Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Récif corallien'
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Claerhout, A. G. "Répartition spatiale et diversité des Scléractiniaires sur un récif corallien de Papousie Nouvelle Guinée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213272.
Full textViviani, Jérémie. "Dynamique de l'évolution de la denture en rapport avec l'habitat, le comportement et le régime alimentaire chez les poissons perroquets (Scarinae, Labriformes)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN080.
Full textParrotfishes, divided into the tribes Scarini and Sparisomatini , are labrid fishes that arouse from carnivorous ancestors. One of the main factors that explain this radiation is the exploitation of microorganisms as a food source. While most Sparisomatini browse macroalgae to get epiphytic microorganisms, grazing parrotfishes (all Scarini and some Sparisoma) scrap or excavate hard substrate to obtain epilithic and endolithic microorganisms. Changes in feeding behaviour are associated with dentition specialization with notably dental plates in grazing but also some browsing parrotfishes. Gene-based phylogenies contradicted the previous evolutionary scenario about parrotfish dentition evolution, which states the progressive emergence of dental plates from non-coalesced dentitions. This thesis manuscript aims to re-examine the evolution of parrotfish dentitions in the light of the new phylogenies by using X-ray 3D microtomography, and to link this evolution with diet and ecology
Léocadie, Aurore. "Efficacité des projets d'ingénierie écologique en milieu corallien : Perceptions, représentations sociales et besoins identifiés des acteurs du territoire- Cas de La Réunion et de Mayotte." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LARE0034.
Full textIn the 1970s, the scientific community began to highlight the collapse of biodiversity, across all living groups, on a global scale. Research carried out since then has revealed an increasingly worrying situation. As a result, the need for biodiversity governance has emerged on the international stage. The objectives of the major international organisations and conventions (IPBES, IUCN, CBD, COP, etc.) have focused on the importance of preserving and conserving ecosystems in the face of the ecological emergency. Over the last ten years, coral reefs have suffered a progressive loss of their global coverage, with significant historical losses and a rapid decline. Their functional equilibrium has been reached, making it increasingly difficult for them to remain resilient. The development of sustainable, cost-effective and innovative solutions is at the centre of discussions aimed at achieving the sustainability of this ecosystem. Sustainability is linked to the interdependence between the ecosystem and the accompanying socio-system. For this reason, one of the key measures of the COP15-Biodiversity Summit in December 2022 focuses on the restoration of degraded natural environments.One of its objectives is to successfully restore habitats and ecosystem functionalities through human actions that combine scientific knowledge, local knowledge and technical expertise. However, the restoration of coral reefs does not always live up to these objectives.Focusing on so-called active ecological repair techniques, we are interested in the question of this effectiveness. We formulate the following hypotheses: (1) Assessment of the effectiveness of ecological repair takes little account of the social dimension, (2) The social effectiveness of ecological repair projects depends first and foremost on their social acceptance, which is the result of the perceptions and representations that stakeholders have of the ecosystem to be repaired, the uses they make of this ecosystem and the repair project, (3) this social effectiveness can be summarised in a few indicators that can be included in a dashboard of ecological repair management indicators, (4) this dashboard has a dual function: on the one hand, to estimate the capacity of the players, the physico-chemical environment, and the materials and know-how used to generate an effective ecological repair project, and on the other hand, to monitor the sustainability of this effectiveness.Our problematic of resarch is: how can the effectiveness of this ecological repair be improved by taking better account of its social dimensions? We take a multidisciplinary approach to this question, understanding coral reefs as a socio-ecosystem and addressing the socio-ecological dimension of this ecosystem. We mobilise several postulates around reef ecological engineering, social acceptance and governance.We analysed the effectiveness of 62 reef ecological engineering projects from 13 different territories in the Indian Ocean basin. The aim of this analysis was to deduce the various components of this effectiveness. At the same time, we identified project effectiveness criteria and highlighted the lack of consideration given to the social dimension of ecological engineering projects. This dimension was studied through the perceptions and representations of 247 stakeholders on the islands of Réunion and Mayotte. Finally, ecological and sociological indicators of reef ecological engineering were developed and applied
Massé, Lola. "Comparaison de la reproduction sexuée et du recrutement des coraux scléractiniaires entre un récif tropical (La Réunion) et subtropical (Afrique du Sud) du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0025/document.
Full textCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. certaine limite.AbstractCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. daedalea produced respectively 43 and 100% more oocytes per polyp than their Reunion counterparts. The recruitment rate was also higher on the subtropical reefs of South Africa (548 recruits m2 year-1) compared to Reunion (305 recruits m2 year-1). Recruitment was dominated by Pocilloporidae at the two localities, followed by Acroporidae in South Africa and Poritidae in Reunion. In South Africa, an increase in sea temperature of 2°C strongly affected the larval development of the sensitive A. austera, while the more robust P. daedalea sustained temperatures up to 4°C (i.e. 30°C) above ambient. In Reunion, diminished fecundity and recruitment rate seemed to be an indicator of reef perturbation. In contrast in South Africa, the high reproductive effort and larval supply in corals associated with the low levels of disturbance on the reefs may favour coral adaptation, to some extent, under global change
Ampou, Eghbert Elvan. "Caractérisation de la résilience des communautés benthiques récifales par analyse d'images à très haute résolution multi-sources : le cas du parc national de Bunaken, Indonésie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30305/document.
Full textThe INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project, in collaboration with the Indonesian Government (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - MMAF) and the French company CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites), promotes the use of space technologies for monitoring coastlines and Indonesian seas. This thesis is part of coral reef monitoring component, led by the IRD (Institute de Recherche pour le Développement). The main objective was to determine wether coral reef habitats on Bunaken Island in Northern Sulawesi are resilient, using (i) newly desgined habitat maps, (ii) in situ data, and a unique 15-year time series of satellite images of different very high resolution (VHR) sensors, and (iii) ancillary data that could explain the changes detected. The results include highly detailed maps of the Bunaken reefs habitat (194 polygons mapped and a census of 175 habitats). The influence of sea level fall on coral mortality during the El-Nino event of 2015 - 2016 is presented in detail, and the importance of this process is also discussed from the interpretation of a unique time series of 15 years of VHR images. The temporal series reveals very different trajectories of the coral habitats. We conclude that Bunaken reefs demonstrate an ability to resileince and without phase shift, but that a definitive diagnosis of their resilience remains difficult to determine by imagery. Habitat trajectories can not be fully interpreted without changing some monitoring paradigms and without using a combination of remote sensing and in situ data
Crochelet, Estelle. "Modélisation de la connectivité larvaire et implications en terme de gestion de l'environnement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0003/document.
