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Journal articles on the topic 'Recalcitrants seeds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Barbedo, C. J., and D. A. C. Bilia. "Evolution of research on recalcitrant seeds." Scientia Agricola 55, spe (1998): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161998000500022.

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Some comments about seeds that show sensitivity to desiccation and short viability period, called recalcitrants, were made. Further studies showed that there was a gradient of sensitivity to desiccation and an intermediate class was proposed. The research demonstrated different factors related to desiccation tolerance such as ABA, proteins and sugars. It was analyzed the research of recalcitrant seeds in Brazil, that started around 1950 and nowadays the major aspects studied are recalcitrant seeds identification, seed low temperature and drying tolerance, storage capacity under different rooms and packages, chemical composition and viability during storage, fungicide treatment efficiency on seed conservation.

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2

Chappell, James H., and Marc Alan Cohn. "Corrections for interferences and extraction conditions make a difference: use of the TBARS assay for lipid peroxidation of orthodoxSpartina pectinataand recalcitrantSpartina alternifloraseeds during desiccation." Seed Science Research 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258510000437.

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AbstractLipid peroxidation and membrane damage are often proposed as causes of recalcitrant seed death, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay is commonly used to measure lipid peroxidation. However, several artefacts can cause an overestimation of TBARS values, and these have not been routinely addressed in experiments with recalcitrant seeds. In the present report, TBARS was assayed as recalcitrantSpartina alternifloraand orthodoxS. pectinataseeds were dried rapidly. Using the traditional Heath and Packer (1968) protocol with tissue extraction at 4°C,S. alterniflorahad higher overall TBARS values thanS. pectinata, and TBARS products increased when recalcitrantS. alternifloraand orthodoxS. pectinataseeds were dried. However, when corrections for interfering substances, such as sugars and anthocyanins, were made, the TBARS values between the two species were almost identical. When seeds were freeze-clamped in liquid nitrogen prior to extraction, TBARS did not increase during desiccation for either species. These findings may indicate that lipid peroxidation is not the cause of desiccation-induced death inS. alterniflora. Therefore, freeze-clamping during tissue extraction and corrections for TBARS interfering substances must be applied to avoid overestimation of lipid peroxidation values.

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3

von Teichman, I., and A. E. van Wyk. "Structural aspects and trends in the evolution of recalcitrant seeds in dicotyledons." Seed Science Research 4, no. 2 (June 1994): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025850000221x.

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AbstractThis review focuses on the possible evolutionary status and functional significance of recalcitrance and certain associated ovule/seed characters, within the framework of modern systems of angiosperm classification. The presence of recalcitrant seed viability in 45 dicotyledonous families is significantly associated with bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules and with nuclear endosperm development, all considered ancestral (plesiomorphic) character states of the ovule; as well as with greater seed size, woody habit and tropical habitat, also regarded as ancestral character states in the dicotyledons. In many species with recalcitrant seeds, the predominant storage reserve is carbohydrate. Recalcitrance is significantly associated with the exalbuminous type of reserve storage. It is proposed that in large recalcitrant seeds, the transfer of the main storage function from endosperm to embryo was probably an early development. In many species with recalcitrance, the ovules/seeds are characterized by extensive vascularization of the integument(s)/seed coat or by a pachychalaza. Pachychalazy is proposed to be a significant functional adaptation for a more efficient transfer of nutrients to the embryo/seed. Recalcitrance and some of the other character states proposed to be plesiomorphic in dicotyledons are also present in some gymnosperms, including presumed sister groups of the dicotyledons. In relatively advanced dicotyledonous families, mostly with orthodox seeds, recalcitrance probably persisted only in isolated relict members. Determination of character polarity is particularly problematic at lower taxonomic levels, because there is always the possibility that, in some taxa, a character state such as recalcitrance may have arisen secondarily as a reversal. Available evidence supports our view that seed recalcitrance can be regarded as a relatively ancestral character state in dicotyledons.

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Farrant, Jill M., N. W. Pammenter, Patricia Berjak, and Christina Walters. "Subcellular organization and metabolic activity during the development of seeds that attain different levels of desiccation tolerance." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003470.

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AbstractWater contents, desiccation tolerance, respiratory rates and subcellular characteristics of three contrasting seed types were studied during development.Avicennia marina(a tropical wetland species) andAesculus hippocastanum(a temperate species) produce recalcitrant seeds andPhaseolus vulgarisproduces orthodox seeds. During development,A. hippocastanumandP. vulgarisseeds showed a decline in water content and respiration rate with a concomitant increase in desiccation tolerance. These parameters did not change during the development ofA. marinaseeds once they had become germinable. There was a decrease in the degree of vacuolation and an increase in the deposition of insoluble reserves inA. hippocastanumandP. vulgarisseeds, whileA. marinaseeds remained highly vacuolated and did not accumulate insoluble reserves. Mitochondria and endomembranes degenerated during the development ofA. hippocastanumandP. vulgarisseeds, but remained unchanged inA. marinaseeds. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that extensive vacuolation and high metabolic rates contribute to desiccation sensitivity. However, the development of recalcitrantA. hippocastanumseeds is similar to that of orthodoxP. vulgarisseeds. These data are in accord with the concept of seed recalcitrance being a consequence of truncated development. The results suggest that there may be three categories of seeds: orthodox seeds which develop desiccation tolerance, seeds which show similar development to orthodox seeds, but are shed before desiccation tolerance is well developed, and seeds which show no developmental trends giving rise to increased tolerance.

