia, where factors such as the late onset of the rebellion made the region much more amenable to Belgrade's influence, though principally after the war had already begun. The findings of this thesis point to a need for re-assessment of the role of Serbia in the break-up of Yugoslavia.

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Rogers, Jedediah S. "Land Grabbers, Toadstool Worshippers, and the Sagebrush Rebellion in Utah, 1979-1981." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd954.pdf.

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Orbach, Dan. "Culture of Disobedience: Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467476.

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Imperial Japanese soldiers were notorious for following their superiors to certain death. Their enemies in the Pacific War perceived their obedience as blind, and derided them as “cattle”. Yet the Japanese Army was arguably one of the most disobedient armies in the world. Officers repeatedly staged coups d’états, violent insurrections and political assassinations, while their associates defied orders given by both the government and high command, launched independent military operations against other countries, and in two notorious cases conspired to assassinate foreign leaders. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the culture of disobedience in the Japanese armed forces. It was a culture created by a series of seemingly innocent decisions, each reasonable in its own right, which led to a gradual weakening of the Japanese government’s control over its army and navy. The consequences were dire, as the armed forces dragged the government into more and more of China in the 1930s, and finally into the Pacific War. This dissertation sheds light on the underground culture of disobedience that became increasingly dominant in the Japanese armed forces, until it made the Pacific War possible. Using primary sources in five languages, it follows the Army’s culture of disobedience from its inception. By analyzing more than ten important incidents from 1860 to 1931, it shows how some basic “bugs” programmed into the Japanese system in the 1870s, born out of genuine attempts to cope with a chaotic and shifting reality, contributed to the development of military disobedience. The culture of disobedience became increasingly entrenched, making it difficult for the Japanese civilian and military leadership to cope with disobedient officers without paying a significant political price. However, every time the government failed to address the problem, it became more acute. Finally, disobedient military officers were able to significantly influence foreign policy, pushing Japan further towards international aggression, limitless expansion, and conflict with China, Britain and the United States.
History

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Choi, Jung Ja. "Writing Herself: Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution in Korean Women's Lyric Poetry, 1925--2012." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13070020.

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Despite a recent global surge in the reception and translation of Korean women poets, there has been surprisingly little scholarship on this topic. This dissertation aims to expand the focus of Western scholarship beyond the Korean male canon by providing the first in-depth analysis of the works of Korean women poets in the 20th and 21st centuries. The poets I chose to examine for this study played a critical role in revolutionizing traditional verse patterns and in integrating global socio-political commentary into modern Korean poetry. In particular, by experimenting widely with forms from epic narrative, memoir in verse, and shamanic narration to epistolary verse and avant-garde styles, they opened up new possibilities for Korean women's lyric poetry. In addition, they challenged the traditional notion of lyric poetry as simply confessional, emotional, passive, or feminine. Their poetry went beyond the commonplace themes of nature, love, and longing, engaging with socio-political concerns such as racial, class, and gender discrimination, human rights issues, and the ramifications of the greatest calamities of the 20th century, including the Holocaust, the Korean War, and the Kwangju Uprising. Unlike the dominant scholarship that tends to highlight the victimization of women and their role as passive observers, this project shows Korean women poets as active chroniclers of public memory and vital participants in global politics and literature. The multifaceted and detailed reading of their work in this dissertation facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the complexity of 20th-and 21st-century women's lives in Korea.
East Asian Languages and Civilizations

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Issorel, Jacques. "Fernando villalon ou la rebellion de l'automne. Etudes sur un poete andalou de la generation de 1927." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30042.

