Journal articles on the topic 'Receipts (Acknowledgments)'

The paper provides an updated and annotated list of Latin and bilingual Latin-Greek papyri from the first century bc to the early third century ad – including very recently published and still unpublished – that refer to the lives and businesses of Roman citizens in Egypt. It also covers documents connected with the Roman army, that is produced in military officia to be specifically used by soldiers (acknowledgments of debt, receipts of money etc.). They are connected not with the army life, but with the life outside the barracks, among tradesmen, merchants, and (from the second century ad onwards) in the milieu of veterans.

AbstractOur motivation for conducting this research is driven by the lack of studies focusing on the acknowledgments sections of published papers. Another motivation is the lack of a study examining the countries and organizations mentioned in the acknowledgments section and their influence—something that cannot be analyzed using a citation or co-authorship relationship. Concentrating on the qualitative aspects of acknowledgments has been limited because of the atypical pattern of the acknowledgment section. Our research aims to identify useful information hidden within the acknowledgment sections of the articles stored in the PubMed Central database and to analyze a map of influence via a country-acknowledgment network. To solve the problems, we use the topic modeling to analyze topics of acknowledgments and conduct a basic network analysis to find the difference in the co-the country network and acknowledgment network. A word-embedding model is used to compare the semantic similarity that exists between the authors and countries extracted from our original dataset. The result of topic modeling suggests that funding has become a critical topic in acknowledgments. The results of network analysis indicate that some large countries work as hubs in terms of both implicitly and explicitly while revealing that some countries such as China do not frequently work with other countries. The word-embedding model built by acknowledgments suggests that the authors frequently referenced in acknowledgments are also likely to be referred to in a similar context. It also implies that the publishing country of a paper has little effect on whether it receives an acknowledgment from any other specific country. Through these results, we conclude that the content in acknowledgments extracted from the papers can be divided into two categories—funding and appreciation. We also find that there is no clear relationship between the publication country and the countries mentioned in the acknowledgment section.

An Internet of things (IoT) network is a distributed set of “smart” sensors, interconnected via a radio channel. The basic method of accessing the radio channels for these networks is Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), in which access is carried out on the basis of contention, and confirmation of the correct reception of the packet is achieved using a receipt. If the sizes of information packets are small and comparable to the sizes of receipts, then the transmission of receipts requires a significant bandwidth of the channel, which reduces the efficiency of the network. This problem exists not only for IoT networks but also for monitoring systems, operational management of fast processes, telemetry, short messaging and many other applications. Therefore, an urgent task is to develop effective methods of multiple random access in the transmission of short information packets, the size of which is comparable to the size of receipts. To solve this problem, the authors proposed modifications of CSMA/CA random access in which, when packet collisions are detected, a diagnostic message (DM) is generated and transmitted in the broadcast mode. Based on simulation modeling, it is shown that in a wide range of network loads, the proposed random access options provide an increase in network capacity (the number of connected subscribers) of 1.5–2 times compared to the basic CSMA/CA access method when the size of the information packet is an order of magnitude larger than the size of receipts. The variant of access without acknowledgment is also considered, in which, as shown by the simulation results, at sufficiently large loads, the network can go into an unstable state.

Abstract Background: Current practices of reporting critical laboratory values make it challenging to measure and assess the timeliness of receipt by the treating physician as required by The Joint Commission’s 2008 National Patient Safety Goals. Methods: A multidisciplinary team of laboratorians, clinicians, and information technology experts developed an electronic ALERTS system that reports critical values via the laboratory and hospital information systems to alphanumeric pagers of clinicians and ensures failsafe notification, instant documentation, automatic tracking, escalation, and reporting of critical value alerts. A method for automated acknowledgment of message receipt was incorporated into the system design. Results: The ALERTS system has been applied to inpatients and eliminated approximately 9000 phone calls a year made by medical technologists. Although a small number of phone calls were still made as a result of pages not acknowledged by clinicians within 10 min, they were made by telephone operators, who either contacted the same physician who was initially paged by the automated system or identified and contacted alternate physicians or the patient’s nurse. Overall, documentation of physician acknowledgment of receipt in the electronic medical record increased to 95% of critical values over 9 months, while the median time decreased to <3 min. Conclusions: We improved laboratory efficiency and physician communication by developing an electronic system for reporting of critical values that is in compliance with The Joint Commission’s goals.

Many rape victims are unacknowledged. These victims do not label their experience as rape; instead they give the experience a more benign label, such as a miscommunication. The current study examined the relationship between victims’ acknowledgment status and post-assault behaviors, moving beyond prior research. Analyses of covariance were conducted comparing the post-assault experiences of unacknowledged and acknowledged college rape victims (n = 256), controlling for differences in victims’ assault characteristics, multiple victimization, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results supported that unacknowledged and acknowledged victims differed in their coping, disclosure, belief in justice, and receipt of egocentric reactions following disclosure. Implications for future work examining the dynamic interplay among assault characteristics, sexual scripts, acknowledgment status, and post-assault factors are discussed.

Internal control is important for company operational, especially for cash receipts and disbursements. The effective internal control of cash receipts and disbursements can prevent and detect the misappropriation of cash. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of PSAK 23 at Mountain Marry Hospital regarding the recording, presentation, and recognition of hospital revenue that serves patients with the same actions but acknowledgment of payment of different rates between hospital rates and Indonesian-Case Based Groups (INACBG) rates, specifically for patients of the Implementing Agency Social Security (BPJS) Health. This research was conducted at Mountain Marry Hospital to analyze and to apply the recording, presentation, and recognition of income standards that exist at Mountain Marry Hospital by following PSAK 23 regarding revenues at different rates to carry out internal controls over revenue and expenditure procedures cash adequately. The main principle of internal control that needs to be considered is the separation of tasks between recording, storage, cash receipts should be deposited to the bank, all-cash disbursements should use checks except for small amounts of expenses. Cash is all cash in hand and funds deposited in banks in various forms such as deposits and checking accounts. Data analysis methods used in this research is descriptive methods with qualitative analysis techniques that are outlining, describing and comparing data. The findings show that the service number of JKN patients at Mountain Marry Hospital has reached 90.05% of JKN patients, so cash receipts at Mountain Marry Hospital have reached the government program to serve Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) patients but based on research results the Mountain Marry Hospital has not recorded revenue recognition INACBG tariffs with JKN rates, by following the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 23 because of differences in rates and are not sufficient to implement internal controls over cash receipts and disbursements procedures, especially for JKN patients.

Previous research on the use of head nods in talk-in-interaction has demonstrated that they can be used for various interactional purposes by speakers and recipients in different sequential positions. In this report, I examine speakers’ uses of nods in “third position”, in the course of “minimal post-expansions” (Schegloff, 2007). I identify three possible distinct types of nods. The first of these can be used to register a prior utterance as news; the second appears to be designed to register receipt of a prior utterance without treating it as news; and the third embodies features of the first two types, and may be designed to register receipt and acknowledgment of “dispreferred” news. These findings are suggestive of rich complexities in the use of head movements in the production of actions-in-interaction, and of the importance of a fine-grained analytic approach for understanding their situated uses.

Gender receives relatively little attention as a critical aspect of context, despite the general acknowledgment among psychologists that human behavior needs to be studied within the context of societal norms and practices. In this article I explain why this is the case and then, using examples from the area of dual-earner families, describe ways we can give gender its rightful contextual place in research practices. By so doing I also argue that needed transformations can take place.

Standard protocols for reliable data transmission over unreliable channels are based on various Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) schemes, whereby the sending node receives feedback from the receiver and retransmits the missing data. We discuss this issue in the context of one-way data transmission over simple wireless channels characteristic of many sensing and monitoring applications. Using a specific project as an example, we demonstrate how the constraints of a low-cost embedded wireless system get in the way of a workable solution precluding the use of popular schemes based on windows and periodic acknowledgments. We also propose an efficient solution to the problem and demonstrate its advantage over the traditional protocols.

This study aims to determine the implementation of tenant complaint handling at Parama Apartments. The procedures for handling tenant complaints at Parama Apartments are as follows: (a) Tenant Relations receives complaints; (b) Tenant Relations records complaints on the Complaint Request (CR) form; (c) Provide CR form sheets to the relevant Department; (d) Followed up by other Departments; (e) Supervisor conducts field checks; (f) the Chief fills in the Work Order (WO) form; (g) the relevant department undertakes remedial work to eliminate complaints; (h) The relevant department completes and signs the CR form on the action line and asks for acknowledgment of work results from tenants; (i) Tenant Relation receives CR form from the relevant department; (j) Tenant Relations records in the complaint list; and (k) Tenant Relations makes monthly reports; and the communication model for handling tenant complaints, including conducting regular tenant satisfaction surveys organized by the Parama Apartment Owners and Occupants Association (PPRSHAP).

The performance of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah management institutions can be seen with fund accounting, namely the recording system and appearance of entities in accounting such as assets and liabilities which are grouped based on the benefits in each account. In this case, the accounting treatment of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah includes acknowledgment, recording, and presentation of financial statements of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah management institutions. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of accounting for zakat, infaq and shadaqah as well as accountability in the presentation of financial statements based on PSAK 109 and to determine the application of accountability in the presentation of financial statements at LAZIS Al-Haromain Kediri City Branch based on PSAK 101.
 This research is a descriptive qualitative research, in which the presentation and processing of data is carried out in a descriptive manner by focusing on the data obtained, but this research is not used to test hypotheses or not use hypotheses. Sources of data in this study came from primary data and secondary data. Data collection procedures by means of interviews, observation and documentation.
 The results of this study are that at the recognition and measurement stage, LAZIS Al-Haromain is not fully in accordance with PSAK 109, where LAZIS Al-Haromain has not fully determined the receipt of non-cash assets from donors using the fair value required by PSAK 109. So far, LAZIS Al-Haromain has not journalized This non-cash infaq shadaqah receipt has an impact on the balance in the components of the financial statements, including the balance sheet (statement of financial position), reports on the use of infaq funds, and notes to financial statements. And the distribution of cash infaq shadaqah so far has not been journalized because in the early stages of receipt of infaq and cash shadaqah it was not journalized so that up to the distribution stage it also could not be journalized and directly in the form of a distribution report only. And at the stage of amil's financial statements based on PSAK 109, LAZIS Al-Haromain is not fully compliant. The implementation of accountability by LAZIS Al-Haromain in the presentation of financial statements and reporting is almost in accordance with the indicators of honesty and legal accountability, process accountability, program accountability, and policy accountability and is based on PSAK 101.

There is an obvious conceptual link between the words "professor" and "profession". May one however assume that being a professor entails belonging to a profession, an academic profession? One may have various motives for entering into and staying in the academy, eg the advantage of progression one the basis of one's own, independent efforts, earning a good salary and following one's calling to expend the energy and abilities one receives in life sensibly. Professors are expected to be (at least) adequate teachers; they are required to have and maintain specialised knowledge of their field and to generate new knowledge by means of the production and dissemination of original research results. Insofar as professions are characterised by their members having specialised knowledge or skills, performing specialised services, are bound by ethical codes and holding an acknowledged social status often expressed in titles, there should therefore not be any doubt as to the existence of an academic profession distinct from other professions (especially those related to the field of scholarship concerned). Practising academics should work towards the active acknowledgment by all of the professionalism of the professorial institution.

Because of the specific characteristics of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) networks and real-time applications, the trade-off between delay and reliability imposes problems for streaming video. Buffer management and drop packets policies play a critical role in the final quality of the video received by the end station. In this paper, we present a reactive buffer management algorithm, called Multi-Source Application Layer Automatic Repeat Request (MS-AL-ARQ), for a real-time non-interactive video streaming system installed on a standalone UAV network. This algorithm implements a selective-repeat ARQ model for a multi-source download scenario using a shared buffer for packet reordering, packet recovery, and measurement of Quality of Service (QoS) metrics (packet loss rate, delay and, delay jitter). The proposed algorithm MS-AL-ARQ will be injected on the application layer to alleviate packet loss due to wireless interference and collision while the destination node (base station) receives video data in real-time from different transmitters at the same time. Moreover, it will identify and detect packet loss events for each data flow and send Negative-Acknowledgments (NACKs) if packets were lost. Additionally, the one-way packet delay, jitter, and packet loss ratio will be calculated for each data flow to investigate the performances of the algorithm for different numbers of nodes under different network conditions. We show that the presented algorithm improves the QoS of the video data received under the worst network connection conditions. Furthermore, some congestion issues during deep analyses of the algorithm’s performances have been identified and explained.

Principles required for secure electronic voting using the Internet are known and published. Although the Internet voting functionalities and technologies are well-defined, none of the existing state-sponsored Internet voting approaches in use incorporate a total Internet-based system approach that includes voter registration, the voting process, and vote counting. The distributed Internet voting architecture concept discussed in this article uses a novel thin client approach to Internet voting. The architecture uses existing technologies and knowledge to create a viable whole system approach to Internet voting. This article describes various aspects and processes necessary to support an integrated approach. The application programming interface software for many of the critical functions was developed in Python and functionality tested. A virtual network, including a cloud-based functionality, was created and used to evaluate the various conceptual aspects of the proposed architecture. This included the concepts associated with programming and accessing smart cards, capturing and saving fingerprint data, structuring virtual private networks using tunneling and Internet Protocol Security, encrypting ballots using asymmetric encryption, using symmetric encryption for secret cookies, thin client interaction, and creating hash functions to be used within a blockchain structure in a Merkle tree architecture. The systems’ primary user targets are individuals remotely located from their home voting precincts and senior citizens who have limited mobility and mostly reside in assisted living facilities. The research supports the contention that a cybersecure Internet voting system that significantly reduces the opportunity for mail-in voter fraud, helps to ensure privacy for the voter, including nonrepudiation, nonattribution, receipt freeness, and vote acknowledgment can be created using existing technology.

The purpose of this study is to enhance the performance of Multistream Fast Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) keeping in view the recent web-based applications that are being deployed on long-range, high-speed, and high-bandwidth networks. To achieve the objective of the research study, a congestion control after fast-recovery module for congestion control scheme of Multistream Fast TCP is proposed. The module optimized the performance of the protocol by reducing the time that is required to consume the available bandwidth after a fast-recovery phase. The module is designed after studying additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease and rate-based congestion window management schemes of related transport protocols. The module adjusts the congestion window on receipt of each individual acknowledgment instead of each round trip time after the fast-recovery phase until it consumes vacant bandwidth of the network link. The module is implemented by using Network Simulator 2. Convergence time, throughput, fairness index, and goodput are the parameters used to assess the performance of proposed module. The results indicate that Enhanced Multistream Fast TCP with congestion control after fast recovery recovers its congestion window in a shorter time period as compared to multistream Fast TCP, Fast TCP, TCP New Reno, and Stream Control Transmission Protocol. Consequently, Enhanced Multistream Fast TCP consumes the available network bandwidth in lesser time and increases the throughput and goodput. The proposed module enhanced the performance of the transport layer protocol. Our findings demonstrate the performance impact in the form of a decrease in the convergence time to consume the available network bandwidth and the increase in the throughput and the goodput.

With a target to maximize the throughput, a fast link rate adaptation algorithm for IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac is proposed, which is basically preamble based and can adaptively compensate for the discrepancy between transmitter and receiver radio frequency performances by exploiting the acknowledgment signal. The target system is a 1 × 1 wireless local area network chip with no null data packet or sounding. The algorithm can be supplemented by automatic rate fallback at the initial phase to further expedite rate adaptation. The target system receives wireless channel coefficients and previous packet information, translates them to amended signal-to-noise ratios, and then, via the mean mutual information, selects the modulation and coding scheme with the maximum throughput. Extensive simulation and wireless tests are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the proposed adaptive preamble-based link adaptation in comparison with both the popular automatic rate fallback and ideal link adaptation. The throughput gain of the proposed link adaptation over automatic rate fallback is demonstrated over various packet transmission intervals and Doppler frequencies. The throughput gain of the proposed algorithm over ARF is 46% (15%) for a 1-tap (3-tap) channel over 10 m–250 m (16 m–160 m) normalized Doppler frequencies. Assuming a 3-tap channel and 30 m–50 m normalized Doppler frequencies, the throughput of the proposed algorithm is about 31 Mbps, nearly the same as that of ideal link adaptation, whereas the throughput of ARF is about 24 Mbps, leading to a 30% throughput gain of the proposed algorithm over ARF. The firmware is implemented in C and on Xilinx Zynq 7020 (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA) for wireless tests.

Software-defined network (SDN) and vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) combined provided a software-defined vehicular network (SDVN). To increase the quality of service (QoS) of vehicle communication and to make the overall process efficient, researchers are working on VANET communication systems. Current research work has made many strides, but due to the following limitations, it needs further investigation and research: Cloud computing is used for messages/tasks execution instead of fog computing, which increases response time. Furthermore, a fault tolerance mechanism is used to reduce the tasks/messages failure ratio. We proposed QoS aware and fault tolerance-based software-defined V vehicular networks using Cloud-fog computing (QAFT-SDVN) to address the above issues. We provided heuristic algorithms to solve the above limitations. The proposed model gets vehicle messages through SDN nodes which are placed on fog nodes. SDN controllers receive messages from nearby SDN units and prioritize the messages in two different ways. One is the message nature way, while the other one is deadline and size way of messages prioritization. SDN controller categorized in safety and non-safety messages and forward to the destination. After sending messages to their destination, we check their acknowledgment; if the destination receives the messages, then no action is taken; otherwise, we use a fault tolerance mechanism. We send the messages again. The proposed model is implemented in CloudSIm and iFogSim, and compared with the latest models. The results show that our proposed model decreased response time by 50% of the safety and non-safety messages by using fog nodes for the SDN controller. Furthermore, we reduced the execution time of the safety and non-safety messages by up to 4%. Similarly, compared with the latest model, we reduced the task failure ratio by 20%, 15%, 23.3%, and 22.5%.

Abstract. Although many historical injustices in Canada have BC roots, the ensuing debates have tended to frame redress as a federal responsibility. The article analyzes this dynamic and calls it “reparation displacement.” Reparation displacement saves the recalcitrant community or group from fighting aggressively to avoid its unpleasant past, shunting questions of cause, blame, and obligation away instead. Reparation displacement receives special attention here as an obstacle hindering BC's reconciliation with First Nations. The article also links the emphasis in “postpositivist” policy studies on civic deliberation to the focus in the reparations literature on historical acknowledgment. It suggests further that reparation displacement requires further research from scholars of federalism and multilevel governance.Résumé. La Colombie-Britannique est le site de plusieurs injustices commises dans l'histoire du Canada. Pourtant, les débats qui s'ensuivent tendent à concevoir la question de la réparation comme relevant de la responsabilité du gouvernement fédéral. Cet article examine cette dynamique et y réfère en tant qu'elle témoigne d'un «déplacement de la réparation». Un tel déplacement permet à la communauté ou au groupe récalcitrant d'éviter d'affronter les aspects malheureux de son histoire. Il fait dévier les questions de cause, de blâme et d'obligation hors des responsabilités de la communauté concernée. Une attention spéciale est dédiée ici à ce phénomène parce qu'il constitue un obstacle entravant le processus de réconciliation entre la Colombie-Britannique et les Premières Nations. Enfin, cet article établit un rapport entre l'emphase que mettent les études «post-positivistes» de politiques sur la délibération civique et l'importance accordée à la reconnaissance historique dans la littérature portant sur les enjeux de réparation. Il suggère, en outre, que ce phénomène de déplacement devrait faire l'objet de recherches approfondies dans les domaines d'étude du fédéralisme et de la gouvernance multipalier.

In infrastructure schemes of WLANs wireless computer networks, which are based on the use of the DSF (distributed coordination function) function and the CSMA/CA mechanism, the station STA (STAtion) sends a frame if the transmission channel is released after waiting for the end of the DIFS (distributed interframe space) interval and operation of the slot selec-tion mechanism for transmission (backoff mechanism). In case of collisions or damage to the frame by interference, the AP cannot decode the frame and does not send it back to the ACS station. The sending station STA waits for the re-ceipt of a potential ASK before the expiration of the corresponding timeout, and in case of receipt, starts the backoff procedure before transmission. The duration of the slot used in the backoff process depends on the speed of the physical layer technology. To reduce overhead, a transmission mechanism using frame blocks was proposed. This mechanism assumes that a block of frames intended for one recipient can be sent without con-firming the fact of correct reception by the AP access point of each frame separately. In this case, the sender (STA) competes for access to the channel for the first frame of the block. If it wins the access competition, the transmission of the first frame begins, and after receiving the ACK acknowledgment for it and a short SIFS separation interval, the STA transmits a whole block of frames, which is accompanied by a BAR service frame. The mechanism of frames block transmission in wireless computer networks IEEE 802.11 DCF with infrastructure topology has been analyzed. In protected mode, the depend-encies of network throughput on data transmission rate and the number of frames in a block are determined. It is shown that the mechanism of block transmission significantly increases the network throughput, especially in the range of higher transmission rates. With a marked increase in the intensity of interference the transmission of blocks becomes more complicated. Already with BER=10^-6 and the frames number of the order of 10 and more, in some cases there is a need to retransmit distorted in a block frames, and at BER=10^-5 there are many re-transmissions, so the resulting network throughput becomes small.

7023 Background: Expanded Access (EA), also known as “compassionate use,” is a regulatory pathway in which a patient with an immediate life-threatening condition or disease can gain access to an investigational product for treatment when no satisfactory therapy is available. Oncology practices may lack the regulatory experience or administrative support to use EA. In response, FDA OCE launched Project Facilitate (PF), a call center to assist oncology healthcare providers requesting EA. An analysis of single-patient investigational new drugs (IND) was performed to assess the first 10 months of PF compared to the period prior to its launch. Methods: Preliminary data was extracted from the FDA’s central database that yielded 719 single-patient INDs between May 31-November 30, 2018 & 2019 in the Office of Oncologic Diseases (OOD). Data collected included IND receipt date, acknowledgment date, application status, drug name, underlying malignancy of patient, address of requesting physician, withdrawal date, and patient demographics. A manual review of INDs was performed to assess for actual processing dates and to capture demographics not captured by the database. A total of 28 INDs were excluded due to duplications, cancellation by Sponsor prior to issuance of FDA decision, or coding errors in the database. Industry denial explanations were reported by the provider by emails. Results: Data from 692 INDs were analyzed and 692 (100%) were granted safe to proceed. The median processing time was 1 day (mean=2) in 2018 and 1 day (mean= 1.5) in 2019. Our findings indicate that the volume of oncology EA requests increased by 76 (19%) in 2019 vs 2018. A total of 207 unique drugs were requested. Malignancies most frequently involved included: Acute myeloid leukemia (n = 84, 8.3%), soft tissue sarcoma (n = 77, 7.6%), and non-small cell lung cancer (n = 60, 5.9%). States with the highest requests included: California (n = 82, 11.8%), New York (n = 81, 11.7%), and Massachusetts (n = 42, 6.1%). A majority of requests were from major academic centers (77%). All denied requests (N = 9) by industry were due to company’s decision to not provide products outside of a clinical trial. Conclusions: The positive trends in decreased processing times and increased number of requests are consistent with OCE’s mission to improve efficiency of the EA program and ensure equitable access to all oncology patients. [Table: see text]

Abstract This research started with the researcher's interest in how the implementation of ZIS accounting was carried out and the financial reports prepared based on PSAK 109 at the LAZISMU Bondowoso branch in 2021. Based on this depiction, this consider points to portray the execution of PSAK No. 109 within the Bondowoso department of LAZISMU in 2021. This consider could be a expressive think about with an explanatory approach, separated into four stages, to be specific information collection, information diminishment, information introduction and conclusion. The area assurance strategy embraces the target region strategy, and the information collection strategy of this consider receives the meet strategy and writing strategy. The comes about of this ponder show that LAZISMU Bondowoso has executed PSAK 109 but has not recorded any notes to the money related explanations and therefore did not provide the information contained in the point of disclosure. Therefore, in the future LAZISMU Bondowoso is expected to continue to try tolearn to understand PSAK Number 109 as a whole. To improve work performance LAZISMU Bondowoso must submit complete financial reports by PSAK 109 namely compiling and presenting notes to financial statements so that information in other financial reports can be disclosed in more detail in this report. Keywords: PSAK 109, Acknowledgment, Measurement, Presentation, Disclosure Abstrak Penelitian ini berawal dari ketertarikan peneliti terhadap bagaimana LAZISMU Cabang Bondowoso menerapkan akuntansi ZIS dan menyusun laporan keuangan sesuai PSAK 109 pada tahun 2021. Maka berdasarkan uraian tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan PSAK Nomor 109 di LAZISMU cabang Bondowoso tahun 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat tahap yang berbeda, pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan, teknik analisis digunakan dalam penelitian deskriptif ini. Penentuan lokasi menggunakan pendekatan purposive area, wawancara dan dokumen digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data penelitian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa LAZISMU Bondowoso sebenarnya telah menerapkan PSAK 109, namun belum menyajikan catatan laporan keuangan sehingga poin-poin pengungkapan tidak dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, kedepannya LAZISMU Bondowoso diharapkan dapat terus berusaha belajar memahami PSAK Nomor 109 secara keseluruhan. Untuk meningkatkan prestasi kerja, LAZISMU Bondowoso harus menyampaikan laporan keuangan lengkap berdasarkan PSAK 109 untuk penyusunan dan penyampaian lampiran laporan keuangan, agar informasi dari laporan keuangan lainnya dapat lebih akurat diungkapkan dalam laporan ini. Kata kunci: PSAK 109; Pengakuan; Pengukuran; Penyajian; Pengungkapan

Abstract Abstract 1664 Imatinib (IM), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), represents the most successful targeted therapy in human cancer. However, this success has been tempered by problems of disease persistence and resistance. We have shown that disease persistence arises from a population of CML stem cells that survive despite complete inhibition of Bcr-Abl by TKI and that in CML stem cells autophagy is induced in response to TKI. Of critical importance, IM-induced autophagy provides a survival mechanism as autophagy inhibition using chloroquine combined with TKIs resulted in almost complete elimination of CML stem cells (Bellodi JCI 2009; Helgason Blood 2011). This pre-clinical work has now progressed to CHOICES clinical trial in which CML patients with residual disease on IM are randomised to continue IM or to have hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) added for 12 months (NCT01227135). In addition to disease persistence, TKI resistance represents a major clinical challenge and can be caused by mutation in Bcr-Abl affecting drug binding (Bcr-Abl dependent) or by activation of alternative signalling pathways (Bcr-Abl independent). As none of the currently licensed TKIs inhibit Bcr-Abl carrying the T315I mutation we aimed to use ponatinib, a 3rd generation TKI, to tackle Bcr-Abl dependent resistance. For cells that have acquired Bcr-Abl independent mechanisms of resistance we aimed to test drugs that target alternative survival pathways and in both models to examine if they induce cell death in TKI-resistant cells, induce protective autophagy and synergise with autophagy inhibition to enhance elimination of CML stem/progenitor cells. We demonstrated that ponatinib was effective in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in chronic phase (CP) CML CD34+ cells (n=5) and in CP cells carrying the T315I mutation (n=2) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ponatinib, like 1st and 2nd generation TKIs, induced autophagy in CP CD34+ and T315I expressing cells. HCQ-mediated autophagy inhibition enhanced the effect of ponatinib in CML stem/progenitor cells with reduction in Colony Formation Cell (CFC) number increased from 34% with 100nM ponatinib alone to 77% in ponatinib/HCQ treated cells (n=4). This combination had no significant effect on proliferation or CFC formation of normal CD34+ cells (n=3). Most strikingly, ponatinib/HCQ combination resulted in near complete elimination of CML stem cells with less that 1% surviving treatment in Long-Term Culture Initiating Cell (LTC-IC) assay (n=3). The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, downstream of Bcr-Abl, provides an alternative drug target for CML patients with Bcr-Abl independent TKI-resistance. Treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 resulted in dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in CP CML CD34+ cells (n=5) and in ponatinib-resistant KCL22 cells (generated by culturing cells in increasing concentrations of ponatinib for a prolonged period), whereas rapamycin, a less potent mTOR inhibitor, exhibited only anti-proliferative effects and failed to induce apoptosis. We also showed that inhibition of mTOR leads to induction of autophagy. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition, by Atg7 knockdown or HCQ treatment, augmented death induced by PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in CML cells, including ponatinib-resistant KCL22 cells. In CP CD34+ cells 100nM BEZ235 induced 12% apoptosis above untreated controls (n=6) and 65% reduction in CFC (n=8), that was increased to 18% and 83%, respectively, when combined with HCQ. When combined with HCQ-mediated autophagy inhibition, BEZ235 also reduced CFC potential of progenitor cells derived from 2 patients who have failed to achieve CCyR following any generation TKI, by 75% compared to 42% following ponatinib treatment. BEZ235 as monotherapy reduced survival of CML stem cells by 59% with the effect further increased in combination with HCQ, resulting in 74% reduction in stem cell number, indicating that autophagy also protects CML stem cells from death induced by PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Taken together these data indicate that autophagy inhibition might not only potentiate treatment for CML patients responsive to TKI treatment by enhancing elimination of CML stem cells, but may represent an improved treatment option for both Bcr-Abl dependent and independent mechanisms of TKI-resistance in CML patients. Acknowledgments: Grants from KKLF (KKL404) and MRC (G0900882, CHOICES, ISCRTN No. 61568166) Disclosures: Nicolini: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, ARIAD, and Teva: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Druker:MolecularMD: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Scientific Founder; OHSU and Dr. Druker have a financial interest in MolecularMD. OHSU has licensed technology used in some of these clinical trials to MolecularMD. This potential individual and institutional conflict of interest has been reviewed and man, Scientific Founder; OHSU and Dr. Druker have a financial interest in MolecularMD. OHSU has licensed technology used in some of these clinical trials to MolecularMD. This potential individual and institutional conflict of interest has been reviewed and man Other; Novartis: OHSU receives clinical trial funding, OHSU receives clinical trial funding Other; Bristol-Myers Squibb: OHSU receives clinical trial funding, OHSU receives clinical trial funding Other; ARIAD: OHSU receives clinical trial funding. Dr. Druker is currently principal investigator or co-investigator on Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and ARIAD clinical trials. His institution has contracts with these companies to pay for patient costs, nurse and da Other.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role in organic electronics.[1] To increase the stability and the conjugation, pyrene units could be further attached through heteroatoms to improve the photo/chemical stability to oxygen or light.[2] In terms of the synthesis of these types of large acenes through pyrene, many routes have been studied and one of the best protocols is to synthesize the quinoxaline derivative from the dione and the corresponding diamino subunit.[3] Herein, we will present a series of pyrazinepyrene fused zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc-Pyrn) as a new class of π-extended phthalocyanine systems. Bathochromically shifted absorption as a function of the number of pyrazinepyrene entities due to extended π-conjugation, and quenched fluorescence due to the presence of fused pyrazinepyrene were witnessed. The electronic structures of these phthalocyanines were probed by systematic computational and electrochemical studies while the excited state properties were examined by pump-probe spectroscopies operating at the femto- and nanosecond time scales. Like the excited singlet lifetimes, the excited triplet states also revealed diminished lifetimes with an increased number of pyrazinepyrene entities. Further, the coordinatively unsaturated zinc in these molecules was coordinated with phenyl imidazole functionalized fullerene, ImC60 to form a new series of donor-acceptor conjugates. Upon full characterization of these conjugates, the occurrence of excited-state charge separation was established by transient pump-probe spectroscopy covering wide temporal and spatial regions. With an increase in pyrazinepyrene entities, an increased rate of forward charge separation was witnessed while rate constants for charge recombination were slower resulting in the final lifetime of charge-separated states of about 40-50 ns, better than that reported earlier for a similar pristine zinc phthalocyanine derived dyad. [4] Acknowledgments Authors acknowledge the support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN/FEDER, PID2020-117855RB-I00 to ASS) and Generalitat Valenciana (CIPROM/2021/059 and MFA/2022/028 to ASS) and US-National Science Foundation (2000988 to FD). The computational work was completed at the Holland Computing Center of the University of Nebraska, which receives support from the Nebraska Research Initiative. References 1. Zhang, Y. Cao, N. S. Colella, Y. Liang, J.-L. Brédas, K. N. Houk, A. L. Briseno, Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 500-509. 2. T. M. Figueira-Duarte, K. Müllen, Rev. 2011, 111, 7260-7314; b) P. Jin, T. Song, J. Xiao, Q. Zhang, Asian J. Org. Chem. 2018, 7, 2130-2146. 3. a) H. Shang, Z. Xue, K. Wang, H. Liu, J. Jiang, Eur. J. 2017, 23, 8644-8651; b) T. Khoury, M. J. A. Crossley, Chem. Commun. 2007, 4851-4853; c) K. Kise, A. Osuka, Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 15493-15497 4. J. Follana-Berná, Andrew Dawson,Sairaman Seetharaman, Paul A. Karr, Ángela Sastre-Santos, and Francis D’Souza, submitted. Figure 1

The article highlights the trends of unequal accumulation of human capital in late Imperial Russia as regards convergence and divergence in its largest macroregions (European Russia, Siberia, and the Far East), and also investigates the role of the central government in these processes. The main source of evidence on the funding for education and healthcare were the annual governors’ reports. The quality of their information in Russia’s eastern regions is assessed as lower than in the western ones. Additionally, the author employs the data from official publications of the statistical and financial offices, as well as estimates from academic literature. The starting point of the analysis is the pattern from the seminal work by Jeffrey Williamson (1965), in which the initial impulse to ‘modern economic growth’ (the term was coined by Simon Kuznets, 1955, 1966) first affected the core region and then spread to the periphery. As a result, the long-term trend of interregional disparities forms a bell-shaped curve. Studies on the main countries of Western Europe and North America have by large found evidence conforming to this pattern. The author finds that, in European Russia, since the late 1870s, interregional disparity in education financing decreased, while in healthcare it slightly increased. Spatial differentiation weakened in the branch where the share of central government funds was higher (education) and in the periods when it tended to increase (in both education and healthcare). Spatial inequality of the regions in Siberia and the Far East weakened over time in both areas of human capital formation, yet not very strongly and not so definitely. High per capita funding for education and healthcare in the regions of the Far East is explained by the relatively high level of urbanization, which was stimulated primarily by geopolitical challenges. This resulted in a high share of funds from the central government and from the urban communities. Thus, the pattern from Williamson (1965) receives only partial empirical support as regards Russia. The increased involvement of the central government was of a leveling nature, creating a counterbalance to interregional divergence. In the regions of Siberia and the Far East, the pattern in education is similar to that discovered for European Russia (inequality decreases as the participation of the central government expands), and, in the healthcare sector, it is the opposite of the latter (inequality increases despite the expansion of the central government participation). The trends identified in the dynamics of inequality and its factors in European Russia are confirmed by different measurement methods. At the same time, as regards Siberia and the Far East, there is a strong sensitivity to these methods. Therefore, the corresponding results are confirmed to a lesser extent. Acknowledgments: The study was carried out under the Russian Government assignment to RANEPA. The author would like to thank Vladislav O. Afanasenkov and Irina V. Shilnikova for supplying data on the population of Yenisei, Irkutsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk provinces, Amur, Trans-Baikal and Primorye regions (collected and reconstructed on the basis of the publications of the Central Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the governors’ reports).

Possibility of operation a water electrolysis technology using cost-effective components for current collectors or porous transport layers and non-platinum group metal catalysts with fast response to intermittent loads from renewable energy sources makes membrane alkaline water electrolysis (MAWE) an attractive technology for producing low cost “green” hydrogen. MAWE represents a technology combining the advantages of the already established electrolyser technologies, i.e. proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) and alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). It combines the relatively low-cost materials of AWE with utilisation of the ion-selective polymer electrolyte as separator of the electrode compartments which is commonly used in PEMWE. In the case of the utilisation of the ion-selective polymer electrolyte the electrodes can be pressed directly to its surface thus creating the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). Reduction of the gap between the electrodes and separator to zero lowers the ohmic drop on the cell. This positively affects the efficiency of the water electrolysis. In MAWE the anion-selective materials are still facing some limitations in terms of poorer chemical stability in high pH environments and at elevated temperatures due to degradation of the anion exchange groups either by Hoffman elimination or nucleophilic attack by OH- ions, or lower ionic conductivity. Primarily two different MEA fabrication methods are recognized in literature [1]: catalyst-coated substrate (CCS) and catalyst-coated membrane (CCM). In the CCS method, catalyst ink, consisting of a binder/ionomer, catalyst particles and solvent, is applied to one side of the porous transport layer whereas in CCM method the catalyst ink is applied to the ion-selective membrane. The CCM approach is established in the PEMWE technology, but in MAWE the above-mentioned problem with stability of anion-selective materials limits the research. From PEMWE we know that CCM approach provides several advantages, including close contact between the catalyst layer and membrane resulting in better utilization of the catalyst compared to CCS. This advantage allows the MEA to maintain the overall performance with lower catalyst loading. Also, the catalyst layer thickness is reduced, which lowers ohmic losses on the MEA. However, the CCM method can also cause poor electrical contact between the MEA and current collector or within the catalyst layer itself. In this work, we first compare the CCS and CCM approaches and study the possibility of catalyst loading reduction. Then, with CCM we further optimize the composition of the catalyst layer, study the effect of method of preparation and compare two different membranes – non-commercial with 2 different thicknesses and commercial one As anion-selective material we use chloromethylated block copolymer polystyrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (PSEBS-CM) functionalized with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) groups. The solution of PSEBS-CM is used also as a binder of the catalyst layer. This material showed good ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity and stability at elevated temperature. For comparison reason, Fumapem® FAA-3-50 membrane is tested. NiCo2O4 and NiFe2O4 are used as anode and cathode catalysts, respectively. Air-brush or computer controlled ultrasonic dispersion of catalyst ink are used to prepare MEA. As many operating conditions have been reported to significantly affect MAWE performance, including membrane thickness, electrolyte type, and operating temperature we decided to test the performance of the prepared CCSs and CCMs by mean of the load curves in in the range 1.5 – 2.0 V in different concentrations of KOH (1 – 15 wt.%) at 50 °C. To identify the influence of membrane thickness, we use membrane with thickness of 250 or 60 µm. To have deeper insight on the system, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used under the MAWE conditions at voltage of 0, 1.5 and 1.8 V in frequency range 100 kHz – 0.1 Hz with amplitude of 10 mV. Scanning electron microscopy is used to observe the morphology of the layers. The chosen CCMs undergo the stability test measured at 50 °C in 10 wt.% KOH at current density of 250 mA cm-2 for 160 hours. The obtained results show the possibility of: 1) replacing the CCS with CCM, 2) reduction of the catalyst load by 75%, 3) improvement of performance with optimized catalyst/binder ratio and 4) improvement of performance with reduction of the membranes thickness. Acknowledgments: This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 875118. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe research. Financial support by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic within the framework of the project No. TK 02030001 is gratefully acknowledged. Huah, L.B., et al., Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020.

Decarbonizing the automotive sector has become a priority in the last decades. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are a promising technology for this purpose, thanks to their high power, high efficiency, fast refilling and potentially zero emissions. In particular, PEFCs are well-suited for heavy-duty applications, as they show unique scalability in terms of power and efficiency, and require a limited amount of infrastructure, as fewer refuelling stations are needed due to dedicated and more predictable routes1. However, to achieve reliable and cost-effective systems, existing challenges related to performance and durability need to be overcome. A powerful approach to improve the competitiveness of the system is to optimize the water management, as it is a complex but performance-defining issue2. Although the water generated during operation is beneficial to the membrane and the ionomer for proton conduction, it causes mass transport losses in the gas diffusion media by blocking the transport pathways for the reactant gases, limiting the overall performance of the system. State-of-the-art gas diffusion media are made by dip-coating carbon fiber-based substrates in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion. The treatment provides the material with the required hydrophobicity, but suffers from two major drawbacks. First, the PTFE coverage is heterogenous, which results in uneven distribution of the wetting properties3. Second, the weak physical interactions between the substrate and the coating cause PTFE loss under operating conditions, negatively impacting the overall system performance and durability4. In addition, efforts are being made to replace fluorine-containing materials, which are very prominent in PEFCs, because of the fluorine toxicity that might result in a ban of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in 20245. Our goal is to overcome the existing challenges through an alternative coating approach leveraging principles of liquid phase electrochemistry, electrografting. The proposed technique enables the formation of tunable and conformal hydrophobic layers covalently bonded to the substrate6,7, which we hypothesize would result in more stable and homogeneous coatings. Furthermore, given the large variety of molecules that can be grafted using this method, we foresee a pathway for the development of fluorine-free coatings. In this talk, I will first discuss our alternative synthetic approach to hydrophobize fibrous substrates using fluorine-free molecules, such as silanes or siloxanes. Secondly, I will present our efforts to elucidate the relationship between the fibrous substrate composition and their properties. To assess the chemical nature and the morphology of the surfaces, we perform X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirming the presence of Si element on the surfaces. To evaluate the wetting properties, we measure external contact angles of water and lower surface tension mixtures on diffusion media surfaces, solid surface energies, and electrochemical double layer capacitance as an indirect metric of the wetted area. Thanks to these techniques, we find comparable water repellency between the new coating materials and the traditional PTFE-based ones. Finally, I will discuss the performance of the novel gas diffusion layers in single-cell polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The ultimate goal of our research is to synthesize advanced fluorine-free gas diffusion media with improved performance and durability. Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 101007170. The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 899987 and the Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems. References (1) Cullen, D. A.; Neyerlin, K. C.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Mukundan, R.; More, K. L.; Borup, R. L.; Weber, A. Z.; Myers, D. J.; Kusoglu, A. Nat Energy 2021, 6 (5), 462–474. (2) Yue, L.; Wang, S.; Araki, T.; Utaka, Y.; Wang, Y. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46 (3), 2969–2977. (3) Rofaiel, A.; Ellis, J. S.; Challa, P. R.; Bazylak, A. J Power Sources 2012, 201, 219–225. (4) Pan, Y.; Wang, H.; Brandon, N. P. J Power Sources 2021, 230560. (5) ECHA (European Chemical Agency), Restriction on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of PFASs , 2023, https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-publishes-pfas-restriction-proposal. (6) Bélanger, D.; Pinson, J. Chem Soc Rev 2011, 40 (7), 3995–4048. (7) Thomas, Y. R. J.; Benayad, A.; Schroder, M.; Morin, A.; Pauchet, J. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015, 7 (27), 15068–15077.

The application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in light-duty vehicles (LDV) has dominated the fuel cell research field for the past decades. To reduce the LDV FC system cost to 30 $/kW by 2025 has driven the search for highly active cathode catalysts that could substitute the costly state-of-the-art Pt-alloy catalysts or reduce the cathode loadings to < 0.125 mgPt/cm2.1, 2 As novel ORR catalyst continue to emerge, theoretical calculations have turned the attention on Pt-rare earth (RE) alloys, such as platinum-yttrium alloys that were suggested to have superior activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and superior long-term stability compared to conventional carbon-supported platinum catalyst (Pt/C). 3 Based on these findings, many attempts have been made to produce high electrochemical surface area (ECSA) Pt-RE alloy catalysts.4 In recent years, Hu, et al. introduced a new synthesis procedure that utilizes a carboiimide-assisted synthesis for the preparation of Pt-RE/C catalysts with an unprecedentedly high ECSAs in the range of ~50-60 m2/gPt.5 With such high ECSA PtxY/C catalysts, good PEMFC performance would be expected, but to date the ORR activity and stability of such PtxY/C catalysts has not been demonstrated in a PEMFC environment. In view of this, we reproduced the synthesis reported by Hu et al. using a Ketjen Black (KB) carbon support. The resulting PtxY/KB catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and elemental analysis, indicating the formation of a Pt-richshell/Pt3Ycore structure that was caused by the acid washing procedure introduced before the electrochemical characterization.5 In our present study, two different Pt/KB catalysts were selected as reference materials: i) a Johnson Matthey reference catalyst consisting of small well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on a KB support (Pt/KB-JM); ii) an in-house synthesized Pt/KB catalyst (Pt/KB-syn.) with a similar particle size distribution and ECSA as the in-house synthesized PtxY/KB catalyst (PtxY/KB-syn.). The ECSA (via CO-stripping voltammetry) and the ORR mass activity at 0.9 V vs. RHE (imass 0.9 V) of these three catalysts were first evaluated by rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements in 0.1 M HClO4 at 25 °C. The catalysts were also incorporated as cathode catalysts in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), first determining their ECSA (by CO-stripping) and then their H2/O2 and H2/air performance in a 5 cm2 single-cell PEMFC hardware at 80 °C under differential flow conditions, including a quantification of the ORR mass activity at 0.9 V vs. RHE at 100 kPa O2. As can be seen in Figure 1, the relative ECSA and ORR mass activity values of the three different catalysts obtained in the RDE and the PEMFC configuration were essentially identical when evaluated at the same ionomer to carbon ratio (I/C = 0.7, g/g). Furthermore, a comparison of the RDE ORR activity at two different I/C ratios showed that the PtxY/KB-syn. and Pt/KB-syn. catalysts were more susceptible to ionomer poisoning when compared to the Pt/KB-JM catalyst. Following the approach taken in our previous publications, the voltage-cycling stability of the synthesized catalysts was also evaluated using an accelerated stress test (AST) consisting of a triangular potential scan between 0.6 and 1.0 VRHE at 50 mV/s up to 30000 cycles.5 Overall, the RDE and PEMFC data showed that the here synthesized carbon-supported Pt-richshell/Pt3Ycore catalyst does not shown an enhanced ORR activity nor a long-term stability benefit when compared to a Pt/KB catalyst with the same ECSA, contrary to what had been hypothesized earlier.3 References R. L. Borup, A. Kusoglu, K. C. Neyerlin, R. Mukundan, R. K. Ahluwalia, D. A. Cullen, K. L. More, A. Z. Weber and D. J. Myers, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 21, 192–200 (2020). M. Escudero-Escribano, K. D. Jensen and A. W. Jensen, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 8, 135–146 (2018). J. Greeley, I. E. L. Stephens, A. S. Bondarenko, T. P. Johansson, H. A. Hansen, T. F. Jaramillo, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff and J. K. Nørskov, Nature Chemistry, 1(7), 552–556 (2009). J. N. Schwämmlein, G. S. Harzer, P. Pfändner, A. Blankenship, H. A. El-Sayed, and H. A. Gasteiger, Journal of the Electrochemical Society(165 (15)), J3173-J3185 (2018). Y. Hu, J. O. Jensen, L. N. Cleemann, B. A. Brandes and Q. Li, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142, 953–961 (2020). Acknowledgment This work has been supported by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 826097 (GAIA). This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Figure 1

The termination of the temporary disability benefit due to the beneficiary's unjustified absence from the medical examination that had been notified by burofax with acknowledgment of receipt not withdrawn, and not followed by official publication, does not proceed. The termination of the temporary disability benefit due to the beneficiary's unjustified absence from the medical examination that had been notified by burofax with acknowledgment of receipt not withdrawn, and not followed by official publication, does not proceed

Disruption tolerant networks (DTN) are networks that provide unguided technologies. Solar technologies and Radio frequencies are used to operate the network. In DTN networks the connectivity does not last for a long time and they do not provide end to end connectivity. Therefore it uses store and forward technique to forward the packets to the destination nodes. When N number of nodes is participating in the network, each node receives packets from the previous node and sends acknowledgment to the sender node. Time delay occurs on receiving and sending acknowledgment continuously. Collision occurs due to the congestion in the network. Due to the irregular connectivity in the network, the compromised nodes try to drop the whole packet or part of the packet. The Blackhole and Greyhole attacks occur due to the packet loss. Optimized algorithm can be used to solve the above attacks. By using CAT Swarm optimization algorithm, the attacks can be prevented and it minimizes the Time delay in delivering the packets.

Though my personall attendance on your lordship receives a discontinuance by my absence from Ireland, I cannot so much forget the obligation of that noble respect vouchsafed me there and the authority of your lordship's commands as not to waite on your lordship by my letters till a new oportunity admitt me againe the honour of kissing your lordship's hands. And though the impression I am under of your lordship's high civilityes might justifye large acknowledgments, yet beleeving your lordship delights more in obligeing acts then the repetition of them, I forbeare saying more then that I shall retayne a due resentment of my great ingagements to appeare your lordship's servant and am ambitious to receive some commands from your lordship which may witnesse you are pleased so to account of me.

Bisexual+ (bisexual, pansexual, queer, attraction to more than one gender) people are at elevated risk for sexual victimization relative to their heterosexual counterparts. Disclosure of sexual victimization and social reactions received upon disclosure can play a major role in recovery following an assault. Using an online survey, the current study examined whether bisexual+ and heterosexual survivors of sexual victimization ( N = 657) varied in disclosure of victimization, the type of disclosure (in-person vs. online via #MeToo), and receipt of various social reactions to disclosure in person and online. A chi-square test examined differences in disclosure and differences in types of disclosure (in-person only vs. MeToo across sexual identity). MANOVAS were used to examine whether in-person and online reactions varied across sexual identity. Bisexual+ survivors were more likely to disclose sexual victimization relative to heterosexual survivors. Among those who disclosed, bisexual+ survivors were more likely to disclose in person only whereas heterosexual survivors were more likely to disclose online via #MeToo. Whereas we did not find any significant differences for in-person reactions, we did find significant differences for online social reactions using #MeToo. Heterosexual survivors received higher turning against reactions (e.g., avoided talking to you or spending time with you) and more unsupportive acknowledgment relative to bisexual+ participants. Whereas bisexual+ participants received less turning against reactions and unsupportive acknowledgment during #MeToo/online disclosure, they were also less likely to disclose using #MeToo. Findings suggest that bisexual+ and heterosexual people vary in the way they disclose sexual victimization, and in how they are responded to when disclosing in person and online.

Erratum to the article, “Educational Homogamy in Two Gilded Ages: Evidence from Inter-generational Social Mobility Data,” published in Volume 663, January 2016 of The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. In the original published paper, a note of acknowledgments was excluded. The note is published here as follows: NOTE: This research was supported in part by Russell Sage Foundation and the National Science Foundation. This research was carried out using the facilities of the California Center for Population Research, which receives core support (R24-HD041022) from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In preparing this paper, the author benefited from the advice of Christine R. Schwartz and Judith A. Seltzer, research assistance from Xi Song, and the comments of the editors and authors of this special issue. The author also thanks Claudia Goldin for making available her microdata sample from the 1915 Census of Iowa.

Sexual victimization is a major public health concern with significant consequences for survivors, their families, and society at large. Studies examining in-person disclosure of sexual victimization suggest that the way others respond to disclosure has a significant impact on survivors’ well-being. With the advent of social media, more survivors are choosing to disclose their experience online. Research is needed to understand how social reactions to online disclosure of sexual victimization impact survivors. Accordingly, the current study examined the association between online social reactions to the disclosure of sexual victimization and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of 195 individuals who disclosed their experience online via the hashtag #MeToo. Symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with the level of assault severity reported by the survivor, as well as receipt of online social reactions to disclosure via #MeToo that made fun, insulted, or said something to hurt the survivor. Online social reactions to disclosure via #MeToo that involved turning away from the survivor or providing unsupportive acknowledgment of the experience were unrelated with PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms were also not associated with the receipt of positive online social reactions to disclosure via #MeToo. Like research addressing in-person social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization, some forms of online negative social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization via #MeToo appear to be associated with worse psychological outcomes among survivors. Thus, online disclosure of sexual victimization and its impact needs to be attended to in clinical and research settings.

PURPOSE: Oncology teams are challenged by BO, which may be alleviated by meaningful recognition. In this study, firgun—altruistic acknowledgment—was implemented on a pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant unit to evaluate its impact on staff and work environment. METHODS: In this longitudinal, mixed-methods pilot study, interdisciplinary inpatient hematopoietic cell transplant providers received web-based firgun education. Electronic administration of validated surveys occurred at baseline and 8 weeks, including Perceived Stress Scale, Professional Quality of Life Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Workplace Civility Index, Areas of Work Life Survey, and WHO-5. Weekly e-mails reminded participants to practice and log firgun. Wilcoxon signed test for paired data compared pre/post results. Interviews conducted at project completion were coded using MaxQDA software. RESULTS: Forty-two participants enrolled; 25 completed pre/post surveys; eight were interviewed. At study end, participants reported feeling less nervous and stressed ( P = .008), and less difficulty coping ( P = .01; Perceived Stress Scale), while noting increased acknowledgment of others' work ( P = .04) and seeking constructive feedback ( P = .04; Workplace Civility Index). Marked BO was not evident overall on the Maslach Burnout Inventory; however, emotional exhaustion subscale mean (SD) scores improved from pre (19.4 [8.6]) to post (16 [6.3; P = .02]) and individual items illustrated decreased fatigue ( P = .008), frustration ( P = .04), and feeling “at the end of my rope” ( P = .001). Postintervention participants noted increased receipt of recognition ( P = .02; Areas of Work Life Survey), decreased feeling “bogged down” ( P = .02), decreased affective stress ( P = .04), and negative pre-occupations ( P = .04; Professional Quality of Life Scale). Qualitative analysis revealed themes of improved confidence at work and enhanced feelings of trust and teamwork. CONCLUSION: Firgun is a tool that can potentially reduce BO and stress in interdisciplinary providers, facilitate teamwork, and promote positive work environments in clinical oncology and beyond.

Gary, R., Dunbar, S. B., Higgins, M., Butts, B., Corwin, E., Hepburn, K., … Miller, A. H. (2018). An Intervention to Improve Physical Function and Caregiver Perceptions in Family Caregivers of Persons With Heart Failure. Journal of Applied Gerontology. E pub ahead of print 19 January 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0733464817746757 In this article, the acknowledgment for the funder in the funding statement was missing. The correct funding statement is given below. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work is supported in part by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research grant no. P01 1PO1NR011587 (PI-E. Corwin), Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award no. UL1TR000454 (D. Stephens), and the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Veterans Administration. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01188070). The online version of this article has been corrected.

This study assesses the degree of Shariah compliance of different Islamic banking modalities in Bangladesh from the perspectives of investment clients, depositors, and bankers. It adopts a structured questionnaire developed based on AAOIFI standards to gather data from 392 respondents. ANOVA tests and t-tests are applied to identify significant Shariah non-compliance areas and differences in Shariah compliance scores among different Islamic bank modalities. From investment clients’ perspective, it is seen that in every mode of investment except Ijarah, Shariah is explicitly violated throughout the Islamic banking industry. Significant Shariah non-compliance is seen in Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muajjal, cash memos, and receipt and disbursement of goods, while Shariah is complied with in contract documents and client dealings. Bankers view all aspects except financial charges for delay to be Shariah compliant. From the depositors’ perspective, Shariah non-compliance is observed in the non-disclosure of information. There is no significant difference in Shariah compliance level between full-fledged and non-full-fledged Islamic banks. These findings should prove useful as a reference point for Bangladesh Bank, Islamic banks, policymakers, depositors, investors, and regulators to address Shariah non-compliance areas to ensure adherence to Shariah standards. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank SUST Research Centre, for the funding that made this study possible.

PurposeThrough the case of Blanca Sinchi, the following analysis presents valuation criteria that have resulted in the invisibility of social actors and cultural patrimony (cultural heritage) elements, and some contradictions in their acknowledgment process. In addition, the paper explains how architecture, among other historic assets, has made women and their contributions invisible.Design/methodology/approachBibliographic analysis and semi-structured interviews were carried out to theorize about the thermodynamic system of lime to propose a matri-lineal system category and expand the understanding of the participation of women in the receipt, management and transmission of what is called patrimony.FindingsIn heritage places, such as Cuenca (Ecuador), cultural richness extends from the Historic Center to the rest of the territory and its actors. However, there are intrinsic elements, such as unknown, but fundamental, oral or family traditions associated with the role of women. The case of Blanca Sinchi and lime is evidence of this, as it shows the typical scenario affected by gender and by disparate power dynamics that do not consider desirable attributes (authenticity, integrity, identity, bequest, option, existence, among others) in the conservation of architectural patrimony. A deep redefinition process, or even a change in the valuation system, is needed. Also, the history behind built heritage items must be explored to find the contributions made by women.Originality/valueProposing a matri-lineal system category to expand the understanding of the participation of women in the receipt, management and transmission of what is called patrimony, allows redefining and rewriting local and global history, acknowledging the role of women. In this way, the proposal questions not only the hegemony of the term “cultural patrimony” pigeonholed in paternal legacy but also the term “cultural heritage” as a synonym and framework that, while expanding material values, it does not effectively include, at least for Ibero-Romance language territories, the broad set of tangible and intangible values, as well as the know-how and skills of artisans.

Mobile Ipv6 (MIPv6) is designed to support IP mobility management in the Internet. The fast handovef fof Mobile Ipv6 (FMIPv6) is an extension of Mobile Ipv6. Because FMIPv6 provides the information for layer 2 (L2) handover in advance, the layer 3 handover procedure could start early in order to reduce the handover latency. However, the handover latency of FMIPv6 is still remaining large which is hardly to meet the requirements of real-time applications. To deal with this, we propose a modified fast handover scheme named as Improvement FMIPv6 (called I-FMIPv6) to reduce the overall latency on handover. In I-FMIPv6, when the Mobile Node (MN) receives a Fast Binding Acknowledgment (FBAck) message with the New Care- of Address (NcoA) acceptance, it will send an Binding Update (BU) message to the Correspondent Nodes (CNs) to update the MN’s new CoA before the 1.2 handover occurs. Thus, -FMIPv6 con void circle routing, wrong order and handover latency can be reduces up to 16.79%, the average throughput measured since MN lost connection to Previous Acces Router (PAR) till getting stable connection to New Access Router (NAR) can be increases up to 2.57% compared with FMIPv6 at the speed of the moving vehicles in the inner city.

Intermittently connected mobile Network systems represent a challenging environment for networking research, due to the problems of ensuring messages delivery in spite of frequent disconnections and random meeting patterns. These networks fall into general category of Delay Tolerant Networks. There are many real networks that follow this model, for example, wildlife tracking sensor networks, military networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, etc. In this context, traditional routing schemes fail, because they try to establish complete end-to-end paths, before any packet is sent. To deal with such networks, researches introduced flooding based routing schemes which leads to high probability of delivery. But the flooding based routing schemes suffered with contention and large delays. Here the proposed protocol “Spraying with performed by a node upon reception of an Acknowledgment message”, sprays a few message copies into the network, neighbors receives a copy and by that relay nodes we are choosing the shortest route and then route that copy towards the destination, if packets reach its destination which that node diffuse Acknowledment with Autonomic behaviour and discard messages. Previous works assumption is that there is no contention and unreachable nodes. But we argue that contention and unreachable nodes must be considered for finding efficiency in routing. So we are including a network which has contention and unreachable nodes and we applied the proposed protocol. So, we introduce new routing mechanism for Diffusion Based Efficient Spray Routing in Intemittently Connected Mobile Networks with Multiple Copies.

PurposeAcademic citation and social attention measure different dimensions in the impact of research results. The authors quantify the contribution of funding to both indicators considering the differences attributable to the research field and access type.Design/methodology/approachCitation and social attention accumulated until the year 2021 of more than 367 thousand research articles published in the year 2018 are studied. The authors consider funding acknowledgments (FAs) in the research articles. The data source is Dimensions, and the units of study are research articles in the United Nation (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).FindingsMost cited goals by researchers do not coincide with those that arouse greater social attention. A small proportion of articles accumulates a large part of the citations and most of the social attention. Both citation and social attention grow with funding. Thus, funded research has a greater probability of being cited in academic articles and mentioned in social media. Funded research receives on average two to three times more citations and 2.5 to 4.5 times more social attention than unfunded research. Moreover, the open access (OA) modalities gold and hybrid have the greatest advantages in citation and social attention due to funding.Research limitations/implicationsSpecific topics were studied in a specific period. Studying other topics and/or different time periods might result in different findings.Practical implicationsWhen funding to publish in open or hybrid access journals is not available, it is advisable to self-archiving the pre-print or post-print version in a freely accessible repository.Social implicationsAlthough cautiously, it is also advisable to consider the social impact of the research to complement the scientific impact in the evaluation of the research.Originality/valueThe joint evaluation of the effect of both funding and OA on social attention.

Abstract Introduction The 'Pill-in-the-pocket' oral anticoagulation (OAC) strategy is based upon the concept of dynamic thromboembolic risk which increases during and shortly after an atrial fibrillation (AF) episode. Limiting OAC use in low-risk patients with infrequent AF may offer comparable stroke protection and reduce bleeding. However, this approach relies on precise continuous rhythm monitoring with real-time alerts to patients. LINQ II implantable cardiac monitor transmits regularly to Carelink via smartphone app, but lacks patient alerts. To address this limitation, we developed bespoke software that triages transmissions in Carelink and sends alerts via SMS to patients. Purpose This feasibility study evaluates the precision of the LINQ II in detecting AF and assesses the efficacy of bespoke software in delivering 'real-time' SMS alerts to participants' smartphones, and measures compliance with these alerts. Methods In this single-center feasibility study, individuals with frequent AF episodes underwent LINQII implantation. The bespoke software, operating in the cloud, systematically reviewed all Carelink transmissions at 5-min intervals. SMS alerts were triggered based on specific criteria: 1)AF >30 min; 2)only the initial AF episode >30 min within a 24h period was transmitted; and 3)AF episodes uploaded or detected after a 24h delay were disregarded. Participants confirmed receipt of the alert by responding to the SMS, and timestamps for these interactions were recorded in a database (Fig. 1). Results A total of 50 patients were prospectively enrolled, and LINQ II was implanted. The median age was 49 years, 62% male, 90% had paroxysmal AF. Over a 3-month mean follow-up, 4080 AF episodes >30 min occurred in 32 patients. Among these, 700 met the criteria for triggering an alert, with 72.14% sent to patients within 24 h. Alerts were not transmitted for 3 main reasons: smartphone failure to transmit to Carelink within a 24 h period, software issues connecting to Carelink (website maintenance), and updates in the webservers. The median time from an AF episode to the transmission of SMS alerts was 2.47 h, with 85.54% of alerts being sent within 12 hours. Once an SMS was sent, the median time for acknowledgment was 4.3 min. The median time from an AF episode to acknowledgment was 4.23 h (Fig. 2). Notably, 97.62% of episodes were acknowledged within 24 hours. Patients failed to acknowledge an SMS alert on only 3 occasions. Conclusions Safely delivering 'pill-in-the-pocket' OAC requires a closed-loop system where devices provide real-time alerts during during AF , thus minimising delays in initiating OAC. This feasibility study establishes that the integration of bespoke software with LINQ II exhibits promising efficacy with a high percentage of SMS alerts within 24 hours, exceptional patient compliance, and a median response time of only 4.3 min. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed for seamless integration with Carelink to enhance connectivity.

There is no one ever doubts the quality of Kahlil Gibran as a poet or man of letters. His great name is the guarantee of his literature works’ quality. Almost every work, most of them are prose poetry, gain great success, and one of the indications is by translating into various languages in the world, including Indonesian. One of his most success works and receives international acknowledgment as well as his own admission as his best work is The Prophet. The Prophet includes many lessons bearing deconstruction values, which has been proven in this study. Deconstruction values within The Prophet is still inherent in each statement of its main character (Al Mustafa/Gibran) about topic concerning with many kinds of human problems, such as love, marriage, child, friendship, beauty, happiness, sadness, work, religion, and even death. In this study those values were contrasted or compared to various realities in form of text and social fenomena of the community in order to find their contradictions or similarities. This qualitative study used moral approach because its review material is intrinsic aspect of a literature works related to values. While the analysis technique used content analysis because it tried to disclose, understand, and catch the massage beneath the literature work. While the “knite” used to cut and disentangle its values is deconstruction. Deconstruction is an idea which strive to cope the world view which has been boxed all along within a normative understanding that this world consists of two opposing elements, such as rational-irrational, traditional- modern, logic-illogic, good-bad, man-women, and so on. Then deconstruction tries to look for gaps or alternatives between the two opposing elements. Thus, deconstruction is not always extreme in its meaning: confirm or nullify.

In the ever-evolving educational landscape, the integration of technology is pivotal for shaping college students' learning experiences. Artificial Intelligence (AI)--powered chatbots stand out as versatile virtual assistants, providing personalized support. This research delves into the intricate relationship between college students and chatbot support, exploring its nuanced impact on self-efficacy at Opol Community College. The study is grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the study employs a descriptive-causal design with purposive sampling, encompassing 304 participants. Demographic analysis unveils a diverse respondent population, forming the basis for nuanced interpretations of subsequent findings. While chatbot support receives positive acknowledgment, revealing strengths in interaction and query resolution, areas for improvement in academic support usage are identified. Moreover, in-depth self-efficacy analyses across domains showcase positive beliefs, offering a comprehensive understanding with targeted areas for enhancement. Grouped analysis based on technology use demonstrates students' overall confidence in adapting to new technology, coupled with specific items earmarked for improvement. Regression analysis emphasizes the statistically significant impact of chatbot support on self-efficacy, highlighting the transformative potential of these AI-driven tools. The study concluded that useful information for schools and developers on how to improve chatbot features, address concerns, and increase students' confidence in specific subjects ultimately creating a better educational environment. Recommendations emanating from these findings provide actionable insights for educational stakeholders. Institutions and developers are urged to refine chatbot features, addressing identified weaknesses in academic support usage. Additionally, interventions should focus on enhancing specific self-efficacy domains flagged for improvement. This study contributes valuable insights to the discourse on technology integration in education, guiding institutions and developers to tailor interventions that positively shape college students' self-efficacy and learning experiences.

AbstractThe majority of IoT implementations demand sensor nodes to run reliably for an extended time. Furthermore, the radio settings can endure a high data rate transmission while optimizing the energy-efficiency. The LoRa/LoRaWAN is one of the primary low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that has highly enticed much concentration. The energy limits is a significant issue in wireless sensor networks since battery lifetime that supplies sensor nodes have a restricted amount of energy and neither expendable nor rechargeable in most cases. A common hypothesis is that the energy consumed by sensors in sleep mode is negligible. With this hypothesis, the usual approach is to consider subsets of nodes that reach all the iterative targets. These subsets also called coverage sets, are then put in the active mode, considering the others are in the low-power or sleep mode. In this paper, we address this question by proposing an energy consumption model based on LoRa and LoRaWAN, which optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor node for different tasks for a period of time. Our energy consumption model assumes the following, the processing unit is in on-state along the working sequence which enhances the MCU unit by constructing it in low-power modes through most of the activity cycle, a constant time duration, and the radio module sends a packet of data at a specified transmission power level. The proposed analytical approach permits considering the consumed power of every sensor node element where the numerical results show that the scenario in which the sensor node transfers data to the gateway then receives an acknowledgment RX2 without receiving RX1 consumes the most energy; furthermore, it can be used to analyze different LoRaWAN modes to determine the most desirable sensor node design to reach its energy autonomy where the numerical results detail the impact of scenario, spreading factor, and bandwidth on power consumption.

A rapidly growing number of nations presently strive for the active development of competitive knowledge-based economy, making the issue of achieving science literacy one of the crucial global priorities. Acknowledgment of the role of scientific enterprise in the ideological, political, economic, social, and educational context has led to a rapid increase of attention this problem receives from specialists in various disciplines. Drawing on foreign experience, the authors of this article put before them the task of reviewing Project 2061 initiated by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) viewed as a promising approach to tackling the diminishing levels of science education both in our country and abroad. At the same time, we are interested in analyzing the underlying reasons that dictate the need to increase the scientific literacy of students representing various programs as they experience the effects of global technological advancement. The polydisciplinary nature of the natural sciences is yet another cardinal point of our current research since (when fully utilized) it allows one to approach study phenomena from all sides, thereby, forming a holistic picture of the world. As an international program aimed at assessing the academic achievements of schoolchildren PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) is based on precisely this kind of fruitful interdisciplinary method, whereby researchers gauge the level of the reading, mathematical, and natural scientific literacy of children. Serving as an effective evaluation tool, the PISA initiative not only helps estimate the volume of readily accessible knowledge but also measures the ability of learners to process information by utilizing scientific and critical thinking methods, dissect it and draw conclusions. Accordingly, it is our conviction that these academic benchmarking tools are invaluable for the modern generation of students worldwide as simple memorization and reproduction of information are on the cusp of being outperformed by the growing artificial intelligence industry which is able to provide more efficient alternatives for these simple mechanical knowledge acquisition skills. Consequently, if human intellectual development is swiftly reaching its bifurcation point we need to rely on ways of generating novel modes of thinking and problem-solving by taking into account consummate teaching methodologies that have the potential to serve as sure guidlines to increased global and national scientific progress and social wellbeing.