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Araujo, Ana Clara Ferreira Baptista, and Claudio José Barbedo. "Changes in desiccation tolerance and respiratory rates of immature Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Seeds." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 2 (June 2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n2167788.

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Abstract: Seed storage is an important tool for ex situ conservation. Orthodox seeds can be stored for long periods, but recalcitrant seeds generally only for short periods. There is wide variation in the degree of desiccation tolerance between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, leading authors to suggest levels of recalcitrance and, more recently, that there are variations in the stage of maturity at seed dispersal. Thus, recalcitrant behavior would be a result of premature dispersal from the mother plant. In this study, we sought to establish physiological relationships between different stages of development of immature orthodox Caesalpinia echinata seeds and the stages described for recalcitrant seeds to verify similarity of behavior. Therefore, we analyzed the desiccation tolerance of seeds collected at different ages, with and without PEG treatment, at different levels of drying (40%, 30%, 20% and 10% water content, wet basis). Changes in water potential, germination, vigor, and respiratory rates of the seeds were analyzed, and the results showed that: 1) desiccation tolerance increased as maturation proceeded; 2) PEG treatment did not induce desiccation tolerance; and 3) PEG treatment decreased the seed oxidation rate, which is the main factor in rapid seed deterioration of C. echinata in storage.

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6

Barbedo, Claudio José. "A new approach towards the so-called recalcitrant seeds." Journal of Seed Science 40, no. 3 (September 2018): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v40n3207201.

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ABSTRACT: Water is essential, irreplaceable, and indispensable for any kind of carbon-based-life metabolic activity. Water-dependent living beings are the expected pattern in nature. However, some organisms can survive for some time at a minimum water content, such as seeds of some species (orthodox seeds). Nevertheless, the expected standard life behavior is found in seeds of another group of species, the so-called recalcitrant seeds, which are sensitive to desiccation. A huge range of different behaviors can be found between these two groups, leading authors to consider that orthodoxy and recalcitrance is not an all-or-nothing situation. Notwithstanding, we are still too far from understanding the differences and similarities between all these kinds of seeds and this has been a serious barrier to the development of plant conservation technologies. A new approach to understanding the differences between these seeds is presented here based on seed maturation, environmental influences, and evolution. From this point of view, all kinds of seed behavior are contemplated and, consequently, some new perspectives are considered for the recalcitrant seed conservation technology, the most intensely desired technology nowadays in this area.

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7

Barbedo, Claudio José, Danilo da Cruz Centeno, and Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo Ribeiro. "Do recalcitrant seeds really exist?" Hoehnea 40, no. 4 (December 2013): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2236-89062013000400001.

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In the 70's, seeds were divided into two categories: recalcitrant and orthodox. In the 80's, it was necessary to create an intermediate category; from the 90's onwards, a gradient between orthodox and recalcitrant categories has been considered by several authors. Currently, the terms orthodox and recalcitrant are appropriate just for technological purposes, not for scientific studies. It seems that the differences between recalcitrant and orthodox seeds lie only on the maturity stage in which they are detached from the mother plant, the recalcitrant ones in a very immature stage. This implies that little progress should be expected to expand the storability of these recalcitrant seeds with the application of any treatment after harvesting. Efforts shall be focused on amplifying the maturation period of these seeds by keeping them linked to the mother plant until the maturation process has been completed.

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8

Lan, Q. Y., Y. L. Luo, S. M. Ma, X. Lu, M. Z. Yang, Y. H. Tan, X. N. Jiang, Y. P. Tan, X. F. Wang, and Z. Y. Li. "Development and storage of recalcitrant seeds of Hopea hainanensis." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.2.05.

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9

Walters, C., P. Berjak, N. Pammenter, K. Kennedy, and P. Raven. "Preservation of Recalcitrant Seeds." Science 339, no. 6122 (February 21, 2013): 915–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1230935.

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10

Castro, L. E., C. C. Guimarães, and J. M. R. Faria. "Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of the desiccation tolerance in Anadenanthera colubrina seeds during germination." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.00616.

