Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réchauffement de la Terre – Lutte contre'
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Hiriart, Yolande. "Équité et risque moral dans les politiques de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010005.
Full textHelioui, Khalil. "Le choix des permis d'émission négociables dans la lutte contre le réchauffement planétaire : enseignements d'une analyse économique." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0027.
Full textThe Kyoto Protocol adopted Emission Trading (ET) to control greenhouse house gas emissions. However, the viability of this system is under question. This thesis assesses it potential sources of efficiency losses : transaction costs, market power, and dynamic distortions. We show that the last phenomenon is the most worrying. To what extent a control on domestic policies might reduce these distortions? The idea proves impracticable: too many uncertainties surrond the relevant control parameters. Comparing quantity against price instruments, we propose a hybrid scheme, ET combined with an international carbon tax, as a compromise between economic efficiency and political acceptability. While ET remains relevant to initiate and enlarge a climate coalition, the introduction of an international carbon tax could, in a second stage, strengthen coordination performances: since it diminishes permit value, it would reduce dynamic distortions and facilitate an agreement on the allocation of future emission rights. Such a hybrid instrument may ensure the long term viability of ET; and contribute to a renewed climate action
Denis, Benjamin. "La politique internationale du climat: analyse du processus de construction du cadre international de lutte contre le réchauffement global." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210881.
Full textDoctorat en sciences politiques
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Tabet, Jean-François. "Le contencieux de la responsabilité civile des risques naturels et technologiques." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10034.
Full textDubois, Catherine, and Catherine Dubois. "Adapter les quartiers et les bâtiments au réchauffement climatique : une feuille de route pour accompagner les architectes et les désigners urbains québécois." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25461.
Full textThèse en cotutelle: doctorat sur mesure en ambiance physiques architecturales et urbaines, Université Laval, Québec; Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Toulouse, France
L’augmentation des températures estivales induites par le dérèglement climatique est préoccupante pour les villes des latitudes tempérées froides parce qu’elle exacerbe le phénomène d’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU) et réduit le confort thermique à l’intérieur des bâtiments. Le territoire de la Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (CMQ) sert de cas d’étude. Les architectes et les designers urbains, s’ils acquièrent les connaissances et les compétences adéquates, peuvent être aussi des acteurs clés de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Deux ateliers de travail collaboratifs réunissant architectes, ingénieurs et designers urbains ont fait état de lacunes à ce sujet. La création d’un outil d’aide à la conception (AAC) spécialisé sur la question de l’adaptation du cadre bâti à la chaleur a été envisagée pour résoudre ce problème. Une recension et une catégorisation d’outils d’AAC ont été conduites pour identifier les qualités susceptibles d’atteindre ce but. Pour le confirmer, sept des outils d’AAC recensés ont été testés par 14 étudiants inscrits à un atelier d’architecture de deuxième cycle de l’Université Laval. Les résultats de l’enquête qui comprend une analyse des présentations finales des projets, un questionnaire électronique et deux groupes de discussion conduits avec les étudiants de l’atelier ont mis en évidence la diversité et la pluralité des besoins des utilisateurs d’outils d’AAC. Pour ces raisons, nous proposons une « feuille de route » (FDR) de l’adaptation au changement climatique pour orienter les praticiens à travers la création d’un projet adapté à la hausse des températures estivales. Celle-ci comprend deux volets : le premier cherche à améliorer la compréhension des praticiens des principaux enjeux de l’adaptation au changement climatique par une organisation graphique et systémique des savoirs. Le deuxième cible et hiérarchise des outils d’AAC qui leur permettent d’acquérir ou de parfaire leurs connaissances de manière autonome. Huit entretiens individuels avec des praticiens de la région de Québec ont été conduits pour vérifier l’atteinte de ces objectifs. Les principaux résultats confirment : i) la capacité de la FDR d’améliorer la compréhension des praticiens, ii) l’intérêt des praticiens pour la formule d’autoapprentissage proposée et iii) la présence des qualités recherchées par les utilisateurs d’outil d’AAC dans la FDR.
