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Journal articles on the topic 'Receive spatial modulation (RSM)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Yang, Ping, Yue Xiao, and Xiao Ming. "Enhanced Receive Spatial Modulation Based on Power Allocation." IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 13, no. 6 (2020): 1312–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2019.2916608.

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Abstract—In this paper, we investigate the benefits of power allocation (PA) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receive spatial modulation (RSM) with both a total transmit power constraint (TTPC) and a per-antenna power constraint (PAPC). First, we derive optimal PA closed-form solutions that maximize the minimum distance dmin between the received signal points for (Nt °¡ 2)-elementRSMwith arbitrary phase-shift keying schemes (whereNt is the number of transmit antennas) subject to a TTPC. Based on the derived solutions and the error vector reduction (EVR) method, we propose a low-complexity iterative algorithm to identify PA parameters for high numbers of receive antennas (Nr ≥ 2). Specifically, the EVR-based PA (EVR-PA) algorithm resembles its traditional exhaustive-search-based counterpart, but only exploits the receive distances of a few dominant error vectors to iteratively optimize the PAmatrix. Then, a more strict yet practical PAPC is considered for PA in RSM-MIMO systems, and a welldesigned approximate convex optimization (ACO)-based iterative PA algorithm is proposed. Compared to EVR-PA, the ACO-based PA (ACO-PA) algorithm first formulates the PA problems with the PAPC in RSM into constrained quadratic program problems and then utilizes the powerful augmented Lagrangian multiplier to find their optimal solutions. Our simulation results show that the proposed EVR-PA- and ACO-PA-aided RSM schemes outperform the equal-power-allocated RSM- and PA-aided spatial multiplexing schemes.

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2

Cheng, Qian, and Jiang Zhu. "Generalised transmit–receive joint spatial modulation." Electronics Letters 53, no. 24 (2017): 1613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.2738.

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3

Wang, Yanrui, Wenhui Xiong, Yue Xiao, Shu Fang, You Li, and Chen Zheng. "Offset Spatial Modulation With Multiple Receive Antennas." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 100542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991587.

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4

Yang, Ping, Yue Xiao, Ming Xiao, Jing Zhu, Shaoqian Li, and Wei Xiang. "Enhanced Receive Spatial Modulation Based on Power Allocation." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 13, no. 6 (2019): 1312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2019.2916608.

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5

Sanila, K. S., and Neelakandan Rajamohan. "Enhanced Transmit-Receive Spatial Modulation for Massive MIMO Systems." IEEE Communications Letters 25, no. 7 (2021): 2300–2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2021.3067881.

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6

Luo, Junshan, Shilian Wang, Fanggang Wang, and Wei Zhang. "Generalized Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation via Receive Antenna Transition." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 8, no. 3 (2019): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2018.2889857.

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7

Raafat, Ahmed, Adrian Agustin, and Josep Vidal. "Downlink Multi-User Massive MIMO Transmission Using Receive Spatial Modulation." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 10 (2020): 6871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3006565.

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8

Wen, Peibo, Xu He, Yue Xiao, Ping Yang, Rong Shi, and Ke Deng. "Efficient Receive Antenna Selection for Pre-Coding Aided Spatial Modulation." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 2 (2018): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2017.2732401.

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9

Maleki, Marjan, Kamal Mohamed-Pour, and Mojtaba Soltanalian. "Receive Spatial Modulation in Correlated Massive MIMO With Partial CSI." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 67, no. 5 (2019): 1237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2018.2890063.

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10

Zhang, Lu, Mingyang Sun, Zeliang Ou, Chongjun Ouyang, and Hongwen Yang. "A Secure Receive Spatial Modulation Scheme Based on Random Precoding." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 122367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2937962.

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11

Qingfeng, Ding, Wang Song, Fu Tingmei, and Xi Tao. "RIS-assisted receive spatial modulation for high-speed railway communication." China Communications 22, no. 2 (2025): 269–82. https://doi.org/10.23919/jcc.ja.2022-0861.

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12

Vian, S. Al-Doori, and H. Al-Hemiary Emad. "A simplified spatial modulation MISO-OFDM scheme." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 4 (2020): 1738–45. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.13873.

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Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.

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13

Kim, Sangchoon. "Decoupled Transmit and Receive Antenna Selection for Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 57829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072428.

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14

Kim, Sangchoon. "Efficient Transmit Antenna Selection for Receive Spatial Modulation-Based Massive MIMO." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 152034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017024.