Introduction In 2017, 250 Indigenous delegates from across the country convened at the National Constitution Convention at Uluru to discuss a strategy towards the implementation of constitutional reform and recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Referendum Council). Informed by community consultations arising out of 12 regional dialogues conducted by the government appointed Referendum Council, the resulting Uluru Statement from the Heart was unlike any constitutional reform previously proposed (Appleby & Synot). Within the Statement, the delegation outlined that to build a more equitable and reconciled nation, an enshrined Voice to Parliament was needed. Such a voice would embed Indigenous participation in parliamentary dialogues and debates while facilitating further discussion pertaining to truth telling and negotiating a Treaty between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. The reforms proposed are based on the collective input of Indigenous communities that were expressed in good faith during the consultation process. Arising out of a government appointed and funded initiative that directly sought Indigenous perspectives on constitutional reform, the trust and good faith invested by Indigenous people was quickly shut down when the Prime Minster, Malcolm Turnbull, rejected the reforms without parliamentary debate or taking them to the people via a referendum (Wahlquist Indigenous Voice Proposal; Appleby and McKinnon). In this article, we argue that through its dismissal the government treated the Uluru Statement from the Heart as a passing phase or mere “thought bubble” that was envisioned to disappear as quickly as it emerged. The Uluru Statement is a gift to the nation. One that genuinely offers new ways of envisioning and enacting reconciliation through equitable relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Indigenous voices lie at the heart of reconciliation but require constitutional enshrinement to ensure that Indigenous peoples and cultures are represented across all levels of government. Filter Bubbles of Distortion Constitutional change is often spoken of by politicians, its critics, and within the media as something unachievable. For example, in 2017, before even reading the accompanying report, MP Barnaby Joyce (in Fergus) publicly denounced the Uluru Statement as “unwinnable” and not “saleable”. He stated that “if you overreach in politics and ask for something that will not be supported by the Australian people such as another chamber in politics or something that sort of sits above or beside the Senate, that idea just won't fly”. Criticisms such as these are laced with paternalistic rhetoric that suggests its potential defeat at a referendum would be counterproductive and “self-defeating”, meaning that the proposed changes should be rejected for a more digestible version, ultimately saving the movement from itself. While efforts to communicate the necessity of the proposed reforms continues, presumptions that it does not have public support is simply unfounded. The Centre for Governance and Public Policy shows that 71 per cent of the public support constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians. Furthermore, an online survey conducted by Cox Inall Ridgeway found that the majority of those surveyed supported constitutional reform to curb racism; remove section 25 and references to race; establish an Indigenous Voice to Parliament; and formally recognise Indigenous peoples through a statement of acknowledgment (Referendum Council). In fact, public support for constitutional reform is growing, with Reconciliation Australia’s reconciliation barometer survey showing an increase from 77 per cent in 2018 to 88 per cent in 2020 (Reconciliation Australia). Media – whether news, social, databases, or search engines – undoubtedly shape the lens through which people come to encounter and understand the world. The information a person receives can be the result of what Eli Pariser has described as “filter bubbles”, in which digital algorithms determine what perspectives, outlooks, and sources of information are considered important, and those that are readily accessible. Misinformation towards constitutional reform, such as that commonly circulated within mainstream and social media and propelled by high profile voices, further creates what neuroscientist Don Vaughn calls “reinforcement bubbles” (Rose Gould). This propagates particular views and stunts informed debate. Despite public support, the reforms proposed in the Uluru Statement continue to be distorted within public and political discourses, with the media used as a means to spread misinformation that equates an Indigenous Voice to Parliament to the establishment of a new “third chamber” (Wahlquist ‘Barnaby’; Karp). In a 2018 interview, PM Scott Morrison suggested that advocates and commentators in favour of constitutional reform were engaging in spin by claiming that a Voice did not function as a third chamber (Prime Minister of Australia). Morrison claimed, “people can dress it up any way they like but I think two chambers is enough”. After a decade of consultative work, eight government reports and inquiries, and countless publications and commentaries, the Uluru Statement continues to be played down as if it were a mere thought bubble, a convoluted work in progress that is in need of refinement. In the same interview, Morrison went on to say that the proposal as it stands now is “unworkable”. Throughout the ongoing movement towards constitutional reform, extensive effort has been invested into ensuring that the reforms proposed are achievable and practical. The Uluru Statement from the Heart represents the culmination of decades of work and proposes clear, concise, and relatively minimal constitutional changes that would translate to potentially significant outcomes for Indigenous Australians (Fredericks & Bradfield). International examples demonstrate how such reforms can translate into parliamentary and governing structures. The Treaty of Waitangi (Palmer) for example seeks to inform Māori and Pākehā (non-Maori) relationships in New Zealand/Aotearoa, whilst designated “Māori Seats” ensure Indigenous representation in parliament (Webster & Cheyne). More recently, 17 of 155 seats were reserved for Indigenous delegates as Chile re-writes its own constitution (Bartlett; Reuters). Indigenous communities and its leaders are more than aware of the necessity of working within the realms of possibility and the need to exhibit caution when presenting such reforms to the public. An expert panel on constitutional reform (Dodson 73), before the conception of the Uluru Statement, acknowledged this, stating “any proposal relating to constitutional recognition of the sovereign status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples would be highly contested by many Australians, and likely to jeopardise broad public support for the Panel’s recommendations”. As outlined in the Joint Select Committee’s final report on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Referendum Council), the Voice to parliament would have no veto powers over parliamentary votes or decisions. It operates as a non-binding advisory body that remains external to parliamentary processes. Peak organisations such as the Law Council of Australia (Dolar) reiterate the fact that the proposed reforms are for a voice to Parliament rather than a voice in Parliament. Although not binding, the Voice should not be dismissed as symbolic or something that may be easily circumvented. Its effectiveness lies in its ability to place parliament in a position where they are forced to confront and address Indigenous questions, concerns, opinions, and suggestions within debates before decisions are made. Bursting the ‘Self-Referential Bubble’ Indigenous affairs continue to be one of the few areas where a rhetoric of bipartisan agreement is continuously referenced by both major parties. Disagreement, debate, and conflict is often avoided as governments seek to portray an image of unity, and in doing so, circumvent accusations of turning Indigenous peoples into the subjects of political point scoring. Within parliamentary debates, there is an understandable reservation and discomfort associated with discussions about what is often seen as an Indigenous “other” (Moreton-Robinson) and the policies that a predominantly white government enact over their lives. Yet, it is through rigorous, open, and informed debate that policies may be developed, challenged, and reformed. Although bipartisanship can portray an image of a united front in addressing a so-called “Indigenous problem”, it also stunts the conception of effective and culturally responsive policy. In other words, it often overlooks Indigenous voices. Whilst education and cultural competency plays a significant role within the reconciliation process, the most pressing obstacle is not necessarily non-Indigenous people’s inability to fully comprehend Indigenous lives and socio-cultural understandings. Even within an ideal world where non-Indigenous peoples attain a thorough understanding of Indigenous cultures, they will never truly comprehend what it means to be Indigenous (Fanon; de Sousa Santos). For non-Indigenous peoples, accepting one’s own limitations in fully comprehending Indigenous ontologies – and avoiding filling such gaps with one’s own interpretations and preconceptions – is a necessary component of decolonisation and the movement towards reconciliation (Grosfoguel; Mignolo). As parliament continues to be dominated by non-Indigenous representatives, structural changes are necessary to ensure that Indigenous voices are adequality represented. The structural reforms not only empower Indigenous voices through their inclusion within the parliamentary process but alleviates some of the pressures that arise out of non-Indigenous people having to make decisions in attempts to solve so-called Indigenous “problems”. Government response to constitutional reform, however, is ridden with symbolic piecemeal offerings that equate recognition to a form of acknowledgment without the structural changes necessary to protect and enshrine Indigenous Voices and parliamentary participation. Davis and her colleagues (Davis et al. “The Uluru Statement”) note how the Referendum Council’s recommendations were rejected by the then minister of Indigenous affairs Nigel Scullion on account that it privileged Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices. They note that, until the Referendum Council's report, the nation had no real assessment of what communities wanted. Yet by all accounts, the government had spent too much time talking to elites who have regular access to them and purport to speak on the mob's behalf. If he [Scullion] got the sense constitutional symbolism and minimalism was going to fly, then it says a lot about the self-referential bubble in which the Canberra elites live. The Uluru Statement from the Heart stands as testament to Indigenous people’s refusal to be the passive recipients of the decisions of the non-Indigenous political elite. As suggested, “symbolism and minimalism was not going to fly”. Ken Wyatt, Scullion’s replacement, reiterated the importance of co-design, the limitations of government bureaucracy, and the necessity of moving beyond the “Canberra bubble”. Wyatt stated that the Voice is saying clearly that government and the bureaucracy does not know best. It can not be a Canberra-designed approach in the bubble of Canberra. We have to co-design with Aboriginal communities in the same way that we do with state and territory governments and the corporate sector. The Voice would be the mechanism through which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander interests and perspectives may be strategically placed within parliamentary dialogues. Despite accusations of it operating as a “third chamber”, Indigenous representatives have no interest in functioning in a similar manner to a political party. The language associated with our current parliamentary system demonstrates the constrictive nature of political debate. Ministers are expected to “toe the party line”, “crossing the floor” is presented as an act of defiance, and members must be granted permission to enter a “conscience vote”. An Indigenous Voice to Parliament would be an advisory body that works alongside, but remains external to political ideologies. Their priority is to seek and implement the best outcome for their communities. Negotiations would be fluid, with no floor to cross, whilst a conscience vote would be reflected in every perspective gifted to the parliament. In the 2020 Australia and the World Annual Lecture, Pat Turner described the Voice’s co-design process as convoluted and a continuing example of the government’s neglect to hear and respond to Indigenous peoples’ interests. In the address, Turner points to the Coalition of the Peaks as an exemplar of how co-design negotiations may be facilitated by and through organisations entirely formed and run by Indigenous peoples. The Coalition of the Peaks comprises of fifty Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled peak organisations and was established to address concerns relating to closing the gap targets. As Indigenous peak organisations are accountable to their membership and reliant on government funding, some have questioned whether they are appropriate representative bodies; cautioning that they could potentially compromise the Voice as a community-centric body free from political interference. While there is some debate over which Indigenous representatives should facilitate the co-design of a treaty and Makarrata (truth-telling), there remains a unanimous call for a constitutionally enshrined Voice to Parliament that may lead negotiations and secure its place within decision-making processes. Makarrata, Garma, and the Bubbling of New Possibilities An Indigenous Voice to Parliament can be seen as the bubbling spring that provides the source for greater growth and further reform. The Uluru Statement from the Heart calls for a three-staged approach comprising of establishing an Indigenous Voice, followed by Treaty, and then Truth-Telling. This sequence has been criticised by some who prioritise Truth and Treaty as the foundation for reform and reconciliation. Their argument is based on the notion that Indigenous Sovereignty must first be acknowledged in Parliament through an agreement-making process and signing of a Treaty. While the Uluru Statement has never lost sight of treaty, the agreement-making process must begin with the acknowledgment of Indigenous people’s inherent right to participate in the conversation. This very basic and foundational right is yet to be acknowledged within Australia’s constitution. The Uluru Statement sets the Voice as its first priority as the Voice establishes the structural foundation on which the conversation pertaining to treaty may take place. It is through the Voice that a Makarrata Commission can be formed and Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples may “come together after a struggle” – the translation of the word’s Yolngu origins (Gaykamangu; Pearson). Only then may we engage in truth telling and forge new paths towards agreement-making and treaty. This however raises the question as to how a Voice to Parliament may look and what outcomes it aims to achieve. As discussed in the previous section, it is a question that is often distorted by disinformation and conjecture within public, political, and news-media discourses. In order to unpack what a Voice to Parliament may entail, we turn to another Yolngu word, Garma. Garma refers to an epistemic and ontological positioning in which knowledge is attained from a point where differences converge and new insights arise. For Yolngu people, Garma is the place where salt and fresh water intersect within the sea. Fresh and Salt water are the embodiments of two Yolngu clans, the Dhuwa and Yirritja, with Garma referring to the point where the knowledge and laws of each clan come into contact, seeking harmonious balance. When the ebb and flow of the tides are in balance, it causes the water to foam and bubble taking on new form and representing innovative ideas and possibilities. Yolngu embrace this phenomenon as an epistemology that teaches responsibility and obligations towards the care of Country. It acknowledges the autonomy of others and finds a space where all may mutually benefit. When the properties of either water type, or the knowledge belonging a single clan dominates, ecological, social, political, and cosmological balance is overthrown. Raymattja Marika-Munungguritj (5) describes Garma as a dynamic interaction of knowledge traditions. Fresh water from the land, bubbling up in fresh water springs to make waterholes, and salt water from the sea are interacting with each other with the energy of the tide and the energy of the bubbling spring. When the tide is high the water rises to its full. When the tide goes out the water reduces its capacity. In the same way Milngurr ebbs and flows. In this way the Dhuwa and Yirritja sides of Yolngu life work together. And in this way Balanda and Yolngu traditions can work together. There must be balance, if not either one will be stronger and will harm the other. The Ganma Theory is Yirritja, the Milngurr Theory is Dhuwa. Like the current push for constitutional change and its rejection of symbolic reforms, Indigenous peoples have demanded real-action and “not just talk” (Synott “The Uluru statement”). In doing so, they implored that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples be involved in all decision-making processes, for they are most knowledgeable of their community’s needs and the most effective methods of service delivery and policy. Indigenous peoples have repeatedly expressed this mandate, which is also legislated under international law through the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Coming together after a struggle does not mean that conflict and disagreement between and amongst Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities will cease. In fact, in alignment with political theories such as agonism and pluralism, coming together within a democratic system necessitates a constructive and responsive embrace of different, competing, and in some cases incommensurable views. A Voice to Parliament will operate in a manner where Indigenous perspectives and truths, as well as disagreements, may be included within negotiations and debates (Larkin & Galloway). Governments and non-Indigenous representatives will no longer speak for or on behalf of Indigenous peoples, for an Indigenous body will enact its own autonomous voice. Indigenous input therefore will not be reduced to reactionary responses and calls for reforms after the damage of mismanagement and policy failure has been caused. Indigenous voices will be permanently documented within parliamentary records and governments forced to respond to the agendas that Indigenous peoples set. Collectively, this amounts to greater participation within the democratic process and facilitates a space where “salt water” and the “bubbling springs” of fresh water may meet, mitigating the risk of harm, and bringing forth new possibilities. Conclusion When salt and fresh water combine during Garma, it begins to take on new form, eventually materialising as foam. Appearing as a singular solid object from afar, foam is but a cluster of interlocking bubbles that gain increased stability and equilibrium through sticking together. When a bubble stands alone, or a person remains within a figurative bubble that is isolated from its surroundings and other ways of knowing, doing, and being, its vulnerabilities and insecurities are exposed. Similarly, when one bubble bursts the collective cluster becomes weaker and unstable. The Uluru Statement from the Heart is a vision conceived and presented by Indigenous peoples in good faith. It offers a path forward for not only Indigenous peoples and their future generations but the entire nation (Synott “Constitutional Reform”). It is a gift and an invitation “to walk with us in a movement of the Australian people for a better future”. Through calling for the establishment of an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, a Makarrata Commission, and seeking Truth, Indigenous advocates for constitutional reform are looking to secure their own foothold and self-determination. The Uluru Statement from the Heart is more than a “thought bubble”, for it is the culmination of Indigenous people’s diverse lived experiences, outlooks, perspectives, and priorities. When the delegates met at Uluru in 2017, the thoughts, experiences, memories, and hopes of Indigenous peoples converged in a manner that created a unified front and collectively called for Voice, Treaty, and Truth. Indigenous people will never cease to pursue self-determination and the best outcomes for their peoples and all Australians. As an offering and gift, the Uluru Statement from the Heart provides the structural foundations needed to achieve this. It just requires governments and the wider public to move beyond their own bubbles and avail themselves of different outlooks and new possibilities. References Anderson, Pat, Megan Davis, and Noel Pearson. “Don’t Silence Our Voice, Minister: Uluru Leaders Condemn Backward Step.” Sydney Morning Herald 20 Oct. 2017. <https://www.smh.com.au/national/don-t-silence-our-voice-minister-uluru-leaders-condemn-backward-step-20191020-p532h0.html>. Appleby, Gabrielle, and Megan Davis. “The Uluru Statement and the Promises of Truth.” Australian Historical Studies 49.4 (2018): 501–9. Appleby, Gabrielle, and Gemma Mckinnon. “Indigenous Recognition: The Uluru Statement.” LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal 37.36 (2017): 36-39. Appleby, Gabrielle, and Eddie Synot. “A First Nations Voice: Institutionalising Political Listening. Federal Law Review 48.4 (2020): 529-542. Bailes, Morry. “Why the Law Council Backs an Indigenous Voice to Parliament.” InDaily 31 July 2018. <https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2018/07/31/why-the-law-council-backs-an-indigenous-voice-to-parliament/>. Bartlett, John. "Chile’s Largest Indigenous Group Sees Opportunity in a New Constitution." New York Times, 16 Sep. 2020. 19 Nov. 2020 <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/world/americas/chile-mapuche-constitution.html>. Brennan, Bridget. “Indigenous Leaders Enraged as Advisory Board Referendum is Rejected by Malcolm Turnbull.” ABC News 27 Oct. 2017. <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-27/indigenous-leaders-enraged-by-pms-referendum-rejection/9090762>. Centre for Governance and Public Policy. OmniPoll Australian Constitutional Values Survey 2017. Griffith University: Centre for Governance and Public Policy, 30 Oct. 2017. <https://news.griffith.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Griffith-University-UNSW-Australian-Constitutional-Values-Survey-Sept-2017-Results-2.pdf>. Davidson, Helen, and Katherine Murphy. “Referendum Council Endorses Uluru Call for Indigenous Voice to Parliament.” The Guardian 17 July 2017. <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jul/17/referendum-council-endorses-uluru-call-indigenous-voice-parliament>. Davis, Megan. “Some Say a Voice to Parliament Is Toothless. But Together Our Voices Are Powerful.” The Guardian 13 Aug. 2020. <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/13/some-say-a-voice-to-parliament-is-toothless-but-together-our-voices-are-powerful>. ———. “No Time for the Meek.” The Monthly Oct. 2019. <https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2019/october/1569370776/megan-davis/no-time-meek>. ———. “Moment of Truth.” Quarterly Essay 69 (2019). <https://www.quarterlyessay.com.au/content/correspondence-megan-davis>. ———. “The Long Road to Uluru – Truth before Justice.” Griffith Review 2018. <https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/long-road-uluru-walking-together-truth-before-justice-megan-davis/>. ———. “The Status Quo Ain’t Working: The Uluru Statement from the Heart Is the Blueprint for an Australian Republic.” The Monthly 7 June 2018. <https://www.themonthly.com.au/blog/megan-davis/2018/07/2018/1528335353/status-quo-ain-t-working>. Davis, Megan, Rosalind Dixon, Gabrielle Appleby, and Noel Pearson. “The Uluru Statement.” Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar Association Autumn (2018): 41–48. <https://search-informit-com.au.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/fullText;dn=20180726000224;res=AGISPT>. Davis, Megan, Cheryl Saunders, Mark McKenna, Shireen Morris, Christopher Mayes, and Maria Giannacopoulos. “The Uluru Statement from Heart, One Year On: Can a First Nations Voice Yet Be Heard?” ABC Religion and Ethics 26 May 2018. <https://www.abc.net.au/religion/the-uluru-statement-from-heart-one-year-on-can-a-first-nations-v/10094678>. De Sousa Santos, Boaventura. Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide. Routledge, 2015. Dodson, P. 2012. Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution: Report of the Expert Panel. <http://australianpolitics.com/downloads/issues/indigenous/12-01-16_indigenous-recognition-expert-panel-report.pdf>. Dolar, Sol. “Law Council Explains Government’s Key Misunderstanding of the Uluru Statement.” Australasian Lawyer 5 Nov. 2019. <https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/law-council-explains-governments-key-misunderstanding-of-the-uluru-statement/208247?m=1>. Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Macgibbon & Kee, 1965. Fredericks, Bronwyn, and Abraham Bradfield. “We Don’t Want to Go Back to ‘Normal’, When ‘Normal’ Wasn’t Good for Everyone.” Axon: Creative Explorations 10.2 (2020). <https://www.axonjournal.com.au/issue-vol-10-no-2-dec-2020/we-don-t-want-go-back-normal-when-normal-wasn-t-good-everyone>. Ford, Mazoe, and Clare Blumer. “Vote Compass: Most Australians Back Constitutional Recognition for Indigenous Australians.” ABC News 20 May 2016. <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-20/vote-compass-indigenous-recognition/7428030?nw=0>. Gaykamangu, James, and Danial Terence Kelly. “Ngarra Law: Aboriginal Customary Law from Arnhem Land.” Northern Territory Law Journal 2.4 (2012): 236-248. Grant, Stan. “Three Years on From Uluru, We Must Lift the Blindfolds of Liberalism to Make Progress.” The Conversation 25 May 2020. <https://theconversation.com/three-years-on-from-uluru-we-must-lift-the-blindfolds-of-liberalism-to-make-progress-138930>. Grosfoguel, Ramón. "Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality." Transmodernity 1.1 (2011): 1-36. Hunter, Fergus. “'It's Not Going to Happen': Barnaby Joyce Rejects Push for Aboriginal Body in Constitution.” Sydney Morning Herald 29 May 2017. <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/its-not-going-to-happen-barnaby-joyce-rejects-push-for-aboriginal-body-in-constitution-20170529-gwf5ld.html>. Karp, Paul. “Scott Morrison Claims Indigenous Voice to Parliament Would Be a Third Chamber.” The Guardian, 26 Sep. 2018. <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/sep/26/scott-morrison-claims-indigenous-voice-to-parliament-would-be-a-third-chamber>. Koziol, Michael. “Joyce Admits He Was Wrong to Call Indigenous Voice a 'Third Chamber’.” Sydney Morning Herald 18 July 2019. <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/barnaby-joyce-admits-he-was-wrong-to-call-indigenous-voice-a-third-chamber-20190718-p528ki.html>. Larkin, Dani, and Kate Galloway. “Uluru Statement from the Heart: Australian Public Law Pluralism.” Bond Law Review 30.2 (2018): 335–345. Law Council of Australia. “Nothing ‘Un-Australian’ about Human Rights, the Constitution and the Rule of Law.” 14 Aug. 2017. <https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/media/media-releases/nothing-unaustralian-about-human-rights-the-constitution-and-the-rule-of-law>. Law Council of Australia. “Law Council Supports Calls for Voice to Parliament.” 15 June 2018. <https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/media/media-releases/law-council-supports-calls-for-voice-to-parliament>. Marika-Munugurritj, Raymattja. Workshops as Teaching Learning Environments. Paper presented to Yirrkala Action Group, 1992. Martin, Wayne AC. Constitutional Law Dinner 2018 Address by Wayne Martin AC Chief Justice of Western Australia. Sydney: Parliament House, 23 Feb. 2018. Mignolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton University Press, 2012. Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty. U of Minnesota P, 2015. Norman, Heidi. “From Recognition to Reform: The Uluru Statement from the Heart.” Does the Media Fail Aboriginal Political Aspirations? Eds. Amy Thomas, Andrew Jakubowicz, and Heidi Norman. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2019. 216–231. Pearson, Luke. “What Is a Makarrata? The Yolngu Word Is More than a Synonym for Treaty.” ABC Radio National 10 Aug. 2017. <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-10/makarrata-explainer-yolngu-word-more-than-synonym-for-treaty/8790452>. Praiser, Eli. The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think. Penguin, 2012. Prime Minister, Attorney General, and Minister for Indigenous Affairs. Response to Referendum Council's Report on Constitutional Recognition. 26 Oct. 2017. <https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/response-to-referendum-councils-report-on-constitutional-recognition>. Prime Minister of Australia. Radio interview with Fran Kelly. ABC Radio National 26 Sep 2018. <https://www.pm.gov.au/media/radio-interview-fran-kelly-abc-rn>. Reconciliation Australia. 2020 Australian Reconciliation Barometer, 2020. <https://www.reconciliation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/australian_reconciliation_barometer_2020_-full-report_web.pdf>. Referendum Council. Referendum Council Final Report, 2017. <https://www.referendumcouncil.org.au/sites/default/files/report_attachments/Referendum_Council_Final_Report.pdf>. Reuters. "Chile Reserves Seats for Indigenous as It Prepares to Rewrite Constitution." Reuters, 16 Dec. 2020. 19 Nov. 2020 <https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-constitution-indigenous-idUSKBN28Q05J>. Rose Gould, Wendy. “Are You in a Social Media Bubble? Here's How to Tell.” NBC News 22 Oct. 2019. <https://www.nbcnews.com/better/lifestyle/problem-social-media-reinforcement-bubbles-what-you-can-do-about-ncna1063896>. Rubenstein, Kim. “Power, Control and Citizenship: The Uluru Statement from the Heart as Active Citizenship.” Bond Law Review 30.1 (2018): 19-29. Synott, Eddie. “The Uluru Statement Showed How to Give First Nations People a Real Voice – Now It’s the Time for Action.” The Conversation 5 Mar. 2019. <https://theconversation.com/the-uluru statement-showed-how-to-give-first-nations-people-a-real-voice-now-its-time-for-action-110707>. ———. “Constitutional Reform Made Easy: How to Achieve the Uluru Statement and a Voice.” The Conversation 7 May 2019. <https://theconversation.com/constitutional-reform-made-easy-how-to-achieve-the-uluru-statement-and-a-first-nations-voice-116141>. Turner, Pat. “The Long Cry of Indigenous Peoples to Be Heard – a Defining Moment in Australia.” The 'Australia and the World' 2020 Annual Lecture. National Press Club of Australia, 30 Sep. 2020. <https://ausi.anu.edu.au/events/australia-and-world-2020-annual-lecture-pat-turner-am>. 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Photo 190773207 / Transplant Medicine © Victor Moussa | Dreamstime.com ABSTRACT Xenotransplant research offers hope to individuals waiting for vital organ transplants. Nascent first-in-human xenotransplantation research trials present unique ethical challenges which may translate into obligations for researchers and special considerations for institutional review boards (IRBs). Contextual vulnerability is an important consideration in reviewing proposed subject selection methods. Some recipients are uniquely prone to receiving an unfair offer to enroll in an experimental clinical trial when excluded from allograft waitlists due to psychosocial or compliance evaluations. These exclusions represent an allocational injustice. Enrolling research subjects subjectively excluded from allotransplantation into xenotransplant research is not a mechanism of fair access but rather an exploitation of an unjustly option-constrained vulnerable group by the clinical transplant system. Carefully considering contextual vulnerability can help researchers and IRBs clarify eligibility criteria for xenograft clinical trials. A requirement for simultaneous allograft co-listing can safeguard the interests of vulnerable potential subjects. INTRODUCTION In the United States, the supply of allogeneic, or human-derived, organs and tissues from living donors and cadavers available for transplant into critically ill individuals is inadequate.[i] Physicians refer only half of potentially eligible patients for transplant evaluation, and the clinical transplant team ultimately waitlists less than 30 percent.[ii] Waitlists are lengthy for those who make it through the evaluation process, and many individuals die while waiting for a transplant.[iii] In contrast to allogeneic transplants, xenotransplantation, from the prefix, xeno- meaning foreign, is the process of taking live organs or tissues from an animal for surgical placement into a human recipient. Xenografts are typically sourced from porcine animals (domestic pigs) or non-human primates (baboons) and range from simple tissues like corneas to complex vital organs like hearts, lungs, or kidneys. Scientists have explored xenotransplantation methods for decades, but research with vital organ xenotransplants has been in largely haphazard and non-controlled studies, which demonstrated only short-duration survival for recipients.[iv] Recent advances using gene modification and improved immunosuppression in single-patient attempts to transplant porcine organs into brain-dead human recipients have presented more realistic human-environment models; however, these modified xenografts have still functioned only for very short durations.[v] The limited bioethics discourse on xenotransplantation centers primarily on the ethical use of high-order animals and the risks of zoonotic infectious disease spread.[vi] Bioethics pays insufficient attention to the potential for exploitation of vulnerable individuals in need of a transplant amid growing interest in phase I clinical trials in living human subjects. Clinician-investigators in contemporary literature repeatedly recommend that these trials enroll subjects who are medically eligible for, but effectively excluded or outright denied access to, an allograft.[vii] The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) recommends xenotransplants be limited to subjects with serious or life-threatening diseases for whom adequately safe and effective alternative therapies are not available.[viii] The ethically salient difference between the investigator and the regulatory recommendations is why alternatives are not available to potential subjects: because transplant centers have subjectively denied access or because there is a clinical contraindication that proves prohibitively risky. In a notable single-patient emergency use authorization, physician-investigators offered a genetically modified porcine heart to a living male recipient after denying him access to the waitlist for a human-donor heart, citing a history of non-compliance.[ix] This case suggests that a person denied access to a transplant waitlist due to subjective compliance criteria is an appropriate research subject. The physician-investigators failed to acknowledge how offering a xenotransplant to a contextually vulnerable subject is potentially unfair. Contextual vulnerability is a specific feature of a research environment that increases a subject’s risk of harm. Bioethics discourse must address this vulnerability within the transplant research environment. This paper describes the current transplant system’s use of subjective evaluation criteria, particularly psychosocial support and compliance. Subjective evaluation criteria perpetuate discriminatory medical biases rather than advance the transplant system’s goal of additional life-years gained. Researchers designing controlled human subject trials and institutional review boards (IRBs) reviewing and approving proposed protocols must consider how disparate waitlisting practices unjustly preclude some patients from a fair opportunity to access an allograft and impacts their participation in research. It is unethical for physician-investigators to intentionally take advantage of this vulnerability, creating an exploitative and unethical transaction.[x] Protocol inclusion criteria requiring proof of simultaneous allograft listing is a feasible procedural safeguard to protect research subjects’ interests. I. Injustices in Organ Allocation Solid organ allocation systems are varied but aim for equity and efficiency in granting individuals with similar claims a fair opportunity to access the scarce resource. Allocation decisions attempt to maximize the common good of additional life-years gained.[xi] The federal oversight of allograft allocation in the US uses objective clinical metrics like blood type, immune compatibility, body size, and geographic distance to match organs to recipients to increase both graft and patient survival.[xii] Transplant centers additionally use their own evaluations to waitlist patients. Although variation exists between transplant center criteria across more objective measurements, such as lab values and concurrent diseases, significant inconsistencies arise in how they incorporate subjective factors like compliance with medical recommendations, psychosocial support, and intellectual disability into the review process.[xiii] Only 7 percent of renal transplant programs use formal criteria for subjective psychosocial assessments, while no pediatric solid organ transplant programs use formal, explicit, or uniform review to assess developmental delays and psychosocial support.[xiv] Failing to establish uniform definitions and inconsistently applying evaluation criteria in the review of potential transplant candidates introduce bias into listing practices.[xv] The center they present to and the variable evaluative criteria the center uses may discount an individual’s claim to a fair opportunity to access a scarce resource. Labeling a patient non-compliant can preclude both a referral to and placement on a waitlist for potentially suitable recipients. Compliance considerations presuppose that graft longevity will be jeopardized by an individual’s failure to adhere to pre- and post-transplant regimens. It is necessary to distinguish individuals who are intentionally non-adherent to treatment regimens and demonstrate willful disregard for medical recommendations from those who are involuntarily non-adherent due to barriers that limit full participation in care plans. The former would not be offered a spot on the waitlist for an allograft, nor would investigators offer them a spot in a xenotransplantation research study. Significant and repeated refusals to participate in treatment plans would confound the ability of researchers to collect necessary data and perform the safety monitoring required by early-phase clinical trials. Enrolling subjects who are medically eligible for a traditional transplant but denied access requires a population that is suitably compliant to participate in a clinical trial reliably and safely yet judged not worthy of receipt of a standard allograft during the evaluation process. The latter population is most disadvantaged by compliance judgments and unsubstantiated outcome predictions. Multi-center research studies have found that moderate non-adherence to immunosuppression regimens is not directly associated with poor kidney transplant outcomes.[xvi] Nor are intellectual and developmental disabilities, conditions for which transplant centers may categorically refuse evaluation, clear indicators of an individual’s ability to comply with treatment regimens.[xvii] Large cohort studies of both pediatric kidney and liver transplant recipients found no correlation between intellectual disability and graft or patient survival.[xviii] Rather, it is the perpetuation of medical biases and quality-of-life judgments that presumptively label specific populations poor transplant candidates or label their support systems insufficient, notwithstanding data demonstrating their ability to achieve successful transplant outcomes.[xix] Variability in compliance assessments and psychosocial support criteria allows medical biases to persist and disproportionately impedes waitlist access to patients from underserved populations.[xx] Low-income Medicaid patients are 2.6 times more likely to be labelled non-compliant as privately insured patients.[xxi] Additionally, the medical records of Black patients are 2.5 times more likely to contain negative descriptors like non-compliant, non-adherent, aggressive, unpleasant, and hysterical than those of white patients.[xxii] The higher prevalence of stigmatizing, compliance-based language in the medical records of minority, economically disadvantaged, and disabled persons decreases the likelihood that they will be recommended for a transplant, referred for an evaluation, placed on a waiting list, or ultimately receive a transplant.[xxiii] These populations are at heightened risk of being used in ethically inappropriate ways by xenograft research that capitalizes on this precluded access. II. Defining Vulnerability Subjective evaluation criteria in allograft waitlisting disproportionately impact some populations. This precluded access to waitlists increases their vulnerability to experience harm in experimental xenotransplant research. Fair subject selection requires the development of specific and appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria designed to address and minimize known subject vulnerabilities.[xxiv] This process begins with physician-investigators designing research trials and IRB review of proposed trials in which some or all potential subjects are vulnerable.[xxv] The literature has no consensus on defining vulnerability in the clinical or research setting.[xxvi] Prominent guidelines such as the Common Rule and the Declaration of Helsinki focus on a categorical, consent-based approach to assessing vulnerability. The capacity to provide freely given consent is a necessary prerequisite for ethical human subject research. Still, consent alone is insufficient to establish ethical permissibility or assure that a research transaction is fair.[xxvii] Harm can occur even with informed consent if it results from coercion, undue influence, or exploitation.[xxviii] Subjects have limited ability to avoid exploitation and act as an autonomous moral agents under such circumstances. Categorical assessments label groups whose members share salient features, such as prisoners or children, as vulnerable. This shared characteristic may compromise their capacity for free consent and autonomous ability to protect their interests. Although widely used, broad categorizations create monolithic views of populations but lack clarity as to why a particular feature makes one vulnerable or what a given characteristic decidedly renders one vulnerable to.[xxix] Individuals broadly vulnerable in society, such as the severely economically disadvantaged or incarcerated, are not necessarily vulnerable as research subjects in a given proposed trial.[xxx] Categorical vulnerability is insufficient to recognize that research-related harm is specific to a particular subject potentially participating in a given protocol at a definite time and place. III. Assessing for Contextual Vulnerability Ensuring ethical consent, therefore, requires more than an accounting of capacity, competency, and freedom from coercion. This requires looking beyond voluntariness to ask whether the research offer is fair. Contextual vulnerability recognizes and addresses how some subjects are at a heightened risk of being used in ethically inappropriate ways due to research-specific situations and environments.[xxxi] Contextual vulnerability derives from a specific feature of the research environment that increases a subject’s risk of harm rather than an intrinsic categorical condition of that subject. Accounting for contextual vulnerabilities is necessary because it is ethically unsound for a competent subject to give voluntary consent to an offer that is nonetheless unfair or exploitative.[xxxii] Potential subjects excluded from accessing an allograft are contextually vulnerable in a research environment that may view their diminished range of choice as an opportunity for experimental research enrollment. Proposals to exploit or take advantage of this vulnerability places these individuals at a heightened risk of research-related harm. IV. Exploitative Transactions in Xenotransplant Research In the landmark single-patient case in Maryland, a genetically modified porcine heart was offered to the subject only because he was denied access to the allograft waitlist due to a history of noncompliance with a recommended medical regimen.[xxxiii] Physician-investigators did not define how they evaluated compliance, nor did they elaborate on how this claim demonstrated the subject’s clear and convincing contraindication to receive a conventional cardiac allograft. The subject was presented with a so-called Hobson’s choice, in which there is the illusion of free choice but ultimately there is no real choice as only one outcome, the acceptance of the experimental xenograft, is permitted; access to other choices, such as pursuing standard of care waitlisting, have been removed.[xxxiv] This case set a precedent for researchers and IRBs to view individuals denied access to conventional allografts as an appropriate subject population without acknowledgment of how this transaction is consensually exploitative. Consensual exploitation occurs when researchers intentionally and wrongfully take advantage of a subject’s vulnerability.[xxxv] In the cardiac xenotransplant case, the application of subjective evaluation criteria created a unique contextual vulnerability specific to transplant waitlist practices. Investigators took advantage of the subject’s diminished ability to access the heart transplant waitlist to obtain consent for the xenotransplant procedure. Researchers have no obligation to repair unjust conditions that they bear no responsibility for causing.[xxxvi] The wrongfulness in this case is how subjective compliance-based waitlisting criteria precluded the subject from accessing the heart transplant waitlist and denied him fair consideration in accessing the standard clinical option. Then, the transplantation team exploited this disadvantage they were morally responsible for creating. The subject agreed to the terms for an experimental and high-risk xenograft from a place of vulnerability due to the diminished range of choice specifically constructed by the policy and actions of the transplant center. The options offered by the physician-investigators to the patient were manipulated to promote the research system’s interests through the production of new scientific knowledge, not necessarily the subject’s conception of his own good.[xxxvii] V. Recommendation for Simultaneous Allograft Listing Ethical research design calls for assessments of which vulnerabilities and in which contexts researchers and IRBs ought to offer additional safeguards. Subjects should be clinically suitable to produce robust, reliable, and generalizable scientific knowledge and be presented with a fair research offer. Researchers and IRBs can achieve this through an inclusion criterion requiring that a subject has previously been placed on and maintains a spot on a waitlist for a conventional allograft. Investigators and IRBs must ensure that subjects are selected based on scientific rationale, not because they are easy to recruit due to a compromised or vulnerable position.[xxxviii] Evidence of simultaneous allograft listing would provide verification that a researcher expects a potential subject to survive the burdens of an experimental xenotransplant procedure. Individuals of advanced age or with severe life-limiting comorbidities separate from their end-stage organ failure are less likely to survive after receiving an allograft or a research xenograft. These subjects would not produce valuable data in service to the study’s endpoints or knowledge generalizable to broader patient populations. Requiring evidence of simultaneous allograft listing fulfills the ethical requirement that subjects who withdraw consent are not worse off than if they had not pursued research enrollment.[xxxix] If a subject withdraws consent before receiving a xenograft, their continued place on a waitlist ensures that their fair opportunity claim to an allograft has been maintained. Simultaneous allograft waitlisting excludes contextually vulnerable subjects clinically suitable to receive a graft but denied access to a waitlist. This inclusion criteria provides an additional safeguard against unfairly capitalizing on a subject’s marginalized status. Requiring simultaneous allograft listing will narrow the potential subject population to those clinically suitable and well situated to receive a fair opportunity to enroll in research: individuals listed for an allograft but significantly unlikely to receive or to benefit from that allograft. This potential subject population includes individuals with broadly reactive antibodies who are unlikely to match to a donor organ and individuals with anatomical contraindications who face prohibitive risks with standard allografts or bridging therapies.[xl] This subject population aligns with the FDA recommendation to enroll subjects for whom safe and effective alternatives are not available.[xli] These individuals have not had their claim to a fair opportunity transgressed by a subjective evaluation process, nor has their interest in accessing a scarce resource been unjustly discounted.[xlii] Neither the individual nor the transplant clinicians are responsible for creating a clinical or statistical disadvantage to receiving a standard allograft. An offer of research enrollment extended to this population has not been manipulated to favor one party over the other, but rather appropriately considers the interests of both parties.[xliii] Researchers have an interest in identifying subjects capable of producing scientifically valuable knowledge. Potential subjects have an interest in exploring alternatives to the high morbidity of a traditional allograft. This subject population retains the autonomous choice to pursue a standard-of-care allograft or to enroll in xenograft research. Having few treatment options available does not inexorably undermine the voluntariness of research consent or increase vulnerability.[xliv] The consent transaction is not exploitative or unfair because the transplant system is not responsible for creating this diminished range of choice. Simultaneous allograft listing represents an eligibility criterion that responds to and limits the products of subjective decisions from unjustly impacting trial enrollment. VI. Counterargument: Is Something Better Than Nothing? Some may argue that for medically exigent individuals in need of a transplant, any option to participate in research is better than no option. Autonomy and dignity, however, are not advanced when an inability to access the standard of care compels a subject’s decision to pursue experimental research. An offer of research enrollment that is unfair or exploitative remains unethical regardless of whether the subject stands to benefit. Nor should benefit be expected in early-phase research. The goals of phase I research are primarily to collect short-term safety, toxicity, dosing, and pharmacologic data, not to provide efficacious treatment.[xlv] Expanding access to experimental research trials cannot be conflated with fair access to equitable health care.[xlvi] Broadened access alone does not produce a more ethical research environment. Excluding contextually vulnerable subjects from research should not be the end goal, but rather a necessary interim to call attention to the need to redress biases and existing injustices in transplant access. Research that targets a population’s vulnerability serves to enable the continuation of unjust systems. CONCLUSION In summary, the urgent and significant clinical need for transplantable organs cannot undermine the requirements of ethical research design and conduct. Fair subject selection is a requirement of ethical clinical research.[xlvii] Potential subjects enrolled in upcoming xenograft research must be selected for their ability to answer the scientific objectives of a proposed study and must have the capacity to provide freely given informed consent within a fair research environment. Denying access to allotransplants for subjective psychosocial or compliance-based claims creates contextual vulnerability specific to transplant research that perpetuates the unfairness of the organ allocation system. Ethical research that produces valuable scientific knowledge cannot exploit the rights or interests of subjects in the process. A look beyond categorical vulnerability to contextual vulnerability highlights this currently overlooked area of exploitation. - [i] “Organ Donation Statistics,” Health Resources and Services Administration, accessed April 18, 2022, https://www.organdonor.gov/learn/organ-donation-statistics. [ii] Schold, J.D. et al., “Barriers to Evaluation and Wait Listing for Kidney Transplantation,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, no. 7 (2011): 1760-67. [iii] Abouna, G.M. “Ethical Issues in Organ Transplantation,” Medical Principles and Practice 12, no. 1 (2003): 54-69. [iv] Anderson, M. “Xenotransplantation: A Bioethical Evaluation,” Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 4 (2006): 205-8. [v] Lambert, J. “What Does the First Successful Test of a Pig-to-Human Kidney Transplant Mean?,” ScienceNews, October 22, 2021, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/xenotransplantation-pig-human-kidney-transplant.; Koplon, S. “Xenotransplantation: What It Is, Why It Matters and Where It Is Going,” UAB News, February 17, 2022, https://www.uabmedicine.org/-/xenotransplantation-what-it-is-why-it-matters-and-where-it-is-going. [vi] Anderson, supra; Daar, A.S. “Ethics of Xenotransplantation: Animal Issues, Consent, and Likely Transformation of Transplant Ethics,” World Journal of Surgery 21, no. 9 (1997): 975-82.; Kim, M.K., et al., “The International Xenotransplantation Association Consensus Statement on Conditions for Undertaking Clinical Trials of Xenocorneal Transplantation,” Xenotransplantation 21, no. 5 (2014): 420-30. [vii] Abouna, supra; Pierson, R.N., et al., “Pig-to-Human Heart Transplantation: Who Goes First?,” American Journal of Transplantation 20, no. 10 (2020): 2669-74. [viii] Food and Drug Administration, Source Animal, Product, Preclinical, and Clinical Issues Concerning the Use of Xenotransplantation Products in Humans (Silver Spring, MD, 2016), 43, https://www.fda.gov/media/102126/download. [ix] Wang, W., et al., “First Pig-to-Human Heart Transplantation,” Innovation (Camb) 3, no. 2 (2022): 100223. [x] Carse, A.L. and Little, M.O. “Exploitation and the Enterprise of Medical Research,” in Exploitation and Developing Countries, ed. J. S. Hawkins and E. J. Emanuel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 206-45. [xi] Halpern, S.D. and Goldberg, D.“Allocating Organs to Cognitively Impaired Patients,” New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 4 (2017): 299-301. [xii] “How We Match Organs,” United Network for Organ Sharing, accessed April 18, 2022, https://unos.org/transplant/how-we-match-organs/. [xiii] UW Medicine Harborview Medical Center – UW Medical Center University of Washington Physicians, Selection Criteria: Kidney Transplant Recipient (Seattle, WA, 2019), 1-3, https://www.uwmedicine.org/sites/stevie/files/2020-11/UW-Medicine-Kidney-Selection-Criteria-UH2701.pdf; Penn Medicine, Kidney Transplant Selection Criteria (Philadelphia, PA: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania), 1-2. https://www.pennmedicine.org/media/documents/instructions/transplant/kidney_transplant_selection_criteria.ashx. [xiv] Dudzinski, D.M. “Shifting to Other Justice Issues: Examining Listing Practices,” American Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 4 (2004): 35-37.; Richards, C.T., et al., “Use of Neurodevelopmental Delay in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Listing Decisions: Inconsistencies in Standards Across Major Pediatric Transplant Centers,” Pediatric Transplant 13, no. 7 (2009): 843-50. [xv] Dudzinski, supra. [xvi] Israni, A.K., et al., “Electronically Measured Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications and Kidney Function after Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation,” Clinical Transplantation 25, no. 2 (2011): 124-31. [xvii] National Council on Disability, Organ Transplant Discrimination against People with Disabilities (Washington, DC, 2019), 25-35, https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD_Organ_Transplant_508.pdf.; Halpern and Goldberg, supra. [xviii] Wightman, A., et al., “Prevalence and Outcomes of Renal Transplantation in Children with Intellectual Disability,” Pediatric Transplantation 18, no. 7 (2014): 714-19.; Wightman, A., et al., “Prevalence and Outcomes of Liver Transplantation in Children with Intellectual Disability,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 62, no. 6 (2016): 808-12. [xix] Richards et al., supra; Godown, J., et al., “Heart Transplantation in Children with Down Syndrome,” Journal of the American Heart Association 11, no. 10 (2022): e024883. [xx] Silverman, H. and Odonkor, P.N. “Reevaluating the Ethical Issues in Porcine-to-Human Heart Xenotransplantation,” Hastings Center Report 52, no. 5 (2022): 32-42. [xxi] Sun, M., et al., “Negative Patient Descriptors: Documenting Racial Bias in the Electronic Health Record,” Health Affairs 41, no. 2 (2022): 203-11. [xxii] Ibid. [xxiii] Dudzinski, supra; Garg, P.P., et al., “Reducing Racial Disparities in Transplant Activation: Whom Should We Target?,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 37, no. 5 (2001): 921-31. [xxiv] Emanuel, E.J., et al., “What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?,” JAMA 283, no. 20 (2000): 2701-11. [xxv] 45 C.F.R. 46.111(b). [xxvi] Hurst, S.A. “Vulnerability in Research and Health Care; Describing the Elephant in the Room?,” Bioethics 22, no. 4 (2008): 191-202. [xxvii] The Nuremberg Code, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law 2, no. 10: 181-2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949); Kipnis, K. “Vulnerability in Research Subjects: A Bioethical Taxonomy. Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants.,” in Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants, (Bethesda, MD: National Bioethics Advisory Commission, August 2001), G1-G13. [xxviii] Dickert, N. and Grady, C. “Incentives for Research Participants,” in The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, ed. E. J. Emanuel et al. (Oxford University Press, 2008), 386-96. [xxix] Gordon, B.G. “Vulnerability in Research: Basic Ethical Concepts and General Approach to Review,” Ochsner Journal 20, no. 1 (2020): 34-38. [xxx] Kipnis, supra. [xxxi] Hurst, supra. [xxxii] Lamkin, M. and Elliott, C. “Avoiding Exploitation in Phase I Clinical Trials: More Than (Un)Just Compensation,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 1 (2018): 52-63.; Jansen, L.A. “A Closer Look at the Bad Deal Trial: Beyond Clinical Equipoise,” Hastings Center Report 35, no. 5 (2005): 29-36. [xxxiii] Wang et al., supra; Silverman and Odonkor, supra. [xxxiv] Silverman and Odonkor, supra. [xxxv] Carse and Little, supra. [xxxvi] Wertheimer, A. “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” in The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, ed. E. J. Emanuel et al. (Oxford University Press, 2008), 201-210. [xxxvii] Brock, D.W. “Philosophical Justifications of Informed Consent in Research,” in The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, ed. E. J. Emanuel et al. (Oxford University Press, 2008), 606-612. [xxxviii] Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, International Ethical Guidelines for Health-Related Research Involving Humans (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016), https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf. [xxxix] Ibid. [xl] Pierson et al., supra. [xli] Food and Drug Administration, supra. [xlii] Hurst, supra. [xliii] Kipnis, supra. [xliv] Hawkins, J.S. and Emanuel, E.J. “Introduction: Why Exploitation?,” in Exploitation and Developing Countries, ed. J. S. Hawkins and E. J. Emanuel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Universiy Pres, 2008), 1-20. [xlv] Muglia, J.J. and DiGiovanna, J.J. “Phase 1 Clinical Trials,” Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 2, no. 4 (1998): 236-41. [xlvi] Dresser, R. “The Role of Patient Advocates and Public Representatives in Research,” in The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, ed. E. J. Emanuel et al. (Oxford University Press, 2008), 231-41. [xlvii] MacKay, D. and Saylor, K.W. “Four Faces of Fair Subject Selection,” The American Journal of Bioethics 20, no. 2 (2020): 5-19.