L’augmentation des températures estivales induites par le dérèglement climatique est préoccupante pour les villes des latitudes tempérées froides parce qu’elle exacerbe le phénomène d’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU) et réduit le confort thermique à l’intérieur des bâtiments. Le territoire de la Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (CMQ) sert de cas d’étude. Les architectes et les designers urbains, s’ils acquièrent les connaissances et les compétences adéquates, peuvent être aussi des acteurs clés de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Deux ateliers de travail collaboratifs réunissant architectes, ingénieurs et designers urbains ont fait état de lacunes à ce sujet. La création d’un outil d’aide à la conception (AAC) spécialisé sur la question de l’adaptation du cadre bâti à la chaleur a été envisagée pour résoudre ce problème. Une recension et une catégorisation d’outils d’AAC ont été conduites pour identifier les qualités susceptibles d’atteindre ce but. Pour le confirmer, sept des outils d’AAC recensés ont été testés par 14 étudiants inscrits à un atelier d’architecture de deuxième cycle de l’Université Laval. Les résultats de l’enquête qui comprend une analyse des présentations finales des projets, un questionnaire électronique et deux groupes de discussion conduits avec les étudiants de l’atelier ont mis en évidence la diversité et la pluralité des besoins des utilisateurs d’outils d’AAC. Pour ces raisons, nous proposons une « feuille de route » (FDR) de l’adaptation au changement climatique pour orienter les praticiens à travers la création d’un projet adapté à la hausse des températures estivales. Celle-ci comprend deux volets : le premier cherche à améliorer la compréhension des praticiens des principaux enjeux de l’adaptation au changement climatique par une organisation graphique et systémique des savoirs. Le deuxième cible et hiérarchise des outils d’AAC qui leur permettent d’acquérir ou de parfaire leurs connaissances de manière autonome. Huit entretiens individuels avec des praticiens de la région de Québec ont été conduits pour vérifier l’atteinte de ces objectifs. Les principaux résultats confirment : i) la capacité de la FDR d’améliorer la compréhension des praticiens, ii) l’intérêt des praticiens pour la formule d’autoapprentissage proposée et iii) la présence des qualités recherchées par les utilisateurs d’outil d’AAC dans la FDR.
For mid-latitude cities, higher summer temperatures due to climate change are a cause for concern because they aggravate the urban heat island phenomenon and reduce thermal comfort inside buildings. The territory of the Quebec Metropolitan Community (CMQ) is used as a case study. By acquiring the appropriate knowledge and skills, architects and urban designers can become key actors in adaptation to climate change. Two workshops bringing together architects and urban designers provided evidence of deficiencies in this area. We hypothesized that a design support tool (DST) focused on the issue of adaptation of mid-latitude cities to rising summer temperatures could help improve knowledge and skills of professionals in the field. We conducted a review and classification of DSTs, which highlight the tools’ features that are likely to reach this goal. To verify this, seven DSTs were selected and tested by fourteen students enrolled in a graduate-level architecture design studio. The results from this test, including an analysis of the final projects, a web-based questionnaire and two focus groups, highlighted the diversity and plurality of DSTs user needs. For these reasons, we propose a "roadmap" (RM) of the climate change adaptation to guide practitioners through the design of a project adapted to higher summer temperatures. It includes two parts: the first aims to improve the practitioners understanding of the key issues of climate change adaptation through a graphical and systemic organization of knowledge. The second seeks to target and prioritize DSTs that enable practitioners to acquire or enhance their knowledge on a self-learning basis. Eight individual interviews with professionals working within the CMQ territory were conducted to verify the RM goals achievement. The main results confirm : i) the RM ability to improve the practitioners understanding, ii) the interest of practitioners for the RM formula based on self-learning and iii) the presence of the qualities sought by the DSTs users within the RM.
For mid-latitude cities, higher summer temperatures due to climate change are a cause for concern because they aggravate the urban heat island phenomenon and reduce thermal comfort inside buildings. The territory of the Quebec Metropolitan Community (CMQ) is used as a case study. By acquiring the appropriate knowledge and skills, architects and urban designers can become key actors in adaptation to climate change. Two workshops bringing together architects and urban designers provided evidence of deficiencies in this area. We hypothesized that a design support tool (DST) focused on the issue of adaptation of mid-latitude cities to rising summer temperatures could help improve knowledge and skills of professionals in the field. We conducted a review and classification of DSTs, which highlight the tools’ features that are likely to reach this goal. To verify this, seven DSTs were selected and tested by fourteen students enrolled in a graduate-level architecture design studio. The results from this test, including an analysis of the final projects, a web-based questionnaire and two focus groups, highlighted the diversity and plurality of DSTs user needs. For these reasons, we propose a "roadmap" (RM) of the climate change adaptation to guide practitioners through the design of a project adapted to higher summer temperatures. It includes two parts: the first aims to improve the practitioners understanding of the key issues of climate change adaptation through a graphical and systemic organization of knowledge. The second seeks to target and prioritize DSTs that enable practitioners to acquire or enhance their knowledge on a self-learning basis. Eight individual interviews with professionals working within the CMQ territory were conducted to verify the RM goals achievement. The main results confirm : i) the RM ability to improve the practitioners understanding, ii) the interest of practitioners for the RM formula based on self-learning and iii) the presence of the qualities sought by the DSTs users within the RM.
Sakaya, Jamal. "Towards Effective Environmental Regulations—Operations Management Perspective." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022EHEC0009.
Full textIn this thesis, I examine the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the take-back policies used in the European Union (EU) to fight global warming and manage some waste categories. I study three key research problems associated with them: (i) how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that reduces the number of allowances in circulation and places excess allowances in a reserve, (ii) how the EU ETS and the take-back policies interact, and (iii) is it better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. Each chapter covers one problem. In the first chapter, I examine how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that allows the regulator to remove a percentage of surplus allowances and put them in a reserve—the market stability reserve. I study the firms’ strategies for compliance with this reform and the regulator’s problem of setting a policy parameter—the percentage of surplus allowances to withdraw–– that encourages emissions abatement without sacrificing economic prosperity. To do that, I model a game spanning two periods, in which the regulator first sets the policy parameter and then firms produce their output, reduce emissions, and participate in the auction for allowances. In the second chapter, I study how the EU ETS and waste take-back policies interact and impact each other’s economic and environmental effectiveness. To that end, I model a game where suppliers subject to a carbon cap-and-trade policy supply raw material to manufacturers subject to take-back policy with a minimum recycling target. In the third chapter, I study if it is better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. To that end, I consider the electronic waste context, and I use two stylized models to compare the economic and environmental effectiveness of two policies: a percentage-based take-back policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture a percentage of the new products they introduce into the market, and an allowance- based policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture all the new products they introduce into the market except a limited quantity of products that can end up in landfills untreated. This limited quantity is determined by the number of allowances manufacturers gain in an auction
Martoub, Maria. "Impact global de l’huile minérale blanche sur le pathosystème plante-puceron-virus : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les virus non persistants." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0121.
Full textMineral oil weekly spray has been shown to efficiently reduce non persistent PVY transmission in the field. To date, its mode of action is poorly understood. In this project we assessed mineral oil effect on each partner of the plant – aphid – virus system. We showed that potato plant treatment prior to viruliferous aphid infestation, led to significantly reduced virus YNTN transmission. Besides, it affects M. Euphorbiae behaviour and physiology. Indeed, we characterized negative effects on adult orientation and nymphal survival. Other probiotic effects characterized were: enhanced longevity and reproduction of surviving adults, and some parameters related to feeding behaviour as well. Surprisingly, we demonstrated that direct aphid exposure to mineral oil is sufficient to trigger similar aphicid and probiotic effects. Eventually, we show that plant treatment triggers cellular events similar to pathogen perception and signalling response. Our results highlight the high-potential use of mineral oil as alternative method in virus transmission control, for its efficacy and environment friendly use as well
de, Ladurantaye Yannick. "Définition des critères d'entreposage, de transport et de distribution au champ du Perillus bioculatus, un prédateur naturel du doryphore de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25352/25352.pdf.
