Journal articles: 'Reclaimed water use'

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Herrin, Louis, and Nicole Cuthbertson. "USE OF RECLAIMED WATER." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784343811.

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Parsons, Lawrence R., Bahman Sheikh, Robert Holden, and David W. York. "Reclaimed Water as an Alternative Water Source for Crop Irrigation." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1626.

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Reclaimed water has been safely and successfully used for more than 40 years in Florida and California. Reclaimed water in these states is regulated with restrictions more stringent than World Health Organization guidelines. In the United States, Florida is currently the largest producer and California is the second largest producer of reclaimed water. Reclaimed water is more highly tested than other sources of irrigation water, and the safety of this water has been demonstrated in these and other states. Very high application rates of reclaimed water to citrus on well-drained Florida sands increased tree growth and fruit production. Although reclaimed water contains some nutrient elements, there is usually insufficient macronutrient content to meet plant nutritional requirements. Most reclaimed waters do not have high salinity levels although they are slightly more salty than the potable waters from which they originated. With an adequate leaching fraction, salts in reclaimed water can be handled with appropriate irrigation management. Use of reclaimed water has steadily increased in Florida since 1992, but other entities besides agricultural irrigation are now competing for its use. Public acceptance of reclaimed water has also increased, and crops grown with reclaimed water in Florida and California have been marketed without a negative public reaction. Recent issues of food safety have caused some to question reclaimed water, but there is no evidence of food safety problems with its use. Although reclaimed water in Florida was initially promoted as a way to improve surface water quality, it has now become an important alternate source of water to help meet water shortages and urban demand. In California, reclaimed water has become a necessary part of statewide water management.

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Crook, James, Jacqueline A. MacDonald, and R. Rhodes Trussell. "Potable use of reclaimed water." Journal - American Water Works Association 91, no. 8 (August 1999): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08679.x.

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Li, Xiu Ping, Yan Ying Huang, Ning Tao Li, Chen Wen, and He Xu. "Sustainable Water Management on Reclaimed Water Use - A Case of Tianjin." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3517.

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Tianjin, due to its severe shortage and inefficient use of water resource, is now facing many problems such as land substance, pollutions of wastewater irrigation etc., which will restrict its sustainable development of social economy. As a newly, useful, and potential unconventional water resource, reclaimed water can be used broadly to improve the unsatisfied situation of water utilization in Tianjin. In this paper, based on an analysis of the status of present reclaimed water use project and associated plans of future reclaimed water utilization, the authors gave a detailed discuss on the existed problem of reclaimed water use, and then put forward some relative suggestions and recommendations about the sustainable management of reclaimed water utilization in Tianjin, such as management mechanism, reclaimed water price and economic stimulating mechanism, constructions of infrastructure, supporting of science and technology, laws and policies, and supervision system and public participation.

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Palacios-Diaz, María, Vanessa Mendoza-Grimón, Idaira Brito, Juan Fernández-Vera, and José Hernández-Moreno. "Reclaimed Water Use in Biofuel Production." Water 7, no. 12 (September 4, 2015): 4848–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w7094848.

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Parsons*, Larry R. "Changes in Reclaimed Water Use in Florida." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 855E—856. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.855e.

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Florida is one of the larger producers of reclaimed water in the U.S., and use of this water has increased greatly in the past ten years. The objective of this study is to compare changes in reclaimed water use by different entities over the past several years. From 1986 to 2002, total reuse treatment capacity and flow in Florida increased by 221% and 183%, respectively. In the 1980s, reclaimed water was considered to be an urban disposal problem, and cities encouraged use of this water by giving it away for no charge. Because it was free, agricultural irrigation became the largest user of reclaimed water in the mid-1990s and is still one of the larger users. From 1992 to 2002, overall agricultural land area irrigated with reclaimed water increased by 77%. Land area of edible crops irrigated with reclaimed water increased during that period but remained relatively constant around 6070 ha after 1996. Irrigation of other crops increased to 9800 ha. Golf course irrigation increased by 212% to 20,476 ha while residential irrigation increased around 8147% to 33,373 ha during this period. Total flow to ground water recharge and industrial uses increased by 125% and 424%, respectively. While agricultural irrigation is still a large user of this water, other uses such as golf course, residential, groundwater recharge, and industrial are becoming more important. Some cities are no longer willing to provide this water to agriculture for no charge as competition from other entities increases. Agriculture may have to pay for the water, use less water, or develop other water sources.

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Yeager, Thomas H., Joseph K. von Merveldt, Tracy A. Irani, and Claudia A. Larsen. "Survey of Reclaimed and Non-reclaimed Irrigation Water Use for Production of Container-grown Plants in Florida." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-33.3.119.