Despite the now-traditional tendency of noir scholarship to call attention to the retrospective and constructed nature of this genre— James Naremore argues that film noir is best regarded as a “mythology”— one feature that has rarely come under question is its association with the city (2). Despite the existence of numerous rural noirs, the depiction of urban space is associated with this genre more consistently than any other element. Even in critical accounts that attempt to deconstruct the solidity of the noir genre, the city is left as an implicit inclusion, and the country, an implict exclusion. Naremore, for example, does not include the urban environment in a list of the central tenets of film noir that he calls into question: “nothing links together all the things described as noir—not the theme of crime, not a cinematographic technique, not even a resistance to Aristotelian narratives or happy endings” (10). Elizabeth Cowie identifies film noir a “fantasy,” whose “tenuous critical status” has been compensated for “by a tenacity of critical use” (121). As part of Cowie’s project, to revise the assumption that noirs are almost exclusively male-centered, she cites character types, visual style, and narrative tendencies, but never urban spaces, as familiar elements of noir that ought to be reconsidered. If the city is rarely tackled as an unnecessary or part-time element of film noir in discursive studies, it is often the first trait identified by critics in the kind of formative, characteristic-compiling studies that Cowie and Naremore work against.Andrew Dickos opens Street with No Name: A History of the Classic American Film Noir with a list of noir’s key attributes. The first item is “an urban setting or at least an urban influence” (6). Nicholas Christopher maintains that “the city is the seedbed of film noir. […] However one tries to define or explain noir, the common denominator must always be the city. The two are inseparable” (37). Though the tendencies of noir scholars— both constructive and deconstructive— might lead readers to believe otherwise, rural locations figure prominently in a number of noir films. I will show that the noir genre is, indeed, flexible enough to encompass many films set predominantly or partly in rural locations. Steve Neale, who encourages scholars to work with genre terms familiar to original audiences, would point out that the rural noir is an academic discovery not an industry term, or one with much popular currency (166). Still, this does not lessen the critical usefulness of this subgenre, or its implications for noir scholarship.While structuralist and post-structuralist modes of criticism dominated film genre criticism in the 1970s and 80s, as Thomas Schatz has pointed out, these approaches often sacrifice close attention to film texts, for more abstract, high-stakes observations: “while there is certainly a degree to which virtually every mass-mediated cultural artifact can be examined from [a mythical or ideological] perspective, there appears to be a point at which we tend to lose sight of the initial object of inquiry” (100). Though my reading of these films sidesteps attention to social and political concerns, this article performs the no-less-important task of clarifying the textual features of this sub-genre. To this end, I will survey the tendencies of the rural noir more generally, mentioning more than ten films that fit this subgenre, before narrowing my analysis to a reading of Moonrise (Frank Borzage, 1948), Thieves’ Highway (Jules Dassin, 1949), They Live By Night (Nicholas Ray, 1949) and On Dangerous Ground (Nicholas Ray, 1952). Robert Mitchum tries to escape his criminal life by settling in a small, mountain-side town in Out of the Past (Jacques Tourneur, 1947). A foggy marsh provides a dramatic setting for the Bonnie and Clyde-like demise of lovers on the run in Gun Crazy (Joseph Lewis, 1950). In The Asphalt Jungle (John Huston, 1950), Sterling Hayden longs to return home after he is forced to abandon his childhood horse farm for a life of organised crime in the city. Rob Ryan plays a cop unable to control his violent impulses in On Dangerous Ground (Nicholas Ray, 1952). He is re-assigned from New York City to a rural community up-state in hopes that a less chaotic environment will have a curative effect. The apple orchards of Thieves’ Highway are no refuge from networks of criminal corruption. In They Live By Night, a pair of young lovers, try to leave their criminal lives behind, hiding out in farmhouses, cabins, and other pastoral locations in the American South. Finally, the location of prisons explains a number of sequences set in spare, road-side locations such as those in The Killer is Loose (Budd Boetticher, 1956), The Hitch-Hiker (Ida Lupino, 1953), and Raw Deal (Anthony Mann, 1948). What are some common tendencies of the rural noir? First, they usually feature both rural and urban settings, which allows the portrayal of one to be measured against the other. What we see of the city structures the definition of the country, and vice versa. Second, the lead character moves between these two locations by driving. For criminals, the car is more essential for survival in the country than in the city, so nearly all rural noirs are also road movies. Third, nature often figures as a redemptive force for urbanites steeped in lives of crime. Fourth, the curative quality of the country is usually tied to a love interest in this location: the “nurturing woman” as defined by Janey Place, who encourages the protagonist to forsake his criminal life (60). Fifth, the country is never fully crime-free. In The Killer is Loose, for example, an escaped convict’s first victim is a farmer, whom he clubs before stealing his truck. The convict (Wendell Corey), then, easily slips through a motorcade with the farmer’s identification. Here, the sprawling countryside provides an effective cover for the killer. This farmland is not an innocent locale, but the criminal’s safety-net. In films where a well-intentioned lead attempts to put his criminal life behind him by moving to a remote location, urban associates have little trouble tracking him down. While the country often appears, to protagonists like Jeff in Out of the Past or Bowie in They Live By Night, as an ideal place to escape from crime, as these films unfold, violence reaches the countryside. If these are similar points, what are some differences among rural noirs? First, there are many differences by degree among the common elements listed above. For instance, some rural noirs present their location with unabashed romanticism, while others critique the idealisation of these locations; some “nurturing women” are complicit with criminal activity, while others are entirely innocent. Second, while noir films are commonly known for treating similar urban locations, Los Angeles in particular, these films feature a wide variety of locations: Out of the Past and Thieves’ Highway take place in California, the most common setting for rural noirs, but On Dangerous Ground is set in northern New England, They Live by Night takes place in the Depression-era South, Moonrise in Southern swampland, and the most dynamic scene of The Asphalt Jungle is in rural Kentucky. Third, these films also vary considerably in the balance of settings. If the three typical locations of the rural noir are the country, the city, and the road, the distribution of these three locations varies widely across these films. The location of The Asphalt Jungle matches the title until its dramatic conclusion. The Hitch-hiker, arguably a rural noir, is set in travelling cars, with just brief stops in the barren landscape outside. Two of the films I analyse, They Live By Night and Moonrise are set entirely in the country; a remarkable exception to the majority of films in this subgenre. There are only two other critical essays on the rural noir. In “Shadows in the Hinterland: Rural Noir,” Jonathan F. Bell contextualises the rural noir in terms of post-war transformations of the American landscape. He argues that these films express a forlorn faith in the agrarian myth while the U.S. was becoming increasingly developed and suburbanised. That is to say, the rural noir simultaneously reflects anxiety over the loss of rural land, but also the stubborn belief that the countryside will always exist, if the urbanite needs it as a refuge. Garry Morris suggests the following equation as the shortest way to state the thematic interest of this genre: “Noir = industrialisation + (thwarted) spirituality.” He attributes much of the malaise of noir protagonists to the inhospitable urban environment, “far from [society’s] pastoral and romantic and spiritual origins.” Where Bell focuses on nine films— Detour (1945), The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), Out of the Past (1947), Key Largo (1948), Gun Crazy (1949), On Dangerous Ground (1952), The Hitch-Hiker (1953), Split Second (1953), and Killer’s Kiss (1955)— Morris’s much shorter article includes just The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and Gun Crazy. Of the four films I discuss, only On Dangerous Ground has previously been treated as part of this subgenre, though it has never been discussed alongside Nicholas Ray’s other rural noir. To further the development of the project that these authors have started— the formation of a rural noir corpus— I propose the inclusion of three additional films in this subgenre: Moonrise (1948), They Live by Night (1949), and Thieves’ Highway (1949). With both On Dangerous Ground and They Live by Night to his credit, Nicholas Ray has the distinction of being the most prolific director of rural noirs. In They Live by Night, two young lovers, Bowie (Farley Granger) and Keechie (Cathy O’Donnell), attempt to escape from their established criminal lives. Twenty-three year old Bowie has just been released from juvenile prison and finds rural Texas refreshing: “Out here, the air smells different,” he says. He meets Keechie through her father, a small time criminal organiser who would be happy to keep her secluded for life. When one of Bowie’s accomplices, Chicamaw (Howard DaSilva), shoots a policeman after a robbing a bank with Bowie, the young couple is forced to run. Foster Hirsch calls They Live by Night “a genre rarity, a sentimental noir” (34). The naïve blissfulness of their affection is associated with the primitive settings they navigate. Though Bowie and Keechie are the most sympathetic protagonists of any rural noir, this is no safeguard against an inevitable, characteristically noir demise. Janey Place writes, “the young lovers are doomed, but the possibility of their love transcends and redeems them both, and its failure criticises the urbanised world that will not let them live” (63). As indicated here, the country offers the young lovers refuge for some time, and their bond is depicted as wonderfully strong, but it is doomed by the stronger force of the law.Raymond Williams discusses how different characteristics are associated with urban and rural spaces:On the country has gathered the idea of a natural way of life: of peace, innocence, and simple virtue. On the city has gathered the idea of an achieved center: of learning, communication, light. Powerful hostile associations have also developed: on the city as a place of noise, worldliness and ambition; on the country as a place of backwardness, ignorance, limitation. (1) They Live By Night breaks down these dichotomies, showing the persistence of crime rooted in rural areas.Bowie desires to “get squared around” and live a more natural life with Keechie. Williams’ country adjectives— “peace, innocence, and simple virtue”— describe the nature of this relationship perfectly. Yet, criminal activity, usually associated with the city, has an overwhelmingly strong presence in this region and their lives. Bowie, following the doomed logic of many a crime film character, plans to launch a new, more honest life with cash raised in a heist. Keechie recognises the contradictions in this plan: “Fine way to get squared around, teaming with them. Stealing money and robbing banks. You’ll get in so deep trying to get squared, they’ll have enough to keep you in for two life times.” For Bowie, crime and the pursuit of love are inseparably bound, refuting the illusion of the pure and innocent countryside personified by characters like Mary Malden in On Dangerous Ground and Ann Miller in Out of the Past.In Ray’s other rural noir, On Dangerous Ground, a lonely, angry, and otherwise burned out cop, Wilson (Rob Ryan), finds both love and peace in his time away from the city. While on his up-state assignment, Wilson meets Mary Walden (Ida Lupino), a blind woman who lives a secluded life miles away from this already desolate, rural community. Mary has a calming influence on Wilson, and fits well within Janey Place’s notion of the archetypal nurturing woman in film noir: “The redemptive woman often represents or is part of a primal connection with nature and/or with the past, which are safe, static states rather than active, exciting ones, but she can sometimes offer the only transcendence possible in film noir” (63).If, as Colin McArthur observes, Ray’s characters frequently seek redemption in rural locales— “[protagonists] may reject progress and modernity; they may choose to go or are sent into primitive areas. […] The journeys which bring them closer to nature may also offer them hope of salvation” (124) — the conclusions of On Dangerous Ground versus They Live By Night offer two markedly different resolutions to this narrative. Where Bowie and Keechie’s life on the lam cannot be sustained, On Dangerous Ground, against the wishes of its director, portrays a much more romanticised version of pastoral life. According to Andrew Dickos, “Ray wanted to end the film on the ambivalent image of Jim Wilson returning to the bleak city,” after he had restored order up-state (132). The actual ending is more sentimental. Jim rushes back north to be with Mary. They passionately kiss in close-up, cueing an exuberant orchestral score as The End appears over a slow tracking shot of the majestic, snow covered landscape. In this way, On Dangerous Ground overturns the usual temporal associations of rural versus urban spaces. As Raymond Williams identifies, “The common image of the country is now an image of the past, and the common image of the city an image of the future” (297). For Wilson, by contrast, city life was no longer sustainable and rurality offers his best means for a future. Leo Marx noted in a variety of American pop culture, from Mark Twain to TV westerns and magazine advertising, a “yearning for a simpler, more harmonious style of life, and existence ‘closer to nature,’ that is the psychic root of all pastoralism— genuine and spurious” (Marx 6). Where most rural noirs expose the agrarian myth as a fantasy and a sham, On Dangerous Ground, exceptionally, perpetuates it as actual and effectual. Here, a bad cop is made good with a few days spent in a sparsely populated area and with a woman shaped by her rural upbringing.As opposed to On Dangerous Ground, where the protagonist’s movement from city to country matches his split identity as a formerly corrupt man wishing to be pure, Frank Borzage’s B-film Moonrise (1948) is located entirely in rural or small-town locations. Set in the fictional Southern town of Woodville, which spans swamps, lushly wooded streets and aging Antebellum mansions, the lead character finds good and bad within the same rural location and himself. Dan (Dane Clark) struggles to escape his legacy as the son of a murderer. This conflict is irreparably heightened when Dan kills a man (who had repeatedly teased and bullied him) in self-defence. The instability of Dan’s moral compass is expressed in the way he treats innocent elements of the natural world: flies, dogs, and, recalling Out of the Past, a local deaf boy. He is alternately cruel and kind. Dan is finally redeemed after seeking the advice of a black hermit, Mose (Rex Ingram), who lives in a ramshackle cabin by the swamp. He counsels Dan with the advice that men turn evil from “being lonesome,” not for having “bad blood.” When Dan, eventually, decides to confess to his crime, the sheriff finds him tenderly holding a search hound against a bucolic, rural backdrop. His complete comfortability with the landscape and its creatures finally allows Dan to reconcile the film’s opening opposition. He is no longer torturously in between good and evil, but openly recognises his wrongs and commits to do good in the future. If I had to select just a single shot to illustrate that noirs are set in rural locations more often than most scholarship would have us believe, it would be the opening sequence of Moonrise. From the first shot, this film associates rural locations with criminal elements. The credit sequence juxtaposes pooling water with an ominous brass score. In this disorienting opening, the camera travels from an image of water, to a group of men framed from the knees down. The camera dollies out and pans left, showing that these men, trudging solemnly, are another’s legal executioners. The frame tilts upward and we see a man hung in silhouette. This dense shot is followed by an image of a baby in a crib, also shadowed, the water again, and finally the execution scene. If this sequence is a thematic montage, it can also be discussed, more simply, as a series of establishing shots: a series of images that, seemingly, could not be more opposed— a baby, a universal symbol of innocence, set against the ominous execution, cruel experience— are paired together by virtue of their common location. The montage continues, showing that the baby is the son of the condemned man. As Dan struggles with the legacy of his father throughout the film, this opening shot continues to inform our reading of this character, split between the potential for good or evil.What a baby is to Moonrise, or, to cite a more familiar reference, what the insurance business is to many a James M. Cain roman noir, produce distribution is to Jules Dassin’s Thieves’ Highway (1949). The apple, often a part of wholesome American myths, is at the centre of this story about corruption. Here, a distribution network that brings Americans this hearty, simple product is connected with criminal activity and violent abuses of power more commonly portrayed in connection with cinematic staples of organised crime such as bootlegging or robbery. This film portrays bad apples in the apple business, showing that no profit driven enterprise— no matter how traditional or rural— is beyond the reach of corruption.Fitting the nature of this subject, numerous scenes in the Dassin film take place in the daylight (in addition to darkness), and in the countryside (in addition to the city) as we move between wine and apple country to the market districts of San Francisco. But if the subject and setting of Thieves’ Highway are unusual for a noir, the behaviour of its characters is not. Spare, bright country landscapes form the backdrop for prototypical noir behaviour: predatory competition for money and power.As one would expect of a film noir, the subject of apple distribution is portrayed with dynamic violence. In the most exciting scene of the film, a truck careens off the road after a long pursuit from rival sellers. Apples scatter across a hillside as the truck bursts into flames. This scene is held in a long-shot, as unscrupulous thugs gather the produce for sale while the unfortunate driver burns to death. Here, the reputedly innocent American apple is subject to cold-blooded, profit-maximizing calculations as much as the more typical topics of noir such as blackmail, fraud, or murder. Passages on desolate roads and at apple orchards qualify Thieves’ Highway as a rural noir; the dark, cynical manner in which capitalist enterprise is treated is resonant with nearly all film noirs. Thieves’ Highway follows a common narrative pattern amongst rural noirs to gradually reveal rural spaces as connected to criminality in urban locations. Typically, this disillusioning fact is narrated from the perspective of a lead character who first has a greater sense of safety in rural settings but learns, over the course of the story, to be more wary in all locations. In Thieves’, Nick’s hope that apple-delivery might earn an honest dollar (he is the only driver to treat the orchard owners fairly) gradually gives way to an awareness of the inevitable corruption that has taken over this enterprise at all levels of production, from farmer, to trucker, to wholesaler, and thus, at all locations, the country, the road, and the city.Between this essay, and the previous work of Morris and Bell on the subject, we are developing a more complete survey of the rural noir. Where Bell’s and Morris’s essays focus more resolutely on rural noirs that relied on the contrast of the city versus the country— which, significantly, was the first tendency of this subgenre that I observed— Moonrise and They Live By Night demonstrate that this genre can work entirely apart from the city. From start to finish, these films take place in small towns and rural locations. As opposed to Out of the Past, On Dangerous Ground, or The Asphalt Jungle, characters are never pulled back to, nor flee from, an urban life of crime. Instead, vices that are commonly associated with the city have a free-standing life in the rural locations that are often thought of as a refuge from these harsh elements. If both Bell and Morris study the way that rural noirs draw differences between the city and country, two of the three films I add to the subgenre constitute more complete rural noirs, films that work wholly outside urban locations, not just in contrast with it. Bell, like me, notes considerable variety in rural noirs locations, “desert landscapes, farms, mountains, and forests all qualify as settings for consideration,” but he also notes that “Diverse as these landscapes are, this set of films uses them in surprisingly like-minded fashion to achieve a counterpoint to the ubiquitous noir city” (219). In Bell’s analysis, all nine films he studies, feature significant urban segments. He is, in fact, so inclusive as to discuss Stanley Kubrick’s Killer’s Kiss as a rural noir even though it does not contain a single frame shot or set outside of New York City. Rurality is evoked only as a possibility, as alienated urbanite Davy (Jamie Smith) receives letters from his horse-farm-running relatives. Reading these letters offers Davy brief moments of respite from drudgerous city spaces such as the subway and his cramped apartment. In its emphasis on the centrality of rural locations, my project is more similar to David Bell’s work on the rural in horror films than to Jonathan F. Bell’s work on the rural noir. David Bell analyses the way that contemporary horror films work against a “long tradition” of the “idyllic rural” in many Western texts (95). As opposed to works “from Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman to contemporary television shows like Northern Exposure and films such as A River Runs Through It or Grand Canyon” in which the rural is positioned as “a restorative to urban anomie,” David Bell analyses films such as Deliverance and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre that depict “a series of anti-idyllic visions of the rural” (95). Moonrise and They Live By Night, like these horror films, portray the crime and the country as coexistent spheres at the same time that the majority of other popular culture, including noirs like Killer’s Kiss or On Dangerous Ground, portray them as mutually exclusive.To use a mode of generic analysis developed by Rick Altman, the rural noir, while preserving the dominant syntax of other noirs, presents a remarkably different semantic element (31). Consider the following description of the genre, from the introduction to Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide: “The darkness that fills the mirror of the past, which lurks in a dark corner or obscures a dark passage out of the oppressively dark city, is not merely the key adjective of so many film noir titles but the obvious metaphor for the condition of the protagonist’s mind” (Silver and Ward, 4). In this instance, the narrative elements, or syntax, of film noir outlined by Silver and Ward do not require revision, but the urban location, a semantic element, does. Moonrise and They Live By Night demonstrate the sustainability of the aforementioned syntactic elements— the dark, psychological experience of the leads and their inescapable criminal past— apart from the familiar semantic element of the city.The rural noir must also cause us to reconsider— beyond rural representations or film noir— more generally pitched genre theories. Consider the importance of place to film genre, the majority of which are defined by a typical setting: for melodramas, it is the family home, for Westerns, the American west, and for musicals, the stage. Thomas Schatz separates American genres according to their setting, between genres which deal with “determinate” versus “indeterminate” space:There is a vital distinction between kinds of generic settings and conflicts. Certain genres […] have conflicts that, indigenous to the environment, reflect the physical and ideological struggle for its control. […] Other genres have conflicts that are not indigenous to the locale but are the results of the conflict between the values, attitudes, and actions of its principal characters and the ‘civilised’ setting they inhabit. (26) Schatz discusses noirs, along with detective films, as films which trade in “determinate” settings, limited to the space of the city. The rural noir slips between Schatz’s dichotomy, moving past the space of the city, but not into the civilised, tame settings of the genres of “indeterminate spaces.” It is only fitting that a genre whose very definition lies in its disruption of Hollywood norms— trading high- for low-key lighting, effectual male protagonists for helpless ones, and a confident, coherent worldview for a more paranoid, unstable one would, finally, be able to accommodate a variation— the rural noir— that would seem to upset one of its central tenets, an urban locale. Considering the long list of Hollywood standards that film noirs violated, according to two of its original explicators, Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton— “a logical action, an evident distinction between good and evil, well-defined characters with clear motives, scenes that are more spectacular than brutal, a heroine who is exquisitely feminine and a hero who is honest”— it should, perhaps, not be so surprising that the genre is flexible enough to accommodate the existence of the rural noir after all (14). AcknowledgmentsIn addition to M/C Journal's anonymous readers, the author would like to thank Corey Creekmur, Mike Slowik, Barbara Steinson, and Andrew Gorman-Murray for their helpful suggestions. ReferencesAltman, Rick. “A Semantic/Syntactic Approach to Film Genre.” Film Genre Reader III. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. Austin: U of Texas P, 2003. 27-41.The Asphalt Jungle. Dir. John Huston. MGM/UA, 1950.Bell, David. “Anti-Idyll: Rural Horror.” Contested Countryside Cultures. Eds. Paul Cloke and Jo Little. London, Routledge, 1997. 94-108.Bell, Jonathan F. “Shadows in the Hinterland: Rural Noir.” Architecture and Film. Ed. Mark Lamster. New York: Princeton Architectural P, 2000. 217-230.Borde, Raymond and Etienne Chaumeton. A Panorama of American Film Noir. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2002.Christopher, Nicholas. Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997.Cowie, Elizabeth. “Film Noir and Women.” Shades of Noir. Ed. Joan Copjec. New York: Verso, 1993. 121-166.Dickos, Andrew. Street with No Name: A History of the Classic American Film Noir. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 2002.Hirsch, Foster. Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-Noir. New York: Limelight Editions, 1999.Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden. New York: Oxford UP, 1964.McArthur, Colin. Underworld U.S.A. London: BFI, 1972.Moonrise. Dir. Frank Borzage. Republic, 1948.Morris, Gary. “Noir Country: Alien Nation.” Bright Lights Film Journal Nov. 2006. 13. Jun. 2008 http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/54/noircountry.htm Muller, Eddie. Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1998.Naremore, James. More Than Night: Film Noir in its Contexts. Berkeley, C.A.: U of California P, 2008.Neale, Steve. “Questions of Genre.” Film Genre Reader III. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. Austin: U of Texas P, 2003. 160-184.On Dangerous Ground. Dir. Nicholas Ray. RKO, 1951.Out of the Past. Dir. Jacques Tourneur. RKO, 1947.Place, Janey. “Women in Film Noir.” Women in Film Noir. Ed. E. Ann Kaplan. London: BFI, 1999. 47-68.Schatz, Thomas. Hollywood Genres. New York: Random House, 1981.Schatz, Thomas. “The Structural Influence: New Directions in Film Genre Study.” Film Genre Reader III. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. Austin: U of Texas P, 2003. 92-102.Silver, Alain and Elizabeth Ward. Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. London: Bloomsbury, 1980.They Live by Night. Dir. Nicholas Ray. RKO, 1949.Thieves’ Highway. Dir. Jules Dassin. Fox, 1949.Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford UP, 1973.