Full textIntegrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed
Jeanson, Matthieu. "Morphodynamique du littoral de Mayotte - Des processus au réseau de surveillance." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449987.
Full textPoupin, Joseph. "Systématique et Ecologie des Crustacés Décapodes et Stomatopodes de Polynésie Française." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Perpignan, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085049.
Full textFréjaville, Yann. "Colonisation ichtyologique des récifs coralliens dans les Antilles Françaises." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0185.
Full textThe aim of the present work was to study a crucial stage in the Iife of coral reef fishes: settlement on the reefs after a pelagic larval development stage. Monthly samplings of post-Iarval fishes settling on a coral reef fiat of Guadeloupe Island were carried out with a crest net over 15 months. Moreover, samplings of pelagic patches of micronekton were realized with a mesopelagic trawl at several distances from the coasts of Martinique Island. So, 3867 settlers belonging to 50 families were sampied on the reef flat. Thus, there is an annual colonization of 65 individuals. M-2. The colonization on the studied reef is close to the "competition" model, based on the hypothesis that the fishes would settle in excess relatively to habitat and resources provided by the reef. The most abundant families of settlers are the Gobiidae (50 % of total number, 43 % of relative occurrences), then the Clinidae, the Scaridae and the Clupeidae. The main environmental factor governing the colonization is the nycthemeral cycle and the favoured hour for settlement appeared to be between 3:00 am and 5:00 am. The other important factor favourable to settlement is a strong hydrodynamism. A total of 678 post-Iarvaeı belonging to 54 families were collected during the pelagie samplings (30 tows). This study has verified a phenomenon of nycthemeral vertical migration, furthermore, densities of pelagic post-Iarvae were significantly higher in the leeward coast of Martinique. It thus appeared that colonization is an active and controlled behaviour of the competent post-Iarvae
Fauvel, Thomas. "Dynamique de métapopulation chez deux prédateurs supérieurs des récifs coralliens." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066578.
Full textIn heterogeneous environments, local and global dynamics of fragmented populations are strongly influenced by dispersal between patches. This thesis focused on the case of two top predators of coral reefs, sea kraits Laticauda saintgironsi and L. Laticaudata. These amphibious marine snakes live as distinct philopatric populations on small islets, and forage on the surrounding bottoms for anguilliform fish (moray and conger eels). Our results highlighted the strong connectivity between populations through the ontogenetic partitioning and natal dispersal between nurseries and adult colonies. We also shown that the biomass and structure of their anguilliform prey vary across sites with environmental factors, and ultimately affect the body condition, growth and survival in sea kraits; promoting a source-sink dynamic. Different eco-physiological constrains impeded ideal free distribution in both species; and they responded differently to the spatial heterogeneity of their environment. One displayed higher nomadism to select patches with high resource quality. The other was constrained in its distribution by the availability of suitable terrestrial micro-habitats, but displayed higher phenotypic plasticity in growth and size to cope with the spatial variability of the resource. Finally, this metapopulation dynamic in those top predators of the coral reefs may have strong influence on the small scale variations in the structures of anguilliform fish community through strong but asymmetric predation pressure
Jaubert, Jean. "Etudes de quelques interactions entre espèces et facteurs de l'environnement (lumière, température et oxygène dissous) mesures in situ en milieu récifal : conception et réalisation d'instruments de mesure et protocoles expérimentaux." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4110.
Full textKopp, Dorothée. "Les poissons herbivores dans l'écosystème récifal des Antilles." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0168.
Full textThe degradation of coral reefs is currently under investigation in many ecology studies. The present work provides information about the role herbivorus fishes for the reef community and allows to estimate the importance of these fises for the resilience of the benthic coral communities. The herbivorous fish assemblage was studied by scuba diving with quantitative visual censuses in several reef flats and slopes of Guadeloupe. The collected data were processed using several community descriptors, ordination and cluster analyses and autocorrelograms. The study of the temporal variations showed that the herbivorous fish assemblage is submitted to fluctuations during the year but does not follow a seasonal pattern and that some ecological descriptors influence the community such as the swell. The wind and the tide. The study of spatial distribution showed a separation of herbivorous fish assemblages according to depth, with a shallow water fish assemblage distinct from that living on the reef slope. The ecological descriptors responsible for the spatial distribution of herbivorous fishes are the type of algal assemblages, coral cover, depth and the status of reef protection. The fish algal consumption evaluated on the reef revealed that herbivores are not able to regulate. The algal growth when they are overfished. The attraction for different algal facies(turf,rubble,Brown algae,calcified chlorophyta) estimated bymeasuring fish bites,showed that fishes avoid grazing on bottoms dominated by brown algae
Chancerelle, Yannick. "Caractérisation des paysages récifaux sous-marins de l'île de Moorea (Polynésie française)." Pacifique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PACI0019.
Full textGuillaume, Mireille. "La croissance du squelette de Porites lutea, scléractiniaire hermatypique, sur le récif frangeant de la Saline, île de la Réunion, océan Indien." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22010.
Full textJardin, Catherine. "Biologie de la reproduction de quelques coraux scleractiniaires en polynesie francaise : application a la restauration d'un site lagonaire degrade." Pacifique, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PACI0008.
Full textLeray, Matthieu. "Le rôle des interactions biotiques sur la structure des communautés de décapodes associés aux coraux." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066101.
Full textUnderstanding the role of species interactions for the stability of diverse communities has become essential to predict the consequences of human activities on biodiversity. In particular, interaction webs that comprise ecological important species such as foundation species, may have a disproportional impact on ecosystem function. For example, coral reef communities form complex multidimensional interaction where predators and prey, some of which have a mutualistic interaction with their host, engage in trophic interactions that have potential implications on coral performance and demography. I investigate processes regulating the structure of decapod communities living among the branches of Pocillopora corals in Moorea, French Polynesia. I first use a field survey to elucidate the role of habitat and biotic specialization at structuring communities of Pocillopora dwelling decapods in response to an outbreak of a corallivorous seastar in French Polynesia. I then develop methodological tools to target the barcoding gene, mitochondrial Cytochrome c. Oxidase subunit I (COI), for gut content analysis to unveil predator-prey interactions. I determine the breadth of prey consumed by three fish also associated with Pocillopora to show that they derive only a small fraction of their diet from coral mutualists. Finally I use an experimental approach to test for the independent and combined effects of N. Armatus and C. Maculatus on the structure of decapod communities. I show that predator density and identity induced substantial shifts in decapod composition. Results suggest that interference between predators may cause prey risk reduction for coral-dwelling decapod communities. Overall, these results highlight that mechanisms limiting predator effects on mutualists (such as adaptive morphological and behavioural traits) have important implications for coral fitness and in turn for the the biodiversity they support
Letourneur, Yves. "Dynamique des peuplements ichtyologiques des platiers récifaux de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22050.
Full textPari, Nathalie. "Les éponges perforantes dans les milieux récifaux actuels et anciens : significations écologiques et paléoécologiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11023.
Full textAdjas, Arab. "Sédimentologie comparée de quelques modèles lagonaires actuels des milieux récifaux coralliens du Pacifique (Nouvelle Calédonie, Polynésie)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11162.
Full textAugustin, David. "Variabilité à long terme des peuplements du récif de Tiahura, Moorea, Polynésie française : 1971-1997." Paris, EPHE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPHE3052.
Full textDelrieu-Trottin, Erwan. "Origine et dynamique de l'endémisme chez les poissons de récifs coralliens en Polynésie française." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066069.
Full textDue to the rapid loss of the world’s biodiversity, the protection of endemic species has become a major challenge in conservation strategies. Where centres of endemism have been well described, their evolutionary histories remain poorly known. French Polynesia, located at the periphery of the Indo-Pacific province, is the only biogeographic region that includes 3 important hotspot of endemism with the Australs, the Gambier and the Marquesan archipelagos. In this region we examined the evolutive origin of endemism using coral reef fishes as our organism model. We studied the distribution of the 67 endemics of French Polynesia and their sister species. Of the 67 closely related endemic species studied we were able to estimate the date of speciation in 25, and reveal the existence of neoendemism and paleoendemism. An examination of the genetic diversity of 27 species from Marquesas, Gambier, and Hawaii revealed that there was no difference in genetic diversity between endemic and widespread species, hence genetic diversity is not a factor explaining why species are endemic today. A characterization of the demographic history of two marine fauna (Marquesas and Gambier) involving 15 endemic and 12 widespread species showed that on a short timescale, demographic patterns are similar for the majority of species with recent expansions highlighted by mitochondrial genes. In contrast, nuclear markers suggests that more ancient expansions are observed in 3 out of the 5 families studied. These results indicate that endemic species can be more often subject to population size reductions than widespread species and appear then more vulnerable to environmental disturbances
Delanghe, Doriane. "Etude de la dernière déglaciation et de l'impact de la remontée du niveau marin sur la construction d'un récif coralien. Exemple du récif de Tahiti." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30031.
Full textThe seawater [delta]234U has been re-estimated at 149. 6 ± 1 (1SD). The Tahiti aragonitic reef interstitial waters [delta]234U has been evaluated at 150. 2 ± 3. 6 (1SD). The average Tahiti corals [delta]234U is found at 148. 1 ± 1. 6 (1SD, n=78) close to the seawater and the reef interstitial waters values. Each of the three new deviated drills from Papeete P8, P9 and P10 display the last 14,000 years relative sea level rise. The long continuous cores are all in agreement for the MWP-1A abrupt event occurrence. We used two models (2 and 3D) which simulations suggest that this event could not have been entirely retrieved in a continuous drill. At the time of the MWP-1B, the sea level rise rhythm did not exceeded the Tahiti reef growth rate. The sea level envelope we propose constrains the MWP-1B amplitude at around 5 meters which is significantly smaller than the 12-14 meters from Barbados. The bathymetric uncertainties of the Papeete corals at 6,000 cal-yr-BP enable an Holocene sea level highstand
Vidal-Dupiol, Jérémie. "Stress environnementaux chez le corail scléractiniaire Pocillopora damicornis : du modèle expérimental à l'identification de marqueurs fonctionnels du stress." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608572.
Full textUrbina-Barreto, Isabel. "Nouveaux indices quantitatifs pour le suivi des récifs coralliens issus de modélisation 3D par photogrammétrie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0021.
Full textHabitat structural complexity plays a key role in the dynamics and resilience of coral reef communities. The critical situation of coral reef ecosystems beseeches a rapid improvement of monitoring tools to assist in the implementation of efficient conservation measures. Today, new reef assessment technologies support researchers and managers to collect information safer, faster, and with greater accuracy. Among them, photogrammetry by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) creates three-dimensional models and reef zone maps from overlapping images to conduct quantitative surveys of benthic communities. This thesis addressed four objectives: 1) define underwater photogrammetry protocols to create 3D models of coral colonies and reefscapes, in order to conduct physical and ecological assessments, 2) develop new quantitative reef habitat descriptors, 3) determine the links between these descriptors and the key functional processes ensured by associated fish assemblages, 4) compare photogrammetric methods with a traditional monitoring method, the Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Overall, 120 coral colonies, 24 reefscapes, and two artificial structures (breakwaters) were 3D modeled in two biogeographic provinces: New Caledonia (Pacific Ocean), Europa Island, and Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Two photogrammetric protocols were defined corresponding to the study scales: the coral colony (≤ 2 m3) and the reefscapes and breakwaters (> 100 m2). Analyzing the 3D models of coral colonies provided 2D and 3D metrics to estimate their shelter volume. Predictive models were then built and fitted to estimate shelter capacity at the reefscape scale. Mapped reefscapes provided the necessary information to calculate 22 new quantitative descriptors. Among them, seven were the most complementary: surface complexity, shelter capacity, diversity of shelter - Shannon Shelter Index, the abundance of branching, massive and tabular, and total coral cover. They explained 63% and 70% of the distribution of reef fish biomass and abundance, respectively. Multifactorial analyses demonstrated the importance of these habitat descriptors in supporting five key functions of reef ecosystems that are ensured by groups of fishes (herbivory-bioerosion, secondary production, plankton assimilation, predation, and coral feeding). Comparisons between photogrammetric methods and the LIT method showed that the surface analysis on the orthomosaics is the most efficient method considering the quantity and quality of data that can be gathered and the time expenditure. The LIT method is less time-consuming and more efficient for specific taxonomic identifications, though it is the most limited method in terms of descriptors and the representativeness of the ecosystem. In addition to the four principle objectives, the 3D models and other photogrammetric outputs served as communication tools in different awareness actions.To sum up, this thesis demonstrated the relevance of underwater SfM photogrammetry applications for coral reef studies, management, and awareness actions. The collected data and their analyses also contribute to establishing a baseline for monitoring the state of reef ecosystems and their functions. In doing so, it provides new scientific information to enhance future management measures and confront the ambitious twenty-first-century conservation targets
Schoelinck, Charlotte. "Phylogénie et coévolution des Diplectanidae (Plathelminthes, Monogenea) parasites des Mérous des récifs coralliens (Perciformes, Serranidae)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066462.
Full textBonnin, Lucas. "Apports de la télémétrie acoustique pour améliorer la conservation du requin gris de récif, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG071.
Full textReef sharks, like most shark species and other marine predators, are strongly impacted by human activities and are experiencing sharp population decline worldwide. Such decline poses great risk of causing a profound disruption of coral reef ecosystems where reef sharks play a key functional role. Effective and appropriate reef shark conservation measures are therefore urgently needed. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the most widely used tools for the protection of marine ecosystems. Unfortunately, current MPAs are often ineffective for the protection of mobile species such as reef sharks. This PhD aims at studying the movements and space use of a common reef shark species in New Caledonia in order to improve the protection of this species. To achieve this goal, 147 grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, were tagged with acoustic transmitters and their movements were monitored over three years within a network of 73 acoustic receivers deployed throughout the archipelago. The grey reef shark is a good model to evaluate how information on movement and space use may improve shark conservation. Indeed, it is one of the most common reef shark species in the Indo-Pacific and drastic population declines have been documented throughout their geographical range. In New Caledonia, grey reef shark abundance has dropped by over 90% in the most anthropized regions of the archipelago. In addition, local MPAs are not able to protect this species. The presence of a strong gradient of human proximity in New Caledonia, including highly impacted reefs near the capital Nouméa and wilderness reefs in the remote parts of the archipelago, made it possible to assess the impact of human activities on various aspects of grey reef sharks’ space use. Acoustic telemetry data revealed an increase in grey shark home range in the vicinity of human settlements. However, the causal links between population decline and changes in space use are difficult to establish. This increase in shark space use at human proximity can constitute a driver of population decline, via a reduction in fitness, as well as a consequence of it. A lower population density may indeed drive individuals to expand their movements in the pursuit of mates. The shark home range dataset was then used to inform MPAs’ ability to protect the species. Results are consistent with the reported inability of local MPAs to protect this species, emphasising MPA size are too small to cover shark home ranges, especially for adult males. However, these results validate the recent efforts of the Government of New Caledonia to establish very large MPAs within its Economic Exclusive Zone. Comparison of these results with the size of MPAs in the Indo-Pacific also confirms the recent efforts undertaken at this scale. This work provides concrete information on the minimum size of an MPA necessary for the protection of the grey reef shark. The analysis of large-scale movements also made it possible to document for the first time the existence of seasonal migrations in the grey reef shark. Seven adult males were observed to undertake a round-trip migration along the west coast of the main island, up to more than 300 km from their tagging area, and over several consecutive years. The fact that only adult males have been observed to migrate and the timing of these migrations suggest that this behaviour is related to reproduction. These results have important implications for the management of this species, particularly at the local scale for the identification of preferential breeding areas
Pothin, Karine. "Analyse de la dispersion larvaire des poissons récifaux à la Réunion à travers l'étude de leurs otolithes." La Réunion, 2005. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/05_06_Pothin.pdf.
Full textThis objective of the present study, is to give informations about the oceanic larval phase of the coral reef fishes in Reunion Island. This knowledge is fundamental in grasping the potential interrelationships between islands of the same region applied to the reef fish of Reunion Island. The secrets of this little-known dispersive phase are explored through the study of fish otoliths. The particular properties of otoliths enable the various applications that have been used in the framework of this study: as discriminators of stocks via analysis of form (Fourier analysis), as chronological clocks via microchemical analysis (trace elements, isotopes). Four ichtyological and commercial species were chosen: Epinephelus merra (Serranidae), Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Mullidae), Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lethrinidae) and Lutjanus kasmira (Lutjanidae). In this study, the larval parameters of these species endows them with the capacity of establishing interconnections between Reunion Island and others islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Rodrigues, Madagascar). Nevertheless, given a normal hydrodynamic context, and in associating others factors (geographic isolation of Reunion, weak larval flux, effect of the island's in the west coast, elevated larval growth), the hypothesis of auto-recruitment is favored. These results should be taken into account in the management of the halieutic vulnerable resources of the coral reefs of Reunion Island
Cuet, Pascale. "Influence des résurgences d'eaux douces sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et métaboliques de l'écosystème récifal à la Réunion (Océan Indien)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Cuet_1989.pdf.
Full textDurville, Patrick. "Colonisation ichtyologique des platiers de La Réunion et biologie des post-larves de poissons coralliens." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545391.
Full textChazottes, Véronique. "Etude expérimentale de la bioérosion et de la sédimentogenèse en milieu récifal : effets de l'eutrophisation (Ile de la Réunion, Océan indien occidental)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11075.
Full textFrédou, Thierry. "Impact of fishing activity on coral reef ecosystems : a study case of the Northeast of Brazil." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22060.
Full textWithin the Northeastern Brazilian reef fishery, snappers were the main part of the catch, outstanding Lutjanus chrysurus, L. Synagris, L. Analis, L. Jocu and L. Vivanus. Small fish were generally found in shallow waters and the larger fish in deeper waters. L. Synagris was more abundant in shallow waters while L. Vivanus mainly occurred on the shelf break and slope. Snappers were found at fully or overexploited level and that statement was enhanced when reference points such as F0. 1 was considered. Fleet types played distinct roles on the life history of the snappers in the region. Fish composition varied accordingly to the habitat type. CPUE estimates varied from UVC indexes. However, lutjanids sampled on 'knolls' were in similar abundance. Fish assemblage is restricted to a confined area where both survey methods present a similar operating range. The management plan should then encompass actions on fishing power and implementation of areas that restrict fishing activities
Andréfouët, Serge. "Apport de la teledetection a une approche descriptive et fonctionnelle des systemes coralliens de polynesie francaise." Pacifique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PACI0020.
Full textÉlise, Simon. "Développement d’indices écoacoustiques pour caractériser et suivre l’état et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes coralliens." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0041.
