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Journal articles on the topic 'Recalcitrant compounds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Field, J. A. "Limits of anaerobic biodegradation." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 10 (May 1, 2002): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0276.

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The main factors responsible for anaerobic recalcitrance are reviewed. Anaerobic recalcitrance is associated with hydrocarbons lacking functional groups, branched molecules (gasoline oxygenates), aromatic amines and aromatic sulfonates. The most recalcitrant compounds are high molecular weight non-hydrolyzable polymers such as plastic, lignin and humus, which cannot be taken up by cells. Recently new capabilities of anaerobic microorganisms have been discovered to degrade compounds previously considered to be recalcitrant. For example, anaerobic bacteria initiate the degradation of alkylbenzenes and alkanes with an unusual addition reaction with fumarate, forming a hydrocarbon-succinate adduct. Finally, new evidence indicates that the most recalcitrant compounds (humic substances) are not so inert and can play important roles in aiding the biodegradation of other compounds by serving as an electron acceptor or redox mediator.

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2

Pichtel, J. Troy. "Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 5 (September 2001): 1855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3051855-ax.

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3

Frantz, Betsy, Teri Aldrich, and A. M. Chakrabarty. "Microbial degradation of synthetic recalcitrant compounds." Biotechnology Advances 5, no. 1 (January 1987): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-9750(87)90005-x.

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4

Chaparro, T. R., C. M. Botta, and E. C. Pires. "Toxicity and recalcitrant compound removal from bleaching pulp plant effluents by an integrated system: anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor and ozone." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.794.

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Effluents originated in cellulose pulp manufacturing processes are usually toxic and recalcitrant, specially the bleaching effluents, which exhibit high contents of aromatic compounds (e.g. residual lignin derivates). Although biological processes are normally used, their efficiency for the removal of toxic lignin derivates is low. The toxicity and recalcitrance of a bleached Kraft pulp mill were assessed through bioassays and ultraviolet absorption measurements, i.e. acid soluble lignin (ASL), UV280, and specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), before and after treatment by an integrated system comprised of an anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor and oxidation step with ozone. Furthermore, adsorbable organic halides (AOX) were measured. The results demonstrated not only that the toxic recalcitrant compounds can be removed successfully using integrated system, but also the ultraviolet absorption measurements can be an interesting control-parameter in a wastewater treatment.

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5

Tidswell, E. C., T. P. Higgins, G. F. White, and N. J. Russell. "Mechanisms of biodegradation of recalcitrant ether compounds." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 37, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(96)88290-4.

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6

Guo, Shuang, Wan Qian Guo, Yuan Yuan, Nan Qi Ren, and Ai Jie Wang. "Feasibility Analysis of Anaerobic Biocathode Enhancing Biological Degradation of Recalcitrant Chlorinated Nitroaromatic Compounds (CNAs)." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2483.

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Anaerobic biological technology and bioelectrochemical technology are regarded as promising sustainable wastes treatment processes. With biocatalysis in BESs anode or cathode, various pollutants can be removed. The pollutants range from nitrogen and sulfur to complex compounds. However, the investigation on recalcitrant wastes removal with biocathode has only been reported recently. Recalcitrant wastes, especially chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds, are highly persistent and toxic environmental pollutions which should be removed before discharging to environment. This paper provides a review on anaerobic biocathode BESs for recalcitrant wastes treatment and the feasibility of this system for CANs transformation. It is expected that anaerobic biocathode BESs can provide an appropriate condition for these compounds to transform to easily degradable forms. The technical challenges for future research are also discussed.

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7

Yunus, Anika, David J. Smallman, Anne Stringfellow, Richard Beaven, and William Powrie. "Characterisation of the recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of waste." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.636.

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This study investigates the use of UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to assess the early development of recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste. Biochemical methane potential tests were carried out on fresh waste (FW) and composted waste (CW) over a period of 150 days and leachates produced from the degradation of two wastes were analysed for humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) structures by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission-matrix analyses. During anaerobic biodegradation, the synthesis and utilization of H-L and F-L structures in the leachates over time was indicative of the generation of the recalcitrant organic compounds. The results obtained from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that CW leachates resulted in a higher concentration and more condensed form of recalcitrant H-L and F-L molecules than FW leachates. These findings demonstrate how fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy can be used as an indicator for monitoring the evolution of recalcitrant organic compounds (H-L and F-L substances) in leachates formed at different stages of waste biodegradation.

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8

Brito, Gabriela C. B., Liséte C. Lange, Vera L. Santos, Míriam C. S. Amaral, and Wagner G. Moravia. "Long-term evaluation of membrane bioreactor inoculated with commercial baker's yeast treating landfill leachate: pollutant removal, microorganism dynamic and membrane fouling." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.067.

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Abstract In this study, commercial baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was employed as a novel inoculum for a membrane bioreactor (MBRy). It was applied to landfill leachate (LFL) treatment to remove recalcitrant organic compounds as well as for the assimilation of recalcitrant compounds, since yeasts have a high ability to break such compounds down. The MBR was inoculated with 10 g L−1 of commercial baker's yeast and was operated at a hydraulic retention time of 48 h and pH of 3.5. The specific air demand based on the membrane area (SADm) was maintained at 0.6 m3 h−1 m−2. The MBRy achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, NH3, and humic substances removal of 68, 79, 68, and 50%, respectively. Furthermore, the MBRy showed lower fouling potential, which can be attributed to the low extracellular polymeric substances production, as the formation of a cake layer was the major mechanism of membrane fouling. The work demonstrated that novel MBR is a promising technology for treating recalcitrant landfill leachate.

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9

Rodriguez, J., D. Contreras, C. Oviedo, J. Freer, and J. Baeza. "Degradation of recalcitrant compounds by catechol-driven Fenton reaction." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0226.

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Dihydroxybenzenes are able to reduce Fe(III) and promote the Fenton reaction in the presence of H2O2. The catechol/Fe(III)/H2O2 system has been successfully used to degrade different compounds, being more efficient than the Fe(II)-Fenton reaction. In this paper the possibilities for using the catechol-driven Fenton reaction to degrade recalcitrant compounds such as the Fe(III)-EDTA complex and veratryl alcohol are reviewed.

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10

Emanuelsson, E. A. C., I. I. R. Baptista, A. Mantalaris, and A. G. Livingston. "Strain stability in biological systems treating recalcitrant organic compounds." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 92, no. 7 (2005): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.20620.

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11

Providenti, Miguel A., Hung Lee, and Jack T. Trevors. "Selected factors limiting the microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 12, no. 6 (December 1993): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569669.

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12

Moiseev, A., H. Schroeder, M. Kotsaridou-Nagel, S. U. Geissen, and A. Vogelpohl. "Photocatalytical polishing of paper-mill effluents." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0296.

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Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a promising technology for purification of biological pretreated wastewater or destruction of non-biodegradable compounds. For this reason PCO has been investigated as a last step of purification of biologically pre-treated paper-mill effluents. The influence of the parameters pH, TiO2-modification, TiO2-concentration, catalyst re-use, concentration of substances to be oxidised (wastewater quality) has been determined. The TOC of the biologically pretreated wasterwater was up to 55 mg L-1. This wastewater was treated with a previously presented aerated cascade photoreactor which was modified for batch experiments. A high specific oxidation rate of up to 0.76 g TOC m-2 h-1 as well as a complete TOC mineralization has been achieved after the optimisation of the process parameters. The complete destruction of recalcitrant compounds will offer the opportunity to reuse the wastewater in the production process. The increase of the BOD5/TOC ratio after a short irradiation period indicates the transformation of recalcitrant organic compounds to better biodegradable intermediates. The use of PCO as a pre-treatment step for the enhancement of the biodegradability of wastewater, containing recalcitrant or inhibitory compounds is an alternative to a long and energy-intensive total pollutant mineralization.

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13

Lin, Lu, Wenbin Jiang, Lin Chen, Pei Xu, and Huiyao Wang. "Treatment of Produced Water with Photocatalysis: Recent Advances, Affecting Factors and Future Research Prospects." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080924.

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Produced water is the largest byproduct of oil and gas production. Due to the complexity of produced water, especially dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons and high salinity, efficient water treatment technologies are required prior to beneficial use of such waste streams. Photocatalysis has been demonstrated to be effective at degrading recalcitrant organic contaminants, however, there is limited understanding about its application to treating produced water that has a complex and highly variable water composition. Therefore, the determination of the appropriate photocatalysis technique and the operating parameters are critical to achieve the maximum removal of recalcitrant compounds at the lowest cost. The objective of this review is to examine the feasibility of photocatalysis-involved treatment for the removal of contaminants in produced water. Recent studies revealed that photocatalysis was effective at decomposing recalcitrant organic compounds but not for mineralization. The factors affecting decontamination and strategies to improve photocatalysis efficiency are discussed. Further, recent developments and future research prospects on photocatalysis-derived systems for produced water treatment are addressed. Photocatalysis is proposed to be combined with other treatment processes, such as biological treatments, to partially reduce total organic carbon, break down macromolecular organic compounds, increase biodegradability, and reduce the toxicity of produced water.

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14

Salgado, Pablo, José Luis Frontela, and Gladys Vidal. "Optimization of Fenton Technology for Recalcitrant Compounds and Bacteria Inactivation." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121483.

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In this work, the Fenton technology was applied to decolorize methylene blue (MB) and to inactivate Escherichia coli K12, used as recalcitrant compound and bacteria models respectively, in order to provide an approach into single and combinative effects of the main process variables influencing the Fenton technology. First, Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate and optimize the individual and interactive effects of three process parameters, namely Fe2+ concentration (6.0 × 10−4, 8.0 × 10−4 and 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L), molar ratio between H2O2 and Fe2+ (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) and pH (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) for Fenton technology. The responses studied in these models were the degree of MB decolorization (D%MB), rate constant of MB decolorization (kappMB) and E. coli K12 inactivation in uLog units (IuLogEC). According to the results of analysis of variances all of the proposed models were adequate with a high regression coefficient (R2 from 0.9911 to 0.9994). BBD results suggest that [H2O2]/[Fe2+] values had a significant effect only on D%MB response, [Fe2+] had a significant effect on all the responses, whereas pH had a significant effect on D%MB and IuLogEC. The optimum conditions obtained from response surface methodology for D%MB ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 2.9, [Fe2+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L and pH = 3.2), kappMB ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 1.7, [Fe2+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L and PH = 3.7) and IuLogEC ([H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 2.9, [Fe2+] = 7.6 × 10−4 mol/L and pH= 3.2) were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model.

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15

Arca-Ramos, Adriana, Gemma Eibes, Gumersindo Feijoo, Juan M. Lema, and María Teresa Moreira. "Enzymatic reactors for the removal of recalcitrant compounds in wastewater." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 36, no. 3 (April 23, 2017): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2017.1315411.

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16

Svennevik, Oda K., Pål J. Nilsen, Odd E. Solheim, Bjørge Westereng, and Svein J. Horn. "Quantification of soluble recalcitrant compounds in commercial thermal hydrolysis digestates." Water Environment Research 92, no. 11 (May 19, 2020): 1948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wer.1351.

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17

Xu, Xinhua, Mi Zhou, Ping He, and Zhiwei Hao. "Catalytic reduction of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds in contaminated water." Journal of Hazardous Materials 123, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.002.

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18

Bilal, Muhammad, Ahmad Reza Bagheri, Pankaj Bhatt, and Shaohua Chen. "Environmental occurrence, toxicity concerns, and remediation of recalcitrant nitroaromatic compounds." Journal of Environmental Management 291 (August 2021): 112685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112685.

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19

Pancaningtyas, Sulistyani. "Study on the presence and influence of phenolic compounds in callogenesis and somatic embryo development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i1.81.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) like most tropical trees is recalcitrant in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is generally efficient micropropagation technique to multiply elite material. However, Somatic embryogenesis in cocoa is difficult and this species is considered as recalcitrant. One of the factors often considered as a component of in vitro recalsitrance is a high phenolic content and oxidation of these compounds. In cocoa tissue culture accumulate large amounts of poliphenolics compounds which probably impair further development. This study was conducted to investigate the composition of phenolic compounds in cocoa flower and leaves, and their changes troughout the somatic embryogenesis process. Calli were induced in cacao floral and leaves explants on a half-strenght Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/L Glucose and combination of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with kinetin (kin). Total polyphenol content was observed on Sulawesi 1 cocoa clone. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were also compared. The percentage of callus production from flower tissue is 85%, percentage of embryogenic callus 40 %, although the percentage of somatic embryo production from embryogenic callus callus is 70%. The conservation of callus into somatic embryos followed by decline in phenol content and an increase in peroxidase. The synthesis kinetics for these compounds in calli, under different somatic embryogenesis conditions, revealed a higher concentration under non-embryogenic conditions. So that, phenolic compound can influence the production of calli and an absence the phenolic compound can enhance production of somatic embryo.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., polifenol, embrio somatik, kalus, flavonoid, katekin, in vitro recalcitance

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20

Duarte, Tiago A. G., Sónia M. G. Pires, Isabel C. M. S. Santos, Mário M. Q. Simões, M. Graça P. M. S. Neves, Ana M. V. Cavaleiro, and José A. S. Cavaleiro. "A Mn(iii) polyoxotungstate in the oxidation of organosulfur compounds by H2O2 at room temperature: an environmentally safe catalytic approach." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 9 (2016): 3271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy01564b.

