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Feng, Tanxin, and Nan Xu. "Satellite-Based Monitoring of Annual Coastal Reclamation in Shenzhen and Hong Kong since the 21st Century: A Comparative Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010048.
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To solve the shortage of land resources, many coastal cities have implemented coastal reclamation projects over the past few decades. Coastal reclamation can promote the economic development of coastal cities and improve human well-being in coastal zones. However, it can inevitably cause a series of ecological and environmental issues, such as coastal water pollution, ecosystem destruction, habitat loss, and land subsidence. Shenzhen and Hong Kong are two large neighboring Chinese coastal cities in southern China with different systems. As densely populated and economically developed cities, they face similar land shortage issues. However, recent coastal reclamation changes in Shenzhen and Hong Kong are unclear under different social and political systems. To fill this gap, this study aimed to monitor and compare recent annual coastal reclamation in Shenzhen and Hong Kong with totally different systems using free and open satellite products. Then, to compare the results of coastal reclamation between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Large-scale coastal reclamation in Shenzhen and Hong Kong from 2000 to 2018 can be observed. The total area of coastal reclamation was 4140.7 hm2, of which the total coastal reclamation area in Shenzhen was 3409.8 hm2 and the total coastal reclamation area in Hong Kong was 730.9 hm2. Coastal reclamation in Shenzhen showed a temporal characteristic of “increasing slightly and then decreasing sharply”. Before and after 2010, the area of accumulated coastal reclamation were 3202.9 hm2 and 206.9 hm2. Comparatively, coastal reclamation in Hong Kong exhibited a temporal characteristic of “first decreasing and then increasing and then decreasing”. In 2002 and 2014, the scale of coastal reclamation was relatively large, with a total area of 501.8 hm2, accounting for 69.19% of its total area of coastal reclamation. The comparison between our produced coastal reclamation and the official area on coastal reclamation exhibited a good agreement based on correlation analysis (r = 0.99) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) (0.72). Since the 21st century, Shenzhen and Hong Kong have shown different, even opposite, policies on coastal reclamation. It will be necessary to continuously monitor future coastal reclamation driven by policies for better conducting sustainable coastal development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.
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Hu, Bo, Junyu Chen, and Xingfu Zhang. "Monitoring the Land Subsidence Area in a Coastal Urban Area with InSAR and GNSS." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143181.
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In recent years, the enormous losses caused by urban surface deformation have received more and more attention. Traditional geodetic techniques are point-based measurements, which have limitations in using traditional geodetic techniques to detect and monitor in areas where geological disasters occur. Therefore, we chose Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology to study the surface deformation in urban areas. In this research, we discovered the land subsidence phenomenon using InSAR and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology. Two different kinds of time-series InSAR (TS-InSAR) methods: Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) and the Permanent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) process were executed on a dataset with 31 Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. We generated the surface deformation field of Shenzhen, China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The time series of the 3d variation of the reference station network located in the HKSAR was generated at the same time. We compare the characteristics and advantages of PSI, SBAS, and GNSS in the study area. We mainly focus on the variety along the coastline area. From the results generated by SBAS and PSI techniques, we discovered the occurrence of significant subsidence phenomenon in the land reclamation area, especially in the metro construction area and the buildings with a shallow foundation located in the land reclamation area.
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Jiao, Jiu J., Xu-Sheng Wang, and Subhas Nandy. "Preliminary assessment of the impacts of deep foundations and land reclamation on groundwater flow in a coastal area in Hong Kong, China." Hydrogeology Journal 14, no. 1-2 (November 6, 2004): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0393-6.
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Glaser, R., P. Haberzettl, and R. P. D. Walsh. "Land reclamation in Singapore, Hong Kong and Macau." GeoJournal 24, no. 4 (August 1991): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00578258.
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Sun, Qishi, Liming Jiang, Mi Jiang, Hui Lin, Peifeng Ma, and Hansheng Wang. "Monitoring Coastal Reclamation Subsidence in Hong Kong with Distributed Scatterer Interferometry." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111738.
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Land subsidence has been a significant problem in land reclaimed from the sea, and it is usually characterized by a differential settlement pattern due to locally unconsolidated marine sediments and fill materials. Time series Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) techniques based on distributed scatterers (DS), which can identify sufficient measurement points (MPs) when point-wise radar targets are lacking, have great potential to measure such differential reclamation settlement. However, the computational time cost has been the main drawback of current distributed scatterer interferometry(DSI) for its applications compared to the standard PSI analysis. In this paper, we adopted an improved DSI processing strategy for a fast and robust analysis of land subsidence in reclaimed regions, which is characterized by an integration of fast statistically homogeneous pixel selection based (FaSHPS-based) DS detection and eigendecomposition phase optimization. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed DSI strategy in computational efficiency and deformation estimation reliability by applying it to two TerraSAR-X image data stacks from 2008 to 2009 to retrieve land subsidence over two typical reclaimed regions of Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) and Hong Kong Science Park (HKSP). Compared with the state-of-the-art DSI methods, the proposed strategy significantly improves the computational efficiency, which is enhanced approximately 30 times in DS identification and 20 times in phase optimization. On average, the DSI strategy results in 7.8 and 3.7 times the detected number of MPs for HKIA and HKSP with respect to persistent scatter interferometry (PSI), which enables a very detailed characterization of locally differential settlement patterns. Moreover, the DSI-derived results agree well with the levelling survey measurements at HKIA, with a mean difference of 1.87 mm/yr and a standard deviation of 2.08 mm/yr. The results demonstrate that the proposed DSI strategy is effective at improving target density, accuracy and efficiency in monitoring ground deformation, particularly over reclaimed coastal areas.