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A descriptive survey was conducted of container plant growers using reclaimed water (processed sewage) for irrigation of nursery crops and growers whose businesses were located in areas where reclaimed water was available but not used for irrigation. Surveys were completed during site visits except when participants wanted to complete the survey at a later time. Nurseries using reclaimed water produced trees, shrubs, perennials, bedding plants, foliage plants, and potted flowering plants. Average area outdoors or under shade irrigated with overhead sprinklers was 3.5 ha (8.6 A) and 10,777 m2 (116,000 ft2) for greenhouses. Participants responded that reclaimed water quality (67%) and quantity (50%) were consistent over time. All reclaimed water users were satisfied with both quality and quantity of reclaimed water. Most growers (83%) not using reclaimed water were using well water as the primary source of water. Seventy-one percent of non-reclaimed users responded that expense of connection to reclaimed water was a limitation, while 57% indicated that unknown water quality and health or safety concerns were limitations. Results from this survey indicated acceptance of reclaimed water among active users and the need for education about reclaimed water for non-reclaimed users.

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Hermanowicz, S. W., E. Sanchez Diaz, and J. Coe. "Prospects, problems and pitfalls of urban water reuse: a case study." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0567.

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This paper presents a successful water reclamation and reuse project in the San Francisco Bay area. The project, which includes a water reclamation facility and a separate distribution system, is operated by a wastewater utility and reclaims approximately 4% of its dry-weather flow. Project history, its design and implementation are further discussed. Planning, and especially demand analysis, was critical for project development. Earlier attempts of water reuse were not successful because reclaimed water quality did not match the requirements of potential large industrial customers. Current customers are a mix of public, commercial and residential users who apply the reclaimed water solely for landscape irrigation. In addition, a large fraction of the reclaimed water is used internally in the main wastewater treatment plant. Early connection of largest customers, innovative collaboration with a neighboring reclamation project and cooperation of the local water supplier were very important for project success. Distribution of internal process water consumes most energy. The second major energy use is for the treatment of reclaimed water while distribution of reclaimed water to external customers requires least energy.

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Maeda, Masahiro, Kiyomi Nakada, Kazuaki Kawamoto, and Masataka Ikeda. "Area-wide use of reclaimed water in Tokyo, Japan." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0661.

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In Japan, wastewater treatment plants generate 1.09 × 1010 m3 of effluent in a year. 8.5 × 107 m3 of it is reused. Several criteria have been proposed for reclaimed water quality. However there is not national standards yet. In this paper, reclaimed water use in Japan is briefly described. Existing quality criteria are also presented. In the context of reclaimed water use, Tokyo is one of the cities which have promoted the reuse of treated effluent. Especially, stream restoration project and area-wide water recycling projects are epoch-making projects. In this paper, area-wide water recycling project in Shinjuku district which is one of sub-centers in Tokyo is described. In this project, reclaimed water is used for toilet flushing in 19 high-rise buildings. Construction cost, funding and user charges are also given.

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Wu, W. L., Y. D. Huang, K. E. Hsu, Y. H. Wang, H. H. Huang, W. C. Hsiung, S. M. Chen, et al. "A health risk assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater for industrial and miscellaneous use." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 4 (June 28, 2014): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.291.

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The study evaluated the safety of reclaimed water using health risk assessment and biotoxicity tests. The reclaimed water was produced from reverse osmosis and used in industrial and miscellaneous purposes. The health risk assessment was conducted based on the concentrations of detectable pollutants in reclaimed water in a hypothetical scenario. The estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are lower than the generally accepted level. Biotoxicity evaluation included three genotoxicity tests, a chronic toxicity test using medaka fishes, and a subchronic toxicity test using mice. The reclaimed water is not genetically toxic, and does not cause significant chronic effects on these model organisms. These results confirm the safety of using reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plants.

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Sheikh, Bahman, Kara L. Nelson, Brent Haddad, and Anne Thebo. "Grey Water: Agricultural Use of Reclaimed Water in California." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 165, no. 1 (December 2018): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2018.03291.x.

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Zhu, Zhongfan, and Jie Dou. "Current status of reclaimed water in China: an overview." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.070.

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Abstract This paper presents the objectives of reclaimed water use in China and the current quantities used at the national and provincial levels. Using 2015 statistical data as an example, this paper studies the influences of water resources quantity, gross domestic product and policy promotion hierarchy on reclaimed water use in all provincial administrative regions in China. Reclaimed water use in Beijing and Jiangsu are presented as two representative examples. China's reclaimed water experience can provide some guidance for other countries facing similar water resource situations.

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Braune, Leticia, Gulcan Onel, Tatiana Borisova, and Pilar Useche. "[FE1091] Regulations Governing the Usage of Reclaimed Water as an Alternative Water Source for Agricultural Irrigation in Florida." EDIS 2021, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe1091-2021.

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Fresh water is becoming increasing scarce as the world population grows rapidly. Reclaimed water from alternative sources can be used to help offset the demand for fresh surface water and groundwater in agriculture. To ensure that pathogenic or trace chemical constituents in reclaimed water do not pose a threat to human health and the environment, state and federal governments impose regulations governing reclaimed water use. This fact sheet documents the rules and regulations governing the use of reclaimed water from alternative water sources in Florida agriculture. Target audiences include growers exploring alternative water use for agriculture, non-core professionals, core professionals, and the public.

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Wu, Shan, Yue Heng Hu, and Long Yang. "Case Study on Reclaimed Water System Planning." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1117.