Full textCoral reefs are the most complex of marine ecosystems, but also the most threatened by ecological disruption resulting directly or indirectly from human activities. Their conservation represents a huge challenge. While maintaining coral reefs as close as possible to their current configurations and dynamics is among the highest priorities, we must also prepare for rapid changes in their functioning and adapt monitoring tools and networks to this new situation. Recent technological advances enabled the emergence of innovative tools with the potential to drastically increase the spatio-temporal resolution of coral reef monitoring. Among these, Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is on the rise. The aim of this thesis was to improve and facilitate the use of PAM as a tool for the assessment and monitoring of coral reefs’ ecological states and functioning. Soundscape recordings and ecological surveys (reef fish assemblages and habitat) were performed at 31 outer reef slope sites around three Indo-Pacific islands with variable environmental characteristics, including contrasted anthropogenic pressures. Analysing the results obtained with multiple combinations of sampling settings (frequency bandwidth, time of sampling (day/night), and sample duration) allowed the selection of a sampling scheme based on the two types of indices mostly used in coral reef studies. This scheme enables a rapid and reliable categorisation of reef’s ecological states. Based on these sampling guidelines, the capacity of six ecoacoustic indices to evaluate coral reef key functions was demonstrated. By comparing the contributions of PAM and coarse environmental data that could be sampled remotely, the added value of using ecoacoustic indices to predict reef fish assemblage structure was identified and quantified. An application of ecoacoustics to the continuous monitoring of a remote site highlighted the strong potential of PAM as a supporting tool for managers in such context. In view of the amplitude and velocity of expected climatic changes, current observer-based monitoring methods are likely to be exceeded. Combined to other monitoring tools, PAM could contribute to promptly detect ecosystem disturbances, which is essential to understand their causes and put in place rapid and adapted responses
Nedelec, Sophie. "Impacts of anthropogenic noise on behaviour, development and fitness of fishes and invertebrates." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3037/document.
Full textAs the first part of my thesis, I provide a computer program which allows users to determine under what circumstances they should measure particle motion; I explain how these measurements can be made and provide a program for analysing this type of data. The main part of my thesis comprises experiments investigating the impact of repeated exposure to traffic noise, the most common anthropogenic source of noise in the marine environment, on fishes and invertebrates during development. In all three chapters involving experiments on fish in tanks and in the field, I found that a variety of behaviours were impacted by traffic noise playback. I also found that predictable noise can lead to different impacts on development compared to unpredictable noise, but that some species of fish may be able to habituate to traffic noise, while others suffer lower survival. Further, I found that the development and survival of seahares can be negatively impacted by traffic-noise playback. Fishes and invertebrates provide a vital food source to millions of people and form crucial links in many food webs; studying their behaviour, development and fitness can give us an insight into population and community level impacts of noise that are relevant to species survival and evolution. Developing some of the novel ideas and techniques discussed in this thesis will enable us to advance this vital area of research
Tessier, Emmanuel. "Dynamique des peuplements ichtyologiques associés aux récifs artificiels à l'île de la Réunion, Ouest de l'océan Indien : implication dans la gestion des pêcheries côtières." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464191/fr/.
Full textFish assemblages around artificial reefs are dense and diversified; then, their study need to set up an accurate method involving simultaneously visual census and video recording. Habitat is a key factor in structuring and evolution of fish assemblages. Most indicators differentiate artificial reef (AR) from coral reef (CR) assemblages. The comparison between three types of AR shows that habitat complexity have an impact on the evolution of fish assemblages and interfere with external factors (recruitments, hurricanes. ) The role of AR on attraction or new production of exploited species depends on species behaviour. For sedentary species, biotopes are selected during the recruitment and survival rates seem to be linked with microhabitat availability. Demersal species, more mobile, move, between AR or between AR and CR, according to their biological cycle. Pelagic species shows a greater association to AR by day than by night
Marques, Virginie. "Nécessité, potentiel et limitations de l’approche en unités taxonomiques moléculaires pour analyser la biodiversité de l’ADN environnemental des poissons." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG039.
Full textThe speed and intensity of global change requires new means of observing biodiversity that are rapid, non-destructive, standardized, widely deployable and in remote ecosystems (deep sea). Conventional inventory methods are based on morphological or acoustic identification of species, which are costly in terms of time and expertise. Beyond these signals, animals also leave traces of DNA in their environment in the form of dermal cells, mucus or feces. The metabarcoding of this environmental DNA (eDNA) consists in collecting this DNA, amplifying and sequencing it to identify the species present using a genetic reference database. However, these reference databases are incomplete, which severely limits the potential of eDNA. The aim of this thesis is to develop an alternative approach based on molecular taxonomic units (MOTUs) to analyze the biodiversity of aquatic macroorganisms, and more particularly that of bony fish. I first performed a global and spatialized synthesis of the taxonomic coverage of the genetic reference database for all bony fishes, which shows an under-representation of species in the tropical zone as well as taxonomic gaps for endangered and non-indigenous species. Only 13% of fish species are sequenced for the most common marker, which excludes any ambition for an exhaustive analysis of biodiversity using only species-level assignments in the short or medium term. Consequently, I have developed a bioinformatics pipeline to generate estimates of diversity using molecular taxonomic units (MOTUs) by fish family. It shows how this MOTU diversity represents an excellent proxy for species diversity at different spatial scales. Then an application of eDNA metabarcoding and the MOTUs approach allowed to estimate the functional diversity, based on species traits, and the phylogenetic diversity, based on the evolutionary history of the species, of tropical fishes in a more exhaustive way than traditional methods (videos, dives). Finally, in a first global analysis of coral reef diversity in eDNA, which brings together 251 samples collected from the Indian Ocean to the Caribbean, the MOTUs approach allows the reconstruction of major trends in fish biogeography but also reveals local spatial heterogeneity hitherto underestimated. While it is now crucial to set up efficient, non-specialist dependent and high temporal frequency monitoring methods to better understand the effects of global changes on biodiversity, this work demonstrates the full potential of eDNA using a MOTUs approach to build robust indicators of several facets of biodiversity at several scales, but also to test theoretical hypotheses underlying the distribution of this biodiversity
Villon, Sébastien. "Estimation automatisée sur vidéos de la biodiversité et de l’abondance des poissons coralliens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG058.
Full textCoral reefs are home of a great fish biodiversity (approximately 7000 species). This biodiversity is the source of many vital ecosystem services such as protein intakes for local populations, nutrients cycle or regulation of algae abundancy. However, increasing human pressure through over-fishing and global warming is destroying both fish popu-lations and their habitats. In this context, monitoring the coral reef fish biodiversity,abundancy and biomass with precision is one of the major issues for marine ecology. To face the increasing pressure and fast globals changes, such monitoring has to be done at a large sclae, temporally and spatially. Up to date, most of fish underwater census is achieved through diving, during which the diver identify fish species and count them. Such manual census induces many constraints (depth and duration of the dive) and biais due to the diver experience. These biais (mistaking fish species or over/under estimating fish populations) are not quantifiable nor correctable. Today, thanks to the improvement of high resolution, low-cost, underwater cameras, new protocoles are developed to use video census. However, there is not yet a way to automaticaly process these underwater videos.Therefore, the analysis of the videos remains a bottleneck between the data gathering through video census and the analysis of fish communities. During this thesis, we develop-ped automated methods for detection and identification of fish in underwater videos with Deep Learning based algorithm. We work on all aspects of the pipeline, from video acqui-sition, data annotation, to the models and post-processings conception, and models testing. Today, we have gather more than 380,000 images of 300 coral reef species. We developped an identification model who successfully identified 20 of the most common species onMayotte coral reefs with 94% rate of success, and post-processing methods allowing us to decrease the error rate down to 2%. We also developped a detection method allowing us to detect up to 84% of fish individuals in underwater videos
Fourgon, Didier. "Etude intégrée (écologique, éthologique et morphologique) d'une symbiose interophiuridéenne dans l'écosystème corallien à Madagascar." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210777.
Full textGaboriau, Théo. "Diversité globale des poissons coralliens : histoire évolutive et influence de l'environnement passé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG003/document.
Full textThe exceptional diversity of fishes that inhabit coral reefs fascinates researched from all over the world since over 200years. How can those organisms, that only occupy 1% of the surface of the oceans, form one of the richest group of extant vertebrates? The complexity of this question does not only lie in the extraordinary diversity of morphologies, colors and behaviors, but also roots in the heterogeneous repartition of that richness. Explorations of Mayotte’s lagoon, Cuban coasts or the great barrier reef will show different perspectives of coral-reef fish’ diversity. Those pervasive differences are the result of processes that shaped, during millions of years the repartition of coral-reef species, their morphology and their behavior. During those millions of years of evolution, coral-reef fishes along with species that shelter them, faced massive climatic and tectonic changes. During my PhD, I studied the influence of those factors on the repartition and the diversity of coral-reef fishes. Understanding how species and ecosystems responded to important environmental changes can provide essential insights to anticipate future changes of ecosystem composition and functioning under global changes’ pressure. As coral-reefs are under more and more threatening pressures, I particularly focused on the influence of coral habitat availability on extinction, dispersion and speciation processes of coral-reef fishes.To achieve this goal, several methods have been employed. First, a descriptive approach based on sister-species co-occurrence patterns and the comparison between a global reconstruction of coral-reef habitat dynamics from the Cretaceous (≈ -140 million years) to present and the evolution of several speciose groups of coral-reef fishes permitted to identify a link between diversification rates of several groups of coral-reef fishes and coral habitat fragmentation and to observe the concordance between major earth-history events and biodiversity dynamics of coral-reef fishes.After the identification of a link between habitat fragmentation and coral-reef fishes’ diversification, an important question remains: What are the mechanisms underlying the influence of habitat dynamics on temporal and spatial variations of reef-fish biodiversity? To answer this question a unique approach allowing modeling of species dispersal, extinction and speciation in a gridded space varying in function of habitat dynamics, has been developed and applied to several groups of coastal marine organisms (corals, mangroves, fishes). This approach provided mechanistic insights about how plate movements drove coral reef habitat dynamics and shaped biodiversity gradients of several groups of coastal marine organisms. Finally, the extension of this approach to temperate reefs (rocky reefs), provided mechanistic insights about the interplay between the influence of tectonic events and ecological processes in the formation of present-day latitudinal gradient of biodiversity of reef-fishes.This thesis paves the way towards the use of a new generation of spatialized mechanistic models of macroevolution and the consideration of the influence of past-habitat dynamics in the study of diversification processes
Boussarie, Germain. "Apports de l’analyse de l’ADN environnemental et de la génomique du paysage pour la conservation des requins de récif." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG014.
Full textSharks represent one of the most diverse groups of predators, playing important functional roles in coastal and oceanic ecosystems. They are also one of the most threatened groups because of their vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures due to their particular life history traits. Shark populations are therefore collapsing with drastic decrease in abundance in all marine ecosystems. Even relatively common species are near- threatened. Despite the deployment of important resources for shark population assessments, 41% of the 482 shark species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species lack a conservation status due to data deficiency. Improving our knowledge on such species is thus crucial for efficient protection to slow down their decline. More particularly, there is a necessity for a better characterization of presence, structure and connectivity of shark populations to define their conservation status, prioritize spatial management and optimize conservation efforts. This thesis relies on the emergence of new technologies to fill knowledge gaps on tropical coral reef sharks and to suggest conservation measures for better management. First, a method to survey shark communities has been developed during this thesis, based on the collection and sequencing of DNA present in the environment (environmental DNA metabarcoding; eDNA). Then, this method has been compared to exhaustive surveys of reef shark communities with traditional methods. This quick and non-invasive approach detected at least 21 shark species in waters of two distinct biogeographical areas (Caribbean and New Caledonia). Moreover, diversity and abundance patterns of DNA reads match with anthropogenic impact gradients and protected status of the sampled areas. The analysis of 22 eDNA samples detected more species in both remote reefs and impacted areas of the New Caledonian archipelago than 2758 scientific dives conducted during nearly 30 years and 385 baited remote underwater videos deployed over two years. Then, population structure and connectivity of a more common reef shark species, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, have been characterized using a seascape genomics approach. This thesis is based on a substantial genetic sampling in the archipelago of New Caledonia but also in several other sites in the Indo-Pacific (515 sharks in total). An isolation-by-resistance approach using circuit theory has been developed to explore what parameters are driving the genetic differentiation of C. amblyrhynchos. Here I show that deep oceanic areas act as strong barriers and proximity to habitat is a facilitator for dispersal. High-resolution modelling of genetic differentiation at the entire distribution range of the species (Indo-Pacific) led to the definition of hierarchical conservation units and a high number of isolated sites. Then, an approach taking into account the decline of abundance in impacted reefs showed an important fragmentation of shark populations and allowed the identification of remote reefs as refuges but also sources through dispersal towards impacted areas, insuring population persistence at a regional scale. This thesis demonstrates the potential of eDNA analysis for unveiling the presence of rare and elusive species such as sharks and for filling knowledge gaps in the conservation status of sharks. It also reveals the persistence of residual populations in impacted areas, that could show behavioral alterations like shifts in habitat use towards deeper waters or increased nocturnality. Finally, this thesis not only describes the population structure of a near-threatened species at high resolution and global scale, but also identifies conservation units and areas of high conservation priority that could help in the near future for the spatialization of marine management at multiple scales
Bozec, Yves-Marie. "Les poissons des récifs coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie : estimations d'abondance, relations habitat-poissons, interactions trophiques et indicateurs écologiques." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066010.
Full textMarchioretti, Manuel. "Nouvelles données écophysiologiques chez les scléractiniaires à zooxanthelles du genre stylophora(Schweigger,1819) : perspectives d'applications à la restauration des récifs coralliens." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE5271.
Full textSarramegna, Sébastien. "Contributions a l'etude des reserves marines du lagon sud-ouest de nouvelle-caledonie : influence des differents statuts sur la structure des peuplements ichtyologiques." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NCAL0003.
Full textLison, de Loma Thierry. "Transferts de matière et d'éléments nutritifs sur les récifs coralliens de l'île de la Réunion par deux herbivores, Tripneustes gratilla (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) et Stegastes nigricans (Pisces, Pomacentridae)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22055.
Full textTriboulet, Aline. "Processus de bioérosion récifale (Grande Barrière de corail, Australie) : : importance du rôle joué par la microflore perforante." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22070.
Full textTaddei, Dorothée. "Transfert de matière et d'énergie dans les sédiments d'un complexe récifal anthropisé : île de La Réunion, océan Indien." La Réunion, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472730/fr/.
Full textCoral reefs are very productive ecosystems. Soft-sediment plays generally a role in storing place, in transforming and in producing of matter, and therefore it could play a key role in coral reefs ecosystems. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of soft-bottom compartment during the transfer of matter and energy in the reef of La Saline (Reunion Island). Three main lines of research were developed: the physicochemical characterisation of studied site, the metabolism of soft bottom in view to estimate the trophic production and its status and finally, the characterisation of biological component by the study of macrobentos and megabentos (i. E. Holothurians). A limited disturbance was detected by physicochemical data although locally enrichment of freshwater by nutrients (nitrates+nitrites+silicates) were measured (reef back hollow of Planch’Alizé and Grand Trou d’Eau). At the reef scale (9 stations and 2 seasons), the soft-sediment was found heterotrophic (net production = 31. 6, respiration R = 109. 6, gross production Pg = 77. 9 mmolC m-2 d-1 et Pg/R = 0. 7). Opposite to the two holothurians studied population Holothuria atra et H. Leucospilota, macrobenthos (> 1 mm) did not constitute a major group in the food web (134 taxa, with a mean of 32. 86 individuals per 0. 2 m-2 et 0. 059 gPS 0. 2m-2) compared to Echinoderm biomass that could reach 7. 92 gPS m-2. At the station scale, spatial heterogeneity of metabolism was in agreement with the physicochemical characteristics of environment reflecting the double influence of both ocean and continent (freshwater enrichment). The most productive and heterotrophic stations were located in the reef back hollow where the oceanic influence was the lowest. Finally, macrofauna was under hydrodynamic influence although holothurians are growing in the most productive area. The soft-bottom sediment played a key role in filtrating organic matter provided from the back reef. This mechanism was deeply influenced by the high hydrodynamism (narrow reef and low water level) which modulated the loss of mater and energy of the reef. These losses were however limited by the action of holothurians (high density ind m-2), which store organic matter such as biomass and enhanced probably local production via excretion and bioturbation. To conclude, at the ecosystem scale, soft-bottom was responsible of recycling, which was reinforced by holothurians that limited the loss of matter and energy due to hydrodynamism
Moya, Aurélie. "Approches physiologique et moléculaire de la calcification et de la "light-enhanced calcification" chez le corail Scléractiniaire Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22073.pdf.
Full textScleractinian corals are the main calcifying organisms of coral reefs. Most scleractinian corals establish a symbiotic relationship with phototrophic Dinoflagellates. This symbiosis is responsible for the stimulation of coral calcification by light, a phenomenon called “light enhanced calcification” (LEC). Despite numerous studies performed on this subject, the mechanisms linking photosynthesis of the symbionts to coral calcification remain largely unknown. The aim of the present work is to gain a better understanding of the calcification process and of the “light-enhanced calcification” phenomenon in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797), using both physiological (characterization of the LEC phenomenon in S. Pistillata, daily cycle, time transitions) and molecular approaches (molecular characterization and tissular localization of a carbonic anhydrase involved in the calcification process, transcriptional regulation between light and dark conditions)
Osorno, Velazquez Alicia [Isabel]. "Impact d'une eutrophisation expérimentale sur les processus de la bioérosion récifale : One Tree Island - Grande Barrière d'Australie." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22025.pdf.
Full textThe coral reefs are more and more subjected to stresses which have an anthropogenic origin, mainly, the polluted water discharged in urbanized areas, water from rivers charged in sediments because of the deforestation, and an overexploitation of fishing. The ENCORE experiment (Enrichment Of Nutrients one Coral Reefs) is a multidisciplinary program initiated in 1991 with the goal of studying the consequences of an experimental enrichment of water bathing the patch reefs of One Tree Island (Great Barrier of Australia) on the ecosystem of the reef. The study of the impact of the controlled enrichment of water with nitrates and phosphates on the processes of the bioerosion was carried out on an experimental model made up of blocks cut in of dead Porites fixed on the platier of 3 patch reefs for a duration of 1 and 2 years. An identical experimental device was used on 3 patch reefs pilots. The quantification of the rates of microboring, internal and external macroboring and accretion was carried out by analysis of images on photographs at various scales. The moderate supply of phosphate and nitrate, realized during the first year, seems to act like an inhibiting factor of the microboring, insofar as the rates obtained were on average higher in the pilot microphone-atolls than in the environments subjected to the addition of nutrients. At the opposite, at the end of the second year of the ENCORE experiment, the rates of micro-bio-erosion are significantly higher in the patch reefs enriched in nutrients (1,17 ± 0,12 kg of CaCO3 eroded per m2) than in the control patch-reefs (1,03 ± 0,16 kg per m2 CaCO3). At the end of the second year, significant differences appeared between the rates of external erosion, resulting mainly from the activity of the grazing fishes, estimated on the enrichment sites (1,67 ± 0,47 kg of CaCO3 removed per m2) and those obtained on the pilot sites (1,00 ± 0,37 kg CaCO3 per m2). The estimation of the total bio-erosion per block after 2 years shows that for the blocks subjected to enrichment between 34,15 % to 40,78 % of the initial volume was eroded, and for the blocks collected in the pilot environment, the values are contained between 22,53 % and 29,96 %. The rates nets of accretion by the coral-red algae, were 0,619 kg per m2 ± 0,19 in the enriched environments and 0,508 kg per m2 by CaCO3 in pilot environment. No significant variation of the rates of macroboring was observed between enrichment environments and witnesses ones. This study showed that a high nitrate supply and phosphates (36,2µM NH4 and 5,1µM PO 2 times per day) in coral medium, such as it was carried out during the second year of the experiment STILL, thus results in a significant increase in the rates of bioerosion whose principal component is the microboring which intervenes directly on the other processes of degradation of the substrates
D'agata, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Full textBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Moulin, Laure. "Impact de l'acidification des océans sur l'oursin Echinometra mathaei et son activité bioérosive des récifs coralliens: étude en mésocosmes artificiels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209248.