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Berlie, Jean A. "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, and globalization." Asian Education and Development Studies 9, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2017-0105.
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PurposeThis article looks at the differences and similarities between globalization and the role of China on globalization, in particular for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (HKSAR).Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on research, reading, and interviews on globalization.FindingsChina is promoting the new globalization of the century called Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which is a unique way to boost again the economy of China.Originality/valueStudies of the New Maritime and Land Silk Road of China are rare; in particular, the role of the HKSAR is ignored. Macau also plays a role because it was the first point of globalization in the seventeenth century. China is really a global country, and the Chinese are numerous in all continents. Chinese Internet role is also mentioned. Globalization is a key concept not only for China and Asia but also for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), Africa, and countries in Latin America such as Bolivia and Venezuela. This article looks at the differences and similarities between globalization and the role of China on globalization. The HKSAR and the Greater Bay Area are part of the same country. China is developing the new globalization of the century called, in 2017, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The current definition of Chinese globalization includes land and maritime Silk Road, now the BRI.
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Lai, Lawrence W. C., Wilson W. S. Lu, and Frank T. Lorne. "A catallactic framework of government land reclamation: The case of Hong Kong and Shenzhen." Habitat International 44 (October 2014): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.013.
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CARROLL, JOHN M. "Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (April 18, 2006): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001958.
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In July 1997, when Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty, this former British colony became a new kind of place: a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the several years leading up to the 1997 transition, a sudden outpouring of Mainland Chinese scholarship stressed how Hong Kong had been an inalienable part of China since ancient times. Until then, however, Hong Kong had rarely figured in Mainland Chinese scholarship. Indeed, Hong Kong suffered from what Michael Yahuda has called a “peculiar neglect”: administered by the British but claimed by China, it was “a kind of bureaucratic no-man's land.” Only one university in all of China had a research institute dedicated primarily to studying Hong Kong. As part of this new “Hong Kong studies” (Xianggangxue), in 1997 China's national television studio produced two multi-episodic documentaries on Hong Kong: “One Hundred Years of Hong Kong” (Xianggang bainian) and “Hong Kong Vicissitudes” (Xianggang cangsang). The studio also produced two shorter documentaries, “One Hundred Points about Hong Kong” (Xianggang baiti) and “The Story of Hong Kong” (Xianggang de gushi). The “Fragrant Harbor” that PRC historians had generally dismissed as an embarrassing anachronism in a predominantly postcolonial world suddenly found its way into millions of Mainland Chinese homes.
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Danielewicz-Betz, Anna, and David Graddol. "Varieties of English in the urban landscapes of Hong Kong and Shenzhen." English Today 30, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000236.
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The border between mainland China and Hong Kong has become one of the world's most fascinating linguistic divides. On one side lies the mainland Chinese city of Shenzhen, stretching the entire length of the border – an extraordinary urban development which in many ways epitomises the recent urbanisation of modern China. On the other side lies the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong (see Figure 1). It is not possible to cross from Hong Kong to mainland China by land without passing through one of the Shenzhen checkpoints.
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Johnson, Robert Keith. "Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002889.
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Hong Kong has a population of 5,902,100 people crowded into its land area of 1076 sq. kms. In broad terms, 98 percent of its population are Chinese.1 They speak Cantonese among themselves and English in dealing with expatriates. The expatriate community, once predominantly British, now reflects the full range of national and multinational commercial and banking interests, including those of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. Luke and Richards (1982) described Hong Kong as having diglossia without bilingualism.
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Li, L. H., K. G. McKinnell, and A. Walker. "Convergence of the land tenure systems of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan?" Journal of Property Research 17, no. 4 (January 2000): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09599910010001439.
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Li, Xiuzhen, Ngar-Cheung Lau, and Tsz-Cheung Lee. "An Observational Study of the Diurnal Variation of Precipitation over Hong Kong and the Underlying Processes." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 6 (June 2018): 1385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0320.1.