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21

Li, J., and P. L. Bishop. "Monitoring the influence of toxic compounds on microbial denitrifying biofilm processes." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0323.

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Microelectrode measurements were conducted to obtain nitrate, pH and redox potential profiles within anoxic denitrifying biofilms. The influence of a toxic organic compound (acid orange 7) on biofilm microprofiles was also monitored using microelectrodes. The data provide evidence that the denitrifying biofilms were stratified into an anoxic layer and an anaerobic layer. The anaerobic zone might provide a niche for the biodegradation of recalcitrant organic compounds in biofilms. It was found that acid orange 7 and its biodegradation byproducts had only a slight impact on biofilm nitrate, pH and redox potential profiles.

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22

Aeppli, Christoph, Robert K. Nelson, Catherine A. Carmichael, David L. Valentine, and Christopher M. Reddy. "BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC OIL DEGRADATION AFTER THE DEEPWATER HORIZON DISASTER LEADS TO FORMATION OF RECALCITRANT OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS: NEW INSIGHTS USING GC×GC." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1087.

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ABSTRACT We found that biodegradation, as well as photooxidation, of Macondo well (MW) oil led to rapid formation of recalcitrant oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) after the Deepwater Horizon disaster. These compounds, which appear to be an abundant product of natural oil degradation, are poorly characterized in terms of molecular composition. We used various bulk and molecular techniques to characterize the OxHC fraction of weathered MW oil. Furthermore, we compared the characteristic disappearance of various petroleum hydrocarbons to gain insights into on-going biotic, as well as abiotic, oil oxygenation processes, that ultimately determine the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. We found that biodegradation as well as photooxidation was responsible for the observed degradation of alkanes and PAHs in MW oil. Furthermore, we identified labile as well as recalcitrant biomarker compounds; these labile biomarker compounds should be used with caution for oil fingerprinting.

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23

Stenholm, Åke, Anders Backlund, Sara Holmström, Maria Backlund, Mikael Hedeland, and Petra Fransson. "Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): e0244910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244910.

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The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid (ERM) mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1–20 g L-1 concentration range, with a 35-fold and 4.5-fold increase in biomass, respectively. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 g L-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising fungi (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass increase (380%) relative to a control, while the accumulation for Rhizoscyphus ericae and Hygrophorus camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.

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24

Grabińska-Łoniewska, Anna, Elżbieta Pajor, and Elena Slavikova. "Comparative analysis of yeast-like species potentially useful to environmental biotechnology." Acta Mycologica 32, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1997.009.

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Five yeast-like species recommended for enhancing the bioremediation of wastewaters, soils and cxhaust gases contaminated with recalcitrant compounds were analysed with repect to their morphologal characteristics and physiology.

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25

Cao, Wenping. "Nitrogenous compounds removal from recalcitrant wastewaters using biofilms on filamentous bamboo." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 30 (July 9, 2015): 13995–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1063460.

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26

Chen, Xi, Mengcan Jin, Yajie Zhang, Jingwei Hu, Hongjian Gao, Wenying Chu, Jingdong Mao, and Michael L. Thompson. "Nitrogen Application Increases Abundance of Recalcitrant Compounds of Soil Organic Matter." Soil Science 183, no. 5 (2018): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0000000000000243.

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27

Figaro, S., S. Louisy-Louis, J. Lambert, J. J. Ehrhardt, A. Ouensanga, and S. Gaspard. "Adsorption studies of recalcitrant compounds of molasses spentwash on activated carbons." Water Research 40, no. 18 (October 2006): 3456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.07.037.

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28

Sanches, Sandra, Clarisse Nunes, Paula C. Passarinho, Frederico C. Ferreira, Vanessa J. Pereira, and João G. Crespo. "Development of photocatalytic titanium dioxide membranes for degradation of recalcitrant compounds." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 92, no. 7 (January 26, 2017): 1727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5172.

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29

Lu, C. J., and Y. H. Tsai. "The Effects of a Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0148.

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The effects of the addition of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of a chlorinated phenol were studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was shown to follow the decreasing order: phenol > 2,4-DCP > 4CP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2CP > 3CP by the unacclimated microorganisms. The addition of a secondary carbon source may enhance or retard the biodegradation of a recalcitrant compound. The presence of a relatively easily biodegraded compound, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol, enhanced the biodegradation of a less chlorinated but recalcitrant compound, such as 2-chlorophenol. The enhancement of the removal efficiency of 2-chlorophenol was proportional to the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Monochlorophenols, such as 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol or 4-chlorophenol generally retarded the biodegradation of the relatively more highly chlorinated phenols, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

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30

Weigt, Dorota, Idzi Siatkowski, Magdalena Magaj, Agnieszka Tomkowiak, and Jerzy Nawracała. "Impact of Ionic Liquids on Induction of Wheat Microspore Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060839.

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Ionic liquids are novel compounds with unique chemical and physical properties. They can be received based on synthetic auxins like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or dicamba, which are commonly used hormones in microspore embryogenesis. Nevertheless, ionic liquids have not been adapted in plant in vitro culture thus far. Therefore, we studied the impact of ionic liquids on the ability to undergo microspore embryogenesis in anther cultures of wheat. Two embryogenic and two recalcitrant genotypes were used for this study. Ten combinations of ionic liquids and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were added to the induction medium. In most cases, they stimulated induction of microspore embryogenesis and green plant regeneration more than a control medium supplemented with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Two treatments were the most favorable, resulting in over two times greater efficiency of microspore embryogenesis induction in comparison to the control. The effect of breaking down the genotype recalcitrance (manifested by green plant formation) was observed under the influence of 5 ionic liquids treatments. Summing up, ionic liquids had a positive impact on microspore embryogenesis induction and green plant regeneration, increasing the efficiency of these phenomena in both embryogenic and recalcitrant genotypes. Herbicidal ionic liquids can be successfully used in in vitro cultures.

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31

Serrano, D., J. M. Lema, and F. Omil. "Influence of the employment of adsorption and coprecipitation agents for the removal of PPCPs in conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.914.

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Three activated sludge reactors were operated to improve the removal of organic micropollutants such as Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs). Reactor 1 (R1) was operated as a Conventional Activated Sludge reactor (CAS), Reactor 2 (R2) consisted of a CAS unit that was continuously fed with FeCl3 whereas granular activated carbon (GAC) was fed directly into the mixed liquor of Reactor 3 (R3) in order to attain concentrations in the range 100–1,000 mg/L. PPCPs removal rates varied depending on the compound present in each reactor during the entire 220 days of operation. Some substances showed the same behaviour in all reactors, such as the acidic pharmaceuticals naproxen and ibuprofen, which were almost completely removed (>90%). More hydrophobic organic substances, like musk fragrances, were about 90% removed after 40 days of operation in all of the reactors. The main difference between the three reactors was obtained in R3 when the GAC concentrations in the aeration tank were around 500–1,000 mg/L. Under these conditions, the more recalcitrant compounds like diazepam and carbamazepine could be removed by up to 40%, and diclofenac up to 85%. Adsorption isotherms for PPCPs were obtained with activated carbon, and the results were successfully fitted to the Freundlinch equation. The more recalcitrant compounds (carbamazepine, diazepam and diclofenac) had the highest adsorption capacities onto GAC, which is consistent with the behaviour observed in R3 and helps to identify the removal mechanism (adsorption for these compounds, whereas absorption for fragrances).

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32

Oller, I., S. Malato, J. A. Sánchez-Pérez, M. I. Maldonado, W. Gernjak, and L. A. Pérez-Estrada. "Advanced oxidation process–biological system for wastewater containing a recalcitrant pollutant." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.411.

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Two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), ozonation and photo-Fenton, combined with a pilot aerobic biological reactor at field scale were employed for the treatment of industrial non-biodegradable saline wastewater (TOC around 200 mg L−1) containing a biorecalcitrant compound, α-methylphenylglycine (MPG), at a concentration of 500 mg L−1. Ozonation experiments were performed in a 50-L reactor with constant inlet ozone of 21.9 g m−3. Solar photo-Fenton tests were carried out in a 75-L pilot plant made up of four compound parabolic collector (CPC) units. The catalyst concentration employed in this system was 20 mg L−1 of Fe2 + and the H2O2 concentration was kept in the range of 200–500 mg L−1. Complete degradation of MPG was attained after 1,020 min of ozone treatment, while only 195 min were required for photo-Fenton. Samples from different stages of both AOPs were taken for Zahn–Wellens biocompatibility tests. Biodegradability enhancement of the industrial saline wastewater was confirmed (>70% biodegradability). Biodegradable compounds generated during the preliminary oxidative processes were biologically mineralised in a 170-L aerobic immobilised biomass reactor (IBR). The global efficiency of both AOP/biological combined systems was 90% removal of an initial TOC of over 500 mg L−1.

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Lawler, Michael J., Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Derek J. Coffman, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Eric S. Saltzman. "North Atlantic marine organic aerosol characterized by novel offline thermal desorption mass spectrometry: polysaccharides, recalcitrant material, and secondary organics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 24 (December 22, 2020): 16007–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16007-2020.

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Abstract. The composition of organic compounds in marine aerosols and the relative contributions of primary and secondary organic compounds remain uncertain. We report results from a novel approach to characterize and quantify organic components of the marine aerosol. Size-segregated discrete aerosol filter samples were collected at sea in the North Atlantic from both ambient aerosol and artificially generated primary sea spray over four cruises timed to capture the seasonal phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), extracted into water, and analyzed by offline thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TDCIMS) and ion chromatography (IC). A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified several characteristic aerosol components in the TDCIMS mass spectra. Among these is a polysaccharide factor representing about 10 %–30 % of the submicron organic aerosol mass. Aerosol polysaccharide : sodium mass ratios were consistently higher in ambient air than in the artificially generated sea spray, and we hypothesize that this results from more rapid wet deposition of sodium-rich aerosol. An unquantified recalcitrant factor of highly thermally stable organics showed significant correlation with FTIR-measured alcohol groups, consistently the main organic functional group associated with sea spray aerosol. We hypothesize that this factor represents recalcitrant dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater and that by extension alcohol functional groups identified in marine aerosol may more typically represent recalcitrant DOM rather than biogenic saccharide-like material, contrary to inferences made in previous studies. The recalcitrant factor showed little seasonal variability in its contribution to primary marine aerosol. The relative contribution of polysaccharides was highest in late spring and summer in the smallest particle size fraction characterized (<180 nm).

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Popovic, Ana, Sonja Milicevic, Vladan Milosevic, Branislav Ivosevic, Jelena Carapic, Vladimir Jovanovic, and Dragan Povrenovic. "Fenton process in dispersed systems for industrial wastewater treatment." Chemical Industry 73, no. 1 (2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind181019005p.

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Industrial wastewater contains recalcitrant organic compounds with a very complex chemical structure, built of molecules with long chains of carbon atoms and attached different functional groups. Chemical or biological treatments used for removal of these compounds are being replaced with more efficient non-commercial wastewater treatments. Advanced oxidation processes overcome limitations of conventional methods regarding formation of by-products during degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds. The Fenton process, or use of the Fenton?s reagent, has became one of the most utilized processes due to simplicity, economy and accessible amounts of ferrous iron and hydrogen-peroxide, which are used in the process. In specific, the Fenton?s reagent is a catalytic-oxidative mixture of these two components. The ferrous iron Fe2+ initiates and catalyzes decomposition of H2O2, resulting in generation of hydroxyl radicals, which are the main radical species in the process able to detoxify several organic pollutants by oxidation. In addition, other mechanisms besides formation of hydroxyl radicals may occur during the Fenton process and participate in degradation of target pollutants. Generally, the treatment efficiency relies upon the physical and chemical properties of target pollutants and the process operating conditions. The main disadvantage of the Fenton process is production of sludge formed by iron hydroxide at certain pH values. An alternative solution for this problem is application of this process in fluidized bed reactors. This paper presents an overview of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes in dispersed systems for removal of different industrial wastewater pollutants. The most important process parameters, required for efficient degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds are also described, such as the catalyst type, pH value, temperature, H2O2 concentration and retention time. Strict control of Fenton process parameters in fluidized bed reactors at desired values can bring these systems to the commercial use.

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35

Kakkar, Shaveta, Anju Malik, and Sanjeev Gupta. "Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent using low cost adsorbents: An overview." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1769.

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In the present review, the suitability of adsorption process using low cost adsorbent for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent has been discussed. It is clear that adsorption processes are appropriate for the removal of recalcitrant compounds such as surfactants and pesticides, among others biodegradable or non-biodegradable compound present in pulp and paper mills effluents. The importance of the adsorption is to improvement of the removal of various physico- chemical (biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, suspended solids, lignin), heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni and Mn etc) organochlorine compounds, all recalcitrant pollutant, reduce toxicity, enhance colour removal by using different cost effective adsorbents. The effective use of the different adsorbents developed from different adsorbent media such as activated carbon, agriculture by product and industrial wastes and sludge as adsorbents for the removal of different pollutants from the various processes and operations of pulp and paper mill as potential alternatives to different treatment process and received widespread attention. Adsorption necessity is a novel treatment option to improve the efficiency of removal within the discharge limits of wastewaters into the receiving bodies without causing any damage of the environment. However, still there is a need to find out the practical usefulness of such low cost adsorbent at industrial scale with the special reference to metals.

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Gulyas, H. "Processes for the removal of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0471.