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In order to improving the quality of water environment and increase water use efficiency, promoting and speeding up the reclaimed water facilities construction is a main measure in the northern cities with a shortage of renewable water in China. Urban reclaimed water planning is a strategic, special and comprehensive layout which involving a wide range of water management and development. Based on the analysis of the necessity of reclaimed water using and planning, the authors focused on the basic principles that reclaimed water planning should be followed and described the main elements that should be included in reclaimed water planning. As reclaimed water has played a significant role in Beijing’s existing water supply picture and its continued development is critical to meeting the growing water needs in the capital. With Beijing’s case studies a potential users selection principle of reclaimed water was presented.

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Yanala, Sandeep Reddy, and Krishna R. Pagilla. "Use of biochar to produce reclaimed water for irrigation use." Chemosphere 251 (July 2020): 126403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126403.

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Vandertulip, Don, and Matthew Shepard. "New Territory Reclaimed Water Use for Subsidence Credits." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 6 (January 1, 2006): 6153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783775793.

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Asano, Takashi. "Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0137.

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Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.

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Stillwell, Ashlynn S., Kelly M. Twomey, Rusty Osborne, David M. Greene, Dan W. Pedersen, and Michael E. Webber. "An integrated energy, carbon, water, and economic analysis of reclaimed water use in urban settings: a case study of Austin, Texas." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.058.

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As water supplies become strained, some municipalities have turned to reclaimed water as a potential source to meet non-potable needs. Such reclaimed water – wastewater effluent treated to appropriate quality standards – is not suitable for human consumption without additional treatment, but can be used for purposes such as irrigation and cooling. One reclaimed water distribution system of particular interest is at the University of Texas at Austin (UT), USA, which receives treated effluent from City of Austin wastewater treatment plants. Depending on the embedded energy of existing water sources, existing levels of wastewater treatment, and the extent of the relevant distribution network, water reuse can save energy and carbon emissions compared with conventional drinking water distribution systems, at the expense of higher capital costs. Our analysis uses EPANet modeling software and historical datasets to examine the embedded energy and carbon emissions in drinking water and reclaimed water for non-potable applications at UT. We then examine the overall economics of reclaimed water use, including capital and operating costs for a variety of amortization periods, financing costs, and externality costs using a levelized-cost of water methodology. This integrated analysis serves as the basis for developing principles of sustainable water reuse.

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Zhang, Ji Ku, Yang Jiang, and Lin Zou. "The Project Design of Seasonal Reclaimed Water Utilization System for Liaobin Water Town." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4766.

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Conbined with the Eco-residential Island, the project of reclaimed water utilization for Liaobin water town in Panjin is mainly introduced. The reclaimed water resource contains rainwater and domestic sewage water, which is collected mainly in the range of urban (regional).After the second-level processing by sewage treatment plant, it is mainly served as flushing water ,which is called “full-sewage” reuse system; in dry season, it is reused directly after corresponding treatment; and in rainy season, the excessive water is pumpinged into the surrounding waterbodies. The research analysis indicates that the plan of “full-sewage” reuse system and the seasonal reclaimed water utilization system used in this area are reasonable and feasible, which can make full use of the reclaimed water and save the water resources effectively, meeting the demand of sustainable development .

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Crook, James. "Quality Criteria for Reclaimed Water." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0241.

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The applicability of reclaimed water for any particular use depends on its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The effects of physical and chemical parameters for nonpotable uses of reclaimed water are, for the most part, well understood and criteria have been established. Health-related microbiological limits are more difficult to quantify, as evidenced by widely varying standards and guidelines throughout the world. This paper presents existing reclaimed water quality limits for various uses, and compares the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria, which are typical of health-related standards in industrialized countries, to WHO guidelines, which are directed principally at developing countries. The California regulations are considerably more restrictive than the WHO guidelines. Because of unknowns concerning the presence, identification, concentration, and health significance of many chemical constituents that may be in reclaimed water, quality criteria for potable reuse are not well developed and are not addressed in this paper.

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Pinjing, He, L. Phan, Gu Guowei, and G. Hervouet. "Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0578.

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Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

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Guo, Yu Mei, Hong Liang, Rui Tao Cun, and Yuan Yuan Ma. "Application Research of WebGIS Technology in City Reclaimed Water Use Management." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3331.

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Water shortage is the main problem faced by many of the world's major cities. Water recycling is the effective way to solve the problem of city water shortage. This paper introduces the design and development of an information platform aimed to manage city reclaimed water, and realized its visualization and digitalized management based on the fundamental reclaimed water data as well as WebGIS and spatial database technology. This paper expounds the structure, functions, and spatial database design of the platform. It also refers the key technologies in building the platform such as ArcGIS Server and Flex. Finally it shows part of the results.

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Aljanabi, Ahmed, Larry Mays, and Peter Fox. "Optimization Model for Agricultural Reclaimed Water Allocation Using Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming." Water 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101291.