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15

Perovic, Nemanja Stefan, Peng Liu, Marco Di Renzo, and Andreas Springer. "Receive Spatial Modulation for LOS mmWave Communications Based on TX Beamforming." IEEE Communications Letters 21, no. 4 (2017): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2016.2642923.

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16

Zhu, Jing, Ping Yang, Yue Xiao, Xia Lei, and Qiong Chen. "Low RF-Complexity Receive Spatial Modulation for Millimeter-Wave MIMO Communications." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 7 (2018): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2831221.

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17

Liu, Chaowen, Lie-Liang Yang, and Wenjie Wang. "Transmitter-Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation Achieving Both Transmit and Receive Diversity." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, no. 2 (2018): 1375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2017.2757403.

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18

Kim, S. "Diversity order of precoding‐aided spatial modulation using receive antenna selection." Electronics Letters 56, no. 5 (2020): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2019.3224.

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19

Yang, Ping, Jing Zhu, Zilong Liu, Yue Xiao, Shaoqian Li, and Wei Xiang. "Unified Power Allocation for Receive Spatial Modulation Based on Approximate Optimization." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 49450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2865458.

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20

Cheng, Chien-Chun, Marco Di Renzo, Fabio Graziosi, and Alessio Zappone. "On Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer for Receive Spatial Modulation." IEEE Access 5 (2017): 23204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2762524.

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21

Zheng, Jianping. "Fast Receive Antenna Subset Selection for Pre-Coding Aided Spatial Modulation." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 4, no. 3 (2015): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2015.2413396.

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22

Liu, Yuzhou, Yachao Li, Xuan Song, and Xuanqi Wang. "A Modified NLCS Algorithm for High-Speed Bistatic Forward-Looking SAR Focusing with Spaceborne Illuminator." Remote Sensing 15, no. 6 (2023): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061699.

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The coupling and spatial variation of range and azimuth parameters is the biggest challenge for bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) imaging. In contrast with the monostatic SAR and translational invariant bistatic SAR (TI-BSAR), the range cell migration (RCM), and Doppler parameters of high-speed bistatic forward-looking SAR (HS-BFSAR) have two-dimensional spatial variation characteristics, which makes it difficult to obtain SAR images with satisfactory global focusing. Firstly, based on the configuration of the spaceborne illuminator and high-speed forward-looking receiving platform, the accurate range-Doppler domain expression of the echo signal is derived in this paper. Secondly, using this analytical expression, a range nonlinear chirp scaling (NLCS) is proposed to equalize the RCM and equivalent range frequency modulation (FM) rate so that they can be uniformly processed in the two-dimensional frequency domain. Next, in the azimuth processing, the proposed method decomposes the Doppler contribution of the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Then, an azimuth NLCS is used to eliminate the spatial variation of the azimuth FM rate. Finally, a range-dependent azimuth filter is constructed to achieve azimuth compression. Simulation results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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23

LUO, Junshan, Shilian WANG, and Qian CHENG. "Low-Complexity Joint Transmit and Receive Antenna Selection for Transceive Spatial Modulation." IEICE Transactions on Communications E102.B, no. 8 (2019): 1695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2018ebp3272.

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24

Raafat, Ahmed, Merve Sefunc, Adrian Agustin, Josep Vidal, Eduard A. Jorswieck, and Yoann Corre. "Energy Efficient Transmit-Receive Hybrid Spatial Modulation for Large-Scale MIMO Systems." IEEE Transactions on Communications 68, no. 3 (2020): 1448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2957219.

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25

Stavridis, Athanasios, Marco Di Renzo, and Harald Haas. "Performance Analysis of Multistream Receive Spatial Modulation in the MIMO Broadcast Channel." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 15, no. 3 (2016): 1808–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2015.2496597.

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26

Kim, Sangchoon. "Novel Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation with Lattice Reduction." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093575.

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In this paper, a new receive antenna subset (RAS) selection scheme is proposed for precoding-aided spatial modulation (PSM). First, a lattice reduction (LR)-based precoder is employed instead of a conventional zero-forcing (ZF) precoder. It is analytically shown that a full diversity gain can be achieved by the LR-based ZF precoder without RAS selection. Then, an optimal LR-based RAS selection criterion is derived for the over-determined LR-based PSM systems, and a suboptimal selection algorithm is additionally presented. It is also shown that optimal and suboptimal RAS selection algorithms based on LR improve the BER performance of the LR-based PSM system. Further, the overall diversity order of the over-determined LR-based PSM systems with optimal LR-based RAS selection is analyzed. Finally, diversity analysis and simulation results show that the LR-ZF-based PSM system with optimal LR-based RAS selection outperforms the conventional ZF-based PSM system with conventional optimal RAS selection.