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Aristocrate andalou, eleveur de taureaux, esoteriste, fernando villalon est avant tout un poete. Cette etude a pour objet de mettre en evidence la coherence, l'originalite et la beaute des trois livres qu'il a publies : andalucia la baja (1926), la toriada (1928), romances del 800 (1929). Dans le premier, il offre une vision complete de la basse andalousie : histoire, paysages, types humains, chants, folklore. La toriada est a la fois un poeme a la gloire du taureau de la marisma, un hommage litteraire rendu a gongora l'annee du tricentenaire de sa mort et une reflexion sur les problemes ecologiques poses par l'avenement d'une agriculture industrielle. Avec romances del 800, premiere partie du livre du meme nom, villalon recree l'atmosphere et les "moments d'ame" d'une epoque proche et deja lointaine : le xixe siecle, tandis qu'il offre, dans les quatre series de gacelas une synthese de sa poesie andalouse. Passionnement attache a l'authenticite andalouse, fernando villalon ne cesse de rejeter dans ces trois livres les images stereotypees de l'andalousie mises a la mode par les voyageurs romantiques du xixe siecle. Il en prend meme souvent le contre-pied pour leur substituer une vision profonde, lyrique et vraie de sa terre dont il decrit la beaute sans en dissimuler la misere. Poete de la generation de 1927 par ses options et ses gouts, villalon occupe au sein de ce groupe une place a part. Il est, en effet, le seul a avoir eu une connaissance directe, viscerale meme, de la terre, le seul a en avoir chante la beaute avec autant de verite, d'art et de penetration
Andalusian aristocrat, breeder of fighting bulls, esotericist, fernando villalon is first and foremost a poet. The purpose of the present study is to bring out the coherence, originality and beauty of his three published works : andalucia la baja (1926), la toriada (1928) and romances del 800 (1929). In the first he presents as with an all-embracing vision of lower andalusia : its history, countryside, human types, songs and folklore. La toriada is at one and the same time a celebration of the marisma bull, a literary homage to gongora on the tricentenary of his death an a reflexion on the economic problems raised by the advent of industrialized agriculture. In the romances del 800, the first part of the work of the same title, villalon re-creates the atmosphere and "animic moments" of an era both recent and yet already remote : the 19th century, while the four series of gacelas constitute a synthesis of his andalusian poetry. With his passionnate attachment to what is authentically andalusian, fernando villalon constantly eschews in these three works the cliches of andalusian culture popularized by the romantic travellers of the 19th century. Indeed he often deliberatly contradicts them by means of a heart-felt, lyrical and authentic vision of his region, describing its beauty without disguising its poverty. A poet of the 1927 generation villalon occupies a place apart with in the group. Indeed, he is the only one to have had a direct, even visceral, knowledge of the earth, the only one to have sung its beauty with such truth, art and depth of vision

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Kammas, Amina. "Amid Rebellion and Conformity : the case of Mary Wollstonecraft and Emmeline Pankhurst." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30061.

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Mary Wollstonecraft et Emmeline Pankhurst ont joué un rôle important dans la lutte pour les droits des femmes. Elles ont fait de l’écriture et du militantisme politique un moyen de lutte contre les injustices subies par les femmes. La plupart des historiens se sont concentrés sur les revendications révolutionnaires portées par les deux féministes. Cette recherche a au contraire pour dessein d’explorer leur utilisation de la "conformité stratégique" pour faire avancer leurs revendications émancipatrices. Il s’agit d’examiner la manière dont les deux féministes se sont conformées de manière stratégique à certaines notions de moralité, de statut matrimonial, de maternité et de féminité, afin d’ atténuer le radicalisme de leurs revendications et de leurs actions, et du même coup, discréditer les accusations de leurs critiques. Cette recherche vise par ailleurs à évaluer l’efficacité de la conformité comme moyen de lutte émancipatrice des deux féministes et à démontrer que la conformité stratégique constitue un instrument politique tout aussi important que la rébellion
Mary Wollstonecraft and Emmeline Pankhurst played a leading role in the fight for women’s rights, the former through writing and the latter through political activism. While most historians have focused on the revolutionary claims and means that Wollstonecraft and Pankhurst used in their struggle for women’s rights, my research aims to explore their use of ‘strategic conformity’ to further advance their emancipatory claims. It investigates how the two feminists strategically conformed to certain notions of morality, wifehood, motherhood and femininity so as to soften their radical claims and means, and hence discredit their critics’ accusations. Besides, this research attempts to assess the efficiency of the two feminists’ strategy of conformity by examining the contemporary reception of their ideas and actions. Eventually, this research stresses “strategic conformity” as an equally significant and efficient political means as rebellion

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Lange, Sven. "Revolt against the West : a comparison of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900-1901 & the current war against terror /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FLange.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Lyman Miller, Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103). Also available online.

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Silva, Caio Pedrosa da 1984. "Mártires de Cristo Rey : revolução e religião no México (1927-1960)." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281166.

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Orientador: José Alves de Freitas Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CaioPedrosada_D.pdf: 7283480 bytes, checksum: 6bac580ba2d433d2dfdfef8b0eebc488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Entre as décadas de 1910-1940, diversos sacerdotes católicos foram fuzilados por tropas revolucionárias mexicanas. Alguns desses personagens foram constantemente lembrados nas décadas posteriores como mártires da "perseguição religiosa". O mais conhecido dos mártires foi o sacerdote jesuíta Miguel Agustín Pro (padre Pro), que terminou fuzilado em 1927 na capital mexicana. A história do padre Pro foi escrita em diferentes contextos como forma de afirmar o lugar do catolicismo na nação mexicana, porém esse lugar não era, de forma alguma, ponto pacífico entre aqueles que se definiam como católicos. O presente trabalho analisa a história dos textos sobre os mártires católicos ¿ em especial o padre Pro ¿ pensando na maneira como eles forneciam uma visão católica para o período revolucionário que contrastava com as construções narrativas que enalteciam a revolução. A elaboração de uma narrativa da Igreja como mártir para o período revolucionário mexicano, realizada entre 1927 e 1960, serviu como antídoto para as narrativas pátrias produzidas por liberais e revolucionários que marginalizavam a importância da Igreja católica na formação nacional, ou mesmo apresentavam-se como abertamente anticlericais
Abstract: Between the decades of 1910-1940, a number of Catholic priests were executed by Mexican revolutionary troops. Quite often, these characters were reminded in the following decades as martyrs of the "religious persecution". The best known of this martyrs was the Jesuit priest Miguel Agustín Pro (padre Pro), killed in front of a firing squad in Mexico City in 1927. Catholics wrote the history/story of padre Pro in different contexts as a way of defining the place of Catholicism in the formation of Mexico as a country. However, this place was not taken for granted among those who defined themselves as Catholics. This dissertation examines the history of the texts about the Catholic martyrs - especially padre Pro - aiming to discuss how they provided a Catholic vision for the revolutionary period that contrasted to the narrative built to praise the revolution. The development, between 1927 and 1960, of a narrative of the Church as a martyr in the Mexican revolutionary period served as an antidote to the narrative produced by liberal and revolutionary authors that marginalized the importance of the Catholic Church in the national formation, or that even presented themselves as openly anti-clerical
Doutorado
Politica, Memoria e Cidade
Doutor em História

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Books on the topic "Rebellion, 1921"

1

Menon, M. Gangadhara. Malabar Rebellion, 1921-1922. Allahabad, India: Vohra Publishers & Distributors, 1989.

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The Malabar rebellion. Kottayam: D.C. Books, 2008.

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Ambushes and armour: The Irish rebellion 1919-1921. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010.

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Dāmōdaran, Ṭi. 1921: Tirakkatha. Kōl̲ikkōṭ: Pūrṇa Pabḷikkēṣans, 2006.

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Cōlayil, Hakkiṃ. 1920 Malabār. Kottayam: Ḍi. Si. Buks, 2014.

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Against lord and state: Religion and peasant uprisings in Malabar, 1836-1921. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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Khādar, Yu Ē. Jihād: Tiranōval. Kōl̲ikkōṭ: Navakēraḷa Kō-Ōpar̲ēt̲t̲īv Pabḷiṣiṅg Haus, 2010.

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Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar. Mōplā kāṇḍa: Ondu kādambari. Beṅgaḷūru: Rāṣṭrōtthāna Sāhitya, 2009.

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Hē exergesē tēs Kronstandēs. [Greece]: Panoptikón, 2015.

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Ramācandran, Es. Katṭ̣ilaśśēri Muhammad Maulaviyuṃ dēśīya pra̲sthānavuṃ. Tiruvantapuraṃ: Inpharmēṣan ānt̲ Pabḷik R̲ilēṣns Vakupp, Kēraḷa Sarkkār, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rebellion, 1921"

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Cronin, Stephanie. "The Provincial Cities in Revolt (i): Colonel Pasyan and the Mashhad Rebellion, April–October 1921." In Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran, 44–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230309036_2.

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Cerdas-Cruz, Rodolfo. "The Rebellion of the Flower-Eaters: El Salvador, 1932." In The Communist International in Central America, 1920–36, 119–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11984-4_7.

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Healy, Róisín. "From the United Irishmen Rebellion to the November Uprising in Poland, 1798–1832." In Poland in the Irish Nationalist Imagination, 1772–1922, 67–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43431-5_3.

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Malovany, Pesach, Amatzia Baram, Kevin M. Woods, and Ronna Englesberg. "Introduction." In Wars of Modern Babylon. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169439.003.0002.

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The Iraqi Army, whose performance in the field fluctuated between prolonged failure (in 1941, 1967, 1980, and 1982), relative success (in 1973 and 1983–1990), failure (in 1991), and ultimate failure (in 2003), has won an impressive memorial in Pesach Malovany’s profound, monumental study. The Iraqi Army was established under British auspices on 6 January 1921, approximately seven months before the coronation of Faysal I, founder of the Hashemite monarchy in Baghdad. The founders of the army were former Ottoman officers who had joined the Arab desert rebellion, which aided the British in the First World War against the Ottoman Empire. It was a small, poorly equipped standing army with limited abilities. At the same time, even in its infancy, this army set a path for itself from which it did not waver until its destruction in the spring of 2003....

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"REBELLION: 1912–1922." In Ireland, 1912–1985, 1–55. Cambridge University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139167802.003.

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Böhler, Jochen. "Violence and Crimes Beyond the Battlefields." In Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921, 146–86. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794486.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 reminds the reader that the described conflicts were fought out on territories which had been already heavily affected by the casualties and destructions of the Great War. Postwar Central Europe witnessed epidemics, famine, and a massive refugee crisis. Between 1918 and 1921, Poland’s population was fighting for mere survival. In the meantime, it was menaced by the very men who were meant to protect it: its soldiers. The Polish Army was built from scratch. Desertion, insubordination, and rebellion of whole units was the order of the day. Bands of marauding soldiers harassed the civil population, killing hundreds of Jews. While the border conflicts were state policy put into practice, this wave of paramilitary violence beyond the battlefields was a mixture of cynical pragmatism (shortage of supply), opportunity (possession of arms), and mentality (a sense of superiority of “elite” units towards “ethnic aliens” in general, and Jews in particular).

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Perović, Jeronim. "Revolutions and Civil War." In From Conquest to Deportation, 103–44. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889890.003.0005.

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The focus of this chapter is on the complex developments in the North Caucasus during the time of Revolution and Civil War (1917-1921). If the period of the February and October revolutions was characterized by attempts of the North Caucasian political and religious elite to form a single state entity, the outbreak of civil war brought societal and ethnic cleavages to the fore, undermining common state-building efforts. Caucasians fought on all sides of the front, but most of the North Caucasian Muslims allied themselves with the forces of the Bolsheviks, with whom they shared a common cause: to prevent the re-establishment of the old regime. While the “White” troops under former tsarist General Anton Denikin fought for a Russia “one and united,” the Bolsheviks promised the non-Russian peoples land and freedom. Shortly after the triumph of the Bolsheviks, cracks began to appear in these alliances. By mid-1920, the mountainous parts of Chechnia and Dagestan had been set aflame in a large-scale anti-Bolshevik uprising led Imam Gotsinskii. Only in late 1921 did the Bolsheviks, with assistance from regular units of the Red Army, manage to crush this rebellion and establish military superiority.

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Butler, Matthew. "The Cristero Rebellion, 1926–9." In Popular Piety and Political Identity in Mexico's Cristero Rebellion. British Academy, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197262986.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the history of the Cristero Rebellion in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1926 to 1929. It explains that despite Bishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores' call for passive resistance to the regime some curas at the parish level allowed Catholics to follow their consciences and rebel if they choose. It discusses the decision of many Catholics to mix elements of hierarchical dogma with their own understandings of Catholicism and legitimate violence while holding to a basic conviction that shouldering arms in defence of los padrecitos was a moral, political and practical necessity. It provides a narrative of the various cristero revolts which broke out in east Michoacán, Mexico in 1927–29 and analyses the social base, leadership and motivations of the rebel movement.

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O’Halpin, Eunan, and Daithí Ó Corráin. "Introduction by Eunan O’halpin." In The Dead of the Irish Revolution, 1–24. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300123821.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of how many people died as a consequence of Irish political violence between April of 1916 and December 31, 1921. While some of those who died during the Irish Revolution are well known, most are not even recalled in historical footnotes. This book identifies their backgrounds, why they died and who was directly responsible for their deaths. It focuses solely on fatalities in a conflict which involved four main sets of protagonists — civilians, rebels collectively termed 'Irish military', police, and the British army — but other forces were also involved in nine-county Ulster, where some of the violence was attributable to the partisan Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) formed in November of 1920, to loyalist paramilitaries and civilians, and to nationalists who were not republicans. What most distinguishes 1916 from later years are the high proportion of civilian casualties and, within that category, of female deaths; the absence of any sectarian element in killings; and the absence of targeted killings — other than by execution following courts martial of the leaders of the rebellion — by either Crown forces or the rebels. What also distinguishes 1916 from 1919–21 is the absence of Ulster loyalist action against the Catholic minority during and after the Rising, in contrast to the considerable violence from 1920 onwards of which the Catholic civilian population were the main targets and the community which lost most people.

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Andes, Stephen J. C. "The Vatican and Mexico’s Cristero Rebellion, 1926–1929." In The Vatican and Catholic Activism in Mexico and Chile, 71–102. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688487.003.0004.

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