Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reciprocity types

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Reciprocity types'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Reciprocity types"

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Fujisawa, Keiko K., Nobuyuki Kutsukake, and Toshikazu Hasegawa. "Reciprocity of prosocial behavior in Japanese preschool children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 2 (March 2008): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407084055.

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This study investigated the reciprocity of prosocial behavior among 3- and 4-year-old Japanese preschool children during free-play time. Matrix correlation tests revealed positive correlations between the frequencies of object offering given and received within dyads and between the frequencies of helping given and received within dyads. These results suggest that young children reciprocate prosocial behavior spontaneously. Positive correlations were also found between the frequencies of object offering and helping behavior exchanged within dyads, suggesting that children exchanged the two types of prosocial behaviors (i.e., “interchanged”). The interchange was independent of both reciprocity within object offering and reciprocity within helping behavior in 4-year-olds. Friends reciprocated object offerings more frequently than non-friends, suggesting that friendship affects the quantitative aspect of reciprocity. These data provide refined evidence of reciprocity among children and also suggest that reciprocity becomes more complicated as children grow older.
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Nakamura, Mitsuhiro, and Hisashi Ohtsuki. "Indirect reciprocity in three types of social dilemmas." Journal of Theoretical Biology 355 (August 2014): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.03.035.

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Wu, Joshua B., Peter W. Hom, Lois E. Tetrick, Lynn M. Shore, Liangding Jia, Chaoping Li, and Lynda Jiwen Song. "The Norm of Reciprocity: Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Context." Management and Organization Review 2, no. 3 (November 2006): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00047.x.

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To add greater theoretical precision to a fundamental construct in social exchange theory - namely, Gouldner's ‘norm of reciprocity’, this study developed a measure of Sahlins' generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity types and validated its psychometric quality in China. For a comprehensive construct validation of the new scale, we carried out three studies. After generating a pool of items, we used a panel of experts to classify items according to conceptual definitions of the three reciprocity types. Using factor analysis, the first study revealed a factor structure consistent with Sahlins' reciprocity typology. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis replicated this factor structure as well as demonstrated that the reciprocity factors are distinct from each other and other social-exchange constructs. In line with extant theories, the third study corroborated a nomological network relating reciprocity types to external constructs. Given this broad array of evidence for its construct validity, future researchers can employ this validated scale to investigate various forms of social exchange in Chinese work settings.
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André, Jean‐Baptiste. "The Evolution of Reciprocity: Social Types or Social Incentives?" American Naturalist 175, no. 2 (February 2010): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649597.

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Leung, Wilson K. S., Si Shi, and Wing S. Chow. "Impacts of user interactions on trust development in C2C social commerce." Internet Research 30, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2018-0413.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of two types of reciprocity (restricted reciprocity and generalized reciprocity) on customers’ trust in social commerce (s-commerce) and trust performance (purchase intention and word-of-mouth intention). Furthermore, this study examines how individual and contextual moderators (personal shopping experience and community shared language) could impact the trust development process. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a survey method and obtained data from 287 users in a customer-to-customer (C2C) s-commerce platform. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the research hypotheses. Findings The results demonstrate that two types of reciprocity positively affect trust in s-commerce. Customers’ trust performance is significantly affected by trust in s-commerce. Additionally, shopping experience in s-commerce is found to positively moderate the relationship between restricted reciprocity and trust in s-commerce. Research limitations/implications The findings help to understand the nature and role of reciprocity in influencing trust and trust-related behaviors in the context of C2C s-commerce. The research also helps to explore the individual and contextual moderators that impact the effect of reciprocity on trust development. Practical implications The results offer a comprehensive view of trust building strategies for s-commerce practitioners, including shoppers, vendors and managers of s-commerce platforms. Originality/value This study is among the first few research studies that offers a theory-based conceptualization of reciprocity in C2C s-commerce and provides empirical support for the impact of reciprocity on customers’ trust in C2C s-commerce. In addition, this study devises a broader view of reciprocity based on restricted and generalized exchange principle to represent the interaction of vendor–shopper and shopper–shopper, respectively.
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Bruhin, Adrian, Ernst Fehr, and Daniel Schunk. "The many Faces of Human Sociality: Uncovering the Distribution and Stability of Social Preferences." Journal of the European Economic Association 17, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 1025–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvy018.

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Abstract We uncover heterogeneity in social preferences with a structural model that accounts for outcome-based and reciprocity-based social preferences and assigns individuals to endogenously determined preferences types. We find that neither at the aggregate level nor when we allow for several distinct preference types do purely selfish types emerge, suggesting that other-regarding preferences are the rule and not the exception. There are three temporally stable other-regarding types. When ahead, all types value others' payoffs more than when behind. The first, strongly altruistic type puts a large weight on others' payoffs even when behind and displays moderate levels of reciprocity. The second, moderately altruistic type also puts positive weight on others' payoff, yet at a lower level, and displays no positive reciprocity. The third, behindness averse type puts a large negative weight on others' payoffs when behind and is selfish otherwise. In addition, we show that individual-specific estimates of preferences offer only very modest improvements in out-of-sample predictions compared to our three-type model. Thus, a parsimonious model with three types captures the bulk of the information about subjects' social preferences.
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Dahanukar, Neelesh, and Milind Watve. "Group Selection and Reciprocity among Kin." Open Biology Journal 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2009): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874196700902010066.

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The question how Darwinian mechanisms lead to the evolution of individually costly cooperative behavior has given rise to a number of hypotheses. However, attempts to build a synthesis where different types of mechanisms coexist and interact at different levels of selections are still scarce. Here we derive simple game theoretical models where the group level conflicts are resolved by group selection while simultaneously within group competition is resolved by kin selection and reciprocity. We show that none of the mechanisms, when alone, is as robust in evolving and maintaining cooperation as a synthesis of all. Furthermore, we show that initially within group conflicts can be overcome only by kin selection and not reciprocity. However, once common, different types of reciprocities can maintain high levels of cooperation even if average relatedness among individuals is lowered, groups become large, and the benefits of cooperation are reduced. Based on the synthesis we also propose a possible route to the evolution of social and eusocial systems.
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Kovacs, Tamas, and Marc Willinger. "Are Trust and Reciprocity Related within Individuals?" B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2012-0009.

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AbstractWe provide new evidence about a positive correlation between the own amount sent and the own amount returned in the investment game. Our analysis relies on the experimental data collected under the strategy method. While the percentage returned is independent of the amount received for most of our subjects, it is strongly correlated to their amount sent as a trustor. Our analysis is based on a two-way classification of subjects: according to their trusting type and according to their reciprocal type. We show the existence of a strong positive relation between trusting types and reciprocal types within subjects.
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Melamed, David, Brent Simpson, and Jered Abernathy. "The robustness of reciprocity: Experimental evidence that each form of reciprocity is robust to the presence of other forms of reciprocity." Science Advances 6, no. 23 (June 2020): eaba0504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0504.

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Prosocial behavior is paradoxical because it often entails a cost to one’s own welfare to benefit others. Theoretical models suggest that prosociality is driven by several forms of reciprocity. Although we know a great deal about how each of these forms operates in isolation, they are rarely isolated in the real world. Rather, the topological features of human social networks are such that people are often confronted with multiple types of reciprocity simultaneously. Does our current understanding of human prosociality break down if we account for the fact that the various forms of reciprocity tend to co-occur in nature? Results of a large experiment show that each basis of human reciprocity is remarkably robust to the presence of other bases. This lends strong support to existing models of prosociality and puts theory and research on firmer ground in explaining the high levels of prosociality observed in human social networks.
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Sobel, Joel. "Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity." Journal of Economic Literature 43, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 392–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0022051054661530.

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Experiments, ethnography, and introspection provide evidence economic agents do not act to maximize their narrowly defined self interest. Expanding the domain of preferences to include the utility of others provides a coherent way to extend rational choice theory. There are two approaches for including extended or social preferences in strategic models. One posits that agents have extended preferences, but maintains the conventional assumption that these preferences are stable. Prominent examples of this approach permit agents to exhibit concern for status, inequality, and social welfare. The other approach permits the strategic context to determine the nature of individual preferences. Context-dependent preferences can capture the possibility that agents are motivated in part by reciprocity. They may sacrifice personal consumption in order to lower the utility of unkind agents or to raise the utility of kind agents. This paper surveys the evidence in favor of social preferences and describes the implications of the leading theoretical models of extended preferences. It presents behavioral assumptions that characterize different types of social preferences. It investigates the extent to which social preferences may arise as the limit of evolutionary processes. It discusses the relationship between norms of reciprocity and social preferences in repeated interactions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reciprocity types"

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Pieperhoff, Martina. "The Explanatory Power of Reciprocal Behavior for the Inter-Organizational Exchange Context." MDPI AG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061850.

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In order to create sustainable competitive advantages, organizations are embedded in dyadic exchange relationships, which depend on the coordination of the behavior of the actors involved. Often, coordinated behavior is explained by trust. Since trust develops in a process of reciprocal responses to presumed trustworthy behavior, it is a reciprocity-based concept. While inter-organizational exchange relationships can appear in different stages (forming, establishing, broken), different reciprocity types (direct, indirect, negative) can be distinguished. The study links reciprocal behavior to different stages of inter-organizational exchange relationships in order to investigate reciprocity as a possible coordination mechanism of behavior and thus explore the basis of coordination of trust-based behavior. Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a set-theoretic approach is applied to analyze the empirical data consisting of 78 qualitative semi-structured interviews with managers of small-, medium- and large-sized companies. The results show that different reciprocity types become effective in different stages of an inter-organizational exchange relationship: For forming inter-organizational exchange relationships indirect reciprocal behavior, besides direct reciprocity, becomes effective while in establishing inter-organizational exchange relationships, direct reciprocal behavior is evident. Negative reciprocal behavior leads to a break up of relationships. Using these results, on the one hand, the concept of trust can be sharpened by deepening the understanding of the trust-building mechanisms and on the other hand, reciprocity can be seen as coordination mechanism in exchange relationships of different stages. In doing so, with this knowledge, relationships can be coordinated towards a long-term orientation in order to create sustainable advantages.
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Zinoviev, Alexander. "Explicit Artin-Hasse type reciprocity laws the study of their relationsship with explicit Kummer type formulas /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967420008.

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Alsoy-akgun, Nagehan. "The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Solutions Of Helmholtz-type Equations In Fluid Dynamics." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615728/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, the two-dimensional, unsteady, laminar and incompressible fluid flow problems governed by partial differential equations are solved by using dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM). First, the governing equations are transformed to the inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equations, and then the fundamental solution of modified Helmholtz equation is used for obtaining boundary element method (BEM) formulation. Thus, all the terms in the equation except the modified Helmholtz operator are considered as inhomogeneity. All the inhomogeneity terms are approximated by using suitable radial basis functions, and corresponding particular solutions are derived by using the annihilator method. Transforming time dependent partial differential equations to the form of inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equations in DRBEM application enables us to use more information from the original governing equation. These are the main original parts of the thesis. In order to obtain modified Helmholtz equation for the time dependent partial differential equations, the time derivatives are approximated at two time levels by using forward finite difference method. This also eliminates the need of another time integration scheme, and diminishes stability problems. Stream function-vorticity formulations are adopted in physical fluid dynamics problems in DRBEM by using constant elements. First, the procedure is applied to the lid-driven cavity flow and results are obtained for Reynolds number values up to $2000.$ The natural convection flow is solved for Rayleigh numbers between $10^3$ to $10^6$ when the energy equation is added to the Navier-Stokes equations. Then, double diffusive mixed convection flow problem defined in three different physical domains is solved by using the same procedure. Results are obtained for various values of Richardson and Reynolds numbers, and buoyancy ratios. Behind these, DRBEM is used for the solution of natural convection flow under a magnetic field by using two different radial basis functions for both vorticity transport and energy equations. The same problem is also solved with differential quadrature method using the form of Poisson type stream function and modified Helmholtz type vorticity and energy equations. DRBEM and DQM results are obtained for the values of Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers up to $10^6$ and $300,$ respectively, and are compared in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Finally, DRBEM is used for the solution of inverse natural convection flow under a magnetic field using the results of direct problem for the missing boundary conditions.
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Alsoy-akgun, Nagehan. "The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Solution Of Helmholtz-type Equations In Fluid Dynamics." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615729/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, the two-dimensional, unsteady, laminar and incompressible fluid flow problems governed by partial differential equations are solved by using dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM). First, the governing equations are transformed to the inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equations, and then the fundamental solution of modified Helmholtz equation is used for obtaining boundary element method (BEM) formulation. Thus, all the terms in the equation except the modified Helmholtz operator are considered as inhomogeneity. All the inhomogeneity terms are approximated by using suitable radial basis functions, and corresponding particular solutions are derived by using the annihilator method. Transforming time dependent partial differential equations to the form of inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equations in DRBEM application enables us to use more information from the original governing equation. These are the main original parts of the thesis. In order to obtain modified Helmholtz equation for the time dependent partial differential equations, the time derivatives are approximated at two time levels by using forward finite difference method. This also eliminates the need of another time integration scheme, and diminishes stability problems. Stream function-vorticity formulations are adopted in physical fluid dynamics problems in DRBEM by using constant elements. First, the procedure is applied to the lid-driven cavity flow and results are obtained for Reynolds number values up to 2000. The natural convection flow is solved for Rayleigh numbers between 10^3 to 10^6 when the energy equation is added to the Navier-Stokes equations. Then, double diffusive mixed convection flow problem defined in three different physical domains is solved by using the same procedure. Results are obtained for various values of Richardson and Reynolds numbers, and buoyancy ratios. Behind these, DRBEM is used for the solution of natural convection flow under a magnetic field by using two different radial basis functions for both vorticity transport and energy equations. The same problem is also solved with differential quadrature method using the form of Poisson type stream function and modified Helmholtz type vorticity and energy equations. DRBEM and DQM results are obtained for the values of Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers up to 10^6 and 300, respectively, and are compared in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Finally, DRBEM is used for the solution of inverse natural convection flow under a magnetic field using the results of direct problem for the missing boundary conditions.
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Zinoviev, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Explicit Artin-Hasse type reciprocity laws : the study of their relationsship with explicit Kummer type formulas / vorgelegt von Alexander Zinoviev." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967420008/34.

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Books on the topic "Reciprocity types"

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Scheffler, Samuel. Reasons to Worry: Valuation and Reciprocity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798989.003.0003.

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This chapter explores two additional types of reason we have for caring about the fate of future generations: reasons of valuation and reasons of reciprocity. Reasons of valuation are reasons to care about the fate of future generations because the survival of so much of what we value depends on it. Reasons of reciprocity rest on the fact that, while future generations depend on us for their very existence, we depend on them both because our confidence in the value of our activities implicitly depends on our confidence in their survival, and because the actual value of many of our activities does in fact depend on their survival.
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Hénaff, Marcel. The Philosophers' Gift. Translated by Jean-Louis Morhange. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286478.001.0001.

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When it comes to giving, philosophers love to be the most generous. For them, every form of reciprocity is tainted by commercial exchange. In recent decades, such thinkers as Derrida, Levinas, Henry, Marion, Ricoeur, Lefort, and Descombes, have made the gift central to their work, haunted by the requirement of disinterestedness. As an anthropologist as well as a philosopher, the author of this book worries that philosophy has failed to distinguish among various types of giving. This book returns to Mauss to reexamine these thinkers through the anthropological tradition. Reciprocity, rather than disinterestedness, the book shows, is central to ceremonial giving and alliance, whereby the social bond specific to humans is proclaimed as a political bond. From the social fact of gift practices, the book develops an original and profound theory of symbolism, the social, and the relationship between self and other, whether that other is an individual human being, the collective other of community and institution, or the impersonal other of the world.
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Delmas, Candice. In Defense of Uncivil Disobedience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872199.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 makes a case for the justifiability of some acts of uncivil disobedience—acts that are covert, evasive, violent, or offensive. After sketching some general process- and goal-related constraints on uncivil disobedience, the chapter examines some traditional arguments against disobedience in general and argues that the responses offered by champions of civil disobedience can also justify some types of uncivil disobedience. It then responds to arguments for preferring civil over uncivil disobedience and identifies the potential value of incivility for subordinated members in democratic societies allegedly committed to mutual reciprocity. The chapter concludes by sketching the implications of the account with respect to society’s treatment of uncivil disobedients.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. Getting Involved. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0007.

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This chapter addresses how Latino GBT activists actually became part of the AIDS and gay movements. A significant number of compañeros became active in the AIDS and gay movement as a result of approaching organizations searching for social services. They first were “clients,” in the language of many of these organizations. Afterward, they became volunteers and activists. The transformation from client to volunteer or activist is partly due to reciprocity. Recipients of services frequently feel obligated to work on behalf of the organization, because of the benefits they have received from the organization or because they do not want to be passive recipients of services. Two types of services are notable here: those related to LGBT issues and those related to HIV and AIDS.
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Viet D, Dinh, and Wold Megan M. Part VII United States-United Kingdom Issues, 23 Extraterritorial Application of US Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0023.

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U.S. laws related to tainted money often create an impact beyond U.S. territory. This extraterritoriality occurs in two ways: firstly, formal extraterritoriality, meaning the direct application in a U.S. court of U.S. law to activities taking place partly or entirely outside of the U.S.; and, secondly, informal extraterritoriality, meaning indirect effects of U.S. law felt outside of the U.S. but without the application of any U.S. statute or the participation of any U.S. court. This chapter discusses both types of extraterritoriality. First, it presents the conditions of formal extraterritoriality by outlining the principles by which U.S. courts determine whether a particular U.S. statute applies outside the United States. Second, the chapter considers the elements of informal extraterritoriality by describing the types of extraterritorial effects U.S. law may have even when not directly applied to extraterritorial activities. Third, this chapter describes several specific U.S. laws that commonly have extraterritorial applications and/or effects. And finally, the chapter concludes with a brief analysis of extraterritorial applications of foreign law within the U.S. Although not specifically contemplated by the title of this chapter, this discussion pertains to the fundamental reciprocity analysis that governs formal extraterritoriality in the U.S.
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Hannis, Michael, and Sian Sullivan. Relationality, Reciprocity, and Flourishing in an African Landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190456023.003.0018.

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The chapter considers the environmental ethics underlying certain practices and beliefs observed in the course of field research with primarily ||Khao-a Dama people in west Namibia. ||Khao-a Dama perspectives embody a type of “relational environmental ethics” that refracts anthropocentric/ecocentric dichotomies, and is characterized by respect for, and reciprocity with, agency and intentionality as located in entities beyond the human (ancestors, spirits, animals, healing plants and rain). The chapter connects this worldview with contemporary environmental virtue ethics, arguing that it is compatible with a theoretical framework of “ecological eudaimonism” as a fitting response to a complex contemporary world of “wicked” environmental problems.
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Guadagno, Rosanna E. Compliance. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.4.

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This chapter reviews the literature on compliance, a type of social influence that occurs when a person changes their behavior in response to a direct request. Specifically, I review research on compliance organized by the six classic principles of social influence (Cialdini, 2009)—reciprocity, commitment and consistency, authority, social validation or social proof, and liking and similarity, and examine how they are used to change peoples’ behaviors. Furthermore, this chapter reviews the mechanisms that underlie these principles, particularly mindlessness. Finally, this chapter concludes by examining whether this framework for understanding compliance applies to the new realm of social influence—social media—and calls for more research on the effectiveness of the principles of influence when the mode of interpersonal interaction is software based rather than in person.
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Ng, Karen. From Actuality to Concept in Hegel’s Logic. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.13.

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This chapter examines Hegel’s treatment of the concept of actuality in his Science of Logic. It argues that Hegel’s treatment of actuality serves two functions: first, it provides the argument for the ‘genesis of the Concept’, Hegel’s version of Kant’s transcendental deduction; second, it allows Hegel to determine a specific type of activity characteristic of both life and freedom. The key to understanding the transition from actuality to the Concept (der Begriff) lies in Hegel’s concept of reciprocity (Wechselwirkung), a reciprocal relation between cause and effect that constitutes an inner purposiveness of form. The author develops this argument by examining the key moves of the three chapters that close out the Objective Logic—“The Absolute,” “Actuality,” and “The Absolute Relation”—taking up Hegel’s relation to Aristotle and Spinoza, his treatment of the modal categories, and his critique of mechanistic accounts of causality.
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Otsuka, Michael. How to Guard against the Risk of Living Too Long. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a defense of a type of occupational pension, known as “collective defined contribution” (CDC), which is based on the idea that it is possible to limit the employer’s liability to nothing more than a set contribution (a “defined contribution”) while retaining many of the benefits of the collectivization (pooling) of risks of a traditional defined benefit (DB) pension. CDC can be defended against a freedom-based objection from the right via an appeal to the following Hobbesian voluntarist justification: CDC constitutes a “Leviathan of Leviathans” into which it is rational for workers to choose to associate in order to tame longevity and investment risks. CDC pensions that arise from and mirror existing income inequalities can also be defended against an egalitarian objection from the left, by demonstration that they can be grounded in Rawlsian principles of reciprocity and property-owning democracy.
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Jarvis, Katie. Politics in the Marketplace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917111.001.0001.

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Politics in the Marketplace integrates politics, economics, and gender to ask how the Dames des Halles invented notions of citizenship through everyday trade during the French Revolution. As crucial food retailers, traditional representatives of the Third Estate, and famed leaders of the march on Versailles, these Parisian market women held great revolutionary influence. This work innovatively interweaves the Dames’ political activism and economic practices to reveal how marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through daily commerce. Parisians struggled to overhaul the marketplace and reconcile egalitarian social aspirations with free market principles. While haggling over new price controls, fair taxes, and acceptable currency, the Dames and their clients negotiated economic and social contracts in tandem. The market women conceptualized a type of economic citizenship in which individuals’ activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes positioned them within the collective social body and enabled them to make claims on the state. They insisted that their commerce served society and demanded that the state pass favorable regulations to reciprocate. The Dames also drew on their patriotic work as activists and their gendered work as republican mothers to compel the state to provide practical currency and assist indigent families. Thus, the Dames’ notion of citizenship portrayed useful work, rather than gender, as the cornerstone of civic legitimacy. Consequently, Politics in the Marketplace challenges the interpretation that the Revolution launched an inherently masculine trajectory for citizenship. It calls on scholars to rethink the relationship among work, gender, and embryonic citizenship.
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Book chapters on the topic "Reciprocity types"

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CHEN, An. "Distinguishing Two Types of Countries and Properly Granting Differential Reciprocity Treatment: Re-comments on the Four Safeguards in Sino-Foreign BITs Not to Be Hastily and Completely Dismantled." In Understanding China, 309–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40817-5_10.

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Partridge, P. W., C. A. Brebbia, and L. C. Wrobel. "The Dual Reciprocity Method for Equations of the Type ∇2 u = b(x,y)." In The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method, 69–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3690-7_3.

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Partridge, P. W., C. A. Brebbia, and L. C. Wrobel. "The Dual Reciprocity Method for Equations of the Type ∇2 u = b(x,y,u)." In The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method, 109–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3690-7_4.

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Partridge, P. W., C. A. Brebbia, and L. C. Wrobel. "The Dual Reciprocity Method for Equations of the Type ∇2 u = b(x,y,u,t)." In The Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method, 175–222. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3690-7_5.

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Ridinger, Garret, and Michael McBride. "Reciprocity in games with unknown types." In Handbook of Experimental Game Theory, 271–88. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781785363337.00019.

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Lee, I.-Jui. "How to use the Advantages of AR and VR Technique to Integrate Special Visual Training Strategies in Non-Verbal Communication Skills Training for Children with Autism." In Types of Nonverbal Communication [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94587.

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Social communication is the basis of human interaction, as people transmit messages, their emotions, and some symbolic social content through oral or non-verbal communication. However, it is difficult for most children with autism to master, or understand, these non-verbal social communication skills. In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technology (A/VR technology) have been widely used in the social training of children with autism. This technology creates many learning states that are difficult to achieve in the traditional social training of autism, and they are mainly achieved through the sensory advantages of A/VR technology in the visual presentation and simulation of surreal state situations. This technology can provide more attractive interactive games and play strategies to help autistic children learn social reciprocity skills. Therefore, this paper discusses how A/VR technology can be used to construct a surreal visual training strategy in the non-verbal social training of autistic children and, by using different teaching strategies and visual training applications, to help them to improve their mastery of non-verbal social communication. Based on the findings, future researchers are offered some suggestions and references for the application of A/VR technology in the social training of autism.
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Baddeley, Michelle. "3. Social lives." In Behavioural Economics: A Very Short Introduction, 19–33. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198754992.003.0003.

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‘Social lives’ explores some of the main ways in which social influences drive behaviour, including aversion to unequal outcomes, trust and reciprocity, social learning, and peer pressure. The interplay between trust and reciprocity is a key element in many of the cooperative and collaborative activities that we undertake daily. There are two main types of inequity aversion: disadvantageous and advantageous. Social norms are another set of social influences that drive our behaviour, and these are often reinforced through peer pressure. They help to explain how and why we have evolved as a cooperative species, but how do we ensure that no-one free rides on others’ generosity?
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Tai, Zixue, and Xiaolong Liu. "Virtual Ties, Perceptible Reciprocity, and Real-Life Gratifications in Online Community Networks." In Analyzing Digital Discourse and Human Behavior in Modern Virtual Environments, 164–80. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9899-4.ch009.

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QQ has been a leading force of China's social media revolution both in terms of its user reach and its socio-cultural impact. This chapter offers an analysis of QQ groups based on semi-structured in-depth interviews of 33 users with a particular emphasis on participants' rationales, motivations, and communicative behaviors as displayed in different types of groups. This is accomplished through interrogating a multiple set of individual, collective, social, and contextual factors that shape group dynamics and individual participation. It also discusses the implications of the findings for the scholarship on online communities in general, and the understanding of Chinese online groups in particular.
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Padgett, John F. "From Chemical to Social Networks." In The Emergence of Organizations and Markets. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the next frontier in autocatalytic modeling. Building on the model of production in Chapter 3, communication in two forms is added in the formal models in this chapter: symbolic communication through primitive language and genealogical communication through biographies. Language here emerges out of token feedbacks and social-interactional learning. Genealogical descent and family organizations emerge out of reciprocity and teaching. In the terminology of a multiple-network ensemble, the first cross-sectional type of communication is equivalent to the emergence of relational social-network ties, and the second longitudinal type of communication is equivalent to the emergence of constitutive social-network ties. With these human-like extensions beyond biochemistry, three types of autocatalysis emerge: production autocatalysis, where material objects are produced and exchanged; cellular or biographical autocatalysis, where actors are constructed through intercalated biographies; and linguistic autocatalysis, where symbols are passed and reproduced in conversations.
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Guadalupe, Sónia, and Henrique Testa Vicente. "Intergenerational Support Networks and Wellbeing in Old Age." In Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96302.

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Family is the main informal support system for the older population. Focusing on social network types, the chapter discusses the relevance of family-centered networks, restricted and diverse networks for wellbeing, and psychosocial risk in the aging process. Social network types and social support effectiveness are also pointed out as good predictors of health, mental health, and social or community participation. Familistic cultures represent different demands on informal support and social care, bringing enormous importance to the heiresses generations. Interpersonal relationships between generations are fueled by reciprocity in support throughout the life cycle. Intergenerationality closes its cycle when the offspring support their parents in older ages. Normativity in this cycle is broken with childlessness, which is less and less exceptional today. The emphasis on family ties in social care and the childless population’s increase transform future support expectations, challenging societies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Reciprocity types"

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Inayah, Nur, Muhammad Manaqib, and Wahid Nugraha Majid. "Furrow irrigation infiltration in various soil types using dual reciprocity boundary element method." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES AND STATISTICS 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0042682.

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Zanarini, Alessandro, Filip De Coninck, Krzysztof Mendrok, and Paul Sas. "Direct and Indirect Vibro-Acoustic Measurements for Road Noise NVH Predictions." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85633.

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This paper describes vibro-acoustic direct and indirect measurements for road noise NVH predictions from a complete car. Attention is devoted to the dynamic response of the structure and interior pressure field toward tire patch displacement inputs. The direct measurements exploited the Team Corporation CUBE™ high frequency 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) shaker recently installed at the KULeuven Vehicle Technologies Laboratory; the input was provided directly at the tire contact patch, while the responses were measured as accelerations and pressures on the structure. In the indirect measurements a low-mid frequency volume velocity source (LMFVVS) was used to acoustically excite the structure in the reverse path direction from the inside of the interior car cavity, while accelerations on the car and forces/torques where acquired by a 6-DOF dynamometer at the tire patch. From both types of excitations Frequency Response Functions (FRF) were calculated in the frequency range [0–500 Hz]. The non-linearity of the full car system was investigated with different direct and indirect measurement tests, in order to assess the feasibility of the reciprocity principle in such a complex structure. Measurement set-ups, results and comparisons are described and discussed in detail.
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Enge, Maria, Christian Hof, and Salvador Barrera-Figueroa. "Research on an alternative LS2P microphone based on a new reciprocity calibration system." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201927005.

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The microphone calibration by the reciprocity technique specified in IEC 61094-2 is used to determine the sensitivity of laboratory standard microphones according to the IEC 61094-1 with the smallest measurement uncertainty for the use as reference microphones. So far, laboratory standard microphones by the manufacturer Brüel & Kjær (Type 4160 and Type 4180) are almost exclusively used as laboratory reference microphones. In order to create an alternative, the initiative has been taken to examine the usability of the ½-inch laboratory microphones G.R.A.S. 40AU-1. Studies were launched to check the microphone parameters, the stability and the reciprocity of the microphones as well as the compatibility with microphones by Brüel & Kjær. Basis for the investigation was a new validated reciprocity calibration system. The realization of the system and the research results are presented and discussed. Additionally, results of comparison measurements with national metrology institutes are shown in shortened fashion.
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Shi, X., and R. G. Fenton. "Structural Instabilities in Platform-Type Parallel Manipulators due to Singular Configurations." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0233.

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Abstract In this paper, a new method for identifying singular configurations causing instabilities in a platform-type parallel manipulator is presented. The method is based on a recently developed forward instantaneous kinematic formulation and the principle of reciprocity of screws. An analytical singularity condition is derived for a Stewart Platform type manipulator by using the method. It is believed that this is the first analytical expression for configuration singularity of a platform-type parallel manipulator. An illustrative example of a 3 DOF parallel manipulator is also discussed in detail in the paper.
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Ho, Bing-Lin, Jr-Rung Chen, Szu-Chi Kuan, Po-Er Hsu, Tsung-Han Hsieh, and Wen-Jen Chen. "Radius measurement and uncertainty evaluation using three-sphere reciprocity method." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201909006.

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Three-dimensional (3D) measuring instrument has become widely applied by manufacturers due to the fast measurement capability and the flexible measuring procedure. It is also a crucial topic to evaluate or improve the measuring performance of these instruments, including the contact type like coordinate measuring machines (CMM) or the non-contact type like structure light scanners. Recently, the most commonly used standard feature is a sphere with a non-specular surface. It is because the ceramic materials is used to ensure the durability of the standard spheres, or is limited by the measuring principle of structure light scanners where the measured objects need to be lambertian surface. In the light of these limitations, the interferometry methods could not directly calibrate these standard spheres. In order to calibrate the radius and form of a non-specular sphere, this research focuses on the tactile method of spheres reciprocity method based on the previous researches. More details of the measuring principle and the formulas would be discussed. Final, the uncertainty of this method is evaluated using Monte Carlo method. The evaluated result of uncertainty is less than 10 nm for 15 mm radius sphere. This is very useful for common 3D measuring instrument calibration.
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Whatley, Janice, Frances Bell, Jan Shaylor, Elena Zaitseva, and Danuta Zakrzewska. "CAB - Collaboration across Borders: Peer Evaluation for Collaborative Learning." In InSITE 2005: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2848.

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Use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the development of tools to enable communication, can change the ways in which students in higher education learn, including online learning, both as individuals and through collaboration with other learners. This paper is a review of two cases of online peer evaluation of web sites or multimedia presentations, between students from several countries. Examining the research feedback from these collaborative activities has contributed to our understanding of online learning tasks, and led to the development of a dedicated online portal for carrying out collaborative activities. We have found that there is a clear benefit to be derived from incorporating activities of this type within the learning of students in higher education. The CAB portal we have developed helps tutors, wishing to set up a collaborative activity, to address issues of reciprocity of learning outcomes and guidelines for students’ participation.
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Lin, Cheng, Chih-Hao Lee, and Ching-Chang Chieng. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NANOFLUID AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUID IN MULTIPLATES TYPE RECIPROCATE MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM." In TMNN-2011. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Thermal and Materials Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - 29 May - 3 June , 2011, Antalya, Turkey. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2011.tmnn-2011.390.

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Lee, Chung-Ching. "Computational and Geometric Investigation on the Reciprocal Screw Axis of Bricard Six-Revolute Mechanisms." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/mech-14058.

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Abstract Based on the optimization theory and the direct elimination technique, we present a systematic approach to explore the single reciprocal screw axis of Bricard six-revolute mechanisms numerically and to confirm its geometric properties graphically. To overcome the difficulty of deriving the analytical closed-form solutions and the shortcomings of needing an accurate initial estimate and having a highly computational sensitivity in the popular Newton-type procedure, the nonlinear programming algorithm establishes a general computational solution to the matrix displacement equation. Using the transformation of line and screw coordinates and the fundamentals of reciprocity of screws, we develop a simple numerical computational approach to obtain the reciprocal screw axis of mechanisms through the linear dependence or independence of linear algebra. Geometric explanations with 3-D computer graphics are also offered to comprehensively understand their algebraic surface of the reciprocal screw axes and to confirm the correctness and validity of the derived algorithm.
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Ahmadi, Eisa, M. M. Aghdam, and Nasrin Sheikhy. "A New Truly Meshless Method for Heat Conduction in Solid Structures." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40615.

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In this study a new meshless method is presented for the analysis of heat transfer in heterogeneous solid structures. The presented meshless method is based on the integral form of energy equation for the sub-particles in the domain of the material. A micromechanical model based on the presented meshless method is presented for analysis of heat transfer, temperature distribution and steady-state effective thermal conductivities of fiber-matrix type of composite materials. Because the domain integration is eliminated in the presented meshless formulation, the computational efforts in presented method are decreased substantially. A small area of the composite system called the representative volume element (RVE) is considered as the solution domain. The fully bonded fiber-matrix interface is considered and contact thermal resistant is neglected in the fiber-matrix interface and so the continuity of temperature and reciprocity of heat flux is satisfied in the fiber-matrix interface. A direct interpolation method is employed for enforcement the appropriate boundary conditions to the RVE. Numerical results are presented for temperature distribution, heat flux and thermal conductivity. Numerical results show that presented meshless method is simple, effective, accurate and less costly method in micromechanical modeling of heat conduction in heterogeneous materials.
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Karkar, Sami, and Manuel Collet. "Nonreciprocal Acoustics Using Programmable Boundary Conditions: From Boundary Control and Active Metamaterials to the Acoustic Diode." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3797.

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In this communication, we first introduce the concept of programmable boundary conditions, and then use it to design a nonreciprocal acoustic device: an effective, broadband, acoustic diode. Previous works showed that, using sufficiently small transducers, an active acoustic metasurface can be realized: a smart active acoustic skin with tunable acoustic properties. Using distributed control, these properties can be adapted or reconfigured in real-time. Or, it can even depend on the acoustic field itself, allowing for a programming of the (meta)surface properties: a programmable boundary condition. For instance, a partial derivative equation depending on the acoustic quantities can be imposed, in a discretized form, at the surface of such a programmable boundary. This type of non-standard boundary conditions have been shown to provide the necessary basis for nonreciprocal propagation for a plane wave interacting with a boundary with non grazing incidence, ie. for wavevectors that possess a component normal to the boundary. This restriction may appear problematic when the wavevector is then parallel to the boundary, e.g. when dealing with plane waves in a 1D waveguide, as in an acoustic diode. An acoustic diode, or acoustic isolator, is a nonreciprocal device that let acoustic power pass only in one direction, hence breaking the reciprocity of normal acoustic propagation. We propose a new model of acoustic diode, based on active components: a continuous, distributed source inside the domain. However, based on the modeling of parietal sources in ducts, in the low frequency range, we show that the boundary control approach and the distributed domain sources are equivalent. The only difference is that, in the case of the programmable boundary condition, the near-field of the boundary also contains a component normal to the boundary. Hence our acoustic diode can be realized in practice using programmable boundary conditions. Moreover, the acoustic diode is effective on a broad frequency range, since it can work both on the fundamental mode (plane waves) and on higher-order mode of the waveguide.
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