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Abstract During germination, orthodox seeds become gradually intolerant to desiccation, and for this reason, they are a good model for recalcitrance studies. In the present work, physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the desiccation tolerance were characterized during the germination process of Anadenanthera colubrina seeds. The seeds were imbibed during zero (control), 2, 8, 12 (no germinated seeds), and 18 hours (germinated seeds with 1 mm protruded radicle); then they were dried for 72 hours, rehydrated and evaluated for survivorship. Along the imbibition, cytometric and ultrastructural analysis were performed, besides the extraction of the heat-stable proteins. Posteriorly to imbibition and drying, the evaluation of ultrastructural damages was performed. Desiccation tolerance was fully lost after root protrusion. There was no increase in 4C DNA content after the loss of desiccation tolerance. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells from 1mm roots resembled those found in the recalcitrant seeds, in both hydrated and dehydrated states. The loss of desiccation tolerance coincided with the reduction of heat-stable proteins.

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11

Liu, Qiang, Qin Y. Lan, Bin Wen, Yun H. Tan, and Xiao F. Wang. "Germination of recalcitrant Baccaurea ramiflora seeds." ScienceAsia 40, no. 2 (2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2014.40.101.

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12

Azarkovich, M. I. "Dehydrins in Orthodox and Recalcitrant Seeds." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 67, no. 2 (March 2020): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443720020028.

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13

Pammenter, N. W., P. Berjak, J. M. Farrant, M. T. Smith, and G. Ross. "Why do stored hydrated recalcitrant seeds die?" Seed Science Research 4, no. 2 (June 1994): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500002178.

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AbstractA characteristic of recalcitrant seeds is that, if they are maintained under storage conditions that prevent water loss, they will ultimately lose viability. A current view is that hydrated recalcitrant seeds are metabolically active and undergo germination-associated changes in storage. Some of these changes, such as extensive vacuolation and increase in cell size, imply a requirement for water additional to that present in the seed on shedding. It is therefore suggested that, in storage, recalcitrant seeds are exposed to an initially mild, but increasingly severe, water stress. Deleterious events associated with a water stress of considerable duration are suggested to lead ultimately to the death of the tissue.The damage that occurs on prolonged storage is unlikely to be associated with an inability to form glasses or prevent membrane lipid phase changes, as absolute water contents are higher than those at which these mechanisms become important. It is considered that the most likely process leading to death of water-stressed (as opposed to dehydrated) tissue is a breakdown of co-ordination of metabolism, leading to uncontrolled free-radical-mediated oxidative damage.It is generally difficult to maintain tissue in a mild water-stressed condition for extended periods. Stored, hydrated, recalcitrant seeds may provide an ideal model system for studying the metabolic effects of prolonged mild water stress.

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14

Wen, B. "Storage of recalcitrant seeds: a case study of the Chinese fan palm, Livistona chinensis." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.19.

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15

Pammenter, N. W., and Patricia Berjak. "Evolutionary and ecological aspects of recalcitrant seed biology." Seed Science Research 10, no. 3 (September 2000): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000349.

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AbstractThere is a substantial literature on the basic physiology and response to desiccation of recalcitrant seeds, but little is known about their ecology and even less of their evolutionary status. It is difficult to assess the response of early land plants to dehydration, but it is likely that desiccation tolerance in vegetative tissue arose concomitantly with the invasion of the land. Similarly, from the fossil record it is not possible to assess the desiccation response of early seeds, and furthermore, it is difficult to see phylogenetic relationships among species producing recalcitrant seeds. A consideration of the available evidence, however, suggests that the first seeds were desiccation-sensitive, but tolerance evolved early and probably a number of times, independently. The desiccation sensitivity and short life span (generally shorter than the interval between flowering) of recalcitrant seeds have implications in terms of regeneration ecology. A long-term soil seed bank as such does not exist; rather the seeds germinate and form a seedling bank. However, there is a wide range in post-shedding physiology among recalcitrant seed species, and although species producing recalcitrant seeds are common in the humid tropics, they do occur in habitats with more marked seasonal variation. Here regeneration strategies may be more specialized.

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16

Piña-Rodrigues, F. C. M., and M. B. Figliolia. "Embryo immaturity associated with delayed germination in recalcitrant seeds of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. (Myristicaceae)." Seed Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2005.33.2.10.

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17

Roberto, G. G., and G. Habermann. "Morphological and physiological responses of the recalcitrant Euterpe edulis seeds to light, temperature and gibberellins." Seed Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.2.10.

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18

Azarkovich, M. I., and Yu P. Bolyakina. "Recalcitrant seeds of horse chestnut lack protein bodies." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 63, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443716040026.

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19

Tommasi, Franca, C. Paciolla, and O. Arrigoni. "The ascorbate system in recalcitrant and orthodox seeds." Physiologia Plantarum 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105202.x.

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20

BONNER, F. "Responses to Drying of Recalcitrant Seeds ofQuercus nigraL." Annals of Botany 78, no. 2 (August 1996): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0111.

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21

Vazquez-Yanes, Carlos, and Jorge R. Toledo. "El almacenamiento de semillas en la conservación de especies vegetales. Problemas y aplicaciones." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1366.

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Seeds have been classified in two groups: orthodox type and recalcitrant type according to their storage properties. The first type of seeds can be dehydrated and stored at low temperature. The second type, they do not survive those treatments. It is relatively easy to store seeds as a way of preservation of germoplasm of endangered species in the case of orthodox seeds. On the other hand, much more research is needed to deal with recalcitrant seeds for the purpose of conservation.

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Pomper, Kirk W., Snake C. Jones, and LaTeasa Barnes. "Determination of Optimal Storage Temperature to Maintain Viable Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] Seed." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 557A—557. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.557a.

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Pawpaw is a native American tree fruit that has great potential as a new commercial crop. The USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina sp. is located at Kentucky State Univ. (KSU); therefore, germplasm collection and storage are important components of the research program. Recalcitrant seeds do not tolerate desiccation, have a relatively short period of viability, and tend not to tolerate subfreezing temperatures. Since pawpaw seed shows a moderate level of recalcitrance, the objectives of this experiment were to determine which storage temperatures (20, 5, -15, and -70 °C for 8.5 weeks) would maintain viable seed, and whether prior seed stratification (5 °C for 17.5 weeks) would influence survival at the various storage temperatures. Seeds were placed in ziplock bags in moist peat moss and subjected to the range of storage temperatures either before or after stratification. After storage and stratification treatments, seed germination rate was examined for 10 weeks at 25 °C on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Both stratification and storage temperature significantly affected seed germination rate. Seeds did not germinate after storage at subfreezing temperatures, regardless of stratification treatment. The best germination rate, ≈70%, was obtained with stratification followed by storage at 20 °C. However, for long-term storage of viable nongerminating pawpaw seed, stratification followed by storage at 5 °C would be most appropriate. Subfreezing storage temperatures were found to be lethal to pawpaw seeds.

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23

Joshi, G., S. S. Phartyal, M. R. Khan, and A. N. Arunkumar. "Recalcitrant morphological traits and intermediate storage behaviour in seeds of Mesua ferrea, a tropical evergreen species." Seed Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.1.13.

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24

Lan, Q. Y., X. C. Jiang, S. Q. Song, Y. B. Lei, and S. H. Yin. "Changes in germinability and desiccation-sensitivity of recalcitrant Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun seeds during development." Seed Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2007.35.1.03.

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25

Pasquini, S., E. Braidot, E. Petrussa, and A. Vianello. "Effect of different storage conditions in recalcitrant seeds of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) during germination." Seed Science and Technology 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2011.39.1.14.

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Wen, B. "Changes in the moisture and germination of recalcitrant Hopea mollissima seeds (Dipterocarpaceae) in different desiccation regimes." Seed Science and Technology 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2011.39.1.20.

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Bonjovani, Márcio Roberto, and Claudio José Barbedo. "Induction of tolerance to desiccation and to subzero temperatures in embryos of recalcitrant seeds of inga." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 4 (December 2014): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v36n41027.

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Drying, widely used for storing orthodox seeds for prolonged periods, cannot be applied to recalcitrant seeds, which are sensitive to desiccation. Thus, inclusion of species with recalcitrant seeds, like inga, in reforestation programs or even for commercial use has been hindered by the lack of technology that would allow storage of these seeds. The remaining option, cryopreservation, is a method of high cost that requires a high level of technology. Knowledge of the processes involved in sensitivity to desiccation continues to be a great challenge for the seed sector. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of osmotic treatments on tolerance to desiccation and storage capacity of recalcitrant seeds of inga. Embryos were subjected to osmotic stresses with PEG solution and subjected to progressive drying processes. In another experiment, the effects of these solutions on embryo conservation during storage were analyzed. From the results, it may be concluded that incubation of embryos in a solution with -2.0 MPa increases their tolerance to desiccation.

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VILAÇA VASCONCELOS, MARIA JOSÉ, MAURICIO SCHUSTERSCHITZ ANTUNES, MAURÍLIO FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA, MAURÍCIO ANTÔNIO LOPES, and JOSÉ EDSON FONTES FIGUEIREDO. "CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION FROM IMMATURE EMBRYOS CULTURE OF TROPICAL MAIZE." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 17, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n3p359-368.

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ABSTRACT - The development of protocols to overcome the current limitations of callus induction and in vitro regeneration of highly recalcitrant tropical maize is crucial for plant genetic transformation. The ability of embryogenic callus (EC) formation of 46 tropical maize hybrids and 14 inbred lines was tested using N6 medium with the following changes: medium A (N6 + 15 μM dicamba + 25 mM L-proline + 88 mM AgNO3), medium B (N6 + 30 μM dicamba + 25 mM L-proline + 88 mM AgNO3), medium C (N6+ 30 μM dicamba + 6 mM L-proline), and medium D (N6+ 30 μM dicamba + 25 mM L-proline). Compact (Type I) and friable (Type II) callus were induced in the four media. Twenty genotypes produced callus in all media, and four genotypes (CO32, AG8012, CMS477BC4F2, and CMS-HGZ10) produced the highest number of callus (114, 134, 131, and 126 calli, respectively). All immature embryos of ten genotypes produced callus in at least one medium, while eight genotypes were highly recalcitrant, and they did not produce any callus. The frequencies of EC ranged from 0% to 38%, and the highest rate of EC was observed on medium B (0.40) with a total of 865 calli, and the lowest induction rate was obtained with medium D (0.29) with 555 calli (P= 0.05). From the seventy-two EC of 26 genotypes transferred to Murashige & Skoog regeneration medium, twenty-four (66.7%) differentiated into green plants which produced seeds in R0 and R1 generations, and twelve (33.3%) developed into albino plants. The results demonstrated that the problem of the recalcitrant genotypes can be, at least partially, overcome by using immature embryos as explants together with tissue culture media formulations.Keywords: Zea mays, immature embryos, somatic embryogenesis, tissue culture, type I and type II calli. INDUÇÃO DE CALO E REGENERAÇÃO DE PLANTAS DA CULTURA DE EMBRIÕES IMATUROS DE MILHO TROPICAL RESUMO - O desenvolvimento de protocolos para superar as limitações atuais de indução de calos e regeneração in vitro de milho tropical altamente recalcitrante é crucial para a transformação genética de plantas. Foi testada a capacidade de formação de calos embriogênicos (CE) de 46 híbridos de milho tropicais e 14 linhagens cultivadas em Meio N6 com as seguintes alterações: Meio A (N6 + 15 μM dicamba + 25 mM L-prolina + 88 mM AgNO3), Meio B (N6 + 30 μM de dicamba + 25 mM de L-prolina + 88 μM de AgNO3), Meio C (N6 + 30 μM de dicamba + 6 mM de L-prolina) e Meio D (N6 + 30 μM de dicamba + 25 mM de L-prolina). Calos compactos (tipo I) e friáveis (tipo II) foram induzidos nos quatro meios de cultura. Vinte genótipos produziram calos em todos os meios, e quatro genótipos (CO32, AG8012, CMS477BC4F2 e CMS-HGZ10) produziram o maior número de calos (114, 134, 131 e 126 calos, respectivamente). Todos os embriões imaturos de dez genótipos produziram calos em pelo menos um meio, enquanto oito genótipos foram altamente recalcitrantes e não produziram nenhum calo. As frequências de CE variaram de 0% a 38%, e a maior taxa de CE foi observada no meio B (0,40), com um total de 865 calos, e a menor taxa de indução com o meio D (0,29), com 555 calos (P = 0,05). Dos setenta e dois CE de 26 genótipos transferidos para meio de regeneração Murashige & Skoog, vinte e quatro (66,7%) se diferenciaram em plantas verdes que produziram sementes nas gerações R0 e R1, e doze (33,3%) se desenvolveram em plantas albinas. O problema relacionado dos genótipos recalcitrantes de milho pode ser, pelo menos parcialmente, contornado com o uso de explantes de embriões imaturos juntamente com a formulação dos meios de cultura.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, embriões imaturos, embriogênese somática, cultura de tecidos, calos tipo I e tipo II.

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29

Farnsworth, Elizabeth. "The Ecology and Physiology of Viviparous and Recalcitrant Seeds." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, no. 1 (November 2000): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.107.

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30

Bisht, Vinod K., Ramesh C. Uniyal, Janardan M. Pathak, and Santosh B. Dhutraj. "Seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss: Orthodox or Recalcitrant?" Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science 45, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 1127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40995-021-01062-y.

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31

Finch-Savage, W. E., G. A. F. Hendry, and N. M. Atherton. "Free radical activity and loss of viability during drying of desiccation-sensitive tree seeds." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000014196.

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SynopsisViability loss during desiccation in the recalcitrant seeds of Castanea saliva, Aesculus hippocastanum and Quercus robur was accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation and build up of a stable free radical within their embryonic axes. We argue that the accumulation of the free radical marks the termination of a series of destructive events following the initiation of oxidative attack during moisture stress in recalcitrant seeds.

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Jayasuriya, K. M. G. Gehan, Jerry M. Baskin, and Carol C. Baskin. "Dormancy, germination requirements and storage behaviour of seeds ofConvolvulaceae(Solanales) and evolutionary considerations." Seed Science Research 18, no. 4 (December 2008): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258508094750.

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AbstractConvolvulaceaeis the only family in the asterid clade with species that produce physically dormant seeds, and most studies on germination in this family have focused on scarified seeds. However, no study has been done on the taxonomic/evolutionary pattern of seed dormancy inConvolvulaceae. We determined the moisture content of non-treated seeds and water uptake and germination percentages for non-treated and manually scarified seeds of 46 species in 11 of the 12 tribes in this family. Germination was tested over a range of temperatures in light/dark and in the dark. The effect of drying and storage at low temperatures was tested on seeds ofErycibe henryiandMaripa panamensis, the only species with high initial moisture content. Non-treated fresh seeds ofBonamia menziesii,M. panamensisandE. henryiimbibed water, whereas those of the other 43 species did not. Manually scarified seeds of all these 43 species took up large amounts of water. Therefore, seeds of 43 of the 46 species are physically dormant, and three are non-dormant. Seeds of all 46 species germinated after imbibition, except those ofCuscuta europaea, which are reported to have combinational dormancy.M. panamensisandE. henryiseeds are recalcitrant and those of the other 44 species orthodox. InConvolvulaceae, basal tribes or tribes derived from basal tribes contain species with non-dormant recalcitrant, physically dormant orthodox and combinationally dormant orthodox seeds. Physical dormancy of seeds in this family possibly evolved from a non-dormant recalcitrant seed-producing ancestor closely related toErycibeae.

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Motete, Nthabiseng, N. W. Pammenter, Patricia Berjak, and Jillian C. Frédéric. "Response of the recalcitrant seeds of Avicennia marina to hydrated storage: events occurring at the root primordia." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003500.

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AbstractThis study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that germinative metabolism of recalcitrant seeds in storage induces a requirement for additional water, which may result in the development of mild water stress, and that a reduction of the rate of this germinative metabolism will increase the storage lifespan of recalcitrant seeds. Studies were undertaken on seeds of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. and concentrated on root primordia as these constitute the tissue that undergoes most change during storage. Encapsulating seeds from which the pericarp had been removed (naked seeds) in an alginate gel increased storage lifespan fourfold compared with naked seeds. Measures of metabolic rate such as time to first germination in storage and rate of protein synthesis did not indicate differences between alginate-coated and naked seeds, although ultrastructural observations indicated that both germinative and deteriorative processes were occurring more slowly in the alginate-coated seeds. Measures of water content and water and turgor potentials did not reveal signs of a mild water stress in either treatment. However, the number of seeds visibly contaminated with fungi and the rapidity with which this contamination became apparent were much reduced in alginate-coated seeds. It is suggested that fungal contamination constitutes a major cause of deterioration in stored, hydrated seeds of A. marina (and possibly other recalcitrant seed species) and the main effect of the alginate coating was to reduce the incidence of fungal contamination.

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Struve, D. K. "Seed conditioning of red oak: a recalcitrant North American seed." Scientia Agricola 55, spe (1998): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161998000500012.

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A ten day aerated water soak was developed as a seed conditioning treatment for red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Conditioned seeds had higher germination completeness, uniformity and speed compared to control seeds. Seeds could be conditioned under a wide range of temperatures and durations. Conditioned seeds were maintained at 7(0)C for 30 days without loss of seed quality. During conditioning, pericarps split in response to seed hydration. Split pericarps could be used as a pre-sowing indicator for high quality seeds. Seed conditioning was ineffective on dormant seeds. Increased crop uniformity and higher stand establishment can be realized by subjecting red oak acorns to an aerated water soak treatment followed by selecting seeds with split pericarps. These results are especially important in container production systems where limited numbers of value seeds are available.

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Chin, H. F., and M. B. Mohd Lassim. "DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF RECALCITRANT SEEDS BY MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 215 (October 1987): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.215.21.

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Asomaning, Joseph M., Nana S. Olympio, and Moctar Sacande. "Desiccation Sensitivity and Germination of Recalcitrant Garcinia kola Heckel Seeds." Research Journal of Seed Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjss.2011.15.27.

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Calvi, Geângelo P., Antônio M. G. Anjos, Ilse Kranner, Hugh W. Pritchard, and Isolde D. K. Ferraz. "Exceptional flooding tolerance in the totipotent recalcitrant seeds ofEugenia stipitata." Seed Science Research 27, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258517000125.

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AbstractEugenia stipitataoccurs along rivers in Western Amazonia and produces berry-type fruits with economic potential. Its large recalcitrant (i.e. desiccation-intolerant) seeds have been proposed as a model to study seed stress response, as no apparent differentiation between the embryonic axis and the fused cotyledons are visible. Here, the longevity of submerged seeds was analysed with a view to understanding adaptive mechanisms to seasonal flooding. Submerged seeds began germinating after 2 months. After 1 year, 87 and 96% total germination was reached when seeds were submerged under a water column of 6 cm (where seedlings could emerge from under the water) and 26 cm (where seedlings could not reach the water surface), respectively. Seedling morphology was altered underwater, with short internodes and rudimentary leaf blades, and when submersion was terminated, seedlings transplanted to nursery conditions recovered a normal phenotype. Furthermore, when seedlings were detached from the seeds, the ‘resown’ seeds produced a second, normal seedling within 9 months. Concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione, which was measured as a stress marker, increased with submersion time in water. Seeds that had developed roots and shoots underwater had higher concentrations of glutathione disulphide than non-germinated seeds, suggesting that the flooding stress was more intense for seedlings than seeds, although more oxidizing cellular redox environments are also consistent with the conditions required for differentiation. Submergence underwater is recommended for storage of the recalcitrant seeds ofE. stipitatafor up to 1 year.

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Gumilevskaya, N. A., and M. I. Azarkovich. "Identification and characterization of dehydrins in horse chestnut recalcitrant seeds." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 57, no. 6 (October 31, 2010): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443710060154.

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Easterby-Smith, Sarah. "Recalcitrant Seeds: Material Culture and the Global History of Science*." Past & Present 242, Supplement_14 (November 1, 2019): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz045.

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Pammenter, N. W., and Patricia Berjak. "Some thoughts on the evolution and ecology of recalcitrant seeds." Plant Species Biology 15, no. 2 (August 2000): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00035.x.

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Sowa, Sharon, Eric E. Roos, and Francis Zee. "THE ANESTHETIC NITROUS OXIDE PROLONGS STORAGE LONGEVITY OF LYCHEE AND LONGAN SEED." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1084a—1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1084a.

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Seeds of the recalcitrant species Litch i chinénis and Euphoria longan were stored in humid conditions at 8-10C under three different atmospheres: air, 80% nitrous oxide (N20)/20 % oxygen, and 100% nitrous oxide. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen extended storage longevity of both species. Oxygen was required for maintenance of viability; seeds stored under 100% N20 lost germinability at the most rapid rate. Lychee seeds retained 92% of control germination after 12 weeks under 80% N20/20% 02, while those under air lost 56% viability. Longan seeds lost all viability after 7 weeks under air, yet retained 70% of their control germination under 80% N20/20% 02. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen atmospheres could provide a new approach to recalcitrant seed storage.

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Sowa, Sharon, Eric E. Roos, and Francis Zee. "Anesthetic Storage of Recalcitrant Seed: Nitrous Oxide Prolongs Longevity of Lychee and Longan." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.597.

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Seeds of the recalcitrant species lychee (Litchi chinénsis Sonn.) and longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) were stored near 100% relative humidity at 8 to 10C in air, 80% nitrous oxide (N2O) plus 20% oxygen, or 100% nitrous oxide. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen extended storage longevity of both species. Seeds stored in 100% N2O lost terminability at the same rate as those stored in air. Lychee seeds retained 92% of initial germination after 12 weeks under 80% N2O/20% O2, while those under air retained only 44%. Longan seeds failed to germinate after 7 weeks under air, yet retained 70% of their initial germination under 809” N2O/20% O2. The combination of anesthetic and oxygen atmospheres could provide a new approach to recalcitrant seed storage.

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Moothoo-Padayachie, Anushka, Boby Varghese, Norman W. Pammenter, Patrick Govender, and Sershen. "Germination associated ROS production and glutathione redox capacity in two recalcitrant-seeded species differing in seed longevity." Botany 94, no. 12 (December 2016): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0130.

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This study investigated the relationship between germination rate and storage lifespan in two recalcitrant-seeded species, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. and Trichilia dregeana Sond., in relation to water uptake and oxidative metabolism. Seeds of A. marina had a higher germination rate and shorter hydrated storage lifespan than T. dregeana. Rapid germination of A. marina seeds was associated with high water uptake rates and an early increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decline in GSH:GSSG ratio. Slower germination in T. dregeana seeds was associated with lower water uptake rates, delayed onset of the ROS-based trigger for germination, and high GSH:GSSG ratio. Positive correlations (p < 0.05) between ROS production and percent water uptake, and inhibition of germination by ROS scavenging agents confirmed the requirement for heightened ROS levels for germination in both species. Germination rate in recalcitrant seeds appears to be governed by the rate of water uptake and ROS production; the latter being dependent on antioxidant activity. We propose that poor longevity in recalcitrant seeds, such as those of A. marina, is based on high rates of water uptake and low levels of ROS scavenging activity that promote the ROS-based trigger for germination during hydrated storage.

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Normah, M. N., Saraswathy D. Ramiya, and Mainah Gintangga. "Desiccation sensitivity of recalcitrant seeds—a study on tropical fruit species." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003512.

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AbstractMangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), rambai (Baccaurea motleyana Muell.- Arg.) and jelentik (Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f.) are tropical fruit species believed to have recalcitrant seeds. The seeds showed no dormancy; they germinated easily. At harvest, the mean moisture contents (fresh weight basis) were 53.54, 51.20 and 44.90% for G. mangostana, B. motleyana and B. polyneura, respectively. G. mangostana seeds lost viability when their moisture content fell to about 24% while B. motleyana seeds lost viability below 35.5% moisture content. However, for B. polyneura, the seeds could be dried to low moisture content with high survival. The viability was still high when the moisture content was reduced to 13.46%. At this moisture content, the percentage germination was 91.76% and it was found that the seeds survived cyopreservation with 8.3% viability. For B. motleyana axes, the loss of viability occurred when their moisture content fell to about 36% (15% viability with predominantly callus formation) while for B. polyneura axes, viability was reduced to 33-67% when the moisture was 27–30%. At various moisture contents, the seeds of the fruit species studied were exposed for 48 h to 7°C and −4°C. G. mangostana seeds did not survive either temperature. Baccaurea seeds survived 7°C but failed to survive −4°C. No axes from B. motleyana seeds at various moisture contents survived cryopreservation. However, some viability (20–30%) was observed in B. polyneura axes cryopreserved at a moisture content of about 27%. At this moisture content no normal growth was obtained; callus formation was observed. It appears that the seeds vary in the degree of desiccation sensitivity. They also vary in size. Seeds of G. mangostana are larger than Baccaurea seeds and thus, more sensitive to desiccation. Seed and embryonic axis structure may also play a role in desiccation sensitivity.

