Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Récepteurs des oestrogènes – Dissertations universitaires'
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Alabed-Alibrahim, Eid. "Régulation de l’angiogenèse par le chlordécone : implication du stress oxydatif et de la mitochondrie." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0053.
Full textEpidemiological studies report that exposure to pesticides like chlordecone increases risk of prostate cancer and tumorigenesis. We have reported recently that the pro-angiogenic effect of chlordecone involving NO release and VEGF production is mediated through activation of α isoform of the estrogen receptor (ERα). Since mitochondria and ROS have been implicated inthe process of angiogenesis, this study aims to determine the contribution of mitochondrial biogenesisand oxidative stress in chlordecone-induce dangiogenesis. Firstly, our results indicate that mitochondrial biogenesis is not essential for chlordecone angiogenic response. We also identified the molecular mechanism involved; chlordecone induces endothelial cells angiogenesis by a spatiotemporal regulation of ROS production involving NADPH oxidase then mitochondrial O2 -via a NO sensitive pathways through activation of ERα.These findings propose that a molecular mechanism may partly explain the epidemiological evidence implicating chlordecone as risk factor of prostatic cancer
Guivarc'h, Emmanuel. "Etude de la protection œstrogénique dans l’hypertension artérielle et le vieillissement chez la souris femelle." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0064.
Full textContext : estrogenic hormones have numerous beneficial effects in the cardiovascular and renal systems but the underlying mechanisms are extensively complex. Estrogen receptor ERα is described as the main effector of the positive actions of estrogens. This receptor acts in the cell using two different pathways. In the nucleus, ERα acts as a transcription factor with genomic effects, through its activating functions AF. At the membrane, it exerts non-genomic effects, called MISS. First Study : in a first study, we have explored the protective mechanism of ERα in hypertension, a main risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. Using genetically modified mice, we have been able to highlight the involvement of AF-2 genomic actions against angiotensin II-induced hypertension. On the other hand, ERα-dependant MISS was not involved in ERα protection. Confirming our hypothesis, we found that AF-2 stimulation with estetrol was sufficient to completely prevent hypertension, thus providing a possible therapeutic perspective. Second Study : in a second project, we have investigated the protective actions of ERα against aging-related cardiovascular and renal alterations. This work is still ongoing but we found that 16 months-old female mice presented no obvious vascular or renal dysfunctions. Those results are surprising considering past published data on the subject. Aging mice lacking ERα-/-did not exhibit any particular alterations either. However, we were able to find that estrogens and ERs were involved in the mitochondria biogenesis in a surprising manner. These results will be further investigated in the future. Conclusion : to conclude, this work has allowed a better understanding of the estrogens receptors actions in the cardiovascular and renal systems
Garcia, Aurélie. "Établissement de modèles cellulaires de cancer du sein et de l'ovaire permettant l'étude des effets des récepteurs des œstrogènes sur la proliférération et l'activation de gènes." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA07.
Full textEstrogen Receptors a and β (ERa and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, impact on cell proliferation and difrrentiation genes expression in an opposite manner. Both transcription factors activity belong to a natural ligand, but also to many environmental molecules, efficient to bind and disrupt their mechanism. Breast and ovarian cancers can be hormono-dependant cancers. Therapies aimed at counteract ERa positive breast cancers progression are mainly based on its invalidation. Nowadays, two strategies are applied: estrogen production inhibition using aromatase inhibitors, and ERa activity inhibition by anti-estrogens. On the contrary, hormono-therapy is not proposed for ovarian cancer treatment, because of a de nova resistance which remains to be better understood. It also appears essential to improve our knowledge about breast cancer resistance acquisition mechanisms, in order to research new therapies. The aim of this work was first to precise estrogen actions on~ cell proliferati n and target genes activation. For that, we established estrogen-responsive bioluminescent breast and ovarian cancers models. These cell lines allowed us to determine effects of naturat synthetic and environmental selective ligands on natural and synthetic genes activation through ERa and ERβ. The other part of this study consisted in establishing other breast and ovarian bioluminescent cell lines, allowing us to study cell and tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We also show these bioluminescent models relevance to investigate hormono-resistance acquirement mechanisms and new anti-tumoral treatments
El, Jabri Jamila. "Obtention d'anticorps monoclonaux anti-oestrogenes de haute affinite et leur utilisation pour la mise au point d'immunodosages non radioactifs." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05S004.
Full textLucas, Hervé. "Etude des glycoprotéines pellucidaires fucosylées et de leurs récepteurs spermatiques." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD12.
Full textDuroux, Romain. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation d'antagonistes des récepteurs A2A." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S015/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the aged population. So far, there is no way to halt or slow-down AD. Therefore, there is a constant need of developing novel therapeutic strategies.In recent years, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has attracted a growing interest since it has been proved that this receptor is over-expressed during AD. Also, epidemiological studies showed that people consuming regularly caffeine-based beverages over a lifetime are substantially less likely to develop this disease. Indeed, A2AR antagonists improve memory performance as it reduces β-amyloid deposits and Tau-phosphorylation.Though several antagonists have been developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, current research efforts are focus on developing new antagonists with relevant ADME properties and a better efficacy. Based on a molecular modeling-guided design, we synthesised new A2AR antagonists with benzoxazole and quinazoline as central scaffold. Three molecules were selected and will be subject to evaluation on animal’s model
Mechiche, Hakima. "Récepteurs des neurokinines et des leucotriènes sur les muscles lisses vasculaires et bronchiques humains : expression et fonction." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMM207.
Full textFew studies have been devoted to the expression, localization and function of the receptor subtypes involved in the effects of leukotrienes and neurokinins on systemic vascular tissues. With respect to neurokinins, this work demonstrates for the first time the expression of NK1- and NK2-receptors on the smooth muscle of human saphenous veins and the contractile effect of NKA through NK2-receptor activation. In addition, NK1-receptors have been also localized on the endothelium of this vessel type. On human pulmonary vessels, we have only found the expression of NK1-receptors on the endothelium. These endothelial NK1-receptors are involved in substance P-induced relaxation through the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins. On this two types of human vascular tissues, the functional responses are characterized by the rapid onset of tachyphylaxis. With respect to leukotrienes, both CysLT1- and CysLT2-receptors are expressed by saphenous veins whereas only CysLT1-receptors are expressed by human bronchus. On both tissues, only CysLT1-receptors are involved in the contractile response. The small human bronchi (internal diameter > 1mm) are about 30-fold more sensitive to the leukotriene contractile effects than the large human bronchi. As a whole, these results suggest the potential therapeutic interest of neurokinin and leukotriene antagonists in vascular diseases
Moas, Heloire Valeria. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation de nouveaux ligands antagonistes de récepteurs A2a." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S007/document.