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AbstractHourly rainfall from automatic weather stations and reanalysis data from MERRA-2 are used to investigate the diurnal variation of precipitation in Hong Kong, a site along the southeast China coast with strong interactions between the monsoonal circulation and the land–sea breeze. The precipitation in Hong Kong is characterized by a spatially uniform diurnal cycle with the peak at about 0800 local time (LT), with rather weak dependence on local terrain. Precipitation unrelated to tropical cyclones (TCs) dominates the diurnal variation of precipitation, especially in the summer. The diurnal cycle exhibits a notable seasonal dependence, with the strongest signal in the summer. The morning peak of precipitation over Hong Kong is coincident with deep rising motion, linking to near-surface convergence and overlying weak divergence. The convergence may be attributed to the prevalence of the southerly monsoonal flow over the South China Sea (SCS) and to the northerly land breeze induced by the land–sea thermal contrast in the morning. The overlying weak divergence could be ascribed to the nocturnal–early morning acceleration of southerly flow over southeast China. Linked to the inverse relationship between monsoon intensity and the land–sea thermal contrast, the diurnal cycle of precipitation is strengthened when the SCS monsoon is active and weakened when the land–sea thermal contrast is high. Both the cloud-top radiative cooling effect and the enhanced radiative cooling over inland cloud-free areas also play roles in the development of the morning rainfall peak over Hong Kong.
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Guan, Y., K. F. Shortridge, S. Krauss, P. S. Chin, K. C. Dyrting, T. M. Ellis, R. G. Webster, and M. Peiris. "H9N2 Influenza Viruses Possessing H5N1-Like Internal Genomes Continue To Circulate in Poultry in Southeastern China." Journal of Virology 74, no. 20 (October 15, 2000): 9372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.20.9372-9380.2000.
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ABSTRACT The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the realization that the A/Hong Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in H9N2 viruses in southeastern China necessitated a study of the distribution and characterization of H9N2 viruses in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological studies indicated that H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens and other land-based birds (pigeon, pheasant, quail, guinea fowl, and chukka) from southeastern China. Two lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses present in the live-poultry markets were represented by A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (Qa/HK/G1/97)-like and A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses. Up to 16% of cages of quail in the poultry markets contained Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses, while about 5% of cages of other land-based birds were infected with Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses. No reassortant between the two H9N2 virus lineages was detected despite their cocirculation in the poultry markets. Reassortant viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes, suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host. Experimental studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the aerosol route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the need for surveillance of mammals including humans.
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Lee, Kin-Man, and Patrick CC Ng. "A geotechnical investigation of marine deposits in a nearshore seabed for land reclamation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 981–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-063.
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The properties of marine deposits in a nearshore seabed at a land reclamation site in Hong Kong were investigated. A variety of laboratory and in situ tests were conducted to define the geotechnical and consolidation characteristics of the marine deposits. The reliability and applicability of various laboratory and in situ testing techniques in evaluating the coefficient of consolidation were examined. Coefficients of consolidation were calculated from conventional oedometer tests, large-diameter (250 mm) Rowe cell tests, field permeability tests, and piezocone dissipation tests. Three techniques were adopted to evaluate the horizontal coefficient of consolidation ch from the results of in situ piezocone dissipation tests. Results from in situ pore pressure dissipation tests are compared with those from large-diameter Rowe cell tests performed on undisturbed samples under both vertical and horizontal drainage conditions and in situ permeability tests to provide reference values of the vertical coefficient of consolidation cv and ch. The engineering implications, particularly those related to land reclamation work in the nearshore environment, of various laboratory and field tests are discussed.
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Shuyong, Liu. "Hong Kong: A Survey of its Political and Economic Development over the Past 150 Years." China Quarterly 151 (September 1997): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100004683x.
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Hong Kong has been part of Chinese territory since ancient times. Before the British occupation, Hong Kong had achieved considerable development in agriculture, fisheries, the salt industry, transportation, cultural undertakings and education. It was by no means a desolate and barren land at that time. British troops occupied Hong Kong Island on 25 January 1841 during the Opium War. In August 1842, the British government formally annexed Hong Kong Island by forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking. In the Second Opium War, British troops forcibly occupied Kowloon in 1860. In October the same year, the British government annexed Kowloon after forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Convention of Peking. When imperialist powers were locked in their bid to carve up and grab spheres of influence in China, Britain again forced the Qing government into signing the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in June 1898 by which it leased a large expanse of Chinese territory south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street and some 235 islands, renamed later as the “New Territories,” thus achieving its occupation and control over the entire Hong Kong region.
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Kueh, Y. Y., and Raymond C. W. Ng. "The Interplay of the “China Factor” and US Dollar Peg in the Hong Kong Economy." China Quarterly 170 (June 2002): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902000244.
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This article examines the significance of the “China factor” in maintaining economics stability and growth in Hong Kong, relative to the role played by the “US dollar peg” exchange rate regime that has been in place since 1983. It shows how, by virtue of the peg, Hong Hong was made subservient to US monetary policy, and how unsynchronized business cycle with the US resulted in spiralling wage and land costs to trigger a mass exodus of Hong Kong's manufacturers across the border to China. The article analyses in detail to what extent the economic base of Hong Kong's export industries has been expanded as a result of the relocation; and measures, in particular, by how much the cost-savings has helped to lower Hong Kong's overall export costs and thus enhance the viability of the peg that is so crucial to such a small and entirely open economy. The analysis extends through the Asian financial crisis and beyond, examining how the peg has fuelled deflation but the “China factor” may have helped mitigate it. Important questions are raised about the peg in light of the disastrous consequences of the Asian financial crisis for some Asian economies, and the concomitant search for a more viