Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Récidive criminelle'
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Huré, Isabelle. "La Justice en résistance - La médiatisation de la récidive criminelle (1997-2008)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020017.
Full textRecidivism has been debated as a public issue since the end of the 1990's. Criminal laws are enacted in order to contain this phenomenon. As of 2002 they start growing significantly repressive and ever more numerous. This criminal policy leads to major protestation among the legal, academic and intellectual worlds, as in the political opposition parties or among political figures disagreeing with the government though in the majority. Policies, laws and the debate or reactions they generate in the society hardly go without their mediatic side. Hence, we shall analyse some media to understand the meaning they give to the governments’ legislative activity against criminal recidivism and what meaning these media give to the reactions this activity creates.This dissertation shows by which means the media of our corpus set both the issue of criminal recidivism and the way it is taken care of as a double-cycle. One cycle goes from a criminal re-offense in the back page news to a criminal law. The other goes from the policy about recidivism to its contesting. It also explains where in media exposure – along which several players are involved - proceeds with this recurrence. This two-sided hypothesis points out two questions. First of all what is the meaning within this journalistic content and what does it tell about the evolution of our criminal justice ? Then, how is this meaning made? Thus, this dissertation shall first observe the « media scene » delimited by the corpus, and then examine the mechanism of its co-production by journalists and the different players coping with criminal recidivism
Iriart, Alejandro. "Mesures d’insertion sociale destinées aux détenus québécois et récidive criminelle : une approche par l'apprentissage automatique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66717.
Full textIn this master thesis, we tried to determine the real influence of social rehabilitation programs on the risk of recidivism. To do this, we used a machine learning algorithm to analyze a database provided by the Quebec Ministry of Public Security (MSP). In this database, we are able to follow the numerous incarcerations of 97,140 prisoners from 2006 to 2018. Our analysis focuses only on inmates who have served in the prison in Quebec City. The approach we used is named Generalized Random Forests (GRF) and was developed by Athey et al. (2019). Our main analysis focuses not only on the characteristics of the prisoners, but also on the results they obtained when they were subjected to the LS/CMI, an extensive questionnaire aimed at determining the criminogenic needs and the risk level of the inmates . We also determined which variables have the most influence on predicting the treatment effect by using a function of the same algorithm that calculates the relative importance of each of the variables to make a prediction. By comparing participants and non-participants, we were able to demonstrate that participating in a program reduces the risk of recidivism by approximately 6.9% for a two-year trial period. Participating in a program always reduces significantly recidivism no matter the definition of recidivism used. We also determined that in terms of personal characteristics, it is the age, the nature of the offence and the number of years of study that are the main predictors for the individual causal effects. As for the LS/CMI, only a few sections of the questionnaire have real predictive power while others, like the one about leisure, do not. In light of our results, we believe that a more efficient instrument capable of predicting recidivism can be created by focusing on the newly identified variables with the greatest predictive power. A better instrument will make it possible to provide better counselling to prisoners on the programs they should follow, and thus increase their chances of being fully rehabilitated.
Fréchette, Julien. "Jugement clinique vs. évaluation actuarielle du risque de récidive criminelle : le cas mystérieux de la dérogation clinique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67971.
Full textAssessing and managing criminal recidivism risk are now common practices in Western corrections. In Canada, the risk management model is firmly established along the guidelines set by the risk-needs-responsivity model (RNR; Andrews, Bonta & Hoge, 1990). Various tools have been designed to guide practitioners in the evaluation of RNR components, including the Level of Service and Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI; Andrews, Bonta & Wormith, 2004). This instrument is based on risk assessment principles prioritizing the actuarial method to clinical judgment. However, the tool's developers allowed, to some extent, a subjective judgment from the assessors to modify the criminal recidivism risk level in certain circumstances. This discretion granted to assessors to adjust actuarial risk is referred to as the clinical override. Although the clinical override represents an important discretion within the criminal justice system, few studies have been conducted on this practice. For the moment, studies carried out address almost exclusively its predictive validity. Indeed, the scope of previous studies limited to the predictive validity does not allow the understanding of mechanisms surrounding the riskbased override. In light of the scientific literature, although the override is a widespread practice, it remains unknown in terms of prevalence and utilization contexts. Using data from a sample of Quebec inmates and probationers assessed featuring the LS/CMI between 2008 and 2011 (n = 19,710), decision tree analyses were conducted to identify profiles of overridden offenders. The results suggest that the decision to override is extremely rare and seems to be mainly influenced by the nature of the index offense and the risk score prior to the override.
Colin, Patrick. "La multirecidive penitentiaire : analyse sociologique des contextes de la multirecidive penitentiaire chez des hommes condamnes a de courtes peines pour atteintes aux biens." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR20017.
Full textThis research is the continuity of a statistical approach developed in 1989 about penitentiary multirecidivism realised with professionals and the c. E. R. I. S. (university of strasbourg ii). The existing researches made about the recidive and criminal sociology are presented as well as the historical dimension of the biographical methodology are presented. The quality of educator and researcher authorised a biographical analysis about 20 men condemned to jail several times in the prison of strasbourg between 1992 and 1994. This analysis permitted to identify five different contexts of multirecidivism : the difficulty for those issued of stigmatised family to resist to the social labelling process, the difficulty to resist to the drugs dependency, hedonism as principle of life, social revolt against the labelling process and, finally, a financial start capital to be integrated
Brassard, Vicky. "La réinsertion sociale, le réseau social et les trajectoires d'abandon de la carrière criminelle des délinquants sexuels adultes: une étude prospective longitudinale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25883.
Full textGrégoire, Ludivine. "Les mesures de sûreté : essai sur l'autonomie d'une notion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1056.
Full textAt the moment, two forms of penalties oppose and complement each other: a classic shape and rétributive, the sentences, and a more modern and essentially preventive shape, the safety measures. These two criminal punishments, if they do not possess either the same foundations, or the same objectives, are nevertheless sometimes difficult to differentiate. The question of the relationships which they maintain is recurring but with regard to the constant increase of the number of safety measures in the penal law for these last years, it deserves from now on an answer. The latter will be brought in the form of the notion of autonomy which will on one hand allow to identify clearly safety measures and on the other hand to clear a set of more or less specific rules intended to clarify their legal regime. In this way, the legitimacy of the existence of safety measures can be confirmed
Niang, Anta. "Analyse psychosociale du rôle des motivations à punir dans l’usage de l’expertise d’un accusé en contexte de détermination de la peine en France." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20026/document.
Full textThe general purpose of the thesis is to study the impact of psychological and psychiatric testimonies in the context of sentencing. More specifically, this consists of examining the role of the motives for punishment in the consideration of expert information relating to altered mental state or the risk of recidivism in the sentencing process. Expertise can be defined as "all the forms that the introduction of a technical-scientific rationality takes in the institution, process and judicial decision" (Dumoulin, 2005, p.202). The literature generally shows that expertise plays a role in the decision-making of jurors. Nevertheless, only few studies (Krauss, Lieberman, & Olson, 2004; Krauss, McCabe, & Lieberman, 2012) highlights the interindividual variables that can explain this decision-making process. This thesis specifically proposes to focus on the motives for punishment as potential explanatory variables for the impact of expertise on sentencing in France. The research programme is divided in two axes. The first two studies (axe 1) deal with the role of the motives for punishment in taking into account expert information relating to altered mental state (study 1) or risk of recidivism (study 2) when sentencing. The third study (axe 2) examines the impact of criminal records and expert information on the risk of recidivism on sentencing. In general, the results of the thesis highlight the need to take into account interindividual variability in the study of the impact of expertise on judicial judgments. More specifically, the results suggest that the use of expert information when assigning a sentence to the perpetrator of a crime depends on the purposes that individuals associate with the sentence
Ducro, Claire. "Evaluation du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels au sein du système judiciaire français : précisions conceptuelles et validations discriminantes et convergentes d'instruments d'évaluation du risque de récidive." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR2002/document.
Full textIn the society, the sexual offenders associated at the notion of dangerous and recidivism. Also, the professionals such as the judicial decision-makers or the experts must give an opinion about the level of risk of recidivism. The relating literature at the sex offender's risk of recidivism shows that when the judgement of a potential risk of recidivism is based on a clinical judgement, this one proves to be close to chance. Further to this official report, different instruments of valuation of the risk were set up since the nineties. The objective of the present study is to perform a job of conceptualization and discriminated and convergent validities of instruments. Instruments uses in the present research are to the number of five, and it differentates in three categories : the static actuarial instruments which are SORAG and statique-99 ; the structured clinical instruments which are SVR-20 and RSVP ; and a dynamic instrument which is Stable/Acute 2000. The actuariel instruments are constituted of static items which do not vary in time, or that can vary only in the increase in the level of risk of repetition if the sexual offender makes a new offence. The structured clinical instruments take both static and clinical items, these last as for the dynamic instruments are subject to changes in the course of time and notably during a catch in load
Bonzom, Alice. "Criminelles ou rebelles, déviantes ou démentes : femmes victoriennes et édouardiennes dans l’univers carcéral londonien (1877-1914)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2118.
Full textThis thesis explores the journey of Victorian and Edwardian women through the London carceral and semi-carceral system. It focuses on a turning point in penal history, concentrating on the period between 1877, when local prisons were nationalised, and 1914, when the First World War broke out. Using the prism of gender, it connects the notions of criminality and deviance.For female offenders, penal, moral, social and medical judgments could overlap, blurring the boundaries between criminality, rebellion, badness and madness. To properly grasp the multifaceted figure of the female criminal, this thesis will accompany women along the corridors of the London courts, prisons, inebriate reformatories and refuges for ex-convicts and prisoners.In the perspective of gender studies, it sheds light on female experiences without obscuring the lives of male prisoners. Using archives “from above” and “from below”, this dissertation questions some of the theories expounded by historians of crime and gender, in particular when it comes to penal judgments, carceral treatment as well as medicalisation attempts. It demonstrates that female offenders became the epicentre, rather than the unique focal point, of a pathologising process of criminal deviance. Using three angles of approach – forging, reforming and curing the figure of the criminal woman – it shows that medicalisation endeavours were intertwined with classical moral principles.This analysis first discusses the forging of female criminals’ identity by the authorities, whether they be reformers, judges, penal administrators or philanthropists. It reveals that only an intersectional approach can yield fruitful conclusions when it comes to sentencing patterns, and that men were also the object of normative “civilising attempts”. Then, it gives pride of the place to the everyday reality of incarcerated women. Female bodies and minds were regulated and feminised, but also neglected. A “crash course in femininity” both materialised and evaporated. Paradoxically, women could regain control of their bodies by adopting the normative “feminine” behaviours that they had previously eschewed. As the 19th century wore on, and as reoffendingseemed to surge, new scientific theories emerged from outside the prison gates, colliding with the penal sphere. Degeneration seemed to loom, and eugenics grew in popularity. Female offenders found themselves at the confluence of medical discourses coming from medical doctors, alienists and even gynaecologists. Gradual emancipation attempts combined with contemporary fears for the future of the nation, giving birth to “criminal sciences”, and more specifically “female criminal sciences”. Some prisoners, especially those who suffered from inebriety, were labelled deviant but also defiant and deficient. Sent to inebriate reformatories or confined in special carceral wings, they were painted as sick. However, a close study of life in such reformatories reveals that moralising attempts were still very much at work. Social hygiene was the order of the day, more than medical treatments.As new penal policies announced in 2019 seem to foreshadow a reinforcement of the carceral network, it seems vital to shed light on yesterday’s prisons and today’s penal institutions, where the echoes of gender norms and medico-moral perspectives can still be heard
Blais, Joëlle. "Fonction du père et récidive : mots de passe et impasses : la répétition de la transgression en relation avec le "Nom-du-Père" à l'origine du lien social : une étude en milieu carcéral à la Martinique." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20058.
Full textWe are puzzled by the insistency of recidivist behaviour. The offender's conduct seems to mean that whatever inserting adjustements are made, wether therapeutic, educational or socio-judiciary, they all seem bound to fail as though any intention of letting him take control of his socialisation has the opposite effect and pushes him back to the place from wich thoses measures were planned to keep him away. The present study examines recidivism as the subject's symptom. Repetitive offending (criminal acting out?) as resistance maintains and trengthens his identity at oods with society. As such, the subject considers recidive as his "raison d'être" i. E. Reason for living; wich by using the expedient of transgression questions the father's function at the basis of social contract. The recidivist chooses his inscription as an outlaw in order to reject his inscription in the Law of Language, in another word, castration. By defying the social law, he stages off the limit of his impossibility, a tribunal that allows him to perform again, by the use of acts of delinquency (interposed offences), the themes pertaining to primordial significants, namely "mother" and "father". The ecocomy that brings forth the act is nourished by the family story that he displays in order to confirm his own subjective economy. Trough shifting on the laws of society, the denial of language interdicts, he performs a sort of perverse refutation. This contempory form (of behaviour) does-all the more so as sexuality is no longer a taboo-open up on a political reflection as to what extent the institutional choices of a society discredit or support the Nom- du-Père" function and foster what they intend to repress
Gazelix, Jean. "La prise en compte des éléments de personnalité du délinquant par le droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0288.
Full textThe study of the offender’s personality falls first within the field of behavioral sciences, such as psychology, psychiatry, criminology or even philosophy. However, through the social defense movement, the criminal law field got more and more interested in the study. In criminal law, the offender is not seen as an abstract object anymore but is placed at the same level as the gravity of the offense considered. To do so, an in-depth knowledge of the personality is necessary, which has led to a close collaboration between criminal law and behavioral sciences. This study on the offender’s personality shows that contemporary criminal law is based on components of the personality. They are decisive to determine criminal responsibility and the criminal justice response to the offense. In practice, the use of the offender’s personality reflects the importance attached to it by lawmakers. For instance, at the instruction stage, a file on personality is made. This file is often used for the judgment and the determination of the sentence. However, some doubt remains regarding the means granted by the justice system to assess the offender’s personality. Regarding the components of the personality taken into account, they change throughout the criminal proceedings. They are grasped differently and by different people. It is clear that the components of the personality affect both the determination of criminal responsibility and the criminal justice response. First, it appears that the conditions governing criminal liability are affected by the offender’s personality whose file on personality is decisive. Those conditions governing criminal liability have been reviewed, which helped redefine the notion of guilt and the notion of imputability using the components of the offender’s personality. The two notions are also used for the legal entity, but it is established that the offender’s personality, as understood here, cannot be applied to it. Second, the study focuses on the criminal justice response to the offence committed. This stage is really important regarding the offender’s personality because the criminal justice response must adapt either to the gravity of the offense or to the offender’s personality. It is for the prosecutors and the judges to apply this principle of the individualization of the criminal justice response
Giguère, Guy. "Une étude métrologique des items du Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) avec la contribution de la théorie classique des tests et de la théorie des réponses aux items chez les personnes contrevenantes du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28541/28541.pdf.
Full textArbour, William. "Impact of economic conditions and marriage market on inmates' recidivism : a longitudinal analysis." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34170.
Full textIn this thesis, we study Quebec male prison population with a special focus on recidivism. We are especially interested in quantifying the impact of regional economic variables on the probability of recidivism and the number of reoffenses committed in a year. More precisely, we consider variations in regional unemployment rate, minimum wage and average disposable income. Moreover, we include in our analysis domestic predictors: being married or having a family. Since these two parameters are potentially endogenous with recidivism, we estimate bivariate probit regressions and Poisson regressions with regional sex ratios as instrumental variables. The data provided by the ministère de la Sécurité publique allows us to bring to light several results. We estimate that having a family decreases by 18% the likelihood of recidivism, while the effect marriage is not significant. No effect is found for the number of reoffenses committed, neither for being married or having a family. Finally, we find a significant positive correlation between regional wealth and recidivism, whereas we highlight that an increase in real minimum wage is associated with a decrease in recidivism.
Mallein, Elise. "La rétention de sûreté : la première mesure de sûreté privative de liberté depuis le nouveau Code pénal." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOD003/document.
Full textThe French criminal law is characterised by a willingness to prevent recidivism. To give concrete expression to this will, security measures are implemented among which the secure detention. However, the secure detention is not an ordinary measure and gives rises to many debates which, in fact, take up old and recurrent controversies. This measure is based on the assumption that sexual and/or violent criminals show a disease which may suggest a risk of a second offence. As a result, by considering them as sick persons, the legislator asserts that they can be treated. Accordingly, medical care is advised as the only solution to prevent a second offence. However, this disease itself often induces the patient to refuse cares even if it is required for this disease. Under these circumstances, care is constrained by law but not imposed by threat. Yet, if the attempt fails, a measure which deprives of liberties will be effective, such as the secure detention, what threatens individual freedoms. The secure detention process raises many criminological, psychological, constitutional and conventional problems than the French law can’t ignore. It’s necessary to take them into account to prevent the secure detention turning into a phase-out measure to the detriment of its mains objective, which reflects the cause itself of the criminal French law, i. e. to prevent the second offence while helping criminals in the long run to become reintegrated in society
Briquet, Laurent. "Explorations psychométriques et psychoprojectives chez les auteurs d'infractions à caractère sexuel en psychologie légale : contribution sémiologique à l'identification de nouvelles composantes intrapsychiques et de nouvelles prises en charge psychothérapiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC006.
Full textThe management of sexual offenders disrupts care professionals within the limits of their therapeutic skills and consequently raises the recurring question of the chances of reintegration in society.The lack of understanding of the intrapsychic functioning of these patients, the lack of training of professionals in normal and pathological sexuality, the reinforcing effect on partial drives produced by the internet, or the specificity of the court-ordered therapy’s framework are all elements which definitely puts us out of the usual mental health care field.By attempting to take into account all these specificities and by exploring in a standardized way the psychosocial, psychometric and psycho-projective dimensions of these sex offenders, this research attempts to highlight on the one hand the intrapsychic variables that would improve scales of sexual dangerosity and secondly the psychotherapeutic characteristics likely to respond to the specific psychological dysfunctions of this population
Carpentier, Julie. "Adolescents auteurs d'abus sexuels : carrière criminelle et facteurs associés." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6532.
Full textBélair, Sophie. "La prédiction de la récidive sexuelle, violente et criminelle chez les agresseurs de femmes adultes et d'enfants." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6331.
Full textGabory, Ségolène. "L'effet de l'incarcération sur la trajectoire criminelle." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21245.
Full textRuest, Caroline. "Les prédicteurs dynamiques (pré-traitement et en cours de traitement) en lien avec la récidive criminelle chez les agresseurs sexuels adultes." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5964.
Full textRepeat sexual offence is a subject of interest for several researchers and workers who intervene with sexual offenders. In order to prevent having second or habitual offenders, it is important to better understand the causes underlying this issue. This will help for the elaboration of more specific and efficient treatment programs. In recent years, research on predictors of sexual recidivism essentially focused on static predictors, but also, and more and more, on dynamic predictors. However, looking at those studies, it is realized that the characteristics of the offender’s participation in his treatment program have not been the subject of much study. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to analyse the dynamic indicators of repeat offence, therapeutic alliance, motivation during treatment and the social support related to repeat sexual offence. For the study, we took a sample of 299 subjects, adult male sexual offenders. Data for the statistical analyses were gathered before and during treatment. Three types of repeat offence are considered: 1) sexual, 2) violent, 3) general. Independent variables are of two kinds: 1) pre-treatment variables, 2) in-treatment variables. Psychometric tools are used here for the independent variables. Two control variables are used: 1) complete or incomplete treatment, 2) type of treatment (cognitive-behavioural versus mixed). Preliminary analyses (T-test for independent groups) were effectuated in order to select the variables to be used in the final analyses. Due to the low rate in regard to repeat sexual offence (5,4%), only violent (18,7%) and general (16%) repeat offences are considered in the final analyses. The study shows that the results for violent and general repeat offences tend to agree with what has been reported in prior studies on the subject. Effectively, the present study informs as to the pertinence of elaborating treatment programs in terms of protection factors so as to reduce the risk of a repeat offence. The fact of holding paedophile beliefs or, still, of not presenting traits of compulsive personality are factors that contribute to increase the risks relatively to a repeat general offence.
Brouillette-Alarie, Sébastien. "L’évaluation du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels : vers une approche centrée sur les construits psychologiques." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18446.
Full textLes outils actuariels servant à évaluer le risque de récidive criminelle des agresseurs sexuels ont souvent été critiqués pour leurs fondements « athéoriques ». En effet, ces derniers ont été constitués en rassemblant les caractéristiques les plus fortement associées à la récidive, sans qu’une théorie ne les unisse à priori. Si cette méthode a assuré une bonne validité prédictive à ces instruments, elle leur a insufflé très peu de résonnance clinique; plusieurs professionnels n’y voient qu’une liste de corrélats statistiques vides de sens. La présente thèse a entrepris de relativiser ces critiques en appliquant des modèles de facteurs latents aux différents items des outils actuariels. Les modèles de facteurs latents postulent que les comportements manifestes (observables) d’un individu renseignent sur ses caractéristiques psychologiques latentes (non observables) – de la même manière que les symptômes d’une maladie permettent d’inférer sa présence chez un patient. Puisque les items des outils actuariels correspondent à divers comportements ou caractéristiques criminogènes manifestes, il devrait être possible de les rassembler en dimensions pour identifier les principaux construits psychologiques latents associés à la récidive des agresseurs sexuels. Les articles de la présente thèse ont donc proposé d’identifier les dimensions de la Statique-99R et de la Statique-2002R, la famille d’outils actuariels pour agresseurs sexuels la plus utilisée mondialement. Trois dimensions ont été extraites par analyse factorielle : 1) la persistance dans les délits sexuels/paraphilies sexuelles, 2) la délinquance générale et 3) le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières. La première dimension était exclusivement associée à la récidive sexuelle, tandis que les deux dernières étaient associées à tous les types de récidives. Leur validité convergente a ensuite été explorée afin d’évaluer à quelles caractéristiques psychologiques ces dernières référaient. La persistance/paraphilie a convergé avec des indicateurs d’intérêts sexuels déviants non coercitifs, alors que la délinquance générale a convergé avec une constellation de traits antisociaux. Finalement, le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières a convergé avec l’intention claire de blesser ses victimes. Ces résultats ont mené au développement d’un modèle tridimensionnel du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels ayant plusieurs implications pratiques pour le domaine. D’une part, les outils actuariels gagneraient à utiliser des scores dimensionnels plutôt que des scores totaux. Par exemple, en retirant la dimension de persistance/paraphilie de la Statique-99R/2002R, il est possible de prédire efficacement la récidive violente non sexuelle et non sexuelle non violente des agresseurs sexuels, ce que l’instrument ne permettait pas précédemment. D’autre part, la connaissance des grandes dimensions de facteurs de risque est susceptible d’aider les évaluateurs à choisir et intégrer plusieurs mesures actuarielles. Cela se révèle particulièrement pertinent lorsque deux mesures du risque divergent, malgré qu’elles aient été conçues pour la même population. Finalement, nos résultats indiquent que les facteurs de risque statiques sont susceptibles de renseigner (imparfaitement) la pratique clinique quant aux besoins criminogènes des agresseurs sexuels. Bien que nous ne suggérions aucunement de substituer cette pratique à la cotation d’outils actuariels de troisième génération, elle pourrait se révéler pertinente pour les établissements n’ayant pas les ressources nécessaires pour coter de tels instruments. Au plan théorique, le modèle tridimensionnel comporte plusieurs avantages par rapport aux modèles à deux dimensions, traditionnellement constitués de la déviance sexuelle et de la délinquance générale/psychopathie (ex. : Doren, 2004). D’une part, les données empiriques supportent clairement la présence de trois dimensions du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels, et non deux. D’autre part, la troisième dimension permet d’intégrer une nuance importante au modèle, soit la distinction entre les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur objet de désir (ex. : pédophilie) et les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur aspect coercitif (ex. : sadisme sexuel). Cette distinction est primordiale, dans la mesure où ces intérêts sexuels ne prédisent pas les mêmes types de récidives. Finalement, notre modèle s’intègre au modèle étiologique du risque de Beech et Ward (2004), qui, lorsque complètement validé, pourra donner lieu à des efforts de prévention – une denrée rare dans le domaine.
Actuarial scales for the prediction of sexual violence have been criticised because they are purely based on atheoretical correlates. Therefore, they are unlikely to provide clinical and theoretical insight on the psychological traits and mechanisms that underlie criminal recidivism. However, according to latent variable models commonly used in psychology, patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion are caused by latent psychological constructs, such as extraversion and neuroticism. Because static and stable risk factors in actuarial scales are mostly behavioral, it should be possible to use them to infer the major psychological constructs responsible for recidivism risk. The current thesis applied latent variable models to nonredundant items from the Static-99R and Static-2002R, the two most commonly used risk tools for sexual offenders. Three dimensions were identified: 1) persistence in sexual crimes/paraphilia, 2) general criminality, and 3) youthful stranger aggression. To understand the psychological meaning of these dimensions, convergent and predictive validity analyses were conducted. Results indicated that persistence/paraphilia was related to dysregulation of sexuality towards atypical objects, without intent to harm, while general criminality was related to antisocial traits. Finally, youthful stranger aggression was related to a clear intent to harm victims. All three constructs predicted sexual recidivism with similar accuracy, but only general criminality and youthful stranger aggression predicted nonsexual recidivism. These results suggest that a tridimensional model of sexual offender risk is viable. That model has numerous practical implications. First, actuarial scales should sort items by constructs rather than rely on total scores. Total scores focus the predictive utility of risk scales to the specific outcome for which they were developed (usually sexual recidivism). When constructs are known, it is possible to improve the prediction of other outcomes by removing constructs unrelated to each of these new outcomes (e.g., removing sexual criminality items to improve the prediction of nonsexual recidivism). Second, construct-level approaches facilitate the integration of potentially conflicting risk scales. By understanding the constructs assessed by each scale, an evaluator can deduce which measures should be combined, and which should not. Finally, static risk constructs significantly correlate with psychological features that are found in dynamic risk scales. Consequently, scales composed entirely of static risk factors could – albeit imperfectly – inform the treatment needs of sexual offenders. These results could assist settings lacking the resources to implement dynamic risk tools. The tridimensional model also has theoretical implications. First, our model showed better statistical fit than classical two factor models based on sexual deviance and psychopathy (e.g., Doren, 2004), suggesting that there are more than two substantive dimensions related to sexual offender recidivism risk. Second, the presence of a third factor enabled an important distinction between noncoercive (e.g., fixated pedophilia) and coercive (e.g., sexual sadism) deviant sexual interests. Such a distinction is particularly relevant in the field of risk assessment, because they do not predict the same types of recidivism. Finally, our model can be integrated in Beech and Ward’s (2004) etiological model of risk, which, once fully validated, could enable primary and secondary prevention efforts.
Luigi, Mimosa. "L’isolement cellulaire des détenus associé au risque de récidive violente et non violente : une revue systématique et méta-analyse." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24500.
Full textRecidivism amongst releasees bears heavy consequences for society in terms of financial costs and public health strain. Placing inmates in solitary confinement (SC) was adopted as a solution for disordered behaviors in prison, without indication as to its impacts on recidivism. Approximately 7% of North American inmates are housed in SC, many of whom will suffer psychological deterioration. Moreover, studies dispute that SC can reduce institutional misconduct, casting doubt on its potential for inspiring behavioral change. To clarify the effects of SC on recidivism would inform recent debates around its cost effectiveness and the evaluation of associated victimization risks. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to clarify the impact of SC on recidivism. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out to quantify the association between SC and rearrest, reincarceration, and violent reoffense. Additional sub-analyses allowed to characterize recidivism risk following different forms of SC, lengthier periods of exposure, and shorter transition time between release from SC and to the community. Our article showed a moderate association between SC and increased recidivism, which remained robust to confounders. SC was associated with an increase in all forms of recidivism. Finally, longer and more recent exposure to SC upon release both further increased recidivism risk. This memoir thus provides further evidence that SC does not present significant benefits that could outweigh its associated mental health and financial costs. Finally, multiple initiatives are discussed in the context that they could facilitate community reentry for inmates exposed to SC.
Paquin-Lafleur, Stéphanie. "Des délits et des hommes : portrait des auteurs d’actions indécentes du Québec et caractéristiques associées à la récidive et à la commission de crimes sexuels avec contacts." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25756.
Full textThe crime of indecent act has long been defined by the scientific community and administered by justice more as a nuisance than a sexual crime. This can be explained by the fact that this type of crime does not involve physical sexual contact with the victim and that the negative consequences associated with the assault on the victim are often minimized. Thus, this study is part of an internship at the Crimes Against the Person Division of the Sûreté du Québec. The concrete application of this research is to support the process of targeting potential recidivists for indecent acts in investigation files. The goal is therefore to describe a retrospective portrait of the criminal careers of the 3,572 alleged or proven perpetrators of indecent acts reported in Quebec between 2011 and 2018. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses and a ROC analysis were performed on the study population. The results of the study suggest that nearly 22% of the offenders are repeat offenders in indecent acts and that 18% of the study population have committed a sexual crime with contact with a victim. Both groups were also found to be overwhelmingly male, younger in terms of age, more prolific, and more diverse in terms of the variety of crime categories than those who had never re-offended or committed a contact sexual crime. Finally, the best predictors were found to be the gender of the offenders, the presence of a history of sexual crimes, violent crimes, and crimes in the "Other Criminal Offences" category that may be associated with breaches of orders or failures to comply with court undertakings. However, these individuals remain marginal since the vast majority of the indecent act offender population has not committed a recidivism or a sexual crime involving contact with a victim.
Charette, Yanick. "L’illusion des signaux pénaux : l’effet tendancieux de l’impunité différentielle." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12325.
Full textEn utilisant une approche économique du crime, cette thèse s’intéresse à la capacité des délinquants à minimiser leurs risques d’arrestation ou de condamnation et à l’impact de cette adaptation différentielle sur la manière dont on devrait interpréter le profil du délinquant qu’offrent les statistiques policières ou correctionnelles. Les études qui ont utilisé cette approche ont surtout insisté sur les coûts pénaux, mais omettent de prendre en considération les bénéfices que procurent les crimes aux délinquants et leur vulnérabilité différentielle aux risques, pourtant essentiels à la validation de cette approche. En considérant les expériences pénales comme un signal d’information entre les délinquants et les acteurs du système de justice criminelle, ceux-ci devront interpréter ce signal avec du bruit : l’évitement pénal. Cette distorsion du signal induit chez les policiers, les juges ou les agents correctionnels l’image trompeuse du délinquant inefficace. Notre première analyse, basée sur une méthode d’estimation des populations, évalue l’intensité de cette distorsion à travers les différentes étapes du système pénal (arrestation, condamnation, incarcération). Ce bruit ne se distribue pas de façon aléatoire, mais est influencé par les caractéristiques des délinquants. Les délinquants les moins vulnérables à la détection se révèlent plus expérimentés dans la réalisation de leurs délits : plus âgés, plus mobiles, plus spécialisés. Notre deuxième analyse s’est intéressée à l’effet de l’évitement pénal sur notre interprétation de la récidive. Les données de délinquance autorévélée d’un échantillon de détenus, mises en parallèle avec les données pénales, ont permis d’estimer la capacité individuelle d’évitement pénal. Lorsqu’on prend en considération cette disposition, les antécédents pénaux deviennent un indicateur des échecs auxquels les délinquants font face durant leur trajectoire délinquante plutôt que de la poursuite même de cette trajectoire, créant l’illusion de l’efficacité de sa prédiction par les antécédents pénaux. L’intensité des coûts pénaux antérieurs réduit la probabilité de la poursuite de la carrière. Les bénéfices soutirés des activités criminelles augmentent cette probabilité, alors que les opportunités d’emplois conventionnels la réduisent. Notre troisième analyse reprend une stratégie d’estimation des populations qui combine une variante adaptée aux déplacements urbains des délinquants et procure une perspective plus macrosociologique à nos observations des chapitres précédents parce qu’elle étudie l’évolution des populations délinquantes de différents groupes ethniques en fonction de la surveillance policière à laquelle ils font face. Nos résultats indiquent que, pour les délits dont le signalement est principalement proactif, un surplus de surveillance d’un groupe induit une baisse de surveillance auprès des autres groupes. Il en résulte que l’effet préventif obtenu dans le premier cas est annulé par un effet incitatif dans le second cas, celui-ci étant suffisant pour observer une augmentation générale de la population délinquante. Cet effet Harcourt vient corriger l’illusion de l’efficacité du profilage criminel ou des interventions policières ciblées. En conclusion, on constate qu’en se basant seulement sur des données pénales, on entretient l’illusion de l’efficacité pénale. Le bruit causé par l’évitement pénal ou l’impunité différentielle des délinquants a des répercussions importantes sur notre compréhension du comportement adaptatif des délinquants.
Using an economic approach to crime, this thesis focuses on offenders’ ability to minimize their risks of arrest or conviction and on the effect of this differential adaptation on the way we should interpret offenders’ profile based on police and correctional statistics. Studies using the approach mostly insisted on penal costs, but overlooked the benefits that offenders gain from crime and their differential vulnerability to risks, essential to its interpretation. Considering penal experiences as an information signal between offenders and criminal justice system officials, both parties would need to interpret this signal with a serious amount of noise: penal avoidance. This signal distortion induced to police officers, judge or correctional officers a misleading depiction of inefficient offenders. Our first analysis, based on a population estimates method, assess the intensity of this distortion through the different steps of the penal system (arrest, conviction, incarceration). This noise is not randomly distributed, but influenced by offenders’ characteristics. Offenders who are less prone to detection are be more experienced in the achievement of their offences: older, more geographically mobile, more specialized. Our second analysis looked at the effect of penal avoidance on our interpretation of recidivism. Self-reported offending data from an inmate sample, in conjunction with penal data, allowed us to assess individual penal avoidance ability. When taking into consideration penal avoidance, past penal experiences appear to be an indicator of failure faced by offenders during their criminal career rather than its true continuation, creating the illusion of the efficient prediction of recidivism using past penal experiences. The intensity of past penal costs reduces the probability of the continuation of the criminal career. The benefits of crime increase this probability while legitimate opportunities reduce it. Our third analysis, also using a population estimates methods combined to a variation adapted for offenders’ urban mobility, gives a macro perspective to our past observations and allowed us to examine the evolution of offenders populations from different ethnic groups in function of the intensity of police surveillance they each are subject to. Our results suggest that, for offenses with more proactive reporting, an increased surveillance of one group results in the decreased surveillance of other groups. The preventive effect on the first group is then cancelled by an incentive effect on the second. This effect alone suffices to increase the total criminal population. This Harcourt effect corrects the illusion of criminal profiling or targeted strategies efficiency. In conclusion, we observe that relying solely on penal data to assess offenders behaviours maintain an illusion of penal efficiency. The noise caused by offenders’ penal avoidance or differential impunity influences our understanding of offenders’ adaptive behaviors.
Salem, Leila. "Housing trajectories of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13747.
Full textIn Canada, Provincial and Territorial Review Boards are mandated to evaluate the risk and custody decisions about individuals found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) and render one of three dispositions: (a) custody, (b) conditional discharge, or (c) absolute discharge. To promote community reintegration, conditional discharge can be ordered with the condition to live in supportive housing. Among individuals living with a mental illness, supportive housing in the community has been associated with increased housing stability, reduced number and length of hospitalization and reduced involvement with the criminal justice system. However, NCRMD accused face great barriers to housing access as a result of the stigma associated with the forensic label. To date, there is little information regarding the housing placement for the forensic mentally ill individuals, such as those found NCRMD. In order to address the dearth of literature on supportive housing for the forensic population, the goal of the present thesis is threefold and addressed through two manuscripts: 1) to evaluate of the role of housing placement on rehospitalization and recidivism among individuals found NCRMD; 2) to describe the disposition and housing placement trajectories of individuals found NCRMD, and 3) to explore the factors that predict such trajectories. Data from the Québec sample of the National Trajectory Project of individuals found NCRMD were used. A total of 934 individuals found NCRMD between May 1st 2000 and April 30th 2005 comprise this sample. In the first paper, survival analyses showed that individuals placed in independent housing following conditional discharge from the Review Board were more likely to be convicted of a new offense and to be readmitted for psychiatric treatment compared with individuals residing in supportive housing. In the second paper, sequential data analysis resulted in four distinct trajectories: 1) conditional discharge in supportive housing (11%), 2) conditional discharge in independent housing (32%), 3) detention in hospital (43%) and 4) absolute discharge (14%). A multinomial logistic regression revealed that the likelihood of a placement in supportive housing compared to being detained significantly decreased for individuals treated in a forensic hospital, as well as those with an increased index offense severity. On the other hand, less restrictive disposition trajectories (i.e. independent housing and absolute discharge) were significantly influenced by clinical factors such as reduced number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, a diagnosis of mood disorder and an absence of a comorbid personality disorder diagnosis. The findings from this study point to the protective value that supportive housing can have on the community outcomes of forensic patients, and provides solid arguments for the development of a management strategy that incorporates contextual factors such as supportive housing.