Full textSaguez, Julien. "Dérégulation des activités chitinases : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les aphides." Phd thesis, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521546.
Full textYaganza, Elian-Simplice. "Utilisation post-récolte de sels organiques et inorganiques pour lutter contre la pourriture molle de la pomme de terre : base physico-chimique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23112/23112.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of 21 organic and inorganic salts to control Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca), two bacteria responsible for soft rot development in stored potato tubers. The results have shown that eleven salts (at 0.2 M) have completely inhibited the bacterial growth in vitro, among which sodium carbonate, sodium metabisulfite, trisodium phosphate, aluminum lactate, aluminum chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium acetate, aluminum di-hydroxy-acetate, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were bactericidal. On potato tubers, only aluminum chloride, sodium metabisulfite and to a lesser extent sodium benzoate have markedly controlled the disease severity, during both curative and preventive applications. Based on the obtained results, it appears that the inhibitory effect of salts in vitro relates to the water ionization capacity (low pKa or low pKb) of their constituent ions, as well as their lipophilicity. However, the effect was dampened in vivo, presumably due to the buffering capacity of tuber tissue and Donnan effect which could lead to generation of less effective ionic species. It is likely that those salts effective in vivo exhibit other properties contributing to their effectiveness. Ultrastructural studies on Eca showed that aluminum chloride caused rupture of bacterial envelope, and cytoplasmic aggregation, which were not observed in the bacteria treated with sodium metabisulfite. These observations suggest that a part of the toxic effect of aluminum chloride originates from alterations of the bacterial envelope, whereas rapid bacterial death caused by sodium metabisulfite occurs intracellularly through interaction with biomolecules, facilitated by the diffusion of SO2. Finally, evaluation of the effect of salts on tuber quality revealed that tuber weight loss was generally higher with aluminum chloride and sodium metabisulfite treatments, while the organic salts, particularly sodium benzoate, increased sugar content of the tubers. It was concluded that aluminum chloride and sodium metabisulfite can be profitably used to fight potato storage soft rot.
Crépin, Alexandre. "Développement d'une stratégie de lutte globale ciblant la communication impliquée dans la virulence des bactéries macergènes de la pomme de terre." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES004.
Full textWen, Guoqi. "Étude des effets de la fertilisation azotée sur les concentrations foliaires en sucres, en acides aminés et en glycoalcaloïdes des plants de pommes de terre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66330.
Full textBeaulieu, Rémi. "Synthèse d’analogues de glycoalcaloïdes aux propriétés aphicides, valorisation des coproduits industriels de la pomme de terre." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0111.
Full textBy-products management is an environmental, economic and regulatory issue. The potato industry development leads to an increase of the by-products amount. Nowadays, the valorization of these wastes is restricted to the animal diet. Chaconine and solanine are two glycoalkaloids which are involved in the natural defenses of potato plants and which are present in by-products. They have the same aglycon moiety (solanidine), but the saccharidic moiety is different. This latter plays an important role in the biological activities of chaconine and solanine. Hemisynthesis of glycoalkaloids has been performed, solanidine (extracted from the byproducts) is linked on a saccharidic moiety which is obtained by chemical synthesis. These sugar parts are based on the chacotriose (present on chaconine). Oxygen atoms at various anomeric positions have been replaced, or not, by sulfur atoms. Finally, a spacer has been introduced between the aglycone and the saccharidic moiety by using "click chemistry". Cholesterol and diosgenin have been used as models to develop the experimental conditions. In vivo tests on Macrosiphum euphorbiae (aphid pests of potato plants) have shown the aphicidal properties of our synthetized glycoalkaloids. Furthermore, for glycosteroids based on cholesterol and diosgenin, a study on liquid crystals properties has been performed
Prévost, Karine. "Étude des communautés bactériennes du sol et des tubercules de pomme de terre suite à l'ajout d'agents de lutte biologique contre la gale commune de la pomme de terre." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4627.
Full textde, Ladurantaye Sylvain. "Distribution mécanique au champ de punaises prédatrices pour la lutte biologique contre le doryphore de la pomme de terre, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (SAY)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28401/28401.pdf.
Full textThe Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the major insect pest of potato crops in North America, Europe, and Asia, causing important damages and financial lost. Currently, the most common mean used to control this insect consists on regularly applying chemical insecticides. However, these chemical products are often controversial because their excessive and uncontrolled use is hazardous for both the environment and the human health. Also, the CPB has developed over the years a resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides, including those that were very effective at one time. To remedy to this lack of efficiency, producers usually use large amounts of chemicals, causing therefore health and environment problems and also raising the cost of crop protection. One of the most promising alternatives to chemical insecticides consists of taking advantage of the natural enemies of this insect pest. The use of the stink bug predator Perillus bioculatus to control the CPB has been successful at small scale in Quebec. However, this natural enemy is not abundant enough in the nature to control the CPB. Massive release of this predator on potato crops would be an adequate solution. Since labour force in agriculture is rather rare and expensive and the manual distribution of predators is laborious, it is necessary to mechanize the release process in the field, which represents a major challenge. The main objective of this research study was therefore to design and build a mechanical distributor of predator insects. A mechanical distributor of predators has been designed and built for this purpose. In this distributor, masses of predators are placed in small containers and mixed with popcorn. When the containers cross an opening system, their content drops on potato plants. Many tests carried out using this prototype revealed that the release rate of predators in the field is higher than 90% (more than 90% of the predators are released). This release rate is comparable to that obtained in the laboratory using a test bench. The prototype needs however extensive testing in the field to evaluate the survival of predators and their biological effect. Because of his revolutionary and unique device, this invention is in process to get an international patent.
Bojanowski, Angélique. "Molécules antifongiques et activité antagoniste de deux souches de Pseudomonas envers Helminthosporium solani, agent responsable de la tache argentée de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28169/28169.pdf.
Full textHervieux, Viviane. "Stratégies de lutte contre la tache argentée de la pomme de terre, traitements fongicides de la semence et application post-récolte de sels organiques et inorganiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/MQ55860.pdf.
Full textFortin, Gabrielle. "Une technologie de génotypage par séquençage (GBS) au service de la sélection de lignées de pommes de terre résistantes au nématode doré (globodera rostochiensis)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30310/30310.pdf.
Full textCouture, Geneviève. "Détection d'agents de lutte biologique contre la gale commune de la pomme de terre, soit le chitosane et le streptomyces melanosporofaciens souche EF-76 dans le sol." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4619.
Full textLegnani, Robert. "Analyse, comparaison et exploitation des résistances au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) et au tobacco etch virus (TEV) chez la tomate." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20240.
Full textRobic, Kévin. "Les populations de Dickeya pathogènes de la pomme de terre : lutte intégrée, structure et génomique des populations Pattern and causes of the establishment of the invasive bacterial potato pathogen Dickeya solani and of the maintenance of the resident pathogen D. dianthicola." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB012.
Full textIn potato plant, Solanum tuberosum, the phytopathogens Pectobacterium and Dickeya are responsible for blackleg and soft rot diseases causing extensive damage in fields and also during storage of tubers. Apart from prophylaxis methods, no treatment permits to control these diseases. The FN3PT / inov3PT is carrying out various research projects in order to better understand these pathogens and to offer suitable treatments. The objective of this work was to study the genes essential to the bacterium D. solani RNS 08.23.3.1A during the different stages of the infectious cycle, namely the colonization of the rhizosphere, the maceration of the stems and the maceration of the tubers. For this, a Tn-seq approach was used, the robustness of which was evaluated by determining the essential genome of D. solani. The genes essential to the various conditions in vivo were then identified. Secondly, a screening of biostimulating molecules of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas spp PA14H7 was carried out. This screening made it possible to identify different molecules metabolized by PA14H7. Greenhouse biostimulation tests were performed to validate the biostimulatory effect of these molecules on a population of biocontrol agents artificially introduced into the potato rhizosphere. The incidence on the disease has been observed. Then the antibiosis action of 6 previously identified biocontrol agents was evaluated in vitro against a panel of 41 pathogens of Pectobacterium and Dickeya
Paré, François. "Étude de la faisabilité de distribution mécanique de la punaise masquée, Perillus bioculatus, pour le contrôle biologique du doryphore de la pomme de terre, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (SAY)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26358/26358.pdf.
Full textLesueur, Fabrice. "Élaboration de formulations à base d'extraits de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) pour la protection de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) contre le Myzus persicae, un puceron colonisateur et vecteur de virus circulants et non circulants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23665/23665.pdf.
Full textLaw-Chune, Stephane. "Apport de l'océanographie opérationnelle à l'amélioration de la prévision de dérive océanique dans le cadre d'opérations de recherche et de sauvetage en mer et de lutte contre les pollutions marines." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838293.
Full textTapia, Villarreal Irving. "Urban form, demography and daily mobility forecasts : comparative analysis France-Mexico." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010040/document.
Full textIn the context of the Kyoto Protocol, France has set Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 75% below 1990 levels by 2050. More recently, Mexico has set the objective to achieve a 50% reduction by 2050 with respect to the base year 2000. Since the transport sector in urban areas with approximately 1 million inhabitants accounts for most CO2 emissions and will continue to increase its share, we wanted to determine to what extent the experiences observed in cities from developed countries (peak travel, dissemination of new vehicle technologies) may be repeated in urban areas from developing nations. For this purpose, we focus on case studies in France (Paris and Lille) and Mexico (Juarez and Puebla). The first objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of mobility on each urban region. The second objective was to apply the age-cohort model for the development of long-term travel demand forecasts in order to take into account changes in the population structure (ageing) and in travel behaviour. The last objective was to develop GHG emissions assessments from observed travel demand. The decline in mobility and the dissemination of new vehicle technologies in France led to a reduction in GHG emissions. However, these changes are not sufficient to achieve the GHG reduction targets. The case studies in Mexico show the inability to reverse the trend towards the increase of GHG emissions; therefore the reduction targets will be hardly achieved. The case of Mexico give us an overview of trends in emerging countries, which are very far from achieving sustainable development and will face a major challenge in the coming decades
Chane, Andrea. "Régulation, expression in situ et biostimulation de l'activité quorum-quenching d'un agent de biocontrôle : Rhodococcus erythropolis." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR031.
Full textBiocontrol is defined as a set of plant protection methods through the use of natural mechanisms. Its principle involves the control of populations of aggressors rather than their eradication. The protection of the potato Solanum tuberosum against soft-rot bacteria (Dickeya and Pectobacterium) has been previously proposed as an application of biocontrol. This involves disturbing the quorum-sensing (QS) communication used by the pathogen to coordinate its attack and virulence. In order to optimize this quorum-quenching (QQ) biocontrol method and to control its effectiveness, we have studied the catabolic pathway of -lactones of a biocontrol agent, the Rhodococcus erythropolis bacterium. This pathway is involved in the degradation of the pathogen N-acyl-homoserine lactones signals. We firststudied the role of the QsdR repressor as well as the transcriptional regulation of the qsd operon involved in signal degradation. The understanding of this regulation has made it possible to generate biosensors capable of monitoring the QS of the pathogen and QQ of the protector. Under confocal laser scanning microscopy, these tools provided visual evidence of the role and link between these two activities in the tuber tissues. Finally, the low specificity of the QsdR repressor for its ligands made it possible to propose the -caprolactone, a structural analog of QS signals, as an inducer of the qsd operon. Overall, this work provides insight into the role and function of QQ in R. erythropolis. It also allows to envisage the control of the disease using a biocontrol agent whose QQ activity can be biostimulated by inexpensive lactones during formulation then spreading in the field
Machault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Full textDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Bellino, Luigi. "Politiques et outils de planification territoriale sur l'insécurité urbaine en Italie : le cas du plan stratégique de l'aire métropolitaine de Bari." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30094.
Full textThis study proposes to reconstruct the evolution of the politics and the tools of urbanplanning concerning urban insecurity by studying the Strategic Plan of the Bari MetropoliArea (PSMTB), including 31 municipalities in the Italian Apulian Region. Insecurityconstitutes a fundamental question for the cities. Unsafety, which includes severalconditions of urban degradation, also refers to individual and collective perceptions. If, inthe past, the State guaranteed security, the globalized processes and the tending towardsthe administrative decentralization, have, in part, diminished the role of the State. Sincethe 1990s, the Italian mayors, though not having any effective “power”, do have theresponsibility for the local security. In other countries, “models” of prevention have beendeveloped, but seldom applied in Italy, which, however, should be considered withcritique. While the solutions regarding security have produced modest results, in theperipheries with no “recognition”, urban politics have begun to show interest in thepopulation by applying urban requalification projects and regeneration programs.Furthermore, strategic planning refers to the scale of Area vasta. The PSMTB hasincluded the question of urban security in a territory where organized crime is pervasive.Its Plan has a tight connection with the EU’s financial aid; however, this has penalized itssuccess. Our hypothesis is that the PSMTB, in the end, was not strategic after all. It hasconstituted a lacking opportunity for a virtual plan of urban security on the metropolitanscale
Quenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Full textGenetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders
Tamisier, Lucie. "Adaptation des populations virales aux résistances variétales et exploitation des ressources génétiques des plantes pour contrôler cette adaptation." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0696/document.
Full textPlants carrying major resistance genes have been widely used to fight against diseases. However, the pathogensability to overcome the resistance after a few years of usage requires the search for efficient and durable resistances.The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify plant genomic regions limiting pathogen evolution by inducinggenetic drift effects and (ii) to study the impact of the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant on the pathogenability to adapt to resistance, the goal being to further use these forces to limit pathogen evolution. The pepper(Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) pathosystem has been mainly used to conduct these researches.Regarding the first objective, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped on a biparental pepper population andthrough genome-wide association on a pepper core-collection. These approaches have allowed the detection ofgenomic regions on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 controlling viral effective population size during the inoculationstep. Some of these QTLs were common to PVY and CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) while other were virusspecific.Moreover, the QTL detected on chromosome 6 colocalizes with a previously identified QTL controllingPVY accumulation and interacting with a QTL affecting the breakdown frequency of a major resistance gene.Regarding the second objective, a correlation analysis between the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant andan experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene has been done. Experimental evolution ofPVY populations on plants contrasted for the levels of genetic drift, selection and virus accumulation they imposedhas also been performed. Both studies demonstrated that a plant inducing a strong genetic drift combined to areduction in virus accumulation limits virus evolution and could even lead to the extinction of the virus population.These results open new perspectives to deploy plant genetic factors directly controlling pathogen evolutionarypotential and could help to preserve the durability of major resistance genes
Meiss, Helmut. "Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands : potentials for weed mangement and farmland biodiversity." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575607.
Full textde, Ladurantaye Yannick. "Définition des critères d'entreposage, de transport et de distribution au champ du Perillus bioculatus, un prédateur naturel du doryphore de la pomme de terre /." 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/.
Full textMondou, Matthieu. "Les policy designs contre la pauvreté : une analyse comparée des plans de lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exlusion sociale au Québec et à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7488.
Full textCorriveau, Célia. "Les politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté à Terre-Neuve et Labrador, au Manioba et en Ontario, de 1999 à 2006." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7457.
Full textJodoin, Yvon. "Le roseau commun (Phragmites australis) en bordure des autoroutes du Québec : une étude génétique et biogéographique /." 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203589001&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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