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27

Zhao, Yizhe, Jie Hu, Anna Xie, Kun Yang, and Kai-Kit Wong. "Receive Spatial Modulation Aided Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer With Finite Alphabet." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 12 (2020): 8039–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3019011.

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28

Mansor, Zuhanis, Evangelos Mellios, Geoffrey Hilton, Joe McGeehan, and Andrew Nix. "MIMO Exploitation of 3D Multipath Statistics in a Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Network." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/931527.

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This paper analyses the impact of 3D multipath in an LTE-Advanced heterogeneous network. The impact of the base station array configuration is considered in both the azimuth and elevation planes. Spatial and temporal multipath statistics are generated for example macro- and picocellular base stations, and these are combined with appropriately oriented complex polarimetric antenna patterns. The resulting wideband channels are then passed to an LTE-Advanced physical layer simulator. The optimal spatial multiplexing mode is determined by computing the throughput using the received bit mutual information rate for all modulation and coding schemes. The fastest link speed for each user is identified given a packet error rate threshold of 10%. Results show that RMS angle spread statistics and the base station MIMO array configuration strongly influence user performance in an LTE-A network. The deployment of macrocellular vertical arrays is shown to significantly degrade network performance. In contrast, the elevation angle spread is found to be far greater in picocells, and this allows vertical arrays to be applied to produce compact high performance picobase stations.

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29

Olanrewaju, Hammed, John Thompson, and Wasiu Popoola. "Performance Analysis of Optical Spatial Modulation in Atmospheric Turbulence Channel †." Photonics 5, no. 4 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040053.

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In this paper, spatial pulse position modulation (SPPM) is used as a case study to investigate the performance of the optical spatial modulation (SM) technique in outdoor atmospheric turbulence (AT). A closed-form expression for the upper bound on the asymptotic symbol error rate (SER) of SPPM in AT is derived and validated by closely-matching simulation results. The error performance is evaluated in weak to strong AT conditions. As the AT strength increases from weak to strong, the channel fading coefficients become more dispersed and differentiable. Thus, a better error performance is observed under moderate-to-strong AT compared to weak AT. The performance in weak AT can be improved by applying unequal power allocation to make free-space optical communication (FSO) links more distinguishable at the receiver. Receive diversity is considered to mitigate irradiance fluctuation and improve the robustness of the system to turbulence-induced channel fading. The diversity order is computed as half of the number of detectors. Performance comparisons, in terms of energy and spectral efficiencies, are drawn between the SPPM scheme and conventional MIMO schemes such as repetition coding and spatial multiplexing.

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30

Zhang, Weile. "SAGE Based Data Detection for Multiuser Spatial Modulation With Large Number of Receive Antennas." IEEE Communications Letters 19, no. 9 (2015): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2015.2451615.

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31

Mohaisen, Manar, Tasnim Holoubi, and Tamer Abuhmed. "Performance Analysis and Constellation Design for the Parallel Quadrature Spatial Modulation." Entropy 22, no. 8 (2020): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080841.

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Spatial modulation (SM) is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique that achieves a MIMO capacity by conveying information through antenna indices, while keeping the transmitter as simple as that of a single-input system. Quadrature SM (QSM) expands the spatial dimension of the SM into in-phase and quadrature dimensions, which are used to transmit the real and imaginary parts of a signal symbol, respectively. A parallel QSM (PQSM) was recently proposed to achieve more gain in the spectral efficiency. In PQSM, transmit antennas are split into parallel groups, where QSM is performed independently in each group using the same signal symbol. In this paper, we analytically model the asymptotic pairwise error probability of the PQSM. Accordingly, the constellation design for the PQSM is formulated as an optimization problem of the sum of multivariate functions. We provide the proposed constellations for several values of constellation size, number of transmit antennas, and number of receive antennas. The simulation results show that the proposed constellation outperforms the phase-shift keying (PSK) constellation by more than 10 dB and outperforms the quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes by approximately 5 dB for large constellations and number of transmit antennas.

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32

Shashikant, Shrutkirthi Godkhindi, G. D. Goutham Simha, and Udupi Shripathi Acharya. "Generalized designs for precoded receive spatial modulation derived from non-orthogonal space time block codes." Telecommunication Systems 79, no. 3 (2022): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-021-00860-4.