Full textAdenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator able to regulate many physiological processes and plays an important neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. Its effects are transmitted by four distinct G protein receptor subtypes designated A1, A2a, A2b, and A3. A2a receptors (A2aR) show a restricted distribution, being characteristic of the dopamine enriched areas, the highest concentration being in the caudate-putamen in brain, where it has an important role in neuronal signaling with this region and potential involvement in neurologic disease of extrapyramidal origin.A2a antagonism was shown to be a promising pharmacological target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Currently, only three compounds are still in clinical phase for PD treatment. Even if they show good affinities for the receptor, there is still a need for improving their ADME properties by keeping their selectivity towards other adenosine receptors.At the beginning of this project, a Tic-hydantoin derivative was identified as a new ligand with a good affinity for the A2a receptor. Based on the recently published crystalline structure of the A2A receptor complexed with the selective and high-affinity antagonist ZM241385 and a pharmacophoric model, we identified the missing features needed for a good affinity in our molecule. We designed and evaluated in silico many pharmacomodulations around the heterocyclic ring and Tic-guanidin substructure was proposed to present favorable hydrogen bound with Asn253 of the A2a binding site. This structure was obtained after optimization of a new synthetic pathway. Moreover, 1700 molecules were originally designed and evaluated in silico. Among potential interesting families, two of them, quinolizidinones and amino-imidazopyridines were synthesized and evaluated in vitro toward their affinity for A2a receptor and their cytotoxicity towards neuronal cells
Damaj-Kaafarany, Itidal. "Etude du rôle de l'adrénomédulline dans l'angiogenèse tumorale via ses récepteurs CRLR/RAMP2, CRLR/RAMP3." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20654.
Full textBertin, Benjamin. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un récepteur nucléaire de la famille FTZ-F1 (Fushi Tarazu-Factor 1) chez le parasite trématode schistosoma mansoni." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL2S047.
Full textSchistosomiasis is a major public health problem afflicting 200 million people with 600 million exposed to infection, and represents the second most important worldwide parasitic disease after malaria. In the absence of an effective vaccine and with only one drug effective against all schistosome species, there is a clear need for novel treatments. A rational approach to this problem is to characterize schistosome proteins that are potentially strongly involved in parasitic development and differentiation and are thus chemotherapeutic targets. One such family of proteins is represented by the nuclear hormone receptors (NRs). Nuclear receptors constitute a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors which regulate a wide array of physiological and vital processes in the metazoa, including growth, development, sexual differentiation and metabolism. Six members of this superfamily have been isolated in schistosomes. The aim of this work was to investigate the functional properties of one of them, SmFtz-F1 (Schistosoma mansoni Fushi Tarazu-Factor 1). The Ftz-F1 subfamily contains orphan receptors that bind to their response element as monomers. The functional characterization of SmFtz-F1 has shown some conserved functions, but has especially revealed original functional properties that could be specific for this schistosome receptor. Indeed, the 3D modelling of the E domain suggests that SmFtz-F1 could be a ligand-dependant nuclear receptor. Moreover, we have observed, for the first time, an original and specific interaction between SmFtz-F1 and a schistosome RXR homologue, SmRXR1 (S. Mansoni Retinoid X Receptor). Overall, the characterization of specific parasite signaling pathways, first, allows the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of animal developement and, second, represents a key step in the search for new strategies to control schistosomiasis
Zinzendorf, Nanga Yessé. "Infection expérimentale par des bactéries à developpment intracellulaire. Régulation du TNF-α et de ses récepteurs." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMP202.
Full text@In the first model, human monocytic cells were infected with 4 R. Equi strains differing in b-lactamin resistance. These strains regulate differently TNF-a production. The b-lactam resitant strains do not induce any measurable TNF-a mRNA expression and TNF-a secretion upon infection. The supernatant from b-lactam resitant R. Equi cultures promoted an inhibition of the induction of both TNF-a expression and release by the macrophages infected by the b-lactam susceptible strains. In the second model, human monocytic cells were infected with two strains of L. Monocytogenes, a hemolytic strain EGD and a non hemolytic mutant. These two strains regulate differently TNF-a activity and TNF-a receptors (TNF-R) mRNA expression. The hemolytic strain down-regulates TNF-RI mRNA expression, up-regulates TNF-RII mRNA expression, inhibits TNF-a activity and induces the release of soluble TNF-RI
Raoul, Marion. "2-vinyltryptamines : préparation et utilisation comme diènes dans la synthèse du squelette de l'échitamine Ligands sélectifs des récepteurs sérotoninergiques 5-HT6." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP208.
Full text@Tandem Diels-Alder - intramolecular cyclization of a 2-vinyltryptamine settled in the laboratory, opens the way to the tetracyclic systemclosely related to echitamine's skeleton. Reactivity of 2-vinyltryptamines toward different dienophiles using this sequence was studied. BOM (benzyloxymethyl) and MOM (methoxymethyl), as indole nitrogen protecting groups, seemed to be unstable at the reaction temperature (130-170ʿC). Methyl substitution gave better results and cycloadducts from tandem reaction with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate and methyl-propiolate were used for trying to form echitamine's fifth cycle. In this purpose, different conditions for radical cyclization or Heck reaction were tried, with no success. An intramolecular approach also failed to afford pentacyclic target. During this latest experiment, an azetidin-3-one was obtained from tryptamine and (E)-5-bromo-4-oxo-pent-2-enoic acid ethyl ester. This reaction could be generalized with different primary amines and constitute a simple, rapid and direct synthesis of azetidin-3-ones. 2-Vinyltryptamines also appeared to be 5-HT6 receptor ligands. About twenty compounds were prepared for pharmacomodulation; with inhibition from 90 to 97 % at 10-6M and 27 to 48 % at 10-8M, N1-benzenesulfonyle derivatives showed the best affinity and selectivity for this kind of receptors
Poaty, Virginie. "Hyperréactivité bronchique après transplantation pulmonaire syngénique chez le rat : étude des récepteurs muscariniques et de la synthèse du neuropeptide Y." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05CD09.