Full textAu cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans.
L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépend de la vitesse de formation du socle récifal qui les façonnent (principalement via la calcification des coraux hermatypiques) qui doit rester supérieure à sa (bio)érosion. D’une part, plusieurs études ont montré que le taux de calcification des coraux hermatypiques diminue lorsque la pCO2 augmente. D’autre part, les oursins sont d’importants bioérodeurs des récifs et contribuent donc à la perte de masse calcaire récifale. Cependant, les oursins empêchent également, par leur broutage, le recouvrement des coraux par les algues favorisées par l’AO. Dès lors l’effet de l’élévation de la pCO2 sur les oursins et leur capacité bioérosive peut être déterminant pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux au cours du siècle, particulièrement ceux où la densité de ces bioérodeurs est importante. Une telle prédiction est d’autant plus complexe si l’on prend en compte la possible acclimatation des différents acteurs à long terme.
Dès lors, le but du présent travail fut d'évaluer l'effet à long terme de l’élévation de la pCO2 prévue en 2100 sur la physiologie et l’activité érosive d’un oursin clé de certains récifs coralliens, Echinometra mathaei, dans un dispositif artificiel reproduisant l’écosystème corallien.
La première étape a été la mise en place un outil expérimental permettant de maintenir à long terme un écosystème de récifs coralliens simplifié en condition contrôle et au pH prévu en 2100 tout en maintenant les autres paramètres physico-chimiques identiques et proches du milieu naturel (y compris dans leurs variations journalières). Le système mis en place est composé de scléractiniaires hermatypiques comme constructeurs de récif, d’oursins (E. mathaei) comme bioérodeurs et brouteurs et un substrat calcaire de récif avec ses communautés d’algues, bactéries, archae, champignons et méiofaune. Les variations journalières de pH et de température reproduisent celles mesurées in situ dans le site de La Saline, Ile de La Réunion, d’où proviennent une partie des organismes. Le pH moyen des aquariums contrôles a été maintenu avec succès à une moyenne de 8,09 ± 0,04, celui des aquariums à pCO2 élevée à 7,63 ± 0,02. L’alcalinité totale du système a pu être maintenue entre 2350 et 2450 µmol.kg-1.
L’impact de l’AO prévue en 2100 (pH 7,7) sur la physiologie d’E. mathaei été étudié à court terme (sept semaines). La principale source de nourriture des oursins fut la communauté algale se développant sur le substrat, comme en conditions naturelles. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à court terme, la capacité de résistance de cet oursin à une AO modérée. En effet, la croissance et le métabolisme ne furent pas affectés significativement. Ces observations ont été associées au maintien de la balance acide-base du fluide extracellulaire, le liquide cœlomique, par accumulation de bicarbonates dans celui-ci.
Une même expérience a ensuite été réalisée à long terme. La diminution du pH a été induite progressivement durant six mois jusqu'à atteindre un pH moyen de 7,65 qui fut ensuite maintenu à cette valeur pendant sept mois supplémentaires. La capacité de régulation de la balance acide-base du liquide cœlomique et la résistance d’E. mathaei à l’AO a été confirmée à long terme. Tant la croissance que le métabolisme et les propriétés mécaniques du squelette ne furent pas affectés. Cette résistance apparaît liée aux capacités de régulation acide-base d’E. mathaei, un trait apparemment d’origine génétique. Cette résistance pourrait également dépendre de la quantité et de la qualité de la nourriture disponible (calcaire ou non). Il est suggéré que les ions bicarbonates impliqués dans la régulation acide-base proviendraient en partie de la nourriture.
Parallèlement à ces mesures physiologiques, l’activité érosive d’E. mathaei a été mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de bioérosion triple en conditions acidifiées (pH 7,65). Cette augmentation serait liée à l’augmentation de l'activité de broutage des oursins et à la dissolution biologique du substrat, les propriétés mécaniques des dents des oursins et du squelette des coraux ne semblant pas affectés significativement. Nous suggérons que cette activité érosive accrue pourrait avoir un impact sur l'équilibre dynamique entre bioerosion et bioaccrétion des coraux et pourrait déterminer l'avenir des récifs coralliens où E. mathaei est le principal bioérodeur. Il faut toutefois noter que l’activité érosive de cet oursin est liée à une consommation accrue des macro-algues en compétition avec les coraux et algues corallines, favorisant ainsi ces derniers.
Les résultats obtenus, associés à ceux provenant de la littérature, indiquent que les changements globaux pourraient provoquer un changement profond des écosystèmes coralliens tropicaux. En effet, l’ensemble des bioérodeurs principaux étudiés jusqu’à présent semblent résistants aux changements climatiques globaux et montrent une augmentation de leur activité érosive. Dans le cas des récifs ayant déjà à l’heure actuelle une faible calcification nette, l’augmentation de la bioérosion pourrait mener à l’érosion nette et à la réduction puis à la disparition du récif. La prédiction du devenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux à l’échelle planétaire doit toutefois prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres :acclimatation, résistance/sensibilité et interactions des différents acteurs des récifs. D’autres études comparables à celles menées dans le présent travail devraient être mises en place afin de tester ces différents facteurs. Les données obtenues pourraient dès lors être utilisées dans la construction d’un modèle mécanistique permettant de mettre en place localement des mesures de conservation du récif, en complément de l’indispensable réduction massive de l’émission de CO2 atmosphérique à l’échelle mondiale.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished