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Dobroskok, Anastasia A., and Alexander M. Linkov. "Corrigendum to “CV dual reciprocity BEM for transient flow in blocky systems with singular points and lines of discontinuities” [Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem. 34(3) (2010) 238–247]." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 35, no. 1 (2011): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2010.05.005.
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Zhukov, Leonid, David Weinstein, and Chris Johnson. "Reciprocity basis for EEG source imaging." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (2000): S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91529-5.
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Araújo, Naiara Sales. "Literature and Videogames: Adaptation and Reciprocity." Revista Letras Raras 6, no. 3 (2017): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35572/rlr.v6i3.872.
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The present article aims to discuss on the relation between Literature and Videogames showing how the lifestyle of the postmodern man was, somehow, predicted by the literaty production from the twentieth century, and how literature has offered subsidies to the production of videogames narratives and other virtual programms which intend to represent reality. To this end, we have used the studies of James Naremore (2000) and Tania Pellegrini (2003), among others, to raise discussions toward the process of adaptation and reciprocity in the literaty and virtual universe. The results point to a close relation between these two forms of expression. Also, the gamer culture has been taking its space and developing potentialities in individuals that few methods can. Every year, elements that make impossibilities possible are developed in monumental speed. It is necessary to take into account such phenomena so they are not unnoticed. The physical reality adds to the virtual and vice versa. This cycle will not end soon.
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Hall, Jeffrey A. "Sex differences in friendship expectations: A meta-analysis." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 28, no. 6 (2010): 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386192.
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Friendship expectations are prescriptive normative behaviors and highly valued qualities in ideal same-sex friends. This paper reports the results of five meta-analyses of sex differences from 37 manuscripts (36 samples, N = 8825). A small difference favoring females was detected in overall friendship expectations ( d = .17). Friendship expectations were higher for females in three of four categories: symmetrical reciprocity (e.g., loyalty, genuineness; d = .17), communion (e.g., self-disclosure, intimacy; d = .39), solidarity (e.g., mutual activities, companionship; d = .03), but agency (e.g., physical fitness, status; d = -.34) was higher in males. Overall expectations and symmetrical reciprocity showed small effect sizes. Medium effect sizes for communion favoring females and for agency favoring males support predictions of evolutionary theory.
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Saglam, Hakan. "The reciprocity between art and architecture." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (2019): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i4.4413.
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The concept of ‘Art’ in the modern meaning, evaluates within the Enlightenment’s seminal World of philosophy. Before the Enlightenment architecture and craft were instinctively united fields of creating, almost impossible to detach one from the other. From the beginning of twentieth century the avant-garde of modern architecture were aware of the growing schism between art and architecture and vice versa. The pioneers were writing manifestos, stating that art and architecture should form a new unity, a holistic entity, which would include all types of creativity and put an end to the severance between “arts and crafts”, “art and architecture”. Approaching the end, of the first decade of the twenty first century, as communicative interests in all fields are becoming very important, we should once more discuss the relation/ interaction / cross over of art and architecture; where the boundaries of the two fields become blurred since both sides, art and architecture, are intervening the gap between. The aim of this paper is to discuss the examples of both contemporary art and architecture, which challenge this “in between gap.”
 Key words: Architecture, art, interaction, in between.
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Firmansyah, Muh Reza, Faturochman Faturochman, and Wenty Marina Minza. "Do closeness, support, and reciprocity influence trust in friendship?" Jurnal Psikologi Sosial 19, no. 1 (2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jps.2021.07.
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 Prior qualitative research by Faturochman and Minza (2014) on trust in Indonesia found that trust is influenced by relational attributes, including closeness, support, and reciprocity. This study aims to examine whether the findings of the previous research can be applied in specific forms of relationships, e.g. friendship. The survey method is used in this study, involving 97 males and 123 (N = 220) females who completed a scale related to the variables studied. We found that support and reciprocity significantly predicted the score of trust. However, closeness did not. It was also found that the effect of support is higher than reciprocity. Based on the research, we created the regression model with the contribution of support to the trust 37.8%, then reciprocity addition which was analyzed together with support gave a total contribution to the trust 41.5%. The implication of this study is further discussed.
 
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Irwin, Stacey O. "Technological Reciprocity with a Cell Phone." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 18, no. 1 (2014): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne201461613.
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Perception and reciprocity are key understandings in the lived experience of driving while using a cellular phone. When I talk on a cell phone while driving, I interpret the world through a variety of technologically mediated perceptions. I interpret the bumps in the road and the bug on the windshield. I perceive the information on the dashboard and the conversation with the Other on the other end of the technological “line” of the phone. This reflection uses hermeneutical phenomenology to address the things themselves in life with which we relate and interact with in our everydayness, as we talk on a cell phone while driving.
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Schaefer, Max. "The Limits of Care in Heidegger: Self-Interest and The WellBeing of the World." Differenz, no. 4 (2018): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/differenz.2018.i04.06.
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This paper seeks to establish the limits in Heidegger’s account of how human beings are with one another in the world. Toward this end, we will examine Heidegger’s finding that human beings exist in the world as care, as a finite movement that needs to seek the perseverance and growth of its being. We will be brought to find that, in Heidegger’s thought, this finite movement is essentially worldly and holistic, and that this means that the essential formal structure of human relations is that of reciprocity. The form and limit of such relations of reciprocity will be pursued by examining Heidegger’s account of how these relations are lived in inauthentic and authentic ways. In the case of the former, we will find that human relations abide by a logic of tit-for-tat. In the latter case, however, such relations of reciprocity will be seen to open onto and foster the growth of the wellbeing of the world as a whole. In closing, we will ask whether Heidegger’s account of our finite movement in the world can accommodate relations of non-reciprocity.
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Ennarah, K. M. "The End of Reciprocity: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Security Sector." South Atlantic Quarterly 113, no. 2 (2014): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2644194.
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Barclay, Pat. "Reciprocity creates a stake in one's partner, or why you should cooperate even when anonymous." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (2020): 20200819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0819.
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Why do we care so much for friends, even making sacrifices for them they cannot repay or never know about? When organisms engage in reciprocity, they have a stake in their partner's survival and wellbeing so the reciprocal relationship can persist. This stake (aka fitness interdependence) makes organisms willing to help beyond the existing reciprocal arrangement (e.g. anonymously). I demonstrate this with two mathematical models in which organisms play a prisoner's dilemma, and where helping keeps their partner alive and well. Both models shows that reciprocity creates a stake in partners' welfare: those who help a cooperative partner––even when anonymous––do better than those who do not, because they keep that cooperative partner in good enough condition to continue the reciprocal relationship. ‘Machiavellian' cooperators, who defect when anonymous, do worse because their partners become incapacitated. This work highlights the fact that reciprocity and stake are not separate evolutionary processes, but are inherently linked.
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Laenen, Tijs, Federica Rossetti, and Wim van Oorschot. "Why deservingness theory needs qualitative research: Comparing focus group discussions on social welfare in three welfare regimes." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60, no. 3 (2019): 190–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715219837745.
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This article argues that the ever-growing research field of welfare deservingness is in need of qualitative research. Using focus group data collected in Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we show that citizens discussing matters of social welfare make explicit reference not only to the deservingness criteria of control, reciprocity, and need but also to a number of context-related criteria extending beyond the deservingness framework (e.g. equality/universalism). Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence of an institutional logic to welfare preferences, as the focus group participants to a large extent echoed the normative criteria that are most strongly embedded in the institutional structure of their country’s welfare regime. Whereas financial need is the guiding criterion in the “liberal” United Kingdom, reciprocity is dominant in “corporatist-conservative” Germany. In “social-democratic” Denmark, it appears impossible to single out one dominant normative criterion. Instead, the Danish participants seem torn between the criteria of need, reciprocity, and equality/universalism.
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Murádin, János Kristóf. "Minority Politics of Hungary and Romania between 1940 and 1944. The System of Reciprocity and Its Consequences." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 16, no. 1 (2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2019-0012.
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Abstract The main objective of the paper is to highlight the changes in the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania and the Romanian minority in Hungary living in the divided Transylvania from the Second Vienna Arbitration from 30 August 1940 to the end of WWII. The author analyses the Hungarian and Romanian governments’ attitude regarding the new borders and their intentions with the minorities remaining on their territories. The paper offers a synthesis of the system of reciprocity, which determined the relations between the two states on the minority issue until 1944. Finally, the negative influence of the politics of reciprocity is shown on the interethnic relations in Transylvania.
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Almagro Vidal, Carlos, Joost van der Neut, and Kees Wapenaar. "Reciprocity-based passive monitoring with individual sources." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 2 (2019): KS29—KS38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0148.1.
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Time-lapse changes in the subsurface can be analyzed by comparing seismic reflection data from two different states, one serving as the base survey and the second as the monitor survey. Conventionally, reflection data are acquired by placing active seismic sources at the acquisition surface. Alternatively, these data can be acquired from passive sources in the subsurface, using seismic interferometry (SI). Unfortunately, the reflection responses as retrieved by SI inherit an imprint of the passive-source distribution; therefore, monitoring with SI requires high passive-source repeatability, which is very often not achievable in practice. We have developed an alternative by using active seismic data for the base survey and a single passive source (e.g., a seismic tremor produced by induced seismicity) for the monitor survey. By constraining the source-radiation pattern of the (active) base survey according to the characteristics of the (passive) monitor survey, we succeed in extracting the time-lapse response in the image domain. We tested our method with numerically modeled data.
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Zerubavel, Noam, Mark Anthony Hoffman, Adam Reich, Kevin N. Ochsner, and Peter Bearman. "Neural precursors of future liking and affective reciprocity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (2018): 4375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802176115.
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Why do certain group members end up liking each other more than others? How does affective reciprocity arise in human groups? The prediction of interpersonal sentiment has been a long-standing pursuit in the social sciences. We combined fMRI and longitudinal social network data to test whether newly acquainted group members’ reward-related neural responses to images of one another’s faces predict their future interpersonal sentiment, even many months later. Specifically, we analyze associations between relationship-specific valuation activity and relationship-specific future liking. We found that one’s own future (T2) liking of a particular group member is predicted jointly by actor’s initial (T1) neural valuation of partner and by that partner’s initial (T1) neural valuation of actor. These actor and partner effects exhibited equivalent predictive strength and were robust when statistically controlling for each other, both individuals’ initial liking, and other potential drivers of liking. Behavioral findings indicated that liking was initially unreciprocated at T1 yet became strongly reciprocated by T2. The emergence of affective reciprocity was partly explained by the reciprocal pathways linking dyad members’ T1 neural data both to their own and to each other’s T2 liking outcomes. These findings elucidate interpersonal brain mechanisms that define how we ultimately end up liking particular interaction partners, how group members’ initially idiosyncratic sentiments become reciprocated, and more broadly, how dyads evolve. This study advances a flexible framework for researching the neural foundations of interpersonal sentiments and social relations that—conceptually, methodologically, and statistically—emphasizes group members’ neural interdependence.
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Dufour, V., M. Pelé, M. Neumann, B. Thierry, and J. Call. "Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (2008): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644.
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Transfers and services are frequent in the animal kingdom. However, there is no clear evidence in animals that such transactions are based on weighing costs and benefits when giving or returning favours and keeping track of them over time (i.e. calculated reciprocity). We tested two orang-utans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii ) in a token-exchange paradigm, in which each individual could exchange a token for food with the experimenter but only after first obtaining the token from the other orang-utan. Each orang-utan possessed tokens valuable to their partner but useless to themselves. Both orang-utans actively transferred numerous tokens (mostly partner-valuable) to their partner. One of the orang-utans routinely used gestures to request tokens while the other complied with such requests. Although initially the transfers were biased in one direction, they became more balanced towards the end of the study. Indeed, data on the last three series produced evidence of reciprocity both between and within trials. We observed an increase in the number and complexity of exchanges and alternations. This study is the first experimental demonstration of the occurrence of direct transfers of goods based on calculated reciprocity in non-human-primates.
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Liu, Yi, Zhi Liu, Yidi Chang, Yang Liu, and Huilin Jiang. "Laboratory Measurements of the Influence of Turbulence Intensity on the Instantaneous-Fading Reciprocity of Bidirectional Atmospheric Laser Propagation Link." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2021): 3499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083499.
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The reciprocity of the atmospheric turbulence channel in the bidirectional atmospheric laser propagation link is experimentally tested. The bidirectional transceiving coaxial atmospheric laser propagation link is built by using a hot air convection-type atmospheric turbulence emulation device with adjustable turbulence intensity. The influence of different turbulence intensities on the instantaneous-fading correlation of channel is analyzed by the spot characteristics. When there is no atmospheric turbulence in the bidirectional transceiving coaxial atmospheric laser propagation link, the value of channel instantaneous fading correlation coefficient was merely 0.023, which indicates we did not find any reciprocity in the optical channel. With the increment in turbulence intensity, the channel instantaneous fading correlation coefficient presented a constant increasing trend and then tended to be stable around 0.9 in the end. At this moment, the similarity of the instantaneous change trends for these two receiving terminal optical signals, and the consistency of their probability density function, indicates that there is good reciprocity between the bidirectional atmospheric turbulence optical channels. With the increase in the optical signal scintillation factor, we can obtain the result where the correlation coefficient value decreases accordingly.
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Siegal, Gil, and Richard J. Bonnie. "Closing the Organ Gap: A Reciprocity-Based Social Contract Approach." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00048.x.
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Organ transplantation remains one of modern medicine's remarkable achievements. It saves lives, improves quality of life, diminishes healthcare expenditures in end-stage renal patients, and enjoys high success rates. Yet the promise of transplantation is substantially compromised by the scarcity of organs. The gap between the number of patients on waiting lists and the number of available organs continues to grow. As of January 2006, the combined waiting list for all organs in the United States was 90,284 (64,933, 17,269, and 3,006 for kidney, liver, and heart respectively). Unfortunately, thousands of potential organs are lost each year, primarily due to lack of consent to donation from the deceased before death, or from the family thereafter. Only fifty percent of potential donors – the “conversion” rate – become actual donors. The costs attributed to organ shortage are substantial – Medicare paid over $15.5 billion in 2002 for treating patients with end-stage renal-disease, who predominate on organ waiting lists.
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Clasen, Jochen, and Wim Van Oorschot. "Changing Principles in European Social Security." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 2 (2002): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020520321533.
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The provision of social security benefits rests on normative principles of social justice. Most strongly manifest in earnings-related social insurance, the principle of reciprocity has been increasingly questioned on grounds of equity, adequacy and fiscal viability, in the wake of socio-economic changes (e.g. post-industralisation, globalisation) and political developments (e.g. Europeanisation). Universalist programmes seem extraordinarily expensive under tight public budgets, and could be criticised as inequitable at a time when middle classes increasingly rely on individual and occupational forms of income security. The principle of need appears to have become more prominent within modern European social security systems keen on targeting resources. Is there empirical evidence which would reflect these alleged trends? Concentrating on three principles inherent in social security transfers (need, universalism and reciprocity) the major concerns of this article are conceptual and empirical. First, it addresses the problem of operationalising social security principles and delineating indicators of change over time. Second, it applies two of these indicators in order to identify and compare the extent to which the three principles have gained or lost prominence since the early 1980s, with empirical evidence taken from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The article argues first that, applying either indicator, there is no cross-national trend towards squeezing reciprocity-based social insurance, but that a convergence between erstwhile strong (Bismarckian) and weak (Beveridgean) principled programmes can be identified. Second, a clear trend towards needs-based social security can be identified within the ‘legal’ but not within the ‘volume’ perspective, at least in some programmes and some claimant groups. This is due to both policy changes and favourable labour market conditions. Third, two countries indicate very diverse trends. British social security is distinctive in terms of the erosion of Beveridgean reciprocity, as well as the growing strength of the needs principle. In the Netherlands, there have been considerable shifts in principles underlying certain programmes, but no general trend in either direction can be observed. On the whole, Dutch social security continues to exhibit a strong mix of principles.
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Miller, Seumas. "Mark Osiel: The End of Reciprocity: Terror, Torture and the Law of War." Criminal Law and Philosophy 8, no. 3 (2013): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11572-013-9209-x.
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Gosovic, Anna Kirkebæk Johansson. "Gifts, reciprocity and ethically sound ethnographic research: a reflexive framework." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 9, no. 1 (2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joe-02-2019-0011.
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Purpose Within organizational ethnography, getting access to relevant field sites often requires us to draw on personal and professional networks. Likewise, externally funded research is no longer a rarity. The question is what such financial and social ties mean for our research practices as organizational ethnographers and for our interactions with and descriptions of the field. The purpose of this paper is to address this question and to develop our understanding and practice of organizational ethnography by expanding the methodological literature on research ethics as well as our tools to evaluate research quality. Design/methodology/approach Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a multinational pharmaceutical corporation, and building on previous literature on ethics and quality in qualitative research, this paper introduces a reflexive framework for understanding our personal and financial entanglements in the field and the possible impact of such entanglements on our research findings and representation of informants and events. Findings Drawing on anthropological theory of reciprocity and gift-giving, the paper argues that social and financial entanglements with the field will urge the ethnographer to reciprocate; e.g. by thinking twice about unflattering representations and criticism of those with whom we are entangled. However, the paper further argues that such reflections are an important part of conducting ethically sound ethnographic research. Originality/value Rather than subscribing to an illusion of independent research, this paper demonstrates how we as organizational ethnographers get entangled with the fields that we study and what implications this might have for our practices and representations of these fields.
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Ross, Hildy, Nancy Stein, Tom Trabasso, Erik Woody, and Michael Ross. "The quality of family relationships within and across generations: A social relations analysis." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 2 (2005): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000351.
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Parents and two children (average ages: 81/2 and 51/2 years) in 76 families each appraised the quality of their relationships with one another. Family members described generally positive relationships, both from their own perspectives (e.g., “I am often nice to my mother”) and from the perspectives of their relationship partners (e.g., “My mother is often nice to me”). Sibling relationships were rated less positively than other family relationships. The Social Relations Model was utilised to examine the patterning of family relationships. Actor effects, indicating consistent relationship qualities for each individual family member, were found, especially for ratings of self. Partner effects, indicating consistency in relationships as assessed by others in the family, were present for ratings of the children as relationship partners. Relationship effects were pervasive, indicating that specific family relationships had distinct qualities. Participants’ own ratings suggested that reciprocity would characterise all family relationships, in that strong correlations were found between each person’s rating of self and other, but only the marital and the sibling relationship evidenced relational reciprocity, as assessed by correlations between relationship effects found for relationship partners.
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Bernauer, Thomas, Liang Dong, Liam F. McGrath, Irina Shaymerdenova, and Haibin Zhang. "Unilateral or Reciprocal Climate Policy? Experimental Evidence from China." Politics and Governance 4, no. 3 (2016): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i3.650.
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The traditional political economy account of global climate change governance directs our attention to fundamental collective action problems associated with global public goods provision, resulting from positive or negative externalities as well as freeriding. The governance architecture of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol uses the traditional approaches of international diplomacy for addressing such challenges: legally binding commitments based on principles of reciprocity and (fair) cost/burden sharing via formalized carbon-budgeting. Yet, the 2015 Paris Agreement has essentially abandoned this approach, as it now operates on the basis of internationally coordinated and monitored unilateralism. On the presumption that public opinion matters for government policy, we examine how citizens view this shift in climate policy from reciprocity to unilateralism, after many years of exposure to strong reciprocity rhetoric by governments and stakeholders. To that end, we fielded a survey experiment in China, the world’s largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter. The results show that there is, perhaps surprisingly, strong and robust public support for unilateral, non-reciprocal climate policy. To the extent China is interested in pushing ahead with ambitious and thus costly GHG reduction policies, our results suggest that China can leverage segments of public support in order to overcome domestic obstacles to GHG mitigation policies.
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Ilyin, V. A. "“The Casus of Reciprocity” and Other “Inconveniences with Identity”." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 1 (2021): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120114.
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The concept of “identity”, introduced into the psychological lexicon by E. Erickson and empirically verified by his followers, has now become firmly used by representatives of not only the entire spectrum of the humanities, but also politicians, political scientists, and publicists. At the same time, immediately after the release of the first edition of E. Erickson’s work “Identity: Youth and Crisis”, serious doubts were expressed about the validity and substantive value of using this concept in Russian scientific discourse, which have become unexpectedly relevant today. So what happens to “identity”? Where does a scientific concept end and a common cliche begin? Where is the border between the study of real scientific problems and pseudo-scientific activity? An attempt to give answers to these questions is undertaken by the following author’s thoughts.
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Watkins, Hanne M., and Geoffrey P. Goodwin. "Reflecting on Sacrifices Made by Past Generations Increases a Sense of Obligation Towards Future Generations." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 7 (2019): 995–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219883610.
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Tackling climate change presents an intergenerational dilemma: People must make sacrifices today, to benefit future generations. What causes people to feel an obligation to benefit future generations? Past research has suggested “intergenerational reciprocity” as a potential driver, but this research is quite domain specific, and it is unknown how well it applies to climate change. We explored a novel means of invoking a sense of intergenerational reciprocity: inducing reflection on the sacrifices made by previous generations. Our studies revealed that such reflection predicts and causes a heightened sense of moral obligation towards future generations, mediated by gratitude. However, there are also some downsides (e.g., feelings of unworthiness), and perceptions of obligation do not substantially affect pro-environmental attitudes or motivations. Thus, while reflecting on past generations’ sacrifices can generate a sense of intergenerational obligation, it is limited in the extent to which it can increase pro-environmental concern.
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Ziegler, Erik, Sarah L. Chellappa, Giulia Gaggioni, et al. "A finite-element reciprocity solution for EEG forward modeling with realistic individual head models." NeuroImage 103 (December 2014): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.056.
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SIEGRIST, JOHANNES. "Symmetry in social exchange and health." European Review 13, S2 (2005): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000724.
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Symmetry is a relevant concept in sociological theories of exchange. It is rooted in the evolutionary old norm of social reciprocity and is particularly important in social contracts. Symmetry breaking through violation of the norm of reciprocity generates strain in micro-social systems and, above all, in victims of non-symmetric exchange. In this contribution, adverse healthconsequences of symmetry breaking in contractual social exchange are analysed, with a main focus on the employment contract. Scientific evidence is derived from prospective epidemiological studies testing the model of effort-reward imbalance at work. Overall, a twofold elevated risk of incident disease is observed in employed men and women who are exposed to non-symmetric exchange. Health risks include coronary heart disease, depression and alcohol dependence, among others. Preliminary results suggest similar effects on health produced by symmetry breaking in other types of social relationships (e.g. partnership, parental roles). These findings underline the importance of symmetry in contractual social exchange for health and well-being.
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Li, Jing, Wenwen Hou, Liqi Zhu, and Michael Tomasello. "The development of intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity: A cross-cultural study." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 6 (2020): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420935636.
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The current study aimed to investigate the cultural differences in the developmental origins of children’s intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity. To this end, we compared how German and Chinese children interpret and react to antisocial and prosocial interactions between puppets. An actor puppet performed either a positive or negative act toward a prosocial or antisocial target puppet with the intention to cause harm or not; 197 three and five-year-old children participated as a third party and were asked to judge the actor puppet’s behavior and to distribute stickers. Results showed that 3-year-old Chinese children were able to take intention and context into account when making moral judgments and distributing resources, whereas German children did not show sensitivity to intention until the age of 5. These findings suggest that culture may mediate children’s intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity.
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Pleschberger, Sabine, Jane E. Seymour, Sheila Payne, Reginald Deschepper, Bregje D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, and Mette L. Rurup. "Interviews on End-of-Life Care With Older People." Qualitative Health Research 21, no. 11 (2011): 1588–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732311415286.
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Qualitative research provides important insights into the experiences and perspectives of older people on end-of-life issues, but such research is methodologically and ethically complex. We offer a set of reflections from six end-of-life care studies conducted with older people in four European countries: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The reflection process was informed by four full-day meetings between the authors and referral to sources including the study interview guides, summary “pen portraits” about key issues encountered in the interviews, and key sections of the interview transcripts. We identified as major challenges accessing people, the introduction of end-of-life issues in an interview, managing emotions, the presence of companions, and reciprocity. Formal ethical review committees rarely take into account these complex issues. We concluded that is it necessary to maintain an ongoing reflexive stance to enhance qualitative research practice in the intersecting fields of aging and end-of-life studies.
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Wagner, S., F. Lucka, J. Vorwerk, et al. "Using reciprocity for relating the simulation of transcranial current stimulation to the EEG forward problem." NeuroImage 140 (October 2016): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.005.
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Sumsion, Jennifer. "Researching with Children: Lessons in Humility, Reciprocity, and Community." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 28, no. 1 (2003): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910302800105.
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I had assumed that my experience as a qualitative researcher accustomed to interviewing adults, and formerly as a teacher of young children, would be an adequate enough basis for undertaking research with children. My first inklings that investigating children's perceptions of their (male) preschool teacher would be far from straightforward surfaced when Bill* (the children's teacher) introduced me to them. He explained to the children that I would be sitting at the drawing and writing table and that I would like them to draw a picture of him, and to tell me about it. ‘Perhaps you could draw a picture of me in a pink dress,’ he joked. I settled myself at the table and waited. The few children who approached the table that first morning were more interested in colouring Christmas decorations, the other activity available at the table that day, than in drawing a picture of Bill. ‘Bring some novelty pencils tomorrow’, advised Bill, ‘You need something to attract their interest’. More children approached the table the following day, keen to use pencils topped with the plastic dinosaurs I'd hastily bought at the local toyshop the previous afternoon. It was clear, though, that the pencils were the drawcard, not the opportunity to draw and talk about Bill. On my third day in the centre, I strategically ‘reserved’ the dinosaur pencils for children who agreed to draw a picture of Bill. He assisted by removing the colouring activity and channelling children toward me. Their ‘resistance’ was impressive. Sometimes subtle, more often overt, it took the form of rushed, scribbled drawings, multiple versions of Bill in a pink dress, ‘silly’ talk and ‘rough house’ play, almost identical comments, or no comments at all. Deflated and dejected, I retreated from the centre at the end of the week with little meaningful data, my stance as researcher severely challenged and disrupted.
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KC, Birendra, Duarte B. Morais, M. Nils Peterson, Erin Seekamp, and Jordan W. Smith. "Social network analysis of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurial network." Tourism and Hospitality Research 19, no. 2 (2017): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358417715679.
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Social networks are an important element of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs rely on social networks to access ideas, information, and resources to facilitate their entrepreneurial process. Strong and weak ties influence the entrepreneurial process in unique ways. This study utilized social network analysis approach to examine wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship through in-person structured interviews with 37 microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region. Specifically, this study examined the extent of network ties, the type of support received from those network ties, and the process of creating and maintaining the business network ties. Weak ties were more prevalent than strong ties. Support was received in terms of marketing and advertising, information sharing, and product sponsorship. Weak ties were established through professional workshops and seminars or while working in the same territory, whereas reciprocity, togetherness, communication, and trust were identified as major factors to maintain weak ties. This study suggests that cognitive social capital factors (e.g. reciprocity, togetherness, and trust) can be highly important toward effective use of social networks, as well as to ensure entrepreneurial success.
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Choo, Ping Ying, Geraldine Tan-Ho, Oindrila Dutta, Paul Victor Patinadan, and Andy Hau Yan Ho. "Reciprocal Dynamics of Dignity in End-of-Life Care: A Multiperspective Systematic Review of Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 37, no. 5 (2019): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909119878860.
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Background: Preserving terminally ill patients’ dignity and well-being through dignified and holistic care has become the overarching goal in palliative care services. However, dignity is a multifaceted concept with a wide range of interpretations under different cultural contexts. Aim: The aim of this review is to understand the variations in subjective interpretations and constitutions of dignity in palliative or end-of-life care via an integrative worldview. Design: This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and used SPIDER tool to screen for appropriate and relevant articles for analysis. Data Sources: Four major databases were searched including CINAHL, ERIC, Medline, and PsycARTICLES between 2009 and 2018. Forty-eight qualitative studies that examined dignity from the perspectives of patients, family caregivers, and health-care professionals were selected for full text data analysis using thematic synthesis. Results: Analysis of the various concepts of dignity revealed 18 themes that were further categorized into 7 conceptual categories: (1) self-determination, (2) existential liberty, (3) relational connectedness, (4) caregiving revitalization, (5) mindful humanity, (6) patient–family care, and (7) sustainable culture. These 7 categories span across individual, familial, and institutional dimensions, forming a new Dynamic Reciprocity of Dignity model. Conclusions: The Dynamic Reciprocity of Dignity model highlights the importance of adopting a systemic lens to address dignity-related needs and concerns at the end of life, while providing insights on how compassionate care and self-compassion can serve as the foundation of dignified care, which in turn serve as a buffer against patients’ existential suffering as well as caregivers’ burnout and fatigue. Recommendations for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.
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Murshed, Shahriar Tanvir Hasan, Shahadat Uddin, and Liaquat Hossain. "Transitivity, hierarchy and reciprocity of organizational communication network during crisis." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 23, no. 1 (2015): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-04-2012-0584.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore changes in communication networks during organizational crisis. In the literature, various terms such as organizational mortality, organizational death, bankruptcy, decline, retrenchment and failure have been used to characterize different forms and facets of organizational crisis. Communication network studies have typically focussed on nodes (e.g. individuals or organizations), relationships between those nodes and subsequent affects of these relationships upon the network as a whole. Email networks in contemporary organizations are fairly representative of the underlying communication networks. Design/methodology/approach – The changing communication network structure at Enron Corporation during the crisis period (2000-2001) has been analyzed. The goal is to understand how communication patterns and structures are affected by organizational crisis. Drawing on communication network crisis and group behaviour theory, three propositions are tested: communication network becomes increasingly transitive as organizations experience crisis; communication network becomes less hierarchical as organizations are going through crisis; and communication network becomes more reciprocal as organizations are going through crisis. Findings – In this research analysis, the support of these three propositions was noticed. The results of tests and their implications are discussed in this paper. Originality/value – This study builds on an emerging stream of research area that applies social network analysis to organizational interaction data to study various questions related to organizational change and disintegration. These findings could help managers in designing an effective approach to monitor regular functionalities of their organizations.
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Solomon-Lane, Tessa K., Devaleena S. Pradhan, Madelyne C. Willis, and Matthew S. Grober. "Agonistic reciprocity is associated with reduced male reproductive success within haremic social networks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (2015): 20150914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0914.
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While individual variation in social behaviour is ubiquitous and causes social groups to differ in structure, how these structural differences affect fitness remains largely unknown. We used social network analysis of replicate bluebanded goby ( Lythrypnus dalli ) harems to identify the reproductive correlates of social network structure. In stable groups, we quantified agonistic behaviour, reproduction and steroid hormones, which can both affect and respond to social/reproductive cues. We identified distinct, optimal social structures associated with different reproductive measures. Male hatching success (HS) was negatively associated with agonistic reciprocity, a network structure that describes whether subordinates ‘reciprocated’ agonism received from dominants. Egg laying was associated with the individual network positions of the male and dominant female. Thus, males face a trade-off between promoting structures that facilitate egg laying versus HS. Whether this reproductive conflict is avoidable remains to be determined. We also identified different social and/or reproductive roles for 11-ketotestosterone, 17β-oestradiol and cortisol, suggesting that specific neuroendocrine mechanisms may underlie connections between network structure and fitness. This is one of the first investigations of the reproductive and neuroendocrine correlates of social behaviour and network structure in replicate, naturalistic social groups and supports network structure as an important target for natural selection.
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Colmenares, Fernando. "Greeting Behaviour in Male Baboons, I: Communication, Reciprocity and Symmetry." Behaviour 113, no. 1-2 (1990): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00446.
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AbstractMatrilineal structures are typical of many species of Old World monkeys including the savanna baboon. Both isosexual dyads of females and heterosexual dyads frequently reach the stage of greatest social compatibility, i.e. grooming. Male dyads, in contrast, very rarely reach such stage, they show instead marked mutual intolerance and overt aggressive competition. Grooming and other forms of physical contact are fairly frequent between adult males in the patrilineal society of chimpanzees. In the hamadryas baboon, also with patrilineal organization, adult males do not groom with each other but they frequently exchange greeting interactions, particularly in contexts of excitement provoked by social tension. Species-specific differences (savanna versus desert baboons) in the morphology of greeting interactions have also been reported. The objective of this study was to examine the nature and function of this category of non-agonistic interactions recorded over a period of 9 years between 20 males members of a well-established colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephaus and their hybrids, housed in a large, open enclosure in the Madrid Zoo. Greetings were conceptualized as interactions, i.e. in which each participant's action is examined in relation to that of the other interacting partner. A description and qualitative analysis were provided of the morphology (i.e. facial, vocal, manipulatory and contact, postural and orientation, and locomotory patterns) and properties (i.e. reciprocity/non-reciprocity, and symmetry/asymmetry) of greeting interactions. The most significant feature of greeting interactions was the three-stage pattern of performance observed, corresponding with the phases of approximation, proximity, and retreat. In each phase, characteristic behavioural patterns were displayed, some were quite stereotyped but others seemed to be rather influenced by the identity of, and social relationship of, the interacting males, and also by the immediate social context of the interaction. A quantitative analysis of 1583 greeting interactions and 1039 aggressive episodes between the 20 study males was then carried out. Individual males were assigned to one of the following classes of reproductive status: subadult (SA), follower (FW), new leader (NL), prime leader (PL), old leader (OL), and old follower (OFW). It was found a correlation between a male's status class and the frequency with which he played several different roles in greeting and aggressive interactions. Greeting interactions were typical of mature males (FWs, NLs, PLs, OLs, and OFWs), but very especially of reproductive males (NLs, PLs, and OLs). Their rate of participation (both as initiator and recipient) was positively related both to the size of their harem (e.g. prime leaders) and to the potentiality to increase the harem size by taking over new females (e.g. prime and new leaders). Males at its prime reproductive period (i.e. PLs) showed the highest rates of involvement in symmetrical greetings, and the males who were reaching that stage (i.e. NLs) were the ones who most frequently refused to reciprocate a greeting approach. As males approached the stages of higher reproductive potential their rates of symmetrical, i.e. non-contact and notifying, greetings increased. In contrast, the contact patterns observed during asymmetrical greetings were mostly displayed in interactions in which at least one of the participants was either an immature or a young nonreproductive (i.e. follower) male. Reproductive males, i.e. prime and new leaders, were the most frequent initiators and recipients of both greeting and aggression. Examination of the morphology of greeting interactions, particularly of the symmetrical and unreciprocated greetings, i.e. the approach/retreat non-contact pattern, that were typical of prime and new leader males, and of the contexts in which both aggression and many greeting episodes took place, i.e. agonistic conflicts and competition over resources, suggested that these two categories of behaviour might share some causal factors and that they might be regarded as two alternative strategies to deal with a similar problem, namely, the resolution of conflicts. In many cases, greeting may be regarded as a quasi-aggressive behaviour aimed at testing a potential or actual rival's tendencies in a competition situation rather than as a category of affiliative or friendly behaviour. Greeting in baboons is a nice example of a non-stereotyped behaviour in a higher animal, in which relational and interactional properties can be studied, and in which, as discussed in the paper, all the traditional ethological issues of causation, development, function, and evolution can be addressed.
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Şakul, Kahraman. "What happened to Pouqueville’s Frenchmen? Ottoman treatment of the French prisoners during the War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802)." Turkish Historical Review 3, no. 2 (2012): 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462x00302005.
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This essay is about the Ottoman treatment of war prisoners at the end of the eighteenth century. It questions the common assumption of Ottoman fanaticism and ignorance of European military norms in the treatment of captives. Pouqueville’s memoirs of captivity played a crucial role in the emergence of this view, but a comparison of his testimony and Ottoman documents shows that there is a discrepancy between the two accounts. While there were many differences in practice, the Ottomans shared a legalistic view of the treatment of war prisoners, based on the concept of reciprocity.
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Evans, D. V., and R. Porter. "Efficient Calculation of Hydrodynamic Properties of OWC-Type Devices." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 119, no. 4 (1997): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829098.
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A simple model of an OWC-type wave-energy device is used to illustrate a powerful accurate method for computing the hydrodynamic coefficients when sharp edges are present. The device consists simply of a vertical partially immersed circular cylinder open at either end, with power being extracted by constricting the flow of the air trapped in the cylinder above the internal free surface. The method involves the use of the theory of pressure distributions for OWC devices and the hydrodynamical coefficients are computed using an accurate Galerkin method which preserves the reciprocity relations.
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Paula, Celina A. Reis, Camille Reategui, Bruna Karen de Sousa Costa, et al. "High-Frequency EEG Variations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Human Faces Visualization." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3591914.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the impairment in the social reciprocity, interaction/language, and behavior, with stereotypes and signs of sensory function deficits. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a well-established and noninvasive tool for neurophysiological characterization and monitoring of the brain electrical activity, able to identify abnormalities related to frequency range, connectivity, and lateralization of brain functions. This research aims to evidence quantitative differences in the frequency spectrum pattern between EEG signals of children with and without ASD during visualization of human faces in three different expressions: neutral, happy, and angry. Quantitative clinical evaluations, neuropsychological evaluation, and EEG of children with and without ASD were analyzed paired by age and gender. The results showed stronger activation in higher frequencies (above 30 Hz) in frontal, central, parietal, and occipital regions in the ASD group. This pattern of activation may correlate with developmental characteristics in the children with ASD.
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Henshaw, Jonathan M., Hanna Kokko, and Michael D. Jennions. "Direct reciprocity stabilizes simultaneous hermaphroditism at high mating rates: A model of sex allocation with egg trading." Evolution 69, no. 8 (2015): 2129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12717.
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Watanabe, Ryota, Katsunori Kondo, Tami Saito, et al. "Change in Municipality-Level Health-Related Social Capital and Depressive Symptoms: Ecological and 5-Year Repeated Cross-Sectional Study from the JAGES." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (2019): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112038.
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Prevalence of depressive symptoms is lower in communities with greater social capital (SC). However, it is unclear whether a prevalence of depressive symptoms will decrease in communities where SC has increased. We investigated the relationship between the changes in municipality-level SC and depressive symptoms by using 5-year repeated cross-sectional data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. In 2010 and 2016, self-reported questionnaires were mailed to functionally independent residents aged 65 years or older living in 44 municipalities; valid responses were received from 72,718 and 84,211 people in 2010 and 2016, respectively. All scores were aggregated at the municipality level. The dependent variable was the change in the prevalence of depressive symptoms that were diagnosed with a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Independent variables were the score of change in health-related SC indicators, e.g., social participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. A multiple regression analysis was employed. The average prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased from 28.6% in 2010 to 21.3% in 2016. The increases in the percentages of sports group participation (B, −0.356), and reciprocity scores (B, −0.597) were significantly associated with the decrease in the prevalence of depressive symptoms after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Our findings suggest that community SC might be an intervention for protecting depressive symptoms in municipalities.
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Riis, Allan, Cathrine E. Jensen, Helle T. Maindal, Flemming Bro, and Martin B. Jensen. "Recruitment of general practices: Is a standardised approach helpful in the involvement of healthcare professionals in research?" SAGE Open Medicine 4 (January 1, 2016): 205031211666280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116662802.
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Introduction: Health service research often involves the active participation of healthcare professionals. However, their ability and commitment to research varies. This can cause recruitment difficulties and thereby prolong the study period and inflate budgets. Solberg has identified seven R-factors as determinants for successfully recruiting healthcare professionals: relationships, reputation, requirements, rewards, reciprocity, resolution, and respect. Method: This is a process evaluation of the seven R-factors. We applied these factors to guide the design of our recruitment strategy as well as to make adjustments when recruiting general practices in a guideline implementation study. In the guideline implementation study, we studied the effect of outreach visits, quality reports, and new patient stratification tools for low back pain patients. Results: During a period of 15 months, we recruited 60 practices, which was fewer than planned (100 practices). In this evaluation, five of Solberg’s seven R-factors were successfully addressed and two factors were not. The need to involve (reciprocity) end users in the development of new software and the amount of time needed to conduct recruitment (resolution) were underestimated. Conclusion: The framework of the seven R-factors was a feasible tool in our recruitment process. However, we suggest further investigation in developing systematic approaches to support the recruitment of healthcare professionals to research.
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Brabeck, Kalina M., and Michele R. Guzmán. "Exploring Mexican-Origin Intimate Partner Abuse Survivors’ Help-Seeking Within Their Sociocultural Contexts." Violence and Victims 24, no. 6 (2009): 817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.817.
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Women’s responses to partner abuse are shaped by their particular sociocultural contexts. In this study, quantitative data were collected from 75 Mexican-origin women who survived intimate partner abuse, to identify variables associated with help-seeking to survive relationship abuse. Help-seeking was defined as use of formal (e.g., shelter) and informal (e.g., family) sources. Variables included two cultural variables: machismo (i.e., adherence to traditional gender roles) and familismo (i.e., valuing family cohesion and reciprocity), and four sociostructural variables: income, education, English proficiency, and immigrant status. Results indicated participants with higher levels of familismo sought informal help more frequently than those with lower levels. Women with grade school education, no English proficiency, and undocumented status sought formal help less frequently than those not constrained by these barriers.
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Christ, Margaret H. "An Experimental Investigation of the Interactions among Intentions, Reciprocity, and Control." Journal of Management Accounting Research 25, no. 1 (2013): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-50443.
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ABSTRACT Prior academic research finds that formal controls can cause employees to engage in dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., decreased effort, fraud, or theft). This study investigates one specific aspect of formal control that contributes to employees' negative reactions—employees' beliefs about management's intentions signaled by the control. I use two interactive experiments to examine the effects on employee effort and firm profit of: (1) employees' beliefs regarding management's intentions when implementing control (i.e., perceived intentionality), and (2) employees' preferences for reciprocity. Consistent with prior literature, I find that formal control can cause employees to exert low effort, resulting in reduced firm profit. However, I find that the adverse consequences only occur when management clearly imposes the control and, therefore, employees interpret it as a signal of distrust. Further, employees respond negatively to controls that are unambiguously imposed by managers, even when managers have entrusted them with a large amount of resources. Thus, when employees are faced with simultaneous, conflicting signals regarding managers' trust, the distrust signaled by the control crowds out employees' positive reciprocity. Alternatively, when managers' intentions for imposing control are ambiguous or clearly do not signal distrust (i.e., it is exogenously imposed), the control does not cause such negative effects. I find that all of the observed effects persist over time. In supplemental analysis, I also find that managers accurately predict that employees' response to formal control is influenced by their beliefs regarding management's intentions, and entrust fewer resources to employees when they have imposed the control than when it is imposed exogenously. The results of this study suggest that organizations should carefully consider employees' beliefs about management's intentions when implementing formal controls, because these beliefs influence employee behavior.
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WILSON, FIONA. "Reconfiguring the Indian: Land–Labour Relations in the Postcolonial Andes." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 2 (2003): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x03006746.
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This article considers the ways in which provincial elites in the Peruvian Andes of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries addressed the task of dismantling colonial institutions and relations. It draws on material from a municipal archive to trace how the land-for-labour ‘pact of reciprocity’ linking the town of Tarma both to the central state and to the indigenous hinterland was re-worked and eventually brought to an end. The contexts in which a postcolonial discourse of the Indian emerged are explored, and are understood as linked to struggles between local government and central state over the deployment of indigenous labour.
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Camerer, Colin, and Richard H. Thaler. "In Honor of Matthew Rabin: Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal." Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 3 (2003): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204407.
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Matthew Rabin's Clark medal honors his abilities to digest huge amounts of nuanced psychology, create simple models capturing that psychology, and do behavioral economics with those models. After warming up by solving hard problems in modeling pre-game communication, his behavioral career began with a seminal paper on reciprocity. He also created models of “present-bias” in time discounting, and derived some surprises from them, and implications (e.g., deadlinesetting and sin taxes). Matthew has also studied quasi-Bayesian models of judgment biases (confirmation and overgeneralization from small samples), overprojection of current feelings into the future, and how moral rules differ from moral tastes.
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Staps, Camil. "Prepositions and the Grammaticalization of Ancient Hebrew Bipartite Reciprocal Markers." Journal of Semitic Studies 65, no. 1 (2020): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgz050.
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Abstract Besides using the verbal niphal and hitpael stems, ancient Hebrew can indicate semantic reciprocity with bipartite reciprocal markers such as , literally ‘someone with his brother’. In contrast to the Western European counter-parts of these constructions (e.g. English each other), the ancient Hebrew variants are not fully grammaticalized into a single morphological unit like . This article considers one type of bipartite reciprocal marker (the one using ‘someone’ and a term denoting kinship or fellowship) in detail, to see whether the preposition in the construction (e.g., ‘with’) may have prevented further grammaticalization. Since no bleaching of the preposition can be observed in the corpus of Biblical and Qumran Hebrew, we conclude that prepositions continued to have a significant semantic value, which indeed suggests that their near-obligatory presence has prevented further grammaticalization.
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Nance, Douglas C., Maria Isabel Rivero May, Luis Flores Padilla, Mario Moreno Nava, and Alma Laura Deyta Pantoja. "Faith, Work, and Reciprocity: Listening to Mexican Men Caregivers of Elderly Family Members." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (2016): 1985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316657049.
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The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of Mexican men caregivers of older adults. Studies investigating male caregiving practice in Mexico are lacking. Listening events for older adults and family caregivers were held in six cities, obtaining an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 121 participants—81 older adults and 57 primary caregivers (including 17 older adults). Focus groups discussed end-of-life issues and challenges of care. Discussions were audio recorded and field notes were made. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Nationally, 37% of the caregivers were men. In the metropolitan area of Mexico City, 57% of caregivers were men. The men caregivers discussed their roles and experiences. The results were categorized into three themes: (a) reciprocity in family caregiving, (b) a practical work-oriented attitude toward caregiving, and (c) strong religious faith. Caregiving formed an important part of their masculine role. Stereotypes related to gender and care should be reexamined. Further research is needed to explore gender variations in caregiving, evolving gender roles, and needs for support and services.
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Holmvall, Camilla M., Sonya Stevens, and Natasha Chestnut. "The impact of subordinate disrespect on leader justice." Personnel Review 48, no. 1 (2019): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-07-2017-0213.
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Purpose Employees are affected by the interpersonal treatment received from leaders (i.e. interactional justice), especially when being informed of negative outcomes (Brockner, 2010). Although respectful treatment may be expected from leaders generally, little is known about when leaders are more likely to display interactional justice and whether less interactional justice might be acceptable under certain circumstances. Drawing on reciprocity theory (e.g. Gouldner, 1960), and leader–member exchange (LMX) theory (e.g. Gerstner and Day, 1997), the purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that employees who are disrespectful and inconsiderate toward their supervisors (i.e. who are themselves interactionally unjust) would and should receive less interactional justice when being informed of a negative outcome. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted three experimental studies (Ns=87, 47 and 114), in the context of leaders communicating a layoff decision to their subordinates. Findings The results supported the predictions albeit the effect of subordinate interactional justice on supervisor justice was modest, yet consistent, across studies. Research limitations/implications The findings are consistent with reciprocity theory and the LMX literature and suggest that leader actions when communicating bad news are dependent on employee conduct. Limitations of the studies include a primary reliance on students as participants and the measurement of behavioral intentions rather than behavior. Originality/value The studies are among the first to examine interactional injustice perpetrated by subordinates toward their leaders, and its impact on leader behavior when delivering negative outcomes. There is a paucity of literature understanding the causes of leader fairness behavior, in addition to a consideration of unfairness from perpetrators of lower positional power.
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Ku, Hsuan-Hsuan, Po-Hsiang Yang, and Chia-Lun Chang. "Reminding customers to be loyal: does message framing matter?" European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 3/4 (2018): 783–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2016-0516.
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Purpose Marketers may proactively give customers personalized notices regarding their progress toward certain rewards as a means to stimulate ongoing behaviors. This paper aims to investigate the effect on customer repatronage intention by framed messages concerning either goal-distance or consequences of an action and it also seeks to identify important variables moderating those responses. Design/methodology/approach Five between-subjects experiments examined how participants’ repatronage intentions, in response to the framing of goal-distance (Study 1a) and consequences of an action (Study 2a), varied as a function of their level of progress toward goal completion and also tested if the framing effects might be attenuated when relationship benefit was high rather than low (Studies 1b and 2b). They further adopted perceived reciprocity as an underlying mechanism for examining the interplay between these two kinds of framing in stimulating ongoing behavior (Study 3). Findings Although messages which emphasized what individuals need to spend more to attain a reward (versus how short they are from earning a reward) or loss following inaction (versus gain following action) were likely to erode intention, such effects were confined to individuals with a moderate level of progress. This intention-eroding effect was further attenuated by attractive reward. The persuasive advantages of short-from-the-end framing of goal-distance over more-to-the-end counterparts were found to be diminished when paired with a loss-framed message concerning consequences of an action. Furthermore, the observed effects on intention were mediated by perceived reciprocity. Originality/value The studies add to the current understanding of how the way in which information is presented might enhance loyalty or fail to do so.
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Navickas, K. "Monstrous Society: Reciprocity, Discipline, and the Political Uncanny at the End of Early Modern England, by David Collings." English Historical Review CXXVI, no. 519 (2011): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cer034.
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