Journal articles: 'Reciprocity of roles'

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De Cremer, David, and Paul A. M. Van Lange. "Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: the roles of social responsibility and reciprocity." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 1_suppl (November 2001): S5—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.418.

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Two studies examined the choice differences between prosocials and proselfs by examining the influence of norms of social responsibility and reciprocity. In line with the integrative model of social value orientation, it was expected that prosocials differ from proselfs in their level of cooperation because they wish to maximize own and other's outcomes (i.e. paralleling the norm of social responsibility) and enhance equality in outcomes (i.e. paralleling the norm of reciprocity). Study 1 revealed that prosocials felt more responsible to further the group's interest than proselfs did and this social responsibility feeling appeared to account for choice differences. Study 2 revealed that prosocials were more likely to reciprocate their partner's actions than were proselfs. Also, feelings of social responsibility did not account for this observation, suggesting that enhancing joint outcomes and equality in outcomes constitute two relatively independent dimensions. The findings are discussed in light of the integrative model of social value orientation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Kaneko, Mamoru, and J. Jude Kline. "Understanding the Other Through Social Roles." International Game Theory Review 17, no. 01 (March 2015): 1540005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198915400058.

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Inductive game theory has been developed to explore the origin of beliefs of a person from his accumulated experiences of a game situation. It has been restricted to a person's view of the structure not including another person's thoughts. In this paper, we explore the experiential origin of one's view of the other's beliefs about the game situation, especially about the other's payoffs. We restrict our exploration to a 2-role (strategic) game, which has been recurrently played by two people with occasional role-switching. Each person accumulates experiences of both roles, and these experiences become the source for his transpersonal view about the other. Reciprocity in the sense of role-switching is crucial for deriving his own and the other's beliefs. We also consider how a person can use these views for his behavior revision, and we define an equilibrium called an intrapersonal coordination equilibrium. Based on this, we show that cooperation will emerge as the degree of reciprocity increases.

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Powell, Katrina M., and Pamela Takayoshi. "Accepting Roles Created for Us: The Ethics of Reciprocity." College Composition and Communication 54, no. 3 (February 2003): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3594171.

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Isobel, Sophie, and Gavin Angus-Leppan. "Neuro-reciprocity and vicarious trauma in psychiatrists." Australasian Psychiatry 26, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218772223.

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Objectives: This paper aims to briefly overview the processes of neuro-reciprocity relevant to vicarious traumatization of psychiatrists through their clinical roles. Conclusions: High rates of trauma in mental health service users, understanding of the effects of trauma on the brain and mechanisms of neuro-reciprocity in empathic attunement suggest that psychiatrists are at high risk of vicarious trauma. Preventing vicarious trauma at an organizational level through trauma-informed approaches is of paramount importance.

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Espín, Antonio M., Manuel Correa, and Alberto Ruiz-Villaverde. "Patience predicts cooperative synergy: The roles of ingroup bias and reciprocity." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 83 (December 2019): 101465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2019.101465.

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Schino, Gabriele, and Filippo Aureli. "The relative roles of kinship and reciprocity in explaining primate altruism." Ecology Letters 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01396.x.

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Freidin, Esteban, Fabricio Carballo, and Mariana Bentosela. "Direct reciprocity in animals: The roles of bonding and affective processes." International Journal of Psychology 52, no. 2 (September 10, 2015): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12215.

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Li, Sisi, and Chin-Ming Hui. "The Roles of Communal Motivation in Daily Prosocial Behaviors: A Dyadic Experience-Sampling Study." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 8 (February 13, 2019): 1036–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619829058.

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Close relationship partners are communally motivated to engage in prosocial behaviors that can promote each other’s well-being. It remains largely unexplored how both members’ communal motivations jointly shape the daily enactment of prosocial behaviors. This dyadic experience-sampling study aimed to partially fill this gap by studying whether both members’ communal motivations predict (a) the base rate of the actor’s prosocial behaviors, (b) the actor’s reciprocity to the partner’s earlier prosocial behaviors, and (c) the consistency of the actor’s enactment of prosocial behaviors, within a day. Actor–partner interdependence analyses showed that the base rate of prosocial behaviors was positively associated with both members’ communal motivations. Consistency was only associated with the actor’s communal motivation, while reciprocity was not related to either member’s communal motivation. We also explored participants’ rationale for the enacted behaviors. Implications regarding the roles of communal motivation in daily relational functions were discussed.

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Finset, Arnstein, and Knut Ørnes. "Empathy in the Clinician–Patient Relationship." Journal of Patient Experience 4, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373517699271.

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The clinician-patient relationship is asymmetric in the sense that clinicians and patients have different roles in the medical consultation. Yet, there are qualities of reciprocity and mutuality in many clinician-patient encounters, and we suggest that such reciprocity may be related to the phenomenon of empathy. Empathy is often defined as the capacity to place oneself in another’s position, but empathy may also be understood as a sequence of reciprocal turns-of talk, starting with the patient’s expression of emotion, followed by the perception, vicarious experience, and empathic response by the clinician. These patterns of reciprocity may also include the patient’s experience of and response to the clinician’s emotions. Researchers in different fields of research have studied how informal human interaction often is characterized by mutuality of lexical alignment and reciprocal adjustments, vocal synchrony, as well as synchrony of movements and psychophysiological processes. A number of studies have linked these measures of reciprocity and synchrony in clinical encounters to the subjective experience of empathy.

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Cushman, Ellen, Katrina M. Powell, and Pamela Takayoshi. "Response to "Accepting the Roles Created for Us: The Ethics of Reciprocity"." College Composition and Communication 56, no. 1 (September 2004): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4140685.

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Carter, Gerald G., Gabriele Schino, and Damien Farine. "Challenges in assessing the roles of nepotism and reciprocity in cooperation networks." Animal Behaviour 150 (April 2019): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.006.

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Sedighi, Mohammadbashir, Sander van Splunter, Frances Brazier, Cees van Beers, and Stephan Lukosch. "Exploration of multi-layered knowledge sharing participation: the roles of perceived benefits and costs." Journal of Knowledge Management 20, no. 6 (October 10, 2016): 1247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-01-2016-0044.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore participants’ perceived benefits and costs that influence the quantity and the quality of voluntary participation in knowledge networks in a resources-constrained economy. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model of perceived benefits and costs of knowledge sharing is designed on the basis of literature. The influence of perceived benefit and cost on perceived quantity and quality of knowledge sharing are assessed on the basis of a survey with 283 participants in a business context within a resource-restrained economy. Findings The results indicate that reputation, reciprocity and altruism are perceived to benefit quantity of participation, whereas reciprocity, altruism and knowledge self-efficacy are perceived to benefit the quality of participation in knowledge networks. Effort and time have a negative impact on both quantity and quality of participation in knowledge sharing. Research limitations/implications This study provides insights into the factors that influence acceptance and use of knowledge networks and can thus influence business policies. Originality/value This exploratory study explores both perceived benefits and costs of participation in knowledge sharing in a resource-constrained economy.

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Bowling, Nathan A., Terry A. Beehr, and William M. Swader. "Giving and receiving social support at work: The roles of personality and reciprocity." Journal of Vocational Behavior 67, no. 3 (December 2005): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.004.

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Thomas, Matthew Gwynfryn, Ting Ji, Jiajia Wu, QiaoQiao He, Yi Tao, and Ruth Mace. "Kinship underlies costly cooperation in Mosuo villages." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171535.

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The relative importance of social evolution theories such as kin selection, direct reciprocity and need-based transfers in explaining real-world cooperation is the source of much debate. Previous field studies of cooperation in human communities have revealed variability in the extent to which each of these theories explains human sociality in different contexts. We conducted multivariate social network analyses predicting costly cooperation—labouring on another household's farm—in 128 082 dyads of Mosuo farming households in southwest China. Through information-theoretic model selection, we tested the roles played by genealogical relatedness, affinal relationships (including reproductive partners), reciprocity, relative need, wealth, household size, spatial proximity and gift-giving in an economic game. The best-fitting model included all factors, along with interactions between relatedness and (i) reciprocity, (ii) need, (iii) the presence of own children in another household and (iv) proximity. Our results show how a real-world form of cooperation was driven by kinship. Households tended to help kin in need (but not needy non-kin) and travel further to help spatially distant relatives. Households were more likely to establish reciprocal relationships with distant relatives and non-kin but closer kin cooperated regardless of reciprocity. These patterns of kin-driven cooperation show the importance of inclusive fitness in understanding human social behaviour.

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Tang, Yihui (Elina), Christian Hinsch, Donald J. Lund, and Husni Kharouf. "Service gifts, collective social connection and reciprocity." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 2477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2019-0886.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the process of service gifting (i.e. unexpected upgrades or benefits) and examine why service gifts do not always result in firm-beneficial reciprocal behaviors from consumers. Design/methodology/approach Through a series of three studies including both scenario-based and game-theory-based experiments, this research proposes and empirically validates a conceptual model that examines the effect of service gifts on firm-beneficial reciprocal behaviors, and the role of collective social connection and norm of positive reciprocity (NPR) in this process. Findings The findings of this research show that the consumer’s feelings of collective social connection mediate the link between the provision of service gifts and firm-beneficial outcomes. Furthermore, an individual’s adherence to NPR moderates this process. Specifically, individuals with a strong adherence to NPR do not display increases in collective social connection following the receipt of a service gift. Those who are low in NPR follow the expected pattern of increased collective social connection leading to reciprocation. Research limitations/implications Future research may further generalize the model to other situations such as high vs low context cultures. Longitudinal field experiments can be used to further investigate collective versus relational social connection, which can be either a by-product or a primary benefit derived from service delivery. Practical implications The results of this research reveal the critical role of collective social connection which has been largely ignored in service gifting research. It encourages managers to use service gifting to directly boost consumers collective social connection. Furthermore, it offers managers insight into why service gifts do not always result in firm-beneficial outcomes because of the moderating role of NPR. Originality/value The roles of social connection and the norm of reciprocity have been under-studied in both theoretical and empirical work on service gifting. This paper demonstrates that, contrary to traditional thought, those typically expected to reciprocate the most (i.e. high in NPR) may not realize increased collective social connection leading to reciprocation following receipt of a service gift.

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De Cremer, David, and Paul A. M. Van Lange. "Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: the roles of social responsibility and reciprocity." European Journal of Personality 15, S1 (November 2001): S5—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.418.abs.

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Wang, Y. "HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF RETIREES: THE ROLES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EXCHANGE RECIPROCITY." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.921.

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Nance, Douglas C., Maria Isabel Rivero May, Luis Flores Padilla, Mario Moreno Nava, and Alma Laura Deyta Pantoja. "Faith, Work, and Reciprocity: Listening to Mexican Men Caregivers of Elderly Family Members." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 1985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316657049.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of Mexican men caregivers of older adults. Studies investigating male caregiving practice in Mexico are lacking. Listening events for older adults and family caregivers were held in six cities, obtaining an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 121 participants—81 older adults and 57 primary caregivers (including 17 older adults). Focus groups discussed end-of-life issues and challenges of care. Discussions were audio recorded and field notes were made. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Nationally, 37% of the caregivers were men. In the metropolitan area of Mexico City, 57% of caregivers were men. The men caregivers discussed their roles and experiences. The results were categorized into three themes: (a) reciprocity in family caregiving, (b) a practical work-oriented attitude toward caregiving, and (c) strong religious faith. Caregiving formed an important part of their masculine role. Stereotypes related to gender and care should be reexamined. Further research is needed to explore gender variations in caregiving, evolving gender roles, and needs for support and services.

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Carr, Annemarie Weyl. "Iconography and Identity: Syrian Elements in the Art of Crusader Cyprus." Church History and Religious Culture 89, no. 1 (2009): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124109x408032.

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AbstractThe murals of triumphal arch in the Church of the Panagia Phorbiotissa, Cyprus, painted in the late thirteenth century when Cyprus was a Crusader state, adopt an iconography paralleled not in Byzantium but in the Miaphysite churches of the Syrian and Egyptian mainland, and best analyzed in relation to Miaphysite liturgical exegesis. As such, they suggest three revisions to current ways of thinking about the roles of Cyprus and the mainland in shaping the art of the Crusader era: 1) rather than for a 'maniera cypria' or a 'maniera tripolitana', we must look for an intricate, two-way reciprocity; 2) it is a reciprocity not simply between Cyprus and the mainland Crusader states, but between Cyprus and the far larger terrain of Syrian and Egyptian eastern Christendom; and 3) it engages not only style but also iconography and content.

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Danso-Wiredu, Esther Yeboah. "Gendered Dynamics and Reciprocity in Fishing Communities in Ghana: The Case of Penkye, Winneba." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 1 (December 6, 2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717736185.

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The history of Penkye is linked to that of Winneba township since it is the first place the Effutu people settled in the town. Located along the coast, majority of its residents are employed in the fishing industry. Intriguing about Penkye is how social and economic livelihoods of residents are entangled in gender roles and reciprocity. The article delves into the institutional embeddedness of fishing and community life. It examines how gender ideologies differentially inform men and women’s roles in the fishing economy. Drawing on interviews conducted with community members, the study constructs economic life stories for men and women within the fishing community. It analyzes how they formulate livelihood strategies differently from other parts of the country as a result. The study concludes that such realities defy the ideologies of the impersonal market economy propagated by the capitalist ideology, thereby questioning the basis of neoliberal ideology that market prices are solely determined by demand and supply interactions.

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Fee, Anthony. "The Hidden Contributions of Local Staff When Hosting International Development Volunteers." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 50, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1029–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764021995245.

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This exploratory study identifies what additional work-roles local staff take on when their organization hosts a long-term international development volunteer, and explains why they do this. Analyzing interview data from a sample of local employees in Vietnamese organizations, the study identifies five work-roles: two that buttressed “volunteer and organization readiness” (preparing and orienting) and three that facilitated “volunteer performance” (translating, advocating, and mediating). These roles, often outside the formal work-role and expertise of the local employees, added to their cognitive and emotional loads and to a large extent went unrecognized by their employers. They were motivated by a combination of personal benefit (notably, opportunities to learn) and reciprocity norms that appear influenced, in part, by respondents’ cultural conditioning. The implications of this for volunteer-involved organizations, volunteers, and locals are discussed.

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Détienne, Françoise, Michael Baker, Dominique Fréard, Flore Barcellini, Alexandre Denis, and Matthieu Quignard. "The Descent of Pluto: Interactive dynamics, specialisation and reciprocity of roles in a Wikipedia debate." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 86 (February 2016): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.09.002.

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White, Tara, and Brenda L. Beagan. "Occupational Therapy Roles in an Indigenous Context: An Integrative Review." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 87, no. 3 (June 2020): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417420924933.

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Background. Indigenous peoples experience health inequities linked in part to lack of access to culturally-relevant health care. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) calls on all health professionals, including occupational therapists, to reduce health inequities through improved work with Indigenous communities. Purpose. This integrative review of the literature explores how occupational therapists can improve their work with Indigenous peoples. Key issues. Communication and building relationships are central to effective work with Indigenous communities, along with reciprocity regarding knowledge exchange. Issues surrounding service provision are a significant concern, yet improvements are unlikely to be effective unless therapists can critically examine the (mainstream) Western cultural assumptions that infuse the profession and their own practices. Implications. Though nascent, there are identified directions for occupational therapists to meet the TRC’s calls for more competent health care. Researchers should explore best ways for therapists to critically interrogate taken-for-granted professional assumptions mired in Western colonialism.

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Kenny, Katherine, Alex Broom, Emma Kirby, John L. Oliffe, David Wyld, and Zarnie Lwin. "Reciprocity, Autonomy, and Vulnerability in Men’s Experiences of Informal Cancer Care." Qualitative Health Research 30, no. 4 (June 19, 2019): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319855962.

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Men are increasingly participating, and acknowledging their roles, as informal carers. Yet, there has been comparatively little exploration of their experiences therein, especially within the context of cancer care. Here, drawing on semi-structured qualitative interviews with 16 Australian male carers for a relative with cancer, and using constructivist grounded theory, we explore their experiences of informal caring. Our analysis highlights a series of tensions, including the following: the meanings and practicalities of care provision including notions of reciprocity, duty, autonomy, and interdependence; the discomforts of dependency and vulnerability; and the complicated moralities that inflect “caring well.” Given the shifting dynamics around informal care, we argue for increased attention to the affective tensions that arise at the nexus of moralities and masculinities in informal caring relations, especially as they are articulated in the context of illness, affliction, and dependency.

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SIEGRIST, JOHANNES. "Symmetry in social exchange and health." European Review 13, S2 (August 22, 2005): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000724.

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Symmetry is a relevant concept in sociological theories of exchange. It is rooted in the evolutionary old norm of social reciprocity and is particularly important in social contracts. Symmetry breaking through violation of the norm of reciprocity generates strain in micro-social systems and, above all, in victims of non-symmetric exchange. In this contribution, adverse healthconsequences of symmetry breaking in contractual social exchange are analysed, with a main focus on the employment contract. Scientific evidence is derived from prospective epidemiological studies testing the model of effort-reward imbalance at work. Overall, a twofold elevated risk of incident disease is observed in employed men and women who are exposed to non-symmetric exchange. Health risks include coronary heart disease, depression and alcohol dependence, among others. Preliminary results suggest similar effects on health produced by symmetry breaking in other types of social relationships (e.g. partnership, parental roles). These findings underline the importance of symmetry in contractual social exchange for health and well-being.

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Izard, Carroll E., Kristy J. Finlon, and Stacy R. Grossman. "Sex differences in emotion expression: Developmental, epigenetic, and cultural factors." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 5 (October 2009): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990185.

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AbstractVigil's socio-relational framework of sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior has a number of interesting aspects, especially the principal concepts of reciprocity potential and perceived attractiveness and trustworthiness. These are attractive and potentially heuristic ideas. However, some of his arguments and claims are not well grounded in research on early development. Three- to five-year-old children did not show the sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior discussed in the target article. Our data suggest that Vigil may have underestimated the roles of epigenetic and cultural factors in shaping emotion-expressive behavior.

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Cuong, Pham Hung, Oanh Dinh Yen Nguyen, Liem Viet Ngo, and Nguyen Phong Nguyen. "Not all experiential consumers are created equals: the interplay of customer equity drivers on brand loyalty." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 9 (July 23, 2020): 2257–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2018-0228.

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Purpose This study aims to use social exchange theory and the principle of reciprocity in proposing a theoretical model to examine the essential but unexplored unique roles of individual customer equity drivers (CEDs) and their contribution to brand loyalty. This study identifies a reciprocity pathway in that brand equity, which mediates the linkage between relationship equity and brand loyalty. This study further posits that the linkage between relationship equity and brand equity is contingent on value equity. The authors then incorporate value equity as a moderator upon which the interrelationships among CEDs and brand loyalty may vary. Design/methodology/approach A sample consisted of 2,268 shoppers in a metropolitan city in Vietnam. Findings Relationship equity significantly determines brand loyalty through the moderating effect of value equity and the mediating effect of brand equity. Interestingly, these relationships are diverse across different experiential types of consumers. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to a better understanding of why and when value equity, brand equity and relationship equity trigger brand loyalty. Brand equity and value equity are the two underlying mechanisms that establish a moderated mediation model between CEDs and brand loyalty. The findings of this study show that experiential consumers are not created equals. The strength of the relationships between CEDs and brand loyalty differ among the five clusters of experiential consumers. Practical implications This study reveals the critical relationships between the three components of customer equity in the supermarket industry. The findings provide concrete direction for managers and marketers to be more effective in allocating resources, tailoring their marketing strategies and, accordingly, promoting brand loyalty of different types of consumers. Originality/value This study reveals the underlying modus operandi that explains the reciprocity effects of CEDs and the contingency role of brand experience on the CEDs–loyalty link. This study shows that brand equity fosters and sustains the reciprocity generated when consumers perceive a high level of relationship equity, serving as a mediator between relationship equity and brand loyalty. Importantly, value equity is an important moderator for strengthening this reciprocity effect. Furthermore, this study identifies a typology of experience-focussed consumers and shows that the CEDs–loyalty link significantly varies by these types of experiential appeal that characterise the consumers.

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Janney, Rachel E., and Martha E. Snell. "How Teachers Use Peer Interactions to Include Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities in Elementary General Education Classes." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 21, no. 2 (June 1996): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699602100202.

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This study investigated the way teachers in five elementary classrooms used peer interactions to facilitate the inclusion of a student with moderate or severe disabilities. Four themes describing the strategies used to encourage and shape interactions between students with and without disabilities were identified: new rules about helping, “just another student,” age appropriateness, and “backing off.” The discussion focuses on the complexity of facilitating peer helping roles without encroaching on the social reciprocity found in friendships. The development of inclusion practices based on cooperation and mutual assistance for all students, rather than only for students with identified disabilities, is recommended.

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Killsback, Leo Kevin. "A nation of families: traditional indigenous kinship, the foundation for Cheyenne sovereignty." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180118822833.

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One of the major destructive forces to American Indian peoples were the assimilation-based policies that destroyed traditional kinship systems and family units. This destruction contributed to the cycle of dysfunction that continues to plague families and homes in Indian country. A second major destructive blow occurred when colonial forces, through law and policy, reinforced white male patriarchal kinship and family systems. In this colonial system, American Indian concepts, roles, and responsibilities associated with fatherhood and motherhood were devalued and Indian children grew up with a dysfunctional sense of family and kinship. This article examines the traditional kinship system of the Cheyenne Indians, highlighting the importance of kinship terms, roles, and responsibilities. The traditional Cheyenne kinship system emphasized familial relationships for the sake of childrearing and imparting traditional values of respect, reciprocity, and balance. Traditional principles of heške’estovestôtse (motherhood), héhe’estovestôtse (fatherhood), and méhósánestôtse (love) were the backbone of the Cheyenne family.

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Hart, Gerald W., Lisa K. Kreppel, Frank I. Comer, C. Shane Arnold, Doris M. Snow, Zhengyi Ye, Xiaogang Cheng, et al. "O-GlcNAcylation of key nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins: reciprocity with O-phosphorylation and putative roles in protein multimerization." Glycobiology 6, no. 7 (1996): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/6.7.711.

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Huck, Steffen, Andrew J. Seltzer, and Brian Wallace. "Deferred Compensation in Multiperiod Labor Contracts: An Experimental Test of Lazear's Model." American Economic Review 101, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 819–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.819.

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This paper provides the first experimental test of Edward Lazear's (1979) model of deferred compensation. We examine the relation ship between firms' wage offers and workers' effort supply in a multi-period environment. If firms can ex ante commit to a wage schedule with deferred compensation, workers should respond by supplying sufficient effort to avoid dismissal. We contrast this full-commitment case to controls with no commitment and computer-generated wages in order to examine the roles of monetary incentives, social preferences, and reciprocity. Finally, we examine a setup without formal commitment, but where firms can build a reputation for paying deferred wages. (JEL D86, J22, J31, J33, J41)

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Lubicz-Nawrocka, Tanya Michelle. "“More than just a student”: How co-creation of the curriculum fosters third spaces in ways of working, identity, and impact." International Journal for Students as Partners 3, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v3i1.3727.

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The Third Space (Bhabha, 2004) represents non-traditional roles, processes, relationships, and spaces in which individuals work and have impact. This article presents qualitative research into 13 different curriculum co-creation initiatives at five Scottish universities and analyses the forms of Third Space that emerge.The findings highlight that curriculum co-creation can foster Third Spaces that include: new ways of working in learning and teaching, student development in a space between traditional student and teacher roles and identities, and impact in civic engagement within and beyond the university. The respect and reciprocity that characterise curriculum co-creation can greatly benefit students’ personal and professional development as individuals. In addition, I suggest that the Third Space of civic engagement can advance the Third Mission of universities (beyond impact in the first two missions of teaching and research) when students and teachers work in partnership to have a positive effect on the wider society.

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Solomon-Lane, Tessa K., Devaleena S. Pradhan, Madelyne C. Willis, and Matthew S. Grober. "Agonistic reciprocity is associated with reduced male reproductive success within haremic social networks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (July 22, 2015): 20150914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0914.

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While individual variation in social behaviour is ubiquitous and causes social groups to differ in structure, how these structural differences affect fitness remains largely unknown. We used social network analysis of replicate bluebanded goby ( Lythrypnus dalli ) harems to identify the reproductive correlates of social network structure. In stable groups, we quantified agonistic behaviour, reproduction and steroid hormones, which can both affect and respond to social/reproductive cues. We identified distinct, optimal social structures associated with different reproductive measures. Male hatching success (HS) was negatively associated with agonistic reciprocity, a network structure that describes whether subordinates ‘reciprocated’ agonism received from dominants. Egg laying was associated with the individual network positions of the male and dominant female. Thus, males face a trade-off between promoting structures that facilitate egg laying versus HS. Whether this reproductive conflict is avoidable remains to be determined. We also identified different social and/or reproductive roles for 11-ketotestosterone, 17β-oestradiol and cortisol, suggesting that specific neuroendocrine mechanisms may underlie connections between network structure and fitness. This is one of the first investigations of the reproductive and neuroendocrine correlates of social behaviour and network structure in replicate, naturalistic social groups and supports network structure as an important target for natural selection.

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Ho, Li-Ching, Jasmine B. Y. Sim, and Theresa Alviar-Martin. "Interrogating differentiated citizenship education: Students’ perceptions of democracy, rights and governance in two Singapore schools." Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 6, no. 3 (October 27, 2011): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197911417417.

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Across and within democratic societies, youth experiences of education for citizenship vary widely. A growing body of research suggests that students’ experiences of democratic citizenship education will differ according to how academic programmes, community culture, socio-economic status and gender intersect with prevailing conceptions of equality, mutual respect and reciprocity. This qualitative study explores how democratic citizenship education is enacted in two secondary schools with very dissimilar academic programmes and policies. A key finding in the study is fissures in perceptions of civic engagement and democratic rights between students from the two schools, thus suggesting that academic programmes and policies can differentiate the manner in which students are prepared to fulfil their roles as citizens.

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Kim, Soon-Ho, Minseong Kim, and Stephen Holland. "Effects of intrinsic motivation on organizational citizenship behaviors of hospitality employees: The mediating roles of reciprocity and organizational commitment." Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism 19, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2020.1702866.

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Willen, Diane. "Godly Women in Early Modern England: Puritanism and Gender." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43, no. 4 (October 1992): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900001962.

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This paper argues that Puritanism and gender interacted in dialectic fashion in seventeenth-century England and changed one another significantly as a result of that interaction.1 Such Puritan strategies as reliance on the experience of the individual, extensive use of literacy, and infusion of spiritual issues into all activities deeply affected women's spirituality and their conventional roles in the community. At the same time, changes in the traditional practices of gender altered the Puritan experience. Gender gave new reality to the Puritan emphasis on spiritual egalitarianism, the Puritan practice of godly communion and counsel, and the development of lay–clerical relationships. From the interaction between Puritanism and gender, new forms of reciprocity and alternative sources of authority emerged among the godly.

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Brabeck, Kalina M., and Michele R. Guzmán. "Exploring Mexican-Origin Intimate Partner Abuse Survivors’ Help-Seeking Within Their Sociocultural Contexts." Violence and Victims 24, no. 6 (November 2009): 817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.817.

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Women’s responses to partner abuse are shaped by their particular sociocultural contexts. In this study, quantitative data were collected from 75 Mexican-origin women who survived intimate partner abuse, to identify variables associated with help-seeking to survive relationship abuse. Help-seeking was defined as use of formal (e.g., shelter) and informal (e.g., family) sources. Variables included two cultural variables: machismo (i.e., adherence to traditional gender roles) and familismo (i.e., valuing family cohesion and reciprocity), and four sociostructural variables: income, education, English proficiency, and immigrant status. Results indicated participants with higher levels of familismo sought informal help more frequently than those with lower levels. Women with grade school education, no English proficiency, and undocumented status sought formal help less frequently than those not constrained by these barriers.

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Lisoni, Carlos M. "Persuasion and Coercion in the Clientelistic Exchange: A Survey of Four Argentine Provinces." Journal of Politics in Latin America 10, no. 1 (April 2018): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1801000105.

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How do political parties guarantee enforcement of a clientelistic exchange? This research note empirically supports a catalog of clientelism compliance enforcement tactics. It also suggests that by focusing on the personalization of tactics and the constraints they place on individual voters, we can evaluate how intrusive these tactics are and further help to bridge existing instrumentalist and reciprocity theories of client compliance. The supporting evidence comes from interviews carried out with 73 elected Argentine local and provincial officials. How persuasive or coercive the tactics need to be to make clients comply with their part of the bargain has implications for our understanding of the legitimacy of the clientelistic bondage and our assessment of the roles of patrons and brokers in such exchanges.

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Cho, Erin, Jihyun Lee, and Yuri Lee. "Corporate Philanthropy Affecting Consumer Patronage Behavior: The Effect of Reciprocity and the Moderating Roles of Vicarious Licensing and Strategic Fit." Sustainability 9, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9071094.

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Krasheninnikova, Anastasia, Désirée Brucks, Sigrid Blanc, and Auguste M. P. von Bayern. "Assessing African grey parrots' prosocial tendencies in a token choice paradigm." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 12 (December 2019): 190696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190696.

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Prosociality is defined as a voluntary, typically low-cost behaviour that benefits another individual. Social tolerance has been proposed as a potential driver for its evolution, both on the proximate and on the ultimate level. Parrots are an interesting species to study such other-regarding behaviours, given that they are highly social and stand out in terms of relative brain size and cognitive capacity. We tested eight African grey parrots in a dyadic prosocial choice test. They faced a choice between two different tokens, a prosocial (actor and partner rewarded) and a selfish (only actor rewarded) one. We found that the birds did not behave prosocially when one subject remained in the actor role; however, when roles were alternated, the birds’ prosocial choices increased. The birds also seemed to reciprocate their partner's choices, given that a contingency between choices was observed. If the food provisioned to the partner was of higher quality than that the actor obtained, actors increased their willingness to provide food to their partner. Nonetheless, the control conditions suggest that the parrots did not fully understand the task's contingencies. In sum, African grey parrots show the potential for prosociality and reciprocity; however, considering their lack of understanding of the contingencies of the particular tasks used in this study, the underlying motivation for the observed behaviour remains to be addressed by future studies, in order to elucidate the phylogenetic distribution of prosociality further.

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Désir, Charlene. "Diasporic Lakou: A Haitian Academic Explores Her Path to Haiti Pre- and Post-Earthquake." Harvard Educational Review 81, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.81.2.f571n433x4572571.

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In this essay, Charlene Désir reflects on her role as an academic from the Haitian diaspora and her journey to reconnect to her Haitian roots after the 2010 earthquake. Désir begins by exploring her family background and the centrality of lakou—a sacred family space in which to connect to her ancestors and cultural ways of knowing. By centering the conversation on community and reciprocity, she considers the roles and responsibilities of academics in the diaspora to give back to their communities. This essay tells the story of her experiences in Saint-Raphael, Haiti, developing the Lakou Solèy Academic Enrichment and Cultural Arts Center. In examining her own role in her community—or lakou—Désir underscores the importance of using Haitian epistemology in the process of rebuilding Haiti.

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Marrone, Vincenzo. "Spazio architettonico, spazio sociale e benessere familiare. Una analisi esplorativa." SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, no. 3 (January 2013): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003010.

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What are the roles of home and neighbourhood on the family wellbeing experience? In which extent the urban-architectural space influences the social cohesion constitution? Starting from a survey conducted in two similar planned neighbourhoods, the paper shows that the physical spaces could create most opportunity about informal exchanges, family and individual ease. In one of the two settlements is present an inhabitant organization that takes care about the collective areas. So, comparing this two neighbourhoods we can see that this organization increases the social relation opportunities within the physic space. The neighbourhood relations also change in quality, frequency and distance. The reciprocity is the principal mean about the constitution of the internal community cohesion and it also creates - in people - an openness and trust attitude that goes beyond the neighbourhood boundaries.

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Ramos, Karin Adriane Henschel Pobbe, and Kelly Cristiane Henschel Pobbe de Carvalho. "Portuguese and Spanish Teletandem: The Role of Mediators." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 20, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.12055.

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Teletandem is a virtual context of learning languages based on principles of autonomy and reciprocity in which two peers collaborate to learn the language of each other. Usually, the interactions occur in institutional groups mediated by a professor or a graduate student. This paper aims to describe the role of a mediator and the process of mediation in Portuguese and Spanish Teletandem. Previous studies have analyzed how the Teletandem practice in the context of very close languages, such as Portuguese and Spanish, presents some inherent specificity related to the natural possibility of certain intercommunication between the interactants (Ramos, Carvalho, & Messias, 2013; Silva-Oyama,2010). In this case, it is necessary to observe the process of mediation more closely and consider the relevance of cultural and linguistic aspects. The theoretical assumptions that guide our description and discussion are based onsociocultural theory for second language learning and assume that the learning process happens through interactions between people and the environment in a cooperative manner (Vygotsky, 1978). The methodological perspective thatanchors this study is grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006), which is based on a systematic collection of data that, after analysis, originate concepts. The reflection corroborates the fact that the development of the process depends on the involvement of the mediator in different roles and suggests that the principles of autonomy and reciprocity are directly related to the mediation process and can contribute to an effective collaborative context of language learning.

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Hur, Won-Moo, Yuhyung Shin, Seung-Yoon Rhee, and Hyosun Kim. "Organizational virtuousness perceptions and task crafting." Career Development International 22, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 436–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-11-2016-0192.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employees’ perceptions of organizational virtuousness and task crafting, and to test the mediating roles of organizational identification and work engagement in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected questionnaires from 175 Korean flight attendants and conducted structural equation modeling analyses. Findings Employees’ perceptions of organizational virtuousness were positively associated with task crafting. While organizational identification was not solely responsible for mediating this relationship, it intervened in the relationship between organizational virtuousness perceptions and task crafting by affecting work engagement. Research limitations/implications While this study provides important insights into the roles of organizational virtuousness, organizational identification, and work engagement in promoting task crafting, the use of self-reported, cross-sectional data limits causal inferences between variables. Practical implications Based on the present findings, managers can better understand the antecedents and mediating processes affecting employees’ task crafting. Originality/value This study adds value to the positive organizational psychology literature by revealing crucial intermediary processes linking organizational virtuousness perceptions and task crafting, thus suggesting reciprocity and social identity-based motivation as potential underlying mechanisms of task crafting.

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Bruce, Barbro, Kristina Hansson, and Ulrika Nettelbladt. "Assertiveness, responsiveness, and reciprocity in verbal interaction: Dialogues between children with SLI and peers with typical language development." First Language 30, no. 3-4 (August 2010): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723710370523.

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The present study examined assertiveness and responsiveness in two different conversational contexts: children with specific language impairment (SLI) interacting with an age-matched peer with typical language development (TLD) and children with SLI interacting with a language-matched peer with TLD.The dialogues where the 10 participating children with SLI interacted with an age peer were characterized by a higher degree of responsiveness and coherence.The age peers tended to dominate the interaction with the children with SLI. The dialogues where children with SLI interacted with a language peer were characterized by less responsiveness and less coherence and the child with SLI was likely to be more dominant in the interaction. Thus children with SLI take different roles in verbal interaction depending on how much support the conversational partner can offer.

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Quratulain, Samina, Abdul Karim Khan, Jonathan R. Crawshaw, Ghulam Ali Arain, and Imran Hameed. "A study of employee affective organizational commitment and retention in Pakistan: the roles of psychological contract breach and norms of reciprocity." International Journal of Human Resource Management 29, no. 17 (November 16, 2016): 2552–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1254099.

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VONGSINGTHONG, Suwimon, Sirapat BOONKRONG, and Herwig UNGER. "Modeling Network Evolution by Colored Petri Nets." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 15, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2018.2759.

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Discovering how information was distributed was essential for tracking, optimizing, and controlling networks. In this paper, a premier approach to analyze the reciprocity of user behavior, content, network structure, and interaction rules to the interplay between information diffusion and network evolution was proposed. Parameterization and insight diffusion patterns were characterized based on the community structure of the underlying network using diffusion related behavior data, collected by a developed questionnaire. The user roles in creating the flow of information were stochastically modeled and simulated by Colored Petri Nets, where the growth and evolution of the network structure was substantiated through the formation of the clustering coefficient, the average path length, and the degree distribution. This analytical model could be used for various tasks, including predicting future user activities, monitoring traffic patterns of networks, and forecasting the distribution of content.

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Blum, Ann S. "Speaking of Work and Family: Reciprocity, Child Labor, and Social Reproduction, Mexico City, 1920 – 1940." Hispanic American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2010-087.

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Abstract The belief that children should earn their keep is one of the most significant differences between past and present concepts of childhood. This article examines child labor in Mexico City during the 1920s and 1930s, a period of rapid change in ideas about children’s economic and social roles. In the decades following Mexico’s revolution, activists in Mexico’s child health and protection movement condemned child labor on the grounds that it harmed young workers and led to crime, while a new slate of laws forbade child labor and restricted the kinds of work that adolescents could perform. In contrast, working-class children and adolescents and their parents saw work as integral to family relations. These conflicting views collided in the arena of the juvenile court, one of the principal institutions to emerge from the broad reform agenda focused on children and youth. Yet, while court founders and officials associated child labor with immorality and family dysfunction, the court also provided a forum for working-class children and parents to argue for a different version of family morality founded on long-standing legal definitions of reciprocal obligations of support. Their accounts of children’s economic contributions to family subsistence also shed light on the power dynamics entangled in family relationships founded on work. The encounters between court officials and clients illuminate the tensions between state goals and established practices of social reproduction during a profound transition in social views of childhood, the family, and work.

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Veen, Esther J. "Fostering Community Values through Meal Sharing with Strangers." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072121.

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This paper studies a Dutch meal sharing platform in order to understand what it means to engage in face-to-face sharing with strangers and what the performance of such transactions entails. I hypothesize that this meal sharing platform is a form of community self-organization, aiming to replace the anonymity of the food system by the creation of community relations through sharing. I used semistructured interviews, participant observations, and autoethnography to investigate the social aspects involved in this type of sharing. Focusing on rules of engagement, trust, exchange, and commodification, I argue that while first encounters in stranger food sharing may be awkward, people enter the transaction from a perspective of trust. While sharing meals through this platform is a form of true sharing and no direct reciprocity is required, consumers see their appreciation for the meals as a way to reciprocate. In that sense, positive reviews consolidate the relations between cook and consumer. Money also plays an important role in the transaction, enabling it to take place as it clarifies roles and responsibilities and shows genuine interest. However, commodification also means that users are looking for value for money, while simultaneously they expect the price to reflect the initiative’s “noncommercialness”. I conclude that there is a clear social element in this particular type of meal sharing that distinguishes it from more mainstream economic transactions. Being based on real connections, this particular performance of sharing is a way to socialize the economy, and to tackle local community problems.

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Colmenares, Fernando. "Greeting Behaviour in Male Baboons, I: Communication, Reciprocity and Symmetry." Behaviour 113, no. 1-2 (1990): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00446.

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AbstractMatrilineal structures are typical of many species of Old World monkeys including the savanna baboon. Both isosexual dyads of females and heterosexual dyads frequently reach the stage of greatest social compatibility, i.e. grooming. Male dyads, in contrast, very rarely reach such stage, they show instead marked mutual intolerance and overt aggressive competition. Grooming and other forms of physical contact are fairly frequent between adult males in the patrilineal society of chimpanzees. In the hamadryas baboon, also with patrilineal organization, adult males do not groom with each other but they frequently exchange greeting interactions, particularly in contexts of excitement provoked by social tension. Species-specific differences (savanna versus desert baboons) in the morphology of greeting interactions have also been reported. The objective of this study was to examine the nature and function of this category of non-agonistic interactions recorded over a period of 9 years between 20 males members of a well-established colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephaus and their hybrids, housed in a large, open enclosure in the Madrid Zoo. Greetings were conceptualized as interactions, i.e. in which each participant's action is examined in relation to that of the other interacting partner. A description and qualitative analysis were provided of the morphology (i.e. facial, vocal, manipulatory and contact, postural and orientation, and locomotory patterns) and properties (i.e. reciprocity/non-reciprocity, and symmetry/asymmetry) of greeting interactions. The most significant feature of greeting interactions was the three-stage pattern of performance observed, corresponding with the phases of approximation, proximity, and retreat. In each phase, characteristic behavioural patterns were displayed, some were quite stereotyped but others seemed to be rather influenced by the identity of, and social relationship of, the interacting males, and also by the immediate social context of the interaction. A quantitative analysis of 1583 greeting interactions and 1039 aggressive episodes between the 20 study males was then carried out. Individual males were assigned to one of the following classes of reproductive status: subadult (SA), follower (FW), new leader (NL), prime leader (PL), old leader (OL), and old follower (OFW). It was found a correlation between a male's status class and the frequency with which he played several different roles in greeting and aggressive interactions. Greeting interactions were typical of mature males (FWs, NLs, PLs, OLs, and OFWs), but very especially of reproductive males (NLs, PLs, and OLs). Their rate of participation (both as initiator and recipient) was positively related both to the size of their harem (e.g. prime leaders) and to the potentiality to increase the harem size by taking over new females (e.g. prime and new leaders). Males at its prime reproductive period (i.e. PLs) showed the highest rates of involvement in symmetrical greetings, and the males who were reaching that stage (i.e. NLs) were the ones who most frequently refused to reciprocate a greeting approach. As males approached the stages of higher reproductive potential their rates of symmetrical, i.e. non-contact and notifying, greetings increased. In contrast, the contact patterns observed during asymmetrical greetings were mostly displayed in interactions in which at least one of the participants was either an immature or a young nonreproductive (i.e. follower) male. Reproductive males, i.e. prime and new leaders, were the most frequent initiators and recipients of both greeting and aggression. Examination of the morphology of greeting interactions, particularly of the symmetrical and unreciprocated greetings, i.e. the approach/retreat non-contact pattern, that were typical of prime and new leader males, and of the contexts in which both aggression and many greeting episodes took place, i.e. agonistic conflicts and competition over resources, suggested that these two categories of behaviour might share some causal factors and that they might be regarded as two alternative strategies to deal with a similar problem, namely, the resolution of conflicts. In many cases, greeting may be regarded as a quasi-aggressive behaviour aimed at testing a potential or actual rival's tendencies in a competition situation rather than as a category of affiliative or friendly behaviour. Greeting in baboons is a nice example of a non-stereotyped behaviour in a higher animal, in which relational and interactional properties can be studied, and in which, as discussed in the paper, all the traditional ethological issues of causation, development, function, and evolution can be addressed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reciprocity of roles'

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