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Processes that are suitable for the elimination of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters are reviewed. Most advantageous are separation processes which enable not only reuse of the water phase but also the recycling of the wastewater constituents. Besides separation processes many degradative wastewater techniques are available. However, for the removal of recalcitrant organics biological processes (which are economically beneficial) cannot be chosen, but a variety of nonbiological degradative processes exist which can be divided into oxidative and reductive technologies. The latter are in the research and development state. The chemical oxidative treatment technologies comprise wastewater incineration and wet air oxidation for wastewaters with high organic concentrations, the so-called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as e.g. ozone/hydrogen peroxide which generate the nonselective but very powerful oxidant OH radical, and processes with other oxidants as e.g. Fe(VI) compounds or peroxodisulfate. Also electrochemical oxidation of organic wastewater constituents is possible. All degradative processes that do not lead to total mineralization of organic wastewater constituents may form transformation products which sometimes are more toxic than the original organic compounds.

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López, C., I. Mielgo, M. T. Moreira, G. Feijoo, and J. M. Lema. "Enzymatic membrane reactors for biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds. Application to dye decolourisation." Journal of Biotechnology 99, no. 3 (November 2002): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00217-1.

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38

Maszenan, A. M., Yu Liu, and Wun Jern Ng. "Bioremediation of wastewaters with recalcitrant organic compounds and metals by aerobic granules." Biotechnology Advances 29, no. 1 (January 2011): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.09.004.

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39

Camarero, Susana, Ana I. CaÑas, Paula Nousiainen, Eric Record, Anne Lomascolo, MarÍa JesÚs MartÍnez, and Ángel T. MartÍnez. "p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Natural Mediators for Laccase Oxidation of Recalcitrant Compounds." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 17 (September 2008): 6703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8008979.

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40

Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono, Wai-hung Lo, and G. Y. S. Chan. "Radicals-catalyzed oxidation reactions for degradation of recalcitrant compounds from landfill leachate." Chemical Engineering Journal 125, no. 1 (December 2006): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.07.006.

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41

Maszenan, A. M., Yu Liu, and Wun Jern Ng. "High-Performance Anaerobic Granulation Processes for Treatment of Wastewater-Containing Recalcitrant Compounds." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 1271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380903488698.

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42

Dodd, Cameron. "Characterization of Desulfinase for the Removal of Recalcitrant Sulfur Compounds in Petroleum." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02632.

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43

Rothmel, R. K., and A. M. Chakrabarty. "Interrelations of chemistry and biotechnology - II. Microbial degradation of synthetic recalcitrant compounds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 62, no. 4 (January 1, 1990): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199062040769.

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44

Rosales, E., M. Pazos, and M. A. Sanromán. "Advances in the Electro-Fenton Process for Remediation of Recalcitrant Organic Compounds." Chemical Engineering & Technology 35, no. 4 (March 6, 2012): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201100321.

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45

Marsili, L., C. Gaggi, A. Bortolotto, L. Stanzani, A. Franchi, A. Renzoni, and E. Bacci. "Recalcitrant organochlorine compounds in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Biomagnification or bioaccumulation?" Chemosphere 31, no. 8 (October 1995): 3919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00263-8.

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46

Srivastav, Manjari, Meenal Gupta, Sushil K. Agrahari, and Pawan Detwal. "Removal of Refractory Organic Compounds from Wastewater by Various Advanced Oxidation Process - A Review." Current Environmental Engineering 6, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212717806666181212125216.

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Per capita average annual freshwater availability is gradually reduced due to increasing population, urbanization and affluent lifestyles. Hence, management of wastewater is of great concern. The wastewater from different industries can be treated by various conventional treatment methods but these conventional treatment technologies seem to be ineffective for the complete removal of pollutants especially refractory organic compounds that are not readily biodegradable in nature. Detergents, detergent additives, sequestering agents like EDTA, Pesticides, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. are some of the recalcitrant organic compounds found in the wastewater. One of the treatment technologies for the removal of recalcitrant organic compounds is Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). The production of hydroxyl free radical is the main mechanism for the AOP. AOP is a promising technology for the treatment of refractory organic compounds due to its low oxidation selectivity and high reactivity of the radical. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Ozonation, Ultra-violet (UV) radiation, H2O2/UV process and Fenton’s reaction are extensively used for the removal of refractory organic compounds thus reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), phenolic compounds, dyes etc. to great extent. From the studies, we found that Fenton’s reagents appear to be most economically practical AOP systems for almost all industries with respect to high pollutant removal efficiency and it is also economical. From the energy point of view, the ozone based process proves to be more efficient but it is costlier than the Fenton’s process.

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47

Hofman-Caris, C. H. M., P. S. Bäuerlein, W. G. Siegers, J. Ziaie, H. H. Tolkamp, and P. de Voogt. "Affinity adsorption for the removal of organic micropollutants in drinking water sources; proof of principle." Water Supply 15, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): 1207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.084.

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Sources for drinking water (DW) production contain increasing concentrations of organic micropollutants, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Traditional purification processes are not suitable for their removal or conversion, but even sophisticated technologies, like advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration, are not able to efficiently remove all compounds from DW. For recalcitrant compounds, affinity adsorption, based on a specific interaction of the adsorbent surface with functional groups in the compounds' molecular structure, may be an effective alternative or addition. It can either be applied as a polishing step in DW purification or for removal of compounds directly at the source.

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Merle, T., J. S. Pic, M. H. Manero, and H. Debellefontaine. "Enhanced bio-recalcitrant organics removal by combined adsorption and ozonation." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.711.

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Removal of bio-recalcitrant and toxic compounds from wastewaters has been a major objective of industrial manufacturers for a few years. Due to the potential risk toward public health, regulations are becoming increasingly strict and classical treatments like biological treatments are not efficient. Other techniques such as incineration, oxidation or adsorption provide higher levels of removal but with a high energy and capital cost. A coupled process involving adsorption and oxidation is studied. Four adsorbents are tested and compared according to two objectives, their adsorption capacity and their capability to decompose ozone into powerful hydroxyl radicals. Two model compounds were chosen: 2,4-dichlorophenol and nitrobenzene. Experimental results allow comparing coupled process with results obtained during ozonation alone. Zeolite (Faujasite Y) gave disappointing results in term of both adsorption kinetics and ozone decomposition. On the contrary, activated carbons showed fast adsorptions and important capabilites to decompose ozone into radicals, almost in nitrobenzene experiments. S-23 activated carbon proved to be the most interesting adsorbent for better mechanical and chemical stabilities over time. Sequential adsorption/ozonation experiments were conducted, showing a strong loss of adsorption efficiency after the first operation, but the positive point is that the adsorption capacity remains almost constant during further cycles.

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Wang, Xiaolu, Bin Yao, and Xiaoyun Su. "Linking Enzymatic Oxidative Degradation of Lignin to Organics Detoxification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 28, 2018): 3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113373.

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The major enzymes involved in lignin degradation are laccase, class II peroxidases (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase) and dye peroxidase, which use an oxidative or peroxidative mechanism to deconstruct the complex and recalcitrant lignin. Laccase and manganese peroxidase directly oxidize phenolic lignin components, while lignin peroxidase and versatile peroxidase can act on the more recalcitrant non-phenolic lignin compounds. Mediators or co-oxidants not only increase the catalytic ability of these enzymes, but also largely expand their substrate scope to those with higher redox potential or more complicated structures. Neither laccase nor the peroxidases are stringently selective of substrates. The promiscuous nature in substrate preference can be employed in detoxification of a range of organics.

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Wang, Hang, Zhili He, Zhenmei Lu, Jizhong Zhou, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Xinhua Xu, and Zhijian Zhang. "Genetic Linkage of Soil Carbon Pools and Microbial Functions in Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands in Response to Experimental Warming." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (August 24, 2012): 7652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01602-12.

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ABSTRACTRising climate temperatures in the future are predicted to accelerate the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. A field microcosm experiment was carried out to examine the impact of soil warming in freshwater wetlands on different organic carbon (C) pools and associated microbial functional responses. GeoChip 4.0, a functional gene microarray, was used to determine microbial gene diversity and functional potential for C degradation. Experimental warming significantly increased soil pore water dissolved organic C and phosphorus (P) concentrations, leading to a higher potential for C emission and P export. Such losses of total organic C stored in soil could be traced back to the decomposition of recalcitrant organic C. Warming preferentially stimulated genes for degrading recalcitrant C over labile C. This was especially true for genes encoding cellobiase andmnpfor cellulose and lignin degradation, respectively. We confirmed this with warming-enhanced polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities for recalcitrant C acquisition and greater increases in recalcitrant C use efficiency than in labile C use efficiency (average percentage increases of 48% versus 28%, respectively). The relative abundance of lignin-degrading genes increased by 15% under warming; meanwhile, soil fungi, as the primary decomposers of lignin, were greater in abundance by 27%. This work suggests that future warming may enhance the potential for accelerated fungal decomposition of lignin-like compounds, leading to greater microbially mediated C losses than previously estimated in freshwater wetlands.

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