Full textLe, Vraux Valérie. "Régulation de la production du TNF par les stimulants des récepteurs de l'adénosine et d'autres médicaments anticytokines." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD05.
Full textMony, Laetitia. "Modulateurs allostériques des récepteurs NMDA contenant la sous-unité GluN2B : sites de liaison et mécanismes d'action." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S005.
Full textNMDA receptors (NMDARs) are a major class of excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain of Vertebrates. They form glutamate-gated ion channels highly permeable to calcium that mediate synaptic plasticity. NMDAR dysfunction is involved in multiple brain disorders, including stroke, chronic pain and shizophrenia Compounds that regulate NMDAR activity are thus of therapeutic interest. Remarkably, NMDARs are endowed with multiple extracellular regulatory sites that recognise ions or small molecule ligands. These allosteric sites, which are distinct from agonist-binding and channel-permeation sites, are of particular interest because they can selectively target certain NMDAR subtypes. Thus, ifenprodil (a synthetic allosteric modulator) and polyamines (naturally occuring positive allosteric modulators) selectively modulate GluN2B-containing NMDARs. However, the binding sites and mechanisms of action of these compounds were still ill-denied. By combining molecular modelling, electrophysiology, site-directed mutagenesis and chemical protein modifcations, we first built a tridimensional model of ifenprodil interacting with the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the GluN2B subunit. Moreover, we have identified the dimerisation interface between GluN1 and GluN2B NTDs as polyamine binding-site. We propose that these molecules potentiate NMDARs by maintaining both NTDs in close proximity, thus preventing their closure. This work reveals new information about the molecular mechanisms underlying allosteric regulation of NMDARs. They highlight the central role of NTDs in the one control of NMDAR activity and show the importance of interfaces between subunits as binding sites for allosteric ligands
Chachlaki, Konstantina. "Molecular characterization of NO-synthesizing neurons and assessment of their function in the maturation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S047.
Full textThe onset of puberty and the regulation of fertility in mammals are governed by a complex neural network, primarily in the hypothalamus, that converges onto gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons, the master regulators of gonadotropin secretion and postnatal gonadal growth and function. The proper development of the GnRH system, including timely changes in GnRH expression and signaling by this sparse population of a few hundred neurons, is essential for sexual maturation and the normal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. As the brain develops during embryogenesis, these neurons should move from the olfactory placode into the correct brain location in adequate numbers, and then establish the afferent connections that will allow the pulsatile release of GnRH peptide, and the subsequent release of the gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone, i.e FSH and luteinizing hormone, ie. LH). As early as in the 90’s NO was presented as a key molecule in the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, and results from different groups, have suggested the interaction of NOS-containing neurons with the GnRH system, and their involvement in the regulation of reproductive capacity. Even though nitric oxide has now been long recognized as a key player in the central hormonal regulation of ovulation during adulthood, no one has considered the possibility that it could act in an earlier stage as the master regulator of GnRH neurons before puberty, hence participating in the actual maturation of the neuroendocrine axis. The relationship of nNOS-expressing neurons with other important molecules of the hypothalamic axis has been well studied, whilst the molecular identity of this neuronal NOS-expressing population is poorly documented. . To this end, we address the hitherto unaddressed questions concerning 1) the molecular identity of nNOS-expressing neurons in the developing hypothalamus, 2) the putative involvement of the NO molecule in the migration of GnRH neurons and the proper establishment of their afferent connections in the hypothalamic region and 3) the plausible determinant role of NO signaling in the maturation of the reproductive system. During this study we identified for the first time the cohort of the principal neurotransmitters and important receptors expressed by these cells in the hypothalamic region during development. Additionally, our results reveal for the first time an involvement of NO signaling in the migration of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus and are in line with the identification of a series of NOS1 mutations in Kallmann syndrome (KS), a rare congenital genetic condition presenting a unique combination of GnRH deficiency, arising from a faulty migration of the neuronal population, and anosmia. Lastly, our study identifies NO as a novel protagonist during postnatal development, in the regulation of the onset of puberty and the acquisition of reproductive competence. Overall, the results of my Phd thesis identify putative new targets causing alterations of developmental programming under pathophysiological gestational environment in mammals in general, and in humans in particular. Here we thus provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the alteration of GnRH neuronal function leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. We are hopeful that our results will expand our understanding of how the neuroendocrine axis is regulated and will possibly provide opportunities for therapeutic strategies against debilitating conditions
Boularan, Cédric. "Mécanismes de régulation des βarrestines et des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : Oligomérisation et échafaudage moléculaire." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T004.
Full textG protein coupled receptor (GPCR) are spatio-temporal regulated by βarrestins proteins (βarrs) that mediate desensitization, endocytosis or modulation of signaling pathway. Oligomerization and scaffolding concepts explain the multiplicity of parrs functions. Our work focused on the role played by these multimolecular complexes. We showed that βarr2 oligomerizatio i, coupled to its nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, inhibited Mdm2-dependant degradation of p53 to mediate cell cycle regulation. We have also shown that βarr2 localizations to centrosome and to primary cilium are involved in proliferation processes. Altogether, these data supported the hypothesis that rather than proteins alone, multimolecular complexes are key regulator of cellular functions. Moreover, our data also revealed the βarr2 could be a tumor suppressor, and constitued a new target in tumoral processes
Guyard, Anne-Claire. "Etude comparative du mecanisme d'action de deux antidepresseurs de la classe des imao : la toloxatone et la tranylcypromine." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05S006.
Full textAgadir, Anissa. "Récepteurs nucléaires de l'acide rétinoïque et concentrations cellulaires efficaces : implication dans la réponse au traitement différenciateur des leucémies aiguës promyélocytaires." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD04.
Full textSbai, Hakima. "Contribution à l'étude de la réponse immunitaire induite par l'immunisation par l'ADN : anticorps et récepteurs cellulaires pour immunisation par l'ADN." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD06.
Full textKhayath, Naji. "Etude de l'adaptation de schistosoma mansoni à son environnement nutritif : rôles de la glutanime dans le métabolisme énergétique du sporocyste et analyse de la diversification de la famille des récepteurs de l'insuline chez le parasite." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S026.