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Reclaimed water (RW) is a reliable alternative water supply for irrigation in the agricultural sector, which is the predominant consumer of water in Iraq. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming reclaimed water allocation optimization model was developed to maximize the net benefit generated from the cultivation of different types of crops, comparing the use of reclaimed water type A (tertiary treated water), and reclaimed water type B (secondary treated water). The model was solved using the Algorithms for coNTinuous/Integer Global Optimization of Nonlinear Equations (ANTIGONE) optimizer in the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS). A total of 84 agricultural farms located on 5300 ha to the south of Baghdad, Iraq were available for irrigation with reclaimed water. Analysis considered varying quantities of available reclaimed water and different irrigation efficiencies (45–85%). The net benefits from using lower quantities of reclaimed water were similar for both types of reclaimed water, and the highest net benefit crop was cultivated on 384 ha. As the quantities of water increased, the amount of cultivated land increased and the net benefit per hectare decreased as the model required the cultivation of more crops with lower economic value. Irrigation with reclaimed water has potential to increase agricultural and economic activity adjacent to Baghdad.

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Zhu, Zhongfan, Hongrui Wang, and Aihua Li. "On the factors influencing public knowledge and acceptance of reclaimed water from a survey of three cities in northern China." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.049.

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Abstract In this study, we analysed the survey results regarding the level of public knowledge about, and general attitudes towards, reclaimed water in Jinan, Weifang, and Yantai, three cities in northern China that experience serious water shortages. The objective is to identify the factors influencing public knowledge and acceptance of reclaimed water and determine the hurdles of water reuse applications. The results showed that: (1) educational background was moderately correlated, and age and monthly income were weakly correlated, with the respondents' knowledge about water resources and use; (2) gender, occupation, and economic income were not related to public attitudes toward reclaimed water, and older people and those with higher educational backgrounds were more willing to accept the use of reclaimed water than were other respondents. This study could provide a valuable reference in other regions of China and developing countries facing similar issues of reclaimed water. The knowledge of this study will help to overcome public acceptance hurdles in other projects.

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Morgan, Kelly T., T. Adair Wheaton, Larry R. Parsons, and William S. Castle. "Effects of Reclaimed Municipal Waste Water on Horticultural Characteristics, Fruit Quality, and Soil and Leaf Mineral Concentration of Citrus." HortScience 43, no. 2 (April 2008): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.459.

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Water Conserv II is a municipal reclaimed water project operated by the city of Orlando and Orange county, FL. The Water Conserv II project has been supplying high-quality reclaimed water for irrigation of citrus orchards, nurseries, greenhouse operations, golf courses, and residential landscapes in Orange and Lake counties since 1986. Selected commercial citrus orchards in the Water Conserv II service area receiving either groundwater or reclaimed water have been monitored quarterly since the project began. This yearly monitoring was undertaken to determine any adverse long-term effects on citrus tree growth or production associated with irrigation using this reclaimed water. Citrus blocks were rated for horticultural condition quarterly, fruit quality was determined before harvest, and soil and leaf samples were analyzed yearly from 1994 to 2004. Citrus growers irrigating with reclaimed water were encouraged to use higher-than-recommended amounts of water as a means of disposal of this reclaimed water resulting in increased weed growth and dilution of juice solids per box of fruit. Leaf boron and magnesium were significantly higher after irrigation with reclaimed water. Calcium and boron from the reclaimed water have eliminated the need in orchards receiving reclaimed water for liming of the soil and applying annual foliar sprays containing boron.

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Redman, Samantha, Kerri Jean Ormerod, and Scott Kelley. "Reclaiming Suburbia: Differences in Local Identity and Public Perceptions of Potable Water Reuse." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030564.

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Urban water managers are increasingly interested in incorporating reclaimed water into drinking supplies, particularly in rapidly growing arid and semi-arid urban areas, such as the western United States. Northern Nevada is one location that is considering augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water, a practice that is known as planned potable water reuse. Potable water reuse can expand water supply and reduce wastewater disposal. However, past studies have shown that the introduction of potable reclaimed water can be controversial and requires an understanding of public perceptions of the resource prior to implementation. This study explores the factors that influence whether or not respondents in northern Nevada express willingness to drink reclaimed water. We pay specific attention to the degree to which self-identification as an urban, suburban, or rural resident influences how people consider using treated wastewater for both potable and non-potable purposes. To address this, we conducted a survey to assess community perceptions of reclaimed water use and applications in northern Nevada in the spring of 2018. We find that years spent living in the home and a respondent being female are negative and significant predictors of being willing to drink reclaimed water, while having heard of reclaimed water before and self-identification as a suburban resident are positive and significant predictors. As the region becomes more developed, particularly in its growing suburbs, it is essential to understand the nature of the interests and concerns regarding water resources and the expanded use of reclaimed water.

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Furumai, Hiroaki. "Rainwater and reclaimed wastewater for sustainable urban water use." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 33, no. 5 (2008): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.02.029.

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Dixon, Richard W., and Daniel J. Ray. "Reclaimed Water Use for Irrigation of Texas Golf Courses." Applied Turfgrass Science 5, no. 1 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ats-2008-0519-01-tt.

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Sanz, J., J. Suescun, J. Molist, F. Rubio, R. Mujeriego, and B. Salgado. "Reclaimed water for the Tarragona petrochemical park." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (November 6, 2014): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.114.

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The Camp de Tarragona Water Reuse Project is an emblematic example of how regional water scarcity can be overcome by considering reclaimed secondary effluent, which would otherwise be disposed of in the Mediterranean Sea, as an essential component of integrated water resources management. An advanced water reclamation plant (AWRP) was completed in 2011 to reclaim municipal secondary effluent from Tarragona and Vilaseca-Salou wastewater treatment plants. The reclaimed effluent is used for cooling and process water at the nearby Tarragona petrochemical park. The AWRP's current (2014) capacity is 19,000 m3/d (Phase I), and further expansions are planned to produce 29,000 m3/d (Phase II) and 55,000 m3/d (Phase III) in coming years. This locally available additional water supply will replace surface water supplies currently transferred from the Ebro River for use at the petrochemical park; as a result, an equivalent volume of surface water will be available for urban water supply in the coastal areas of Tarragona province. By developing this new and locally available water supply source, industrial growth in a water scarce region has been supported, while promoting local industry's sustainability. This industrial water reuse project provided 0.20 hm3 of water from September to December 2012, its first operational year, and 1.37 hm3 in 2013. The paper presents and discusses the planning, design, construction and operation phases of this water reclamation and reuse project, including start-up and commissioning, facilities preservation protocols from construction completion to servicing start-up, and the operational, management and economic arrangements adopted to provide a reliable source of reclaimed water for cooling water systems and demineralized water for boiler feed at the Tarragona petrochemical park and a nearby cogeneration power plant.

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Mesa-Pérez, Enrique, and Julio Berbel. "Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe." Water 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082308.

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This paper presents an analysis of the perception regarding reclaimed wastewater reuse in agriculture conducted in the European Union regions. The analysis is based upon a SWOT framework and applies a cluster analysis to reduce the dimension of the responses enabling an assessment of the different perceptions of water reuse. More than one hundred key actors identified among the regions participated in the evaluation of the relevance of aspects identified. The results indicate some groups of countries according to natural conditions (water scarcity) and the strategic role of agriculture as a key factor to determine agent’s perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that the forthcoming EU regulation of water reuse should focus in the problems of the perceived high cost of reclaimed water for farmers and the sanitary risk perception for irrigated crops by consumers as the critical points for fostering the use of reclaimed water in agriculture and the need for regional implementation of the global regulatory framework.

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Drewes, J. E., and P. Fox. "Source water impact model (SWIM) - a watershed guided approach as a new planing tool for indirect potable water reuse." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0637.

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The scope of this study was to develop a model to assess the impact of source water quality on reclaimed water used for indirect potable reuse. The source water impact model (SWIM) considered source water qualities, water supply distribution data, water use and the impact of wastewater treatment to calculate reclaimed water quality. It was applied for sulfate, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at four water reuse sites in Arizona and California. SWIM was able to differentiate between the amount of salts derived by drinking water sources and the amount added by consumers. At all sites, the magnitude of organic residuals in reclaimed water was strongly effected by the concentration of organics in corresponding water sources and effluent-derived organic matter. SWIM can be used as a tool to predict reclaimed water quality in existing or planned water reuse systems.

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Huang, Ting-Lin, Zhi-Qiang Xu, Xiaochang C. Wang, and Hui Zhang. "Optimization analysis of decentralised sanitation and re-use system." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 9 (April 1, 2006): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.268.

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With the application of system dynamics, a dynamic nonlinear model reflecting the relationship between decentralised water use and reclaimed water supply and demand has been established. Through a system analysis, the model has been applied to a small residential district to predict and analyse the situation of future use of fresh water, demand and supply of re-used water, and treatment scale of reclaimed water. It is illustrated in this paper that wastewater decentralised treatment and re-use can decrease the consumption of fresh water without lowering the standard of living water for the district residents. On this basis, a rational scale and construction time of the decentralised sanitation and re-use system have been determined. Also, the paper predicts the influencing factors of the increasing water cost and changes in consumers' acceptability to re-use water in the decentralised sanitation and re-use system.

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Xu, Tian Wei, Yong Feng Deng, and Chun Guang Lin. "Analysis on Garden Irrigation for the Recycling and Use of Reclaimed Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.479.

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The lack of water resource is the resource and environmental problem of various countries in the current international environment face, and a better way to solve the shortage of water resource is to adopt the reclaimed water for civil irrigation. But the development of science and technology in China started late, it leads to that our country doesnt have deep experience in the use of the reclaimed water application technology, thus, the development and requirements of this technology in the domestic world are very urgent and demanding. In this paper, the author makes a detailed technology requirement explanation for the technology requirement level of supervision, technology, technics and management aspect on wastewater reuse technology.

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Gu, Xiaomin, Yong Xiao, Shiyang Yin, Honglu Liu, Baohui Men, Zhongyong Hao, Peng Qian, et al. "Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation on the Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil: An In-Situ Experiment Study in the North China Plain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040649.

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The widespread use of reclaimed water has alleviated the water resource crisis worldwide, but long-term use of reclaimed water for irrigation, especially in agricultural countries, might threaten the soil environment and further affect groundwater quality. An in-situ experiment had been carried out in the North China Plain, which aimed to reveal the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation on soil properties and distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn and Pb) in the soil profile as well as shallow groundwater. Four land plots were irrigated with different quantity of reclaimed water to represent 0, 13, 22 and 35 years’ irrigation duration. Pollution Load Index (PLI) values of each soil layer were calculated to further assess the pollution status of irrigated soils by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Results showed that long-term reclaimed water irrigation caused appreciable increase of organic matter content, and might improve the soil quality. High soil organic matter concentrations conduced to high adsorption and retention capacity of the soils toward PTEs, which could reduce the risk of PTEs leaching into deep layers or shallow groundwater. Highest levels of Cr, Pb and Zn were observed at 200–240 cm and 460–500 cm horizons in plots. Longer irrigation time (35 years and 22 years) resulted in a decreasing trend of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in lower part of soil profiles (>540 cm) compared with that with 13-years’ irrigation years. Long-term reclaimed water irrigation still brought about increases in concentrations of some elements in deep soil layer although their content in soils and shallow groundwater was below the national standard. Totally speaking, proper management for reclaimed water irrigation, such as reduction of irrigation volume and rate of reclaimed water, was still needed when a very long irrigation period was performed.

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Xiang, Nan, Feng Xu, Jing Hua Sha, Helmut Yabar, and Yoshiro Higano. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Effectively Utilizing Reclaimed Water to Accomplish Sustainable Development in Tianjin, China." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3040.

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Water shortage and water pollution problems are becoming more and more serious nowadays; it gives rise to the use of reclaimed wastewater as an additional source of water supply and an efficient method of reducing and preventing water pollution. Tianjin is a rapidly growing city in both population and economy while water scarcity is intensifying and water pollution is deteriorating; also reclaimed water reuse in this city has just started. This study aims to find out the potential to realize sustainable development utilizing reclaimed water, and prove the feasibility of local government plan of Tianjin. This study mainly utilizes computer simulation to accomplish the comprehensive evaluation with LINGO programming. The simulation model will forecast the social and economic developing trend of Tianjin with the introduction of developed technology. According to scenarios, this research can give policy-making basis on implementing reclaimed water utilization to realize environment and economic development in Tianjin from 2010 to 2020. Furthermore, it can provide the specific developing plan to establish the sustainable development target, such as construction plan of new sewage plants, financial support, and reclaimed water distribution. Simulation results show that reclaimed water can be effective in saving water resource, reducing water pollutant and improving economic development in the catchment area.

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Parsons, Lawrence R. "Agricultural Use of Reclaimed Water in Florida: Food for Thought." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 165, no. 1 (December 2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2018.03290.x.

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Seach, Lisa A., William T. Vanwagoner, and Julie M. Spacht. "Future reclaimed water use in the Northeast San Fernando Valley." Desalination 88, no. 1-3 (October 1992): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(92)80116-q.

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Al Khamisi, Saif A., S. A. Prathapar, and M. Ahmed. "Conjunctive use of reclaimed water and groundwater in crop rotations." Agricultural Water Management 116 (January 2013): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.07.013.

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Azeb, Latifa, Tarik Hartani, Nassim Aitmouheb, Ludivine Pradeleix, Nouredddin Hajjaji, and Soumaya Aribi. "Life cycle assessment of cucumber irrigation: unplanned water reuse versus groundwater resources in Tipaza (Algeria)." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 10, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.015.

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Abstract Effective quantitative and qualitative management of water for irrigation is crucial in many regions and the use of reclaimed water is a possible solution. Quantifying the impact of the use of such water is thus important. Using life cycle assessment methodology, this study analyzes the impact of water reuse irrigation and farmers’ practices in greenhouse cucumber production. Three scenarios concerned sources of water for irrigation and agricultural practices: the first scenario used surface water including reclaimed water, the second used groundwater. The third scenario resembled the first but also accounted for fertilizer application based on theoretical cucumber requirements. The third scenario showed 35% less fertilizer is required than the quantities farmers actually use. Our results show that the higher environmental impact of irrigation using reclaimed water than using groundwater is mainly due to over-fertilization. Comparison of the first and third scenarios also showed that the reduction in the environmental impact under the third scenario was significant. We conclude that LCA is a useful tool to compare the impacts of different water sources and farmers’ irrigation/fertilization management practices, and in particular, that the quantity of nutrients in reclaimed water should be deducted from the actual amount applied by the farmers.

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Nguyen, Derek T., Linda Y. Tseng, Reza Sobhani, and Diego Rosso. "Energy analysis of reclaimed water application for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 1 (October 28, 2015): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.019.

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Freshwater availability is the major constraint to agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. The groundwater and energy conservation of applying reclaimed water for irrigation was analysed, using Southern California as the spatial domain for model testing. An extensive compilation of the most recent publicly available datasets was used to calculate the energy intensity for each water supply source, the associated carbon footprint reduction and the monetary savings associated with using reclaimed water over groundwater. Our results indicate that for 1998–2010 in California the fractional water use for agriculture is 0.81 and for urban use is 0.19. During this same period, an average of 4.2 × 1010 m3 of water were used for crop irrigation, of which 1%, 46.8% and 52.2% came from reclaimed water, groundwater, and surface water, respectively. Each of these three main water sources is associated with a range of energy intensity (in kWh m−3), depending on the process and environmental characteristics of the end-use location. Our analysis of multiple process and environmental configurations produced a detailed energy intensity database, with the associated carbon footprint. These databases are used to quantify the energy and carbon footprint difference between applying the current groundwater source and reclaimed water for irrigation.

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Ohgaki, S., and K. Sato. "Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0667.

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Although Japan is not arid area, water for a clean environment in the heavily urbanized area is a scarce and precious resource. Several projects involving ornamental and recreational reuse using reclaimed wastewater have been practiced in Japan. The wastewater reuse only for ornamental purpose holds a unique position in water reuse techniques in the world. A guideline manual for ornamental and recreational reuse which has been examined by Ministry of Construction, Japan, is described with the water quality criteria for two categories of reuse mode, recreational reuse with close contact and ornamental reuse for scenery. The facilities, the management and operation techniques, and the benefit to the public of ornamental reuse system are illustrated and discussed by reference to a project (design flowrate 43,200 m3/d) for restoring live streams in Tokyo Metropolitan area.

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Gilabert-Alarcón, Christian, Saúl Salgado-Méndez, Luis Daesslé, Leopoldo Mendoza-Espinosa, and Mariana Villada-Canela. "Regulatory Challenges for the Use of Reclaimed Water in Mexico: A Case Study in Baja California." Water 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101432.

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In Mexico, water planning is based on the National Water Law, the core of which is Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The municipality provides wastewater treatment and reuse, and an integrated approach is mandatory for these processes. However, a traditional (non-integrated) management regime has prevailed in water legislation, resulting in pollution and the inefficient use of water. The objectives of this research were to analyze the Mexican legal framework and international guidelines in the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation and environmental discharges, and to evaluate challenges facing reclaimed water in the Maneadero Valley, Baja California, as a case study. Results show that wastewater reuse was implemented in the absence of integrative planning and assessment of the potential impacts on the environment and public health. In addition, gaps between decisions linked to the legal attributes of the relevant institutions were identified. Defined roles across the three levels of authority, transparent and congruent funding, coherent water-quality requirements and the strengthening of stakeholder participation are needed to adopt integrated water resource management for reclaimed water use. The alignment of common goals on public health, environmental protection and agricultural development between authorities and the different sectors is crucial to bridge these challenges.

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Wintgens, T., F. Salehi, R. Hochstrat, and T. Melin. "Emerging contaminants and treatment options in water recycling for indirect potable use." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.799.

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Solutions to global water stress problems are urgently needed yet must be sustainable, economical and safe. The utilisation of alternative water sources like reclaimed municipal wastewater is one of the most obvious and promising options in integrated water resources management. Among the various beneficial uses of reclaimed wastewater Aquifer Recharge (AR) receives growing attention because it features advantages such as additional natural treatment, storage capacity to buffer seasonal variations of supply and demand as well as mixing with natural water bodies which promotes the acceptance of further uses, particularly indirect potable use. Major concerns about the safety of this exploitation route of an alternative water source are connected to microbial and chemical contaminants occurring in wastewater, among which are emerging trace organics like endocrine disrupters and pharmaceuticals. This paper reviews the current international debate about the relevance of emerging contaminants and technical mitigation options in water recycling for indirect potable use.

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do Monte, Maria Helena F. Marecos, Andreas N. Angelakis, and Takashi Asano. "Necessity and basis for establishment of European guidelines for reclaimed wastewater in the Mediterranean region." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0688.

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The use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation contributes to water conservation and, therefore, is an important component of a sound policy for water resources management in the Mediterranean region. With the exception of France and Germany, European Mediterranean countries have not established guidelines for the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. The existence of such guidelines means an important step in the planning and implementation of safe use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation, because it contributes to a sustainable development of landscape and agricultural irrigation. Guidelines for reclaimed wastewater use for irrigation must clearly define what is allowed and what is forbidden to execute. This can be defined in great detail or in a broad manner, but must take into account some important specific local conditions, such as the quality of reclaimed wastewater, soil, climate, relevant crops and agricultural practices. Consequently, experimentation means a key-support to establishing guidelines. The experience from a research project with different type of reclaimed wastewater, crops and irrigation methods carried out for several years in the climatic Mediterranean region of Portugal brings some contribution to the technical content of possible European guidelines. Other aspects to be included in the proposed guidelines, such as monitoring and institutional management are also presented.

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Liu, Shuang, and Kenneth M. Persson. "Situations of water reuse in China." Water Policy 15, no. 5 (July 16, 2013): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.275.

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Water reuse is a cost-effective solution that is carried out in many water-shortage countries on different levels. China, which is the most populous country in the world, is facing a serious water crisis, with great demand and feasibility to use reclaimed water to deal with freshwater shortage and pollution. Although much progress has been made, challenges and problems still exist, which hinder the development of the water reuse market. Accordingly, a strategy should be made from a sustainable use perspective. In this paper, the driving forces, the situations of applications, the social institutions and cultural backgrounds related to water reuse in China are reviewed and presented by a literature review and survey. The obstacles and challenges are discussed from management system, safety of reclaimed water quality, economy and policy perspectives. Beijing and Tianjin are selected for case studies in some aspects. Through review and analysis, it can be concluded that the management system, price system, safe supply of reclaimed water and supported policy are the main factors affecting the development of water reuse in China. The paper also identifies strategies for further sustainable and safe water reuse.

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Xiang, Nan, Feng Xu, Min-Jun Shi, and Ding-Yang Zhou. "Assessing the potential of using water reclamation to improve the water environment and economy: scenario analysis of Tianjin, China." Water Policy 17, no. 3 (October 21, 2014): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.054.

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Tianjin City in China is a typical area that suffers from a serious water resource shortage and pollution problems, and this situation has spurred the use of reclaimed water as an additional source of water and an efficient method of improving water quality. This study aims to assess the reclaimed water utilisation amount available and its potential impacts on the water environment and economy, and proposes applicable approaches to establish the optimal development for Tianjin. A water resources-environment-economic management model was constructed, which was accomplished by dynamic linear optimisation. Through scenario analysis, Tianjin's optimal reclaimed water recycle rate can reach 56%, with 475 × 106 tons of reclaimed water amount available (supporting 22% of the water supply), while bringing sufficient environmental and economic benefits, such as reducing 20% of water pollutants and maintaining 6.3% annual economic growth by 2020. This research also suggests that an integrated water management approach is preferable, including a proper introduction of technologies suited to the region's needs, a support system for construction, and control of water pollutant emission sources, especially in agriculture. The originally formulated water management system can be easily applied and extended to solve water issues, especially for water recycling.

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Page, Declan, and Simon Toze. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for water re-use via aquifers." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09020.

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Worldwide, there is an increasing interest in the recharge of aquifers as a method for augmenting urban water supplies. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can utilise a variety of non-traditional source waters including urban stormwater and reclaimed water from sewage effluent. However, these alternate water sources may contain a wide range of pathogenic hazards that pose risks to human health. Hence the safe use of recycling water via aquifers requires potential risks to be reduced to acceptable levels. This article outlines the approach recommended by the draft Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (AGWR) (Phase 2C Managed Aquifer Recharge) to quantify the aquifer treatment using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach.

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Schoen, Mary, Michael Jahne, and Jay Garland. "Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems." Water 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101352.

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We used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to estimate the microbial risks from two contamination pathways in onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS): contamination of potable water by (treated) reclaimed, non-potable water and contamination of reclaimed, non-potable water by wastewater or greywater. A range of system sizes, event durations, fraction of users exposed, and intrusion dilutions were considered (chlorine residual disinfection was not included). The predicted annual microbial infection risk from domestic, non-potable reuse remained below the selected benchmark given isolated, short-duration intrusion (i.e., 5-day) events of reclaimed water in potable water. Whereas, intrusions of wastewater into reclaimed, non-potable water resulted in unacceptable annual risk without large dilutions or pathogen inactivation. We predicted that 1 user out of 10,000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted wastewater in the reclaimed, non-potable water system each year to meet the annual benchmark risk of 10−4 infections per person per year; whereas, 1 user out of 1000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted reclaimed water in the potable water each year. Overall, the predicted annual risks support the use of previously derived non-potable reuse treatment requirements for a variety of ONWS sizes and support the prioritization of protective measures to prevent the intrusion of wastewater into domestic ONWS.

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Gould, J., P. Lee, J. Ryl, and B. Mulligan. "Shoalhaven Reclaimed Water Management Scheme: clever planning delivers bigger environmental benefits." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0005.

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The Northern Shoalhaven REclaimed water Management Scheme (REMS) is one of the largest and most complex reclaimed water management schemes undertaken by an Australian water authority. REMS has been developed to beneficially re-use up to 80% of reclaimed water produced by six wastewater treatment plants in the Shoalhaven region. This paper outlines the process of Scheme development, which required effective integration of varied technical studies and extensive consultation with a diverse group of stakeholders. The process has delivered a scheme which exceeds authority, community and user objectives in terms of cost, environmental protection and operational efficiency. The consultative process implemented for scheme development and optimisation of the REMS concept are discussed as are operational challenges and scheme benefits.

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Jia, H., R. Guo, K. Xin, and J. Wang. "Research on wastewater reuse planning in Beijing central region." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0367.

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The need to implement wastewater reuse in Beijing is discussed. Based on the investigation of the built wastewater reuse projects in Beijing, the differences between small wastewater reuse system and large systems were analyzed according to the technical, economical and social issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the small system and the large system were then given. In wastewater reuse planning in Beijing urban region, the large system was adopted. The rations of reclaimed water for difference land use type, including industrial reuse, municipal reuse, grass irrigation, and scenes water reuse were determined. Then according to the land use information in every block in central Beijing, using GIS techniques, the amounts of the reclaimed water needed in every block were calculated, and the main pipe system of reclaimed water was planned.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reclaimed water use'

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