A political minimalism? That would obviously go against the grain of our current political ideology → in fact, we are in an era of political maximalisation (Roland Barthes 200, arrow in original).Barthes’ comment is found in the ‘Annex’ to his 1978 lecture course The Neutral. Despite the three decade difference I don’t things have changed that much, certainly not insofar as academic debate about the cultural and social is concerned. At conferences I regularly hear the demand that the speaker or speakers account for the ‘political intent’, ‘worth’ or ‘utility’ of their work, or observe how speakers attempt to pre-empt and disarm such calls through judicious phrasing and citing. Following his diagnosis Barthes (201-206) proceeds to write under the title ‘To Give Leave’. Here he notes the incessant demand placed upon us, as citizens, as consumers, as representative cultural subjects and as biopolitical entities and, in this context, as academics to have and to communicate our allegiances, views and opinions. Echoing the acts, (or rather the ‘non-acts’), of Melville’s Bartleby, Barthes describes the scandalous nature of suspending the obligation of holding views; the apparent immorality of suspending the obligation of being interested, engaged, opinionated, committed – even if one only ever suspends provisionally, momentarily even. For the length of a five thousand word essay perhaps. In this short, unfortunately telegraphic and quite speculative essay I want pause to consider a few gestures or figures of ‘suspension’, ‘decline’ and ‘remaining aside’. What follows is in three parts. First a comment on the nature of the ‘demand to communicate’ identified by Barthes and its links to longer running moral and practical imperatives within Western understandings of the subject, the social and the political. Second, the most substantial section but still an all too brief account of the apparent ‘passivity’ of the narrator of Imre Kertész’s novel Fatelessness and the ways in which the novel may be read as a reflection on the nature of agency and determination. Third, a very brief conclusion, the question directly; what politics or what apprehension of politics, could a reflection on stillness and its ‘political minimalism’ offer? 1.For Barthes, (in 1978), one of the factors defining the contemporary intellectual scene was the way in which “politics invades all phenomena, economic, cultural, ethical” coupled with the “radicalization” of “political behaviors” (200), perhaps most notably in the arrogance of political discourse as it assumes the place of a master discourse. Writing in 1991 Bill Readings identified a similar phenomenon. For Readings the category of the political and politically inspired critique were operating by encircling their objects within a presupposed “universal language of political significance into which one might translate everything according to its effectivity”, an approach which has the effect of always making “the political […] the bottom line, the last instance where meaning can be definitively asserted” (quoted in Clark 3) or, we may add, realized. There is, of course, much that could be said here, not least concerning the significant differences in context, (between, for example, the various forms of revolutionary Marxism, Communism and Maoism which seem to preoccupy Barthes and the emancipatory identity and cultural politics which swept through literature departments in the US and beyond in the last two decades of the twentieth century). However it is also possible to suggest that a general grammar and, moreover, a general acceptance of a telos of the political persists.Barthes' (204-206) account of ‘political maximalisation’ is accompanied by a diagnosis of its productivist virility, (be it, in 1978, on the part of the increasingly reduced revolutionary left or the burgeoning neo-liberal right). The antithesis, or, rather, the outside of such an arrangement or frame would not be another political program but rather a certain stammering, a lassitude or dilatoriness. A flaccidness even; “a devirilized image” wherein from the point of view of the (political) actor or critic, “you are demoted to the contemptible mass of the undecided of those who don’t know who to vote for: old, lost ladies whom they brutalize: vote however you want, but vote” (Barthes 204). Hence Barthes is not suggesting a counter-move, a radical refusal, a ‘No’ shouted back to the information saturated market society. What is truly scandalous he suggests, is not opposition or refusal but the ‘non-reply’. What is truly scandalous, roughish even, is the decline or deferral and so the provisional suspension of the choice (and the blackmail) of the ‘yes’ or ‘no’, the ‘this’ or the ‘that’, the ‘with us’ or ‘against us’.In Literature and Evil Georges Bataille concludes his essay on Kafka with a comment on such a decline. According to Bataille, the reason why Kafka remains an ambivalent writer for critics, (and especially for those who would seek to enrol his work to political ends), lays precisely in his constant withdrawal; “There was nothing he [Kafka] could have asserted, or in the name of which he could have spoken. What he was, which was nothing, only existed to the extent in which effective activity condemned him” (167). ‘Effective activity’ refers, contextually, to a certain form of Communism but more broadly to the rationalization or systematization intrinsic to any political program, political programs (or ideologies) as such, be they communist, liberal or libertarian. At least insofar as, as implied above, the political is taken to coincide with a certain metaphysics and morality of action and the consequent linking of freedom to work, (a factor common to communist, fascist and liberal political programs), and so to the labour of the progressive self-realization and achievement of the self, the autos or ipse (see Derrida 6-18). Be it via, for example, Marx’s account of human’s intrinsic ‘capacity for work’ (Arbeitskraft), Heidegger’s account of necessary existential (and ultimately communal) struggle (Kampf), or Weber’s diagnoses of the (Protestant/bourgeois) liberal project to realize human potentiality (see also Agamben Man without Content; François 1-64). Hence what is ‘evil’ in Kafka is not any particular deed but the deferral of deeds; his ambivalence or immorality in the eyes of certain critics being due to the question his writing poses to “the ultimate authority of action” (Bataille 153) and so to the space beyond action onto which it opens. What could this space of ‘worklessness’ or ‘unwork’ look like? This non-virile, anti-heroic space? This would not be a space of ‘inaction’, (a term still too dependent, albeit negatively, on action), but of ‘non-action’; of ‘non-productive’ or non-disclosive action. That is to say, and as a first attempt at definition, ‘action’ or ‘praxis’, if we can still call it that, which does not generate or bring to light any specific positive content. As a way to highlight the difficulties and pitfalls, (at least with certain traditions), which stand in the way of thinking such a space, we may highlight Giorgio Agamben’s comments on the widespread coincidence of a metaphysics of action with the determination of both the subject, its teleology and its orientation in the world:According to current opinion, all of man’s [sic] doing – that of the artist and the craftsman as well as that of the workman and the politician – is praxis – manifestation of a will that produces a concrete effect. When we say that man has a productive status on earth, we mean, that the status of his dwelling on the earth is a practical one […] This productive doing now everywhere determines the status of man on earth – man understood as the living being (animal) that works (laborans), and, in work, produces himself (Man without Content 68; 70-71 original emphasis).Beyond or before practical being then, that is to say before and beyond the determination of the subject as essentially or intrinsically active and engaged, another space, another dwelling. Maybe nocturnal, certainly one with a different light to that of the day; one not gathered in and by the telos of the ipse or the turning of the autos, an interruption of labour, an unravelling. Remaining still, unravelling together (see Harrison In the absence).2.Kertész’s novel Sorstalanság was first published in his native Hungary in 1975. It has been translated into English twice, in 1992 as Fateless and in 2004 as Fatelessness. Fatelessness opens in Budapest on the day before György Köves’ – the novel’s fourteen year old narrator – father has to report for ‘labour service’. It goes on to recount Köves’ own detention and deportation and the year spent in the camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald and Zeitz. During this period Köves’ health declines, gradually at first and then rapidly to a moment of near death. He survives and the novel closes with his return to his home town. Köves is, as Kertész has put it in various interviews and as is made clear in the novel, a ‘non-Jewish Jew’; a non-practicing and non-believing Hungarian Jew from a largely assimilated family who neither reads nor speaks Hebrew or Yiddish. While Kertész has insisted that the novel is precisely that, a novel, a work of literature and not an autobiography, we should note that Kertész was himself imprisoned in Buchenwald and Zeitz when fourteen.Not without reservations but for the sake of brevity I shall focus on only one theme in the novel; determination and agency, or what Kertész calls ‘determinacy’. Writing in his journal Galley Boat-Log (Gályanapló) in May 1965 Kertész suggests ‘Novel of Fatelessness’ as a possible title for his work and then reflects on what he means by ‘fate’, the entry is worth quoting at length.The external determinacy, the stigma which constrains our life in a situation, an absurdity, in the given totalitarianism, thwarts us; thus, when we live out the determinacy which is doled out to us as a reality, instead of the necessity which stems from our own (relative) freedom – that is what I call fatelessness.What is essential is that our determinacy should always be in conflict with our natural views and inclinations; that is how fatelessness manifests itself in a chemically pure state. The two possible modes of protection: we transform into our determinacy (Kafka’s centipede), voluntarily so to say, and I that way attempt to assimilate our determinacy to our fate; or else we rebel against it, and so fall victim to our determinacy. Neither of these is a true solution, for in both cases we are obliged to perceive our determinacy […] as reality, whilst the determining force, that absurd power, in a way triumphs over us: it gives us a name and turns us into an object, even though we were born for other things.The dilemma of my ‘Muslim’ [Köves]: How can he construct a fate out of his own determinacy? (Galley Boat-Log 98 original emphasis).The dilemma of determinacy then; how can Köves, who is both determined by and superfluous to the Nazi regime, to wider Hungarian society, to his neighbours and to his family, gain some kind of control over his existence? Throughout Fatelessness people prove repeatedly unable to control their destinies, be it Köves himself, his father, his stepmother, his uncles, his friends from the oil refinery, or even Bandi Citrom, Köves’ mentor in the camps. The case of the ‘Expert’ provides a telescoped example. First appearing when Köves and his friends are arrested the ‘Expert’ is an imposing figure, well dressed, fluent in German and the director of a factory involved in the war effort (Fatelessness 50). Later at the brickworks, where the Jews who have been rounded up are being held prior to deportation, he appears more dishevelled and slightly less confident. Still, he takes the ‘audacious’ step of addressing a German officer directly (and receives some placatory ‘advice’ as his reward) (68-69). By the time the group arrives at the camp Köves has difficulty recognising him and without a word of protest, the ‘Expert’ does not pass the initial selection (88).Köves displays no such initiative with regard to his situation. He is reactive or passive, never active. For Köves events unfold as a series of situations and circumstances which are, he tells himself, essentially reasonable and to which he has to adapt and conform so that he may get on. Nothing more than “given situations with the new givens inherent in them” (259), as he explains near the end of the novel. As Köves' identity papers testify, his life and its continuation are the effect of arbitrary sets of circumstances which he is compelled to live through; “I am not alive on my own account but benefiting the war effort in the manufacturing industry” (29). In his Nobel lecture Kertész described Köves' situation:the hero of my novel does not live his own time in the concentration camps, for neither his time nor his language, not even his own person, is really his. He doesn’t remember; he exists. So he has to languish, poor boy, in the dreary trap of linearity, and cannot shake off the painful details. Instead of a spectacular series of great and tragic moments, he has to live through everything, which is oppressive and offers little variety, like life itself (Heureka! no pagination).Without any wilful or effective action on the part of the narrator and with only ‘the dreary trap of linearity’ where one would expect drama, plot, rationalization or stylization, Fatelessness can read as an arbitrarily punctuated series of waitings. Köves waiting for his father to leave, waiting in the customs shed, waiting at the brick works, waiting in train carriages, waiting on the ramp, waiting at roll call, waiting in the infirmary. Here is the first period of waiting described in the book, it is the day before his father’s departure and he is waiting for his father and stepmother as they go through the accounts at the family shop:I tried to be patient for a bit. Striving to think of Father, and more specifically the fact that he would be going tomorrow and, quite probably, I would not see him for a long time after that; but after a while I grew weary with that notion and then seeing as there was nothing else I could do for my father, I began to be bored. Even having to sit around became a drag, so simply for the sake of a change I stood up to take a drink of water from the tap. They said nothing. Later on, I also made my way to the back, between the planks, in order to pee. On returning I washed my hands at the rusty, tiled sink, then unpacked my morning snack from my school satchel, ate that, and finally took another drink from the tap. They still said nothing. I sat back in my place. After that, I got terribly bored for another absolute age (Fatelessness 9). It is interesting to consider exactly how this passage presages those that will come. Certainly this scene is an effect of the political context, his father and stepmother have to go through the books because of the summons to labour service and because of the racial laws on who may own and profit from a business. However, the specifically familial setting should not be overlooked, particularly when read alongside Kertész’s other novels where, as Madeleine Gustafsson writes, Communist dictatorship is “portrayed almost as an uninterrupted continuation of life in the camp – which in turn [...] is depicted as a continuation of the patriarchal dictatorship of a joyless childhood” (no pagination, see, for example, Kertész Kaddish). Time to turn back to our question; does Fatelessness provide an answer to the ‘dilemma of determinacy’? We should think carefully before answering. As Julia Karolle suggests, the composition of the novel and our search for a logic within itreveal the abuses that reason must endure in order to create any story or history about the Holocaust […]. Ultimately Kertész challenges the reader not to make up for the lack of logic in Fatelessness, but rather to consider the nature of its absence (92 original emphasis).Still, with this point in mind, (and despite what has been said above), the novel does contain a scene in which Köves appears to affirm his existence.In many respects the scene is the culmination of the novel. The camps have been liberated and Köves has returned to Budapest. Finding his father and step-mother’s apartment occupied by strangers he calls on his Aunt and Uncle Fleischmann and Uncle Steiner. The discussion which follows would repay a slower reading, however again for the sake of brevity I shall focus on only a few short excerpts. Köves suggests that everyone took their ‘steps’ towards the events which have unfolded and that prediction and retrospection are false perspectives which give the illusion of order and inevitability whereas, in reality, “everything becomes clear only gradually, sequentially over time, step-by-step” (Fatelessness 249): “They [his Uncles] too had taken their own steps. They too […] had said farewell to my father as if we had already buried him, and even later has squabbled about whether I should take the train or the suburban bus to Auschwitz” (260). Fleischmann and Steiner react angrily, claiming that such an understanding makes the ‘victims’ the ‘guilty ones’. Köves responds by saying that they do not understand him and asks they see that:It was impossible, they must try to understand, impossible to take everything away from me, impossible for me to be neither winner nor loser, for me not to be right and not to be mistaken that I was neither the cause nor effect of anything; they should try to see, I almost pleaded, that I could not swallow that idiotic bitterness, that I should merely be innocent (260-261).Karolle (93-94) suggests that Köves' discussion with his uncles marks the moment where he accepts and affirms his existence and, from this point on begins to take control of and responsibility. Hence for Karolle the end of the novel depicts an ‘authentic’ moment of self-affirmation as Köves steps forward and refuses to participate in “the factual historical narrative of Auschwitz, to forget what he knows, and to be unequivocally categorized as a victim of history” (95). In distinction to Karolle, Adrienne Kertzer argues that Köves' moment of self-affirmation is, in fact, one of self-deception. Rather than acknowledging that it was “inexplicable luck” and a “series of random acts” (Kertzer 122) which saved his life or that his near death was due to an accident of birth, Köves asserts his personal freedom. Hence – and following István Deák – Kertzer suggests that we should read Fatelessness as a satire, ‘a modern Candide’. A satire on the hope of finding meaning, be it personal or metaphysical, in such experiences and events, the closing scenes of the novel being an ironic reflection on the “desperate desire to see […] life as meaningful” (Kertzer 122). So, while Köves convinces himself of his logic his uncles say to each other “‘Leave him be! Can’t you see he only wants to talk? Let him talk! Leave him be!’ And talk I did, albeit possibly to no avail and even a little incoherently” (Fatelessness 259). Which are we to choose then? The affirmation of agency (with Karolle) or the diagnosis of determination (with Kertzer)? Karolle and Kertzer give insightful analyses, (and ones which are certainly not limited to the passages quoted above), however it seems to me that they move too quickly to resolve the ‘dilemma’ presented by Köves, if not of Fatelessness as a whole. Still, we have a little time before having to name and decide Köves’ fate. Kertész’s use of the word ‘hero’ to describe Köves above – ‘the hero of my novel…’ – is, perhaps, more than a little ironic. As Kertész asks (in 1966), how can there be a hero, how can one be heroic, when one is one’s ‘determinacies’? What sense does it make to speak of heroic actions if “man [sic] is no more than his situation”? (Galley Boat-Log 99). Köves’ time, his language, his identity, none are his. There is no place, no hidden reservoir of freedom, from which way he set in motion any efficacious action. All resources have already been corrupted. From Kertész’s journal (in 1975): “The masters of thought and ideologies have ruined my thought processes” (Galley Boat-Log 104). As Lawrence Langer has argued, the grammar of heroics, along with the linked terms ‘virtue’, ‘dignity’, ‘resistance’ ‘survival’ and ‘liberation’, (and the wider narrative and moral economies which these terms indicate and activate), do not survive the events being described. Here the ‘dilemma of determinacy’ becomes the dilemma of how to think and value the human outside or after such a grammar. How to think and value the human beyond a grammar of action and so beyond, as Lars Iyer puts it, “the equation of work and freedom that characterizes the great discourses of political modernity” (155). If this is possible. If such a grammar and equation isn’t too all pervasive, if something of the human still remains outside their economy. It may well be that our ability to read Fatelessness depends in large part on what we are prepared to forsake (see Langar 195). How to think the subject and a politics in contretemps, beyond or after the choice between determination or autonomy, passive or active, inaction or action, immoral or virtuous – if only for a moment? Kertész wonders, (in 1966), ”perhaps there is something to be savaged all the same, a tiny foolishness, something ultimately comic and frail that may be a sign of the will to live and still awakens sympathy” (Galley Boat-Log 99). Something, perhaps, which remains to be salvaged from the grammar of humanism, something that would not be reducible to context, to ‘determinacies’, and that, at the same time, does not add up to a (resurrected) agent. ‘A tiny foolishness, something ultimately comic and frail’. The press release announcing that Kertész had been awarded the Nobel prize for literature states that “For Kertész the spiritual dimension of man lies in his inability to adapt to life” (The Swedish Academy no pagination). Despite the difficulties presented by the somewhat over-determined term ‘spiritual’, this line strikes me as remarkably perspicuous. Like Melville’s Bartleby and Bataille’s Kafka before him, Kertész’s Köves’ existence, insofar as he exists, is made up by his non-action. That is to say, his existence is defined not by his actions or his inaction, (both of which are purely reactive and functional), but rather by his irreducibility to either. As commentators and critics have remarked, (and as the quotes given from the text above hopefully illustrate), Köves has an oddly formal and neutral ‘voice’. Köves’ blank, frequently equivocal tone may be read as a sign of his immaturity, his lack of understanding and his naivety. However I would suggest that before such factors, what characterizes Köves’ mode of address is its reticence to assert or disclose. Köves speaks, he speaks endlessly, but he says nothing or almost nothing - ‘to no avail and even a little incoherently’. Hence where Karolle seeks to recover an ‘intoned self-consciousness’ and Kertzer the repressed determining context, we may find Köves' address. Where Karolle’s and Kertzer’s approaches seek in some way to repair Köves words, to supplement them with either an agency to-come or an awareness of a context and, in doing so, pull his words fully into the light, Köves, it seems to me, remains elusive. His existence, insofar as we may speak of it, lies in his ‘inability to adapt to life’. His reserves are not composed of hidden or recoverable sources of agency but in his equivocality, in the way he takes leave of and remains aside from the very terms of the dilemma. It is as if with no resources of his own, he has an echo existence. As if still remaining itself where a tiny foolishness, something ultimately comic and frail.3.Is this it? Is this what we are to be left with in a ‘political minimalism’? It would seem more resignation or failure, turning away or quietism, the conceit of a beautiful soul, than any type of recognisable politics. On one level this is correct, however any such suspension or withdrawal, this moment of stillness where we are, is only ever a moment. However it is a moment which indicates a certain irreducibility and as such is, I believe, of great significance. Great significance, (or better ‘signifyingness’), even though – and precisely because – it is in itself without value. Being outside efficacy, labour or production, being outside economisation as such, it resides only in its inability to be integrated. What purpose does it serve? None. Or, perhaps, none other than demonstrating the irreducibility of a life, of a singular existence, to any discourse, narrative, identity or ideology, insofar as such structures, in their attempt to comprehend (or apprehend) the existent and put it to use always and violently fall short. As Theodor Adorno wrote;It is this passing-on and being unable to linger, this tacit assent to the primacy of the general over the particular, which constitutes not only the deception of idealism in hypostasizing concepts, but also its inhumanity, that has no sooner grasped the particular than it reduces it to a thought-station, and finally comes all too quickly to terms with suffering and death (74 emphasis added).This moment of stillness then, of declining and remaining aside, represents, for me, the anarchical and all but silent condition of possibility for all political strategy as such (see Harrison, Corporeal Remains). A condition of possibility which all political strategy carries within itself, more or less well, more or less consciously, as a memory of the finite and corporeal nature of existence. A memory which may always and eventually come to protest against the strategy itself. Strategy itself as strategy; as command, as a calculated and calculating order. And so, and we should be clear about this, such a remaining still is a demonstration.A demonstration not unlike, for example, that of the general anonymous population in José Saramago’s remarkable novel Seeing, who ‘act’ more forcefully through non-action than any through any ends-directed action. A demonstration of the kind which Agamben writes about after those in Tiananmen Square in 1989:The novelty of the coming politics is that it will no longer be the struggle for control of the state, but a struggle between the State and the non-State (humanity) […] [who] cannot form a societas because they do not poses any identity to vindicate or bond of belonging for which to seek recognition (Coming Community 85-67; original emphasis).A demonstration like that which sounds through Köves when his health fails in the camps and he finds himself being wheeled on a handcart taken for dead;a snatch of speech that I was barely able to make out came to my attention, and in that hoarse whispering I recognized even less readily the voice that has once – I could not help recollecting – been so strident: ‘I p … pro … test,’ it muttered” (Fatelessness 187 ellipses in original).The inmate pushing the cart stops and pulls him up by the shoulders, asking with astonishment “Was? Du willst noch leben? [What? You still want to live?] […] and right then I found it odd, since it could not have been warranted and, on the whole, was fairly irrational (187).AcknowledgmentsMy sincere thanks to the editors of this special issue, David Bissell and Gillian Fuller, for their interest, encouragement and patience. Thanks also to Sadie, especially for her comments on the final section. ReferencesAdorno, Theodor. Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. London: Verso, 1974.Agamben, Giorgio. The Coming Community. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1990.———. The Man without Content. Stanford: Stanford U P, 1999.Barthes, Roland. The Neutral. New York: Columbia U P, 2005.Bataille, Georges. Literature and Evil. London: Marion Boyars, 1985.Clarke, Timothy. The Poetics of Singularity: The Counter-Culturalist Turn in Heidegger, Derrida, Blanchot and the Late Gadamer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U P, 2005.Deák, István. "Stranger in Hell." New York Review of Books 23 Sep. 2003: 65-68.Derrida, Jacques. Rogues. 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