Full textLandagaray, Elodie. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique d’antidépresseurs potentiels : ligands mixtes des récepteurs mélatoninergiques MT1/MT2 et des récepteurs sérotoninergiques 5-HT2c." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S063/document.
Full textNowadays, depression related to a deficit in nonoaminergic neurotransmitters, is the most frequent mental illness. Available antidepressive drugs acting through monoamnergic mechanisms possess a lot of side effects and can lead to an addiction. One approach involves targeting melatoninergic receptors to resynchronize circadian rhythms, which are known to be perturbed in some pathology related to nervous central system as depression. So conception of non-monoaminergic ligands with chronobiotic properties would constitute a promising strategy.Agomelatine (Valdoxan®) a novel antidepressant developed by Servier and our laboratory (EA4481 - GRIIOT) was granted marketing authorization in 2009 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. This naphthalen analogous of melatonin possess an innovative mechanism. It acts as a non selective melatoninergic MT1/MT2 receptors agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2c receptor antagonist.The aim of this work is to design and synthesize new potential successors of agomelatine with an improved pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile. Drug Design strategies such as bioisosterism were applied to allow the elaboration of new series of compounds with interesting pharmacological profiles
Shirvani, Hamasseh. "Export régulé des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G depuis des compartiments de biosynthèse vers la membrane plasmique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T053.
Full textG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and are involved in major physiological functions. The number of these receptors on the cell surface at the time of stimulation is crucial for their functional response. Our work focuses on the mechanisms that control the targeting to the plasma membrane of two GPCRs, the chemokine CCR5 receptor and the -aminobutiric acid (GABA) metabotropic receptor (GB1). Here, we demonstrate how a family of ubiquitus proteins, PRAFs (Prenylated Rab Acceptor of protein), contribute to the intracellular retention of CCR5 and GB1. In particular, the membrane export of CCR5 and GB1 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is negatively controlled by PRAF2. For CCR5, we report that the majority of fully functional CCR5 (90%) is maintained within intracellular compartments (ER and Golgi). We show that the release of CCR5 from the ER is enhanced by its association with CD4, which functions in this context, as an escort protein. CD4 induces a conformational change in the CCR5/praf2 complex, thereby liberating CCR5 from PRAF2 and promoting its trafficking to the plasma membrane. As for GB1, its cell surface translocation requires the interaction with the GB2 receptor isoform. GB2 interacts with the C-terminal tail of GB1, masking an RXR retention signal that represents a new mechanisms for controlling the function of GABA receptors based on the stoichiometric balance between PRAF2 and GB2. PRAF2 is therefore considered a "gatekeeper," a negative controller for export of GB1. In conclusion, our data suggest that specific PRAF family members work as "gatekeepers" within the compartments where they are expressed and therefore could act as regulators of GPCR export. This mechanism of GPCR regulation can be perturbed in pathologic conditions since PRAF2 itself is regulated in vivo in depression-like states in mice
Achour, Lamia. "Contrôle de l'expression à la surface cellulaire du récepteur de chimiokine CCR5." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T011.
Full textCCR5 a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a major role in HIV entry, by forming the viral receptor in association with the glycoprotein CD4. We report that the vast majority of fully functional CCR5 (=90%) is maintained within the intracellular compartments of human immune cells and of transfected fibroblasts. Intracellular CCR5 is mostly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus. The molecular mechanisms which control the export of CCR5 from the intracellular compartments are different in the ER and the Golgi. In the ER, the progression of CCR5 is slow and depends on its association with CD4 which functions as an escort protein and controls the CCR5 exit. Association with CD4 would induce a conformational change of CCR5, which would release the receptor from its retention in the ER by a resident protein, PRAF2. In the Golgi, the release of CCR5 is faster (5-10min) and is controlled by extracellular signals promoted by cell adhesion. The intracellular retention of CCR5 and, more generally, of GPCRs could represent an adaptive mechanism to maintain a prolonged physiological response. In particular contexts, which require sustained receptor response such as leukocyte chemotaxis, intracellular receptors would allow the permanent replacement of cell surface desensitized and internalized receptors
Laurent, Cyril. "Conséquences de l'invalidation génétique et pharmacologique des récepteurs adénosinergiques A2A dans un modèle de pathologie Tau. Relation avec les aspects neuro-inflammatoires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S041/document.
Full textPopulation ageing is a major risk factor for dementia, the most prevalent being Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive cognitive decline, notably impacting memory functions. Its formal diagnosis is based on the post-mortem examination of AD patients’ brains and defined by the combination of two lesions: extracellular deposition of fibrillar amyloid peptide, resulting from the abnormal cleavage of transmembrane APP precursor, and neurofibrillary tangles, characterized by intraneuronal accumulation of hyper- and abnormal phosphorylated tau protein (Tau pathology). Besides these two lesions hallmarks, neuro-inflammatory processes, mainly defined by an increase of the number and the activity of microglial and astroglial cells, are considered as a third pathological component. Although the relationships between amyloid pathology and neuro-inflammatory processes had been the subject of intense investigations, few studies has been achieved with regards to tau pathology. As a first aim of this work, neuro-inflammatory processes associated with Tau pathology has been evaluated using a transgenic mouse model mimicking AD-like Tau pathology, THY-Tau22 strain.. These mice overexpress a mutated human tau protein under the control of a neuronal promoter and progressively hippocampal tau pathology associated to memory decline. Transcriptomic, biochemical and histological evaluations revealed a progressive increase several markers of both innate and adaptive immunity in the hippocampus of THY-Tau22 transgenic mice. We notably observed a progressive rise of microglial and astrogliale reactions, the overproduction of many chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) in association with a parenchymatous infiltration of T cells, without major disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB). These results highlight a correlation between the establishments of memory alterations and hippocampal tau pathology on the one hand, and the occurrence of a neuro-inflammatory response on the other hand. AD is a multifactorial disorder whose occurrence depends on different genetic and environmental factors. Among the latter, epidemiological studies have shown that caffeine consumption significantly reduces the risk to develop AD. Caffeine is a psychoactive drug, whose effects are mainly ascribed to the blockade of A1 and A2A adenosinergic receptors, the latter beeing known to modulate neuro-inflammatory processes. The role of A2A receptors in AD is far from understood, and relationship with tau pathology currently unknown. The second part of my PhD aimed at evaluating effects of caffeine but also of a specific A2AR blockade, using genetic and pharmacological means, towards behavioural alterations, tau pathology and neuro-inflammatory processes in THY-Tau22 model. Results obtained demonstrate that caffeine and specific A2AR blockade lead to beneficial effects towards memory dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation and hippocampal neuro-inflammation. These improvements are associated with beneficial neurochemical and electrophysiological changes. Theses results demonstrate for the first time a beneficial effect of caffeine and A2A receptor blockade in a mouse model of tauopathy and support that therapeutic targeting of A2A receptors could be of interest in AD
Mary, Aurélien. "Influence de la vitamine D sur l'expression du récepteur sensible au calcium : implication dans les mécanismes des calcifications cardiovasculaires au cours de l'insuffisance rénale chronique." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIED006.