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33

Huang, Shuman, Pingge Hu, Zhenmeng Zhao, and Li Shi. "Dynamic Nonlinear Spatial Integrations on Encoding Contrasting Stimuli of Tectal Neurons." Animals 14, no. 11 (2024): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111577.

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Animals detect targets using a variety of visual cues, with the visual salience of these cues determining which environmental features receive priority attention and further processing. Surround modulation plays a crucial role in generating visual saliency, which has been extensively studied in avian tectal neurons. Recent work has reported that the suppression of tectal neurons induced by motion contrasting stimulus is stronger than that by luminance contrasting stimulus. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we built a computational model (called Generalized Linear-Dynamic Modulation) which incorporates independent nonlinear tuning mechanisms for excitatory and inhibitory inputs. This model aims to describe how tectal neurons encode contrasting stimuli. The results showed that: (1) The dynamic nonlinear integration structure substantially improved the accuracy (significant difference (p < 0.001, paired t-test) in the goodness of fit between the two models) of the predicted responses to contrasting stimuli, verifying the nonlinear processing performed by tectal neurons. (2) The modulation difference between luminance and motion contrasting stimuli emerged from the predicted response by the full model but not by that with only excitatory synaptic input (spatial luminance: 89 ± 2.8% (GL_DM) vs. 87 ± 2.1% (GL_DMexc); motion contrasting stimuli: 87 ± 1.7% (GL_DM) vs. 83 ± 2.2% (GL_DMexc)). These results validate the proposed model and further suggest the role of dynamic nonlinear spatial integrations in contextual visual information processing, especially in spatial integration, which is important for object detection performed by birds.

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34

Jiang, Xinyi, Xiaoyu Liu, Riqing Chen, Yuntian Wang, Feng Shu, and Jiangzhou Wang. "Efficient Receive Beamformers for Secure Spatial Modulation Against a Malicious Full-Duplex Attacker With Eavesdropping Ability." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 70, no. 2 (2021): 1962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3051974.

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35

Zheng, Jianping. "Low-Complexity Detector for Spatial Modulation Multiple Access Channels With a Large Number of Receive Antennas." IEEE Communications Letters 18, no. 11 (2014): 2055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2359445.

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36

Maleki, Marjan, Kamal Mohamed-Pour, and Mojtaba Soltanalian. "Large-System Mutual Information Analysis of Receive Spatial Modulation in Correlated Multi-Cell Massive MIMO Networks." IEEE Transactions on Communications 67, no. 9 (2019): 6071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2924213.

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37

Abdulhamid, Mohanad, and Mwaniki Muchai. "Performance of Multiple Rank Modulation Based on SM-MIMO." Land Forces Academy Review 24, no. 1 (2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0007.

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Abstract A multiple rank modulation (MRM) scheme is proposed that provides better error performance, enhances the data rate and reduces the system demodulation complexity. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme is a technique that uses several antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize error and optimize data speed. MRM is a novel technique that borrows from spatial modulation-MIMO (SM-MIMO) scheme. The basic idea of this scheme involves the transmitter receiving a group of bits and subdividing them into two blocks; rank index block and signal modulation block. The rank index bit block is used to select the rank to be activated and the rank selected contains at least one active transmit antenna (TA). The signal modulation bit block is encoded in a given modulation scheme for transmission. It is then transmitted through the activated rank that contains at least one active TA. The transmitted encoded signal modulation bit block is received through the receive antenna and a receiver. The receiver estimates a rank index and the transmitted symbol from the signal received. The signal modulation bit block is finally decoded. This paper addresses the performance of MRM scheme based on error performance to run cellular fifth generation (5G). We perform and present simulation results of MIMO systems employing MRM scheme to generate bit error rate (BER) of this system.

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38

Alafia, Adewale, Simeon Olumide Ajose, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize. "A STUDY ON LOW-COMPLEXITY TRANSMIT ANTENNA SELECTION FOR GENERALIZED SPATIAL MODULATION." IIUM Engineering Journal 19, no. 2 (2018): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2.899.

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ABSTRACT: Generalized spatial modulation (GSM) maps its information to the index of the transmit antenna combination, making simultaneous transmission of multiple symbol possible. However, SM outperform GSM scheme in terms of error performance of the same data rate, due to average power effect. Transmit and receive diversity or the combination of both allow huge improvement in mimo systems in terms of error performance. In this paper, we investigate a near optimal low-complexity Euclidean distance antenna selection (LC-EDAS) technique in GSM system, to further improve the performance of the conventional GSM system. The LC-EDAS technique independently search across signal and spatial dimension to eliminate the worse channel prior to transmission. Secondly, we investigate a sub-optimal low-complexity transmit antenna selection (LCTAS) in the GSM system to further reduce the computational complexity (CC) imposed by LC-EDAS. The Monte Carlo simulation results obtained reveals a trade-off between the GSM scheme with LC-EDAS and GSM scheme with sub-optimal transmit antenna selection in terms of error performance and CC. ABSTRAK: Modulasi Spatial Keseluruhan (GSM) menghubung informasi kepada indeks kombinasi antena yang dipancarkan, membuatkan pemancaran keseluruhan simbol dapat dilakukan. Walau bagaimanapun, SM lebih bagus daripada skim GSM pada prestasi kesilapan pada kadar data yang sama, kerana kesan purata kuasa. Kepelbagaian penghantaran dan penerimaan ataupun kombinasi keduanya memberi pembaharuan yang lebih besar dalam sistem mimo pada prestasi kesalahan. Penyelidikan ini akan mengkaji optima terdekat Euclidean kurang rumit, melalui teknik (LC-EDAS) pilihan jarak antenna dalam sistem GSM, bagi menambah prestasi sistem GSM sedia ada. Teknik LC-EDAS secara sendiri mencari signal dan dimensi separa bagi mengurangkan saluran lebih teruk semasa penghantaran. Kedua, kami mengkaji sub-optima proses pemilihan kurang rumit penyebaran antena (LCTAS) dalam sistem GSM bagi mengurangkan kerumitan pengiraan (CC) yang dikenakan oleh LC-EDAS. Keputusan simulasi Monte Carlo yang diperoleh menunjukkan timbangan antara skim GSM dan LC-EDAS dan skim GSM bersama sub-optima proses pemilihan penyebaran antena berdasarkan kesilapan prestasi dan CC.

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39

Zheng, Zi Wei. "Frame Synchronization for the DTMB Systems with the Multiple-Antenna Receivers." Advanced Engineering Forum 6-7 (September 2012): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.6-7.434.

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Faced with the challenges of modern communication, high data throughput requirements, extensive research has been paid to broadband modulation. The multi-carrier modulation is one of the most important wide band modulation techniques. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an effective blow to the broadcast channel multipath fading and high bit rate transmission multi-carrier modulation technology of wireless channels, it is widely used in modern digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) system to support performance bandwidth-efficient multimedia services with the aid of inverse fast Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform operation. Multiple-antenna transmitter and receiver technology allows several times to achieve data transmission rates and spectrum efficiency and the use of multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas through spatial processing. The Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) system with the multiple-antenna receiver is considered in this paper. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) has three kinds of Frame Head mode with PN420/PN595/PN945 as training sequences for the time domain synchronous OFDM (TDS-OFDM). At the receiver side with multiple antennas, Frame Head mode detection should be done. In this paper, the frame synchronization scheme is proposed for the DTMB systems with the multiple-antenna receiver. System performance studies under different channel situations are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed scheme for the DTMB systems with the multiple-antenna receiver.

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40

Hernan, Amanda E., J. Matthew Mahoney, Willie Curry, Seamus Mawe, and Rod C. Scott. "Fine Spike Timing in Hippocampal–Prefrontal Ensembles Predicts Poor Encoding and Underlies Behavioral Performance in Healthy and Malformed Brains." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 1 (2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa216.

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Abstract Spatial working memory (SWM) is a central cognitive process during which the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) encode and maintain spatial information for subsequent decision-making. This occurs in the context of ongoing computations relating to spatial position, recall of long-term memory, attention, among many others. To establish how intermittently presented information is integrated with ongoing computations we recorded single units, simultaneously in hippocampus and PFC, in control rats and those with a brain malformation during performance of an SWM task. Neurons that encode intermittent task parameters are also well modulated in time and incorporated into a functional network across regions. Neurons from animals with cortical malformation are poorly modulated in time, less likely to encode task parameters, and less likely to be integrated into a functional network. Our results implicate a model in which ongoing oscillatory coordination among neurons in the hippocampal–PFC network describes a functional network that is poised to receive sensory inputs that are then integrated and multiplexed as working memory. The background temporal modulation is systematically altered in disease, but the relationship between these dynamics and behaviorally relevant firing is maintained, thereby providing potential targets for stimulation-based therapies.

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41

Rajashekar, Rakshith, Marco Di Renzo, K. V. S. Hari, and Lajos Hanzo. "A Generalized Transmit and Receive Diversity Condition for Feedback-Assisted MIMO Systems: Theory and Applications in Full-Duplex Spatial Modulation." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 65, no. 24 (2017): 6505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2017.2757907.

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42

Gkonis, Panagiotis K., and Dimitra I. Kaklamani. "Reduced Complexity BER Calculations in Large Scale Spatial Multiplexing Multi-User MIMO Orientations in Frequency Selective Fading Environments." Electronics 8, no. 7 (2019): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070727.

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In this article, a computationally-efficient approach is presented for Bit Error Rate (BER) calculations in multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) frequency selective fading environments, operating in spatial multiplexing transmission mode. To this end, theoretical expressions for the equivalent Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) per active user and transmission mode, as well as mean BER, are derived. The key idea is that all parameters related to BER calculations can be expressed as sums of identically distributed random variables (RVs). Hence, computational burden can be reduced, since summation formulas take into account the parameters of a standalone RV along with the correlation of an arbitrary pair of RVs. As results indicate, the proposed approach can accurately estimate mean BER in multiuser MIMO orientations with increased reception diversity order, for arbitrary number of transmit/receive antennas, a modulation scheme, and a number of resolvable multi-path components.

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Zhao, Jingjing, Yongxiang Liu, Kai Huo, Jiaxi Ye, and Bo Xiao. "Three-Dimensional High-Resolution MIMO Radar Imaging via OFDM Modulation and Unitary ESPRIT." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 27, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2308389.

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Imaging and recognition of targets with complex maneuvers bring a new challenge to conventional radar applications. In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution image is attained in real-time by a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar system with single Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (OFDM) pulse. First, to build the orthogonal transmit waveform set for MIMO transmission, we utilize complex orthogonal designs (CODs) for OFDM subcarrier modulation. Based on the OFDM modulation, a preprocessing method is developed for transmit waveform separation without conventional matched filtering. The result array manifold is the Kronecker product of the steering vectors of subcarrier/transmit antenna/receive antenna uniform linear arrays (ULAs). Then, the high-resolution image of target is attained by the Multidimensional Unitary Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariant Techniques (MD-UESPRIT) algorithm. The proposed imaging procedures include the multidimensional spatial smoothing, the unitary transform via backward-forward averaging, and the joint eigenvalue decomposition (JEVD) algorithm for automatically paired coordinates estimation. Simulation tests compare the reconstruction results with the conventional methods and analyze the estimation precision relative to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), system parameters, and errors.

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Omosa, Edwin, Peter Akuon, Hongjun Xu, and Vitalis Oduol. "Gain of Spatial Diversity with Conjoint Signals in Arbitrarily Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (November 21, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1538872.

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Coding gains for arbitrarily correlated signals in a spatial diversity system with conjoint signals are presented in this study. The basic form of the proposed signal synthesizer evenly produces phase changes in the output signals. The mixer is an orthogonal transformation matrix, which is energy preserving and blind to the channel correlation matrix. The idea is to synthesize additional conjoint signal copies from the received signals that would be received if there were more antennas. However, these conjoint signals contain a level of correlation with the received signals. With the assumption of flat Rayleigh fading channels, simulation results for symbol error probability (SEP) are presented for different numbers of receive branches and varying correlation conditions. It is shown that under binary phase shift keying (BPSK), the synthesizer achieves decorrelation coding gains of about 1 dB when selection combining (SC) or equal gain combining (EGC) is used. The synthesizer’s performance across M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) signals is also tested. In addition, analytical frameworks are derived for BPSK and MQAM, which are tightly bound by the Monte Carlo simulation results obtained using Matlab. The correlation analysis is performed for different numbers of antennas and varied antenna spacings.

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Petro, Lucy S., Fraser W. Smith, Clement Abbatecola, and Lars Muckli. "The Spatial Precision of Contextual Feedback Signals in Human V1." Biology 12, no. 7 (2023): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12071022.

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Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) receive sensory inputs that describe small, local regions of the visual scene and cortical feedback inputs from higher visual areas processing the global scene context. Investigating the spatial precision of this visual contextual modulation will contribute to our understanding of the functional role of cortical feedback inputs in perceptual computations. We used human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the spatial precision of contextual feedback inputs to V1 during natural scene processing. We measured brain activity patterns in the stimulated regions of V1 and in regions that we blocked from direct feedforward input, receiving information only from non-feedforward (i.e., feedback and lateral) inputs. We measured the spatial precision of contextual feedback signals by generalising brain activity patterns across parametrically spatially displaced versions of identical images using an MVPA cross-classification approach. We found that fMRI activity patterns in cortical feedback signals predicted our scene-specific features in V1 with a precision of approximately 4 degrees. The stimulated regions of V1 carried more precise scene information than non-stimulated regions; however, these regions also contained information patterns that generalised up to 4 degrees. This result shows that contextual signals relating to the global scene are similarly fed back to V1 when feedforward inputs are either present or absent. Our results are in line with contextual feedback signals from extrastriate areas to V1, describing global scene information and contributing to perceptual computations such as the hierarchical representation of feature boundaries within natural scenes.

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Gagiev, Yaroslav, and Anastasia Aderkina. "CHANNEL ESTIMATION FIELD DESIGN FOR THE SINGLE CARRIER MODULATION IN IEEE 802.11AY." T-Comm 15, no. 3 (2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-3-30-39.

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This paper describes structure of a channel estimation field for the single carrier (SC) modulation based on the IEEE 802.11ad standard supporting transmission of radio signals between devices with multiple antennas for transmission and reception (MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output). Channel estimation field design uses a developed set of reference sequences based on complementary Golay pairs having similar statistical characteristics. All sequences are orthogonal to each other and each complementary pair has a pair in the set with zero cross-correlation property between them. Usage of this property allows to cancel out interstream interference during channel estimation procedure. A key property of the developed set is a common hardware architecture for a generator and correlator. Proposed structure of the channel estimation field is flexible and can be extended to arbitrary number of spatial streams for transmission. To analyze influence of the proposed channel estimation field on system performance, dependence of packet error rate on signal to noise ratio (SNR) was simulated for MIMO configuration with two transmit and two receive antennas for real and ideal channel estimations. System performance is analyzed in two channel models: the line of sight channel and the Rayleigh channel corresponding to the best and worst case of the signal propagation. It was shown that degradation of the SNR operating points depending on a modulation-coding scheme is in range 0.6-1.1 dB for the line of sight channel model and 0.7-1.5 dB for the Rayleigh channel model. This solution is already adopted by the IEEE 802.11ay standardization group.

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Wang, Xiao, Haixia Tu, and Yong Wang. "Comparative Analysis of Visual Performance and Optical Quality with a Rotationally Asymmetric Multifocal Intraocular Lens and an Apodized Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lens." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (April 20, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7923045.

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Purpose. To compare the short-term visual outcomes and intraocular optical performance of a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) (SBL-3, Lenstec, Inc., Christ Church, Barbados) and an apodized diffractive MIOL (the Acrysof IQ ResTOR SN6AD1, Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, United States). Methods. A prospective, comparative, nonrandomized, and single-center study. Sixty-eight age-related cataract patients (81 eyes) after phacoemulsification cataract surgery and in-the-bag MIOL implantation were enrolled. Thirty-eight eyes received SBL-3, and 43 eyes received SN6AD1. Ophthalmological evaluation included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), modulation transfer function (MTF), Strehl ratio (SR), intraocular aberrations (4 mm optical zone), and defocus curve at 3 months postoperatively. The Chinese version of the visual function index-14 (VF-12-CN) and spectacle independence were assessed in all patients. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in postoperative UDVA (p=0.186). Postoperative UIVA and UNVA were significantly better for the SBL-3 group than for the SN6AD1 group (p<0.01). Statistically significant differences were revealed in defocus levels from –3.50 D to −4.00 D with better visual acuities for the SBL-3 group (p<0.01). For intraocular optical quality outcomes, statistically significant differences between groups were observed in RMS of intraocular total aberrations, coma, and trefoil high-order aberrations, presenting significantly higher values of these parameters in the eyes of the SBL-3 group (p < 0.01). Statistically significant differences were revealed in the MTF values at spatial frequencies of 5 and 10 cycles/degree between groups. There were no significant differences in scores of VF-12-CN, and spectacle independence between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusions. Both MIOLs were able to successfully restore visual function after cataract surgery. SBL-3 provided better UIVA and UNVA with a wider range of intermediate vision.

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Yang, Dengcai, Ya Zhang, Feng Yang, Mei Yang, and Yinhua Cao. "Photonics-Based Multifunction System for Radar Signal Transmit-Receive Processing and Frequency Measurement." Micromachines 15, no. 9 (2024): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15091080.