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Kissmann, Camila, and Gustavo Habermann. "Seed germination performances of Styrax species help understand their distribution in Cerrado areas in Brazil." Bragantia 72, no. 3 (2013): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/brag.2013.030.

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In this descriptive paper, we described germination responses of Styrax pohlii, S. camporum and S. ferrugineus seeds at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C. We also assessed the percentage germination (%G) of S. pohlii seeds with different seed water contents because, as a forest species, it seems to have recalcitrant seed behavior. Intrigued by the capacity of seeds of this species to germinate directly from puddles formed on poorly drained soils of riparian forests, where it typically occurs, we also tested the effect of de-pulping fruits on germination of S. pohlii seeds under hypoxia and normoxia conditions. In addition, we checked whether distinct concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) could break S. ferrugineus seed dormancy, a typical seed behavior of Cerrado species. No germination occurred at 5, 40 and 45 °C, regardless of the species. The optimal temperature for germination was 20 °C for S. pohlii and 25 °C for S. camporum. However, S. ferrugineus seeds showed a very low %G, regardless of the temperature, and GA3 could not consistently break possible physiological seed dormancy. For S. pohlii seeds, the higher the seed desiccation the lower the %G, and fruit pulp removal showed to be essential for seed germination. S. pohlii seeds germinated independently of oxygenation conditions.

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46

Jin, Xiaofang, Dandan Liu, Linlong Ma, Ziming Gong, Dan Cao, Yanli Liu, Yeyun Li, and Changjun Jiang. "Transcriptome and Expression Profiling Analysis of Recalcitrant Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Seeds Sensitive to Dehydration." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (June 5, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5963797.

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The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is an economically important woody perennial nonalcoholic health beverage crop. Tea seeds are categorized as recalcitrant and are sensitive to dehydration treatment. However, the molecular basis of this phenomenon has not been investigated. Thus, we analyzed the genome-wide expression profiles of three dehydration stages using RNA-Seq and digital gene expression (DGE) technologies. We performed de novo assembly and obtained a total of 91,925 nonredundant unigenes, of which 58,472 were extensively annotated. By a hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found that 8929 DEGs were downregulated and 5875 DEGs were upregulated during dehydration treatment. A series of genes related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction, transcription factor, antioxidant enzyme, LEA protein, and proline metabolism that have been reported to function in dehydration process were found to be downregulated. Additionally, the expression profiles of 12 selected genes related to tea seed dehydration treatment were confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide study elucidating the possible molecular mechanisms of sensitivity of recalcitrant tea seeds to dehydration. The results obtained in this study contribute to the preservation of tea seeds as genetic resources and can also be used to explore the mechanism of dehydration sensitivity of other recalcitrant seeds.

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Tanaka, Dalciana Vicente, Luciana Magda de Oliveira, Patrícia Paloma Liesch, and Mara Luana Engel. "SLOW AND FAST DRYING IN SEEDS OF Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Ness." Revista Árvore 40, no. 6 (December 2016): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000600011.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of types of drying on seeds' quality, as recalcitrant, Ocotea puberula and determine their degree of critical humidity and lethal degree. Seeds harvested in Brunópolis, SC, with an initial moisture content of 38%, were dried to 18%, with gradients of 2%; using the equation of target weight to ensure that gradient in the stove (35 oC) and in a desiccator with silica gel (25 oC). After drying, the seeds were evaluated for water content, percentage and germination speed index (GSI), tetrazolium and T50. It was observed that up to 32% water content did not change in seed quality, regardless of the type of drying and verified significant loss of germination after this value. We conclude that the type of drying does not affect the quality of the seed; however, because it is a recalcitrant seed, reducing the water content below 32% decreased germination, and its degree of critical humidity and seeds with 22% moisture content had no germination in this study is the degree of lethal humidity of this species.

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Pammenter, N. W., and Patricia Berjak. "Physiology of Desiccation-Sensitive (Recalcitrant) Seeds and the Implications for Cryopreservation." International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, no. 1 (January 2014): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673302.

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49

Shen, Rong-Show, Shao-Wei Lu, Kuang-Liang Huang, Yu-Sen Chang, and Ikuo Miyajima. "Viability Loss and Oxidation during Desiccation of Recalcitrant Pachira macrocarpa Seeds." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 60, no. 1 (February 27, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/1526292.

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50

Sershen, N. W. Pammenter, and P. Berjak. "Post-harvest behaviour and short- to medium-term storage of recalcitrant seeds and encapsulated embryonic axes of selected amaryllid species." Seed Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2008.36.1.14.

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