Full textEttahar, Asma. "Rôle de la nouvelle ubiquitine ligase PHRF1 dans la transduction des effets du TGF-β." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T043.
Full textThe TGF-β is an antiproliferative agent that plays an important role in suppressing tumorigenicity. The homeodomain protein TGIF is well known as a negative regulator of the TGF-β signaling. TGIF is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasom system. Ubiquitination plays an important role in the transduction of TGF-β signaling. Using a two-hybrid screen, we identified the RING finger protein PHRF1 (PHD and RING Finger 1) as a novel ubiquitin ligase that targets TGIF for degradation through the proteasome pathway, and thereby promoting the initiation of TGF-β signaling by enabling cPML relocalization in the cytoplasm, where it associates with SARA and coordinates the access of Smad2 for phosphorylation by the activated TGF-β receptor. We show that over-expression of PHRF1 may disable the tumoral development in the breast cancer cell lines. Indeed, the PHRF1 gene, which maps to a tumor suppressor locus at 11p15. 5, is somatically deleted or silenced in a significant proportion of human breast cancer. Therefore, our findings on the mode of action of PHRF1 provide new and important insights into the role of the TGF-β tumor suppressor network in malignant transformation
Caudrillier, Axelle. "Effets du calcium extracellulaire et du récepteur sensible au calcium dans les mécanismes impliquant les CMLh dans l'athérogenèse." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED012.
Full textMolla, Herman Anahi. "Trafic intracellulaire et ciliogénèse." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T020.
Full textThe primary cilium (PC) is present in almost all vertebrate cells and defects in its assembly/function are associated with a huge number of ciliopathies. PC seems to function as a mecanosensory antenna since is enriched in receptors, like the G-protein coupled receptors (RCPGs). Beta-arrestines (βarrs) 1 and 2 regulate GPCR at the cell membrane, suggesting that they could also play a role in cilia-associated GPCRs. We found that βarr2 is specifically localised to PC and that it interacts with Kif3A and 14-3-3, two proteins involved in ciliogenesis, suggesting a possible function of βarr2 in ciliogenesis. Indeed, βarr2 absence impedes PC formation. Nevertheless, this seems to be an indirect effect due to the fact that the absence of βarr2 leads to a cell over proliferation, preventing cilia formation. We also observed that PC is invaginated in what we call the ciliary pocket, which can be transitory or permanent, depending on the cell type, from which clathrin coated pits bud forming clathrine coated vesicles. This led us to study the role of clathrin adaptor complexes (AP) in ciliogenesis, and we could observe that API would be important for the morphology/orientation of PC. Thus, it is possible to imagine that the ciliary pocket serves as a membrane platteform for the docking of Golgi-coming vesicles or for endocytic process which could control ciliary components
Chantôme, Aurélie. "Régulation de la NO synthase inductible dans des cellules épithéliales mammaires murines par des récepteurs à domaine TIR." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOMU03.
Full textDaveu, Cyril. "Etudes des relations structure-activité et pharmacomodulation de ligands sérotoninergiques." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN4044.
Full textMorel, Marion. "Les récepteurs venus kinase (VKRs) de schistosoma mansoni : étude des voies de signalisation de SmVKR1 et rôle de la protéine adaptatrice SmShb." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S003/document.
Full textSchistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flatworm species belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Responsible for about 300,000 deaths per year, the disease is mainly due to the high fertility of the worms and to encystment of eggs in host tissues. In order to fight against schistosomiasis, a single drug (Praziquantel) is efficient and massively distributed in endemic areas. To deal with the emergence of resistance to Praziquantel, one alternative is to consider the design of molecules that target parasite reproduction.Venus Kinase Receptors (VKRs) constitute an invertebrate Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) family initially discovered in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. VKRs are atypical RTKs formed by an extracellular Venus Fly Trap (VFT) ligand binding domain associated via a transmembrane domain with an intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domain. Two VKRs are expressed in S. mansoni: SmVKR1 and SmVKR2. They both activate Erk, Akt and JNK signaling pathways and act on the parasite reproduction.As they are absent from the human genome and as they have potential roles in the modulation of reproductive processes and development of parasites, SmVKRs appear as attractive targets to fight schistosomiasis.The first part of my thesis work sets known data concerning the role of RTKs in schistosome reproduction. Here, we show that the catalytic domains are conserved across various RTKs and we open the perspective to design drugs which could inhibit several RTKs at the same time to control egg laying by schistosomes.The second part of my work describes the importance of using an alternative strategy of inhibiting downstream partners of RTKs. By screening a kinase inhibitor library, we defined the Akt pathway components as potential targets to fight schistosomiasis. Nanomolar doses of Akt inhibitors can inhibit schistosome pairing and egg laying.In the last part, we present the specific interaction of the adaptor protein SmShb with the phosphorylated form of SmVKR1. This binding occurs between the SH2 domain of SmShb and a phosphotyrosine residue (pY979) located in the juxtamembrane region of the receptor. That interaction leads to the phosphorylation of SmShb and promotes the signal of SmVKR1 towards a JNK pathway. In situ hybridization experiments highlighted that SmShb and Smvkr1 transcripts were both located in mature oocytes and testes of adult worms. RNA interference experiments using double-stranded RNA targeting SmShb led to an accumulation of mature sperm in testes of male worms. Finally, a yeast three hybrid screening, using SmShb phosphorylated by SmVKR1 as prey, allowed us to identify various protein partners. Taking advantage of previous results, we focused on two partners and confirmed their interaction with SmShb. 1) RhoU GTPase which has potential functions in JNK signalling and cytoskeleton dynamic. 2) The dynein light chain TcTex-1, with potential role in sperm motility. Altogether, this results argue for a potential role of SmShb in the regulation of the SmVKR1 activity by forming a multiprotein complex including proteins with various roles in cytoskeleton reorganization
Slama, Abdelhamid. "Étude comparée du récepteur des asialoglycoprotéines sur rat normal et diabétique : purification, biosynthèse et endocytose en présence ou non de monensine." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114851.