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A novel photonic-assisted multifunctional radar system was proposed and experimentally investigated. This system can simultaneously achieve frequency-doubled linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal generation, de-chirp reception, self-interference cancellation, and frequency measurement in an integrated transmit-receive radar. First, a high-frequency and broadband LO signal was obtained with photonic frequency doubling, which improved the center frequency and bandwidth of the radar detection system. Then, photonic-assisted interference cancellation was used to reduce the impact of interference signals in radar de-chirp reception. Finally, the microwave frequency measurement was achieved by establishing a mapping relationship between the envelope response time of the intermediate frequency (IF) electrical filter and the microwave frequency to be tested. Both theoretical and experimental investigations were performed. The results showed that an LFM signal with a frequency range of 12–18 GHz was obtained with photonic frequency doubling. Photonic-assisted self-interference cancellation reduced the impact of interference signals in radar de-chirp reception by more than 12.1 dB for an LFM signal bandwidth of 6 GHz. In the frequency measurement module, the difference between the frequency to be tested, generated by the external signal source, and that calculated in the experiment is the measurement error, and a measurement resolution better than 14 MHz was achieved in the range of 12.14 GHz–18.14 GHz. The proposed system is suitable for miniaturized multifunctional radar signal processing systems with continuous operation of transmitting and receiving antennas in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), automotive radar, relatively close spatial locations, and so on. In addition, it can simplify the system structure and reduce space occupation.

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Kagan, Igor, Moshe Gur, and D. Max Snodderly. "Spatial Organization of Receptive Fields of V1 Neurons of Alert Monkeys: Comparison With Responses to Gratings." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 5 (2002): 2557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00858.2001.

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We studied the spatial organization of receptive fields and the responses to gratings of neurons in parafoveal V1 of alert monkeys. Activating regions (ARs) of 228 cells were mapped with increment and decrement bars while compensating for fixational eye movements. For cells with two or more ARs, the overlap between ARs responsive to increments (INC) and ARs responsive to decrements (DEC) was characterized by a quantitative overlap index (OI). The distribution of overlap indices was bimodal. The larger group (78% of cells) was composed of complex cells with strongly overlapping ARs (OI ≥ 0.5). The smaller group (14%) was composed of simple cells with minimal spatial overlap of ARs (OI ≤ 0.3). Simple cells were preferentially located in layers dominated by the magnocellular pathway. A third group of neurons, the monocontrast cells (8%), responded only to one sign of contrast and had more sustained responses to flashed stimuli than other cells. One hundred fourteen neurons were also studied with drifting sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequencies and window widths. For complex cells, the relative modulation (RM, the ratio of the 1st harmonic to the mean firing rate), ranged from 0.6 ± 0.4 to 1.1 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD), depending on the stimulus conditions and the mode of correction for eye movements. RM was not correlated with the degree of overlap of ARs, indicating that the spatial organization of receptive fields cannot reliably be predicted from RM values. In fact, a subset of complex cells had RM > 1, the traditional criterion for identifying simple cells. However, unlike simple cells, even those complex cells with high RM could exhibit diverse nonlinear responses when the spatial frequency or window size was changed. Furthermore, the responses of complex cells to counterphase gratings were predominantly nonlinear even harmonics. These results show that RM is not a robust test of linearity. Our results indicate that complex cells are the most frequently encountered neurons in primate V1, and their behavior needs to receive more emphasis in models of visual function.

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50

Lopez, Ismael, L. Pizano-Escalante, Joaquin Cortez, O. Longoria-Gandara, and Armando Garcia. "Fast Scalable Architecture of a Near-ML Detector for a MIMO-QSM Receiver." Electronics 8, no. 12 (2019): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121509.

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This paper presents a proposal for an architecture in FPGA for the implementation of a low complexity near maximum likelihood (Near-ML) detection algorithm for a multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) transmission system. The proposed low complexity detection algorithm is based on a tree search and a spherical detection strategy. Our proposal was verified in the context of a MIMO receiver. The effects of the finite length arithmetic and limited precision were evaluated in terms of their impact on the receiver bit error rate (BER). We defined the minimum fixed point word size required not to impact performance adversely for n T transmit antennas and n R receive antennas. The results showed that the proposal performed very near to optimal with the advantage of a meaningful reduction in the complexity of the receiver. The performance analysis of the proposed detector of the MIMO receiver under these conditions showed a strong robustness on the numerical precision, which allowed having a receiver performance very close to that obtained with floating point arithmetic in terms of BER; therefore, we believe this architecture can be an attractive candidate for its implementation in current communications standards.

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