Full textLécuyer, Hervé. "Interaction de Neisseria meningitidis avec les cellules de l’hôte : mécanismes de franchissement des barrières oropharyngée et hémato-encéphalique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T035.
Full textNeisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a commensal of the human oropharynx that colonizes between 10% and 30% of a population. This bacteria is able to cross the epithelial barrier of the oropharynx, invading the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, Nm adheres to the endothelial cells, spreads as microcolonies on the apical surface of the host cells, and then is able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), invading the meninges. However the BBB is composed of a tight-junction formed endothelium which is supposed to prevent any paracellular crossing. We showed that the Nm microcolony recruits the components of the polarity complex Par3/Par6/PKC and the components of the intercellular junctions leading to a leakage of the existing cell-cell junctions and therefore opening a paracellular pathway to the subendothelium. This is the consequence of a cellular response triggered by the pili, filamentous bacterial structures allowing bacterial adhesion of capsulated strains onto host cells. We identified the cellular receptor hijacked by the bacteria : the β2-adrenergic receptor, which is biasedly activated toward a β-arrestin signalling pathway. The recruitment of the junctionnal components and the opening of the paracellular route are the consequences of the β2-adrenergic/β-arrestins signalling pathway. However, before reaching the blood circulation and latter the meninges, the meningococcus has to cross a first tight-junction based cellular barrier, the oropharynx epithelium. We showed here that Nm does not recruit the components of the cellular junctions when adhering onto epithelial cells. The paracellular route is therefore specific of the Nm/endothelial interaction. Moreover the β2-adrenergic/β-arrestins cellular response is a specific feature of the endothelial cells and is not found in the epithelial model. The cellular responses to Nm adhesion onto endothelial and epithelial cells are therefore strikingly different
Philippart, François. "Résistance des macrophages alvéolaires à la tolérance aux agonistes des Toll-like receptors : implication et origine du microenvironnement cytokinique." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T041.
Full textMonocytes and macrophages endotoxin tolerance, and more widely Toll-like receptors (TLR) agonists tolerance is a phenomenon corresponding to a modification of functional response of these cells (particularly an alteration of proinflammatory cytokines) during iterative stimulation by theses agonists, notably the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tolerance is observed with monocytes and macrophages from many tissue (peritoneal cavity, spleen, bone marrow), but is not detected with alveolar macrophages (AM). We investigated the cytokine and cell specificities of lung microenvironment possibly involved in that singular behavior of AM. We confirmed the absence of tolerization of AM either ex vivo, or in vitro. While an homotolérance and a cross-tolerance was observed in vitro with peritoneal macrophages in response to TLR2 (Pam3CSK4), TLR3 (poly I:C), TLR4 (LPS) and TLR9 (CpG) ligand, no such tolerance was observed with AM. In contrast, the majority of cross stimulations gave rise to a priming effect. In vivo systemic inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (produce in large amounts by type II pneumocytes, IIPC) led to a modification of the second response of AM to LPS. Similarly, AM obtained from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor KO mice, or after in vivo inhibition of this cytokine, allowed the observation of tolerance. The responses of AM isolated from different KO mice (rag2-/-, rag2/gammac -/-, cd3epsilon -/-, mu-/-, il-15 -/-, Jα18 -/-) lacking various leukocytes lineages led us to demonstrate the involvement of NK cells and B cells in the IFN-gamma production within the lung microenvironment. In summary, AM are resistant to tolerance to TLR agonists. This functional singularity is underlined by the presence of GM-CSF (produced by IIPC) and of IFN-gamma of which production is depending of NK and B cells) within lung microenvironment
Grémiaux, Alexandre. "Sex-pheronome representation in the moth olfactory pathway : from data analysis to model." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T055.
Full textThis work aims at identifying, quantifying and interpreting the transformations from first- t second-order sensory neurons of the sex pheromone signal in the moth Agrotis ipsilon. First, we analysed statistically single-unit electrophysiological recordings from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs, first order) stimulated with different doses of the major compound of the sex pheromone blend, which allowed us to reconstruct the sex pheronome input to the olfactory system. Second, we did the same analysis on projection neurons (PNs, second order) stimulated in the same way. Third, we described the signal transformation from ORNs to PNs in terms of firing rates and response latencies. Fourth, we developed a model of the neural network connecting ORNs and PNs accounting for the observed transformations. In addition, we contributed to a review summarizing the chemotransduction models in ORNs another review on information processing in two first layers of the olfactory system
Gil, Sophie. "Régulation de l'endocytose des asialoglycoprotéines médiée par une lectine transmembranaire de l'hépatocyte : étude sur hépatocytes de rat à l'aide d'une pathologie in vivo (le diabète insulino-dépendant) et de drogues in vitro (la monensine et la vasopressine)." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114809.
Full textMbika-Binzangi, Jean-Pierre. "Etude du rôle de la sarcolectine dans le développement tissulaire et le système immunitaire." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05S008.
Full textSarcolectin (SOL) is a 55 kDa protein with 469 aminoacids, isolated in the first time in 1968. Abnormally elevated in most tumors, SCL is a cell growth factor which activates cell DNA, induces cell proliferation, and antagonises antiviral effect of interferon. In this issue, we explored the SCL effects on the human immune system. The SCL treatment cf 30 peripheral blood mononuclear samples (PBMC) showed two types of celI stimulation: a low and a hight one. This cell stimulation picked up after 6 or 7 days of culture in the presence of monocytes/macrophages, because in the absence of these cells, no effect was observed. The SCL-stimulated PBMC exhibited CD3+CD4+CD45RO+ memory T4 lymphocytes proliferation with CD25 and CD28 celI surface receptor over-expression, and with pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-α/β and TLR-3 and TLR-9 mRNA over-expression. TLR-3 recognises viral double-stranded RNA and TLR-9 senses un-methylated CpG DNA
Renault, Nicolas. "Etude structurale in silico des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G appliquée au criblage virtuel de ligands mélatoninergiques, sérotoninergiques et cannabinergiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S060.
Full textIdentified as highly relevant therapeutical targets, the MT, and MT2 melatonin receptors, the5-HT2C serotonin and the CB2 cannabinoid receptors, which belong to the rhodopsin-like G proteincoupledreceptors (GPCRs) subfamily, have been studied by in silico approaches in order to identifycritical structural features for the binding, the selectivity and the pharmacological activity of theirligands. Gaining by sottie recent crystallographic data, various conformational states of these fourreceptors have been modeled according to the expected pharmacological profile. The comparativestudy of these various conformational states by molecular dynamics simulations has led to emphasizethe crucial rôle of the E2 extracellular loop and hélix 6 in the activation mechanisms of these GPCRs.On the basis of chemoinformatic methods, the virtual ligand screening targeting these threedimensionalmodels has promoted the characterization of a 5-HT2C receptor model able to bindspecifically inverse agonist ligands and the identification of pharmacological hits targeting the MTiand CB2 receptors
Berthouze, Magali. "Étude structurale et fonctionnelle de la dimérisation du récepteur 5-HT 4 de la sérotonine." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114835.
Full textLes récepteurs 5-HT4 de la sérotonine sont des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG). Les RCPGs peuvent se dimériser, ce qui influence leurs propriétés pharmacologiques. Les récepteurs 5-HT4 étant impliqués dans d'importants processus physiologiques, nous avons étudié leur processus de dimérisation. Nous avons montré par co-immunoprécipitation et Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfert, que les isoformes 5-HT4 s'homodimérisent et s'hétérodimérisent constitutivement, entre elles et avec le récepteur β2-adrénergique. Le dimère de récepteur 5-HT4 est sensible au dithiothréitol (agent réducteur de ponts disulfures). La mutation de deux cystéines localisées dans les domaines transmembranaires 3 et 4, inhibe la dimérisation du récepteur 5-HT4 et entraîne sa rétention dans le réticulum endoplasmique. Des ligands bivalents spécifiques du récepteur 5-HT4 ne présentent pas d'affinité ou d'efficacité particulière pour le récepteur 5-HT4 mais peuvent stabiliser les dimères de récepteurs
Kollen, Mélanie. "Etude du viellissement des mécanismes de la mémoire dans l'aire CA1 de l'hippocampe de rongeurs." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T025.
Full textAging is associated with memory deficits. Alteration of synaptic plasticity is probably the basis of age-related memory deficits. NMDA receptors are particularly important in the induction of synaptic plasticity such as long term depression (LTD). The 1st aim of this PhD is to underline the role of these receptors according to (1) their subunit composition (NR2A or NR2B), (2) their localization at the synapse (synaptic or extrasynaptic), and (3) the age of the animals (3 or 24 month-old). The 2nd aim is to study mnesic capacities as well as hippocampal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the Lou/C/Jall rat strain, already studied for its specific metabolism and its longevity (rats of this strain show a natural and continuous caloric restriction, as well as a median lifespan of 28 month-old). However, their mnesic capacities are still unknown. The 3rd aim of this study is to precise the role of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), activated downstream NMDA receptor during LTD
Bonniaud, Philippe. "Transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor et fibrose pulmonaire." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOMU01.
Full textLardic, Morgane. "Synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique de 3,6-diaryl-2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones et de 2 (ou 3)-arylméthylènenaphtofuran-3 (ou 2)-ones modulateurs de protéines kinases." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT16VS.
Full textProtein kinases are often involved in many pathologies such as diabetes or cancer and thereby constitute new potential therapeutic targets. In this way, this work reports the synthesis of two familv of compounds and their protein kinase activation or inhibition evaluation. In a first part, numerous analogues of demethylasterriquinone. With a 3,6-diaryl-2. 5-dihydroxy-1. 4-benzoquinone core, were obtained. Two pathways have been investigated : via rearrangement of 4-aryl-6-arylmethylene-3-hydroxypyrane-2,5-diones or through selective arylation reactions of a benzoquinone unit. The targeted benzoquinones were evaluated in vitro, towards the phosphorylation of insulin receptor and protein kinase B, a key molecule in the transduction signal of insulin. The second part deals with the synthesis of a second class of compounds, arylmethylenenaphthofuranones, synthesised by Knoevenagel coupling between a naphthofuranone and a formyl derivative, and their evaluation on Src kinase inhibition
Robert, Jessica. "Mécanismes moléculaires du trafic intracellulaire du récepteur V1b/V3 de la vasopressine." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N04S.
Full textNatural mutations of several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) cause retention of the receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are responsible for diseases. I identified a short sequence,FN(X)2LL(X)3L, in the C-terminus of the pituitary vasopressin V1b receptor (V1bR) our model to investigate the mechanisms of GPCR export, necessary for its ER exit. The mutation of this motif totally abolished the plasma membrane expression and functions of the receptor and retained it in the ER,Treatment with a specific non-peptide V1bR antagonist SSR149415 restored expression of the mutated receptor on the cell surface and its correct maturation, resulting into the functional recovery of its signaling properties. SSR149415 acts by stabilizing a native-like conformation of the V1bR, reducing its association with calnexin and thus favoring a secretory pathway rather than the proteasomal degradation pathway. These results highlight a promising pharmacological approach of the folding defects
Gbahou, Florence. "Etude moléculaire et pharmacologique du récepteur H3 de l'histamine." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S016.
Full textThe histamine H3 receptor (RH3) has been identified in 1983 by our group as a presynaptic autoreceptor regulating histamine release and synthesis in the brain. Following its cloning in 1999, the molecular studies initiated by our group allowed to progress in the RH3 molecular knowledge and pharmacological heterogeneity such as its various functional and non functional isoforms as well as the existence of RH3-like, the histamine receptor H4. These studies also allowed us to demonstrate the physiological existence of two pharmacological concepts (constitutive activity and protean agonism) which may be taken into account for the general principle of RCPGs activation. In conclusion, the RH3 is a target of choice for the molecular study of GPCRs since it allows studying several important aspects of their pharmacological heterogeneity such as the receptors-like, the isoforms as well as the multiple conformational states
Varadaradjalou, Sonia. "Etudes des interactions moléculaires entre mastocytes et bactéries : rôle des récepteurs Toll-Like." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P606.
Full textWe show here the expression of various TLRs (from TLR1 to TLR10) by human cordblood derived mast cells (CBMC) at the mRNA level and that LPS and PGN induced the release of TNF-alpha, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 by CBMC, in a TLR4- and a TLR2-dependent manner respectively. However, the response of CBMC towards LPS, and not towards PGN, required the pre-treatment of the cells by IL-4 and the presence of soluble CD14 found in serum. Of not, PGN, but not LPS, induced the release of histamine by CBMC. Furthermore, flagellin, an agonist of TLR5, induced the degranulation of CBMC without any release of TNF-alpha. Besides, we demonstrated that FimH-expressing bacteria induce a significant release of IL-12 p40 by murine dendritic cells, which is serum- and CD14-independent, but MyD88 and TLR4-dependent. Finally, we demonstrated herein that purified lectin induces significant
Vanderstraete, Mathieu. "Structure, Fonction et Evolution des Récepteurs Venus Kinase : rôles dans la reproduction du parasite Schistosoma mansoni." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071348.
Full textVerneuil, Laurence. "L' apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les interactions hôte / virus et en immunopathologie." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077200.
Full textApoptosis is an active physiological process involving a genetically regulated cell suicide process. Two effector cytolytic pathways of apoptosis are involved: one is triggered by the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the other is the mitochondrial pathway, which involves released of pro-apoptotic effectors. These two pathways trigger the effector caspases activation. A deregulation of apoptosis control mechanisms can provide some pathologies. We investigate a possible implication of apoptosis induction and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytomegalovirus infection and in the acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) encodes proteins with antiapoptotic properties but no proapoptotic protein is known. Here we show, in vitro, that the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28 encoded by HCMV, constitutively induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis but independent of the mitochondrial pathway activation and of cellular TNF family death receptor activation. In the context of allogeneic bone marrow grafting, the GVHD corresponds to an allogeneic response of donor effector cells against recipient epithelial target cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, in vivo, our results shown that endothelial cell death precedes the induction of epithelial cell death in the oral mucosa and that FasL expression by allogeneic actived lymphocytes T is required, in the absence of any conditioning treatment
Mousseaux, Delphine. "Etude pharmacologique de ligands de synthèse du récepteur des sécrétagogues de l'hormone de croissance (GHSR-1a) et voies de signalisation." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON13518.
Full textGhrelin is a predominantly gastric peptide hormone. It was first identified as a endogenous growth hormone secretagogue which binds to the GHS receptor type 1 a (GHSR-la). Apart from stimulating the secretion of growth hormone, ghrelin also stimulates appetite and causes weight gain. The work in this thesis firstly involved the in vitro study of new ligands for the GHSR-1a and secondly the study of the downstream signalling pathway through which the active GHSR-1a elicits its biological responses. This work has resulted in the discovery of a new series of ligands, which not only display high affinity for the GHSR-1a, but are equally active when tested in vivo in experiments using the rat. A patent application based on this series of ligands is currently under development. The work investigating the downstream signaling pathway of the active GHSR-la, suggests that Phospolipase C, Protein Kinase C (Epsilon) and ERK1/2 are involved. In addition, it appears that GHSR-1a signalling could play a role in the regulation of nuclear transcription factors
Duplaquet, Leslie. "Implication du récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET sur la balance survie/apoptose et identification de nouvelles mutations de RTKs dans les cancers colorectaux métastatiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S031/document.
Full textRTKs are involved in tissue dialogue by regulating many cellular mechanisms such as survival, proliferation or mobility. In cancers, these receptors are frequently deregulated, as a result of various molecular alterations leading to their activation. RTKs overactivation induces cell transformation and tumorigenesis notably by promoting survival. Since the early 2000s, the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) demonstrated that RTKs represent major therapeutic targets in cancer treatment.MET receptor and its ligand the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) are known to promote survival of many epithelial structures during embryogenesis and later during adulthood. Besides pro-survival role of the ligand-activated MET, the receptor is also able to promote apoptosis, which has led to classify it within the dependence receptor family. Indeed, in absence of its ligand and under stress conditions, MET is cleaved by caspases leading to the production of an intracellular fragment of nearly 40 kDa named p40MET able to amplify apoptosis. This fragment activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by causing mitochondrial permeabilization. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this permeabilization and the physiological impact of the pro-apoptotic function of MET were still unknown.My PhD work has evidenced p40MET localization at the MAM microdomain and characterized a calcium transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria triggered by p40MET. This calcium transfer triggers a calcium overload in mitochondria leading to their membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. In addition, we engineered a knock-in mouse model expressing mutated MET at the C-terminal caspase site. These mice are unable to produce the pro-apoptotic p40MET fragment. This model allowed us to assess the importance of MET cleavage in physiological apoptosis in vivo. Altogether, our work brings the first evidence for MET function as a dependence receptor in an organism and demonstrates a new signaling mechanism involved in apoptosis amplification by p40MET through calcium flux deregulation. This process may be relevant in the physio-pathology of organs where MET is expressed.In recent years, the discovery of mutations affecting RTKs in cancers has increased exponentially. However, for a large majority of mutations, their functional consequences are totally unknown. Thus, in parallel of my main thesis topic, we evaluated the biological and clinical relevance of RTKs mutations identified by high throughput sequencing from patient samples. Sequencing of healthy tissues, colorectal tumours and liver metastases of 30 patients has identified many somatic mutations. Some of them affect the receptor kinase domain and are present in both tumors and metastases. Functional analysis of 7 of these mutations shows that they do not cause neither kinase overactivation nor transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the contrary, two RTK mutations cause drastic inhibition of the corresponding kinase activity. These findings indicate that these RTK variants are not suitable targets for TKI. Therefore, it appears important to set up reliable functional assays to interpret identified variants and classify them as pathogenic or neutral.In conclusion, my work opens up new perspectives on therapeutic strategies targeting RTKs in cancers. First of all, the pro-apoptotic capacities of some RTKs are undoubtedly a brake to tumorigenesis, and their stimulations could reinforce the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. On the other hand, we have shown that RTKs mutations in the kinase domain do not necessarily lead to overactivation of the receptor suggesting that they are probably not involved in tumorigenesis and that treatment with TKIs targeting them would be ineffective. This functional information could notably influence the choice of a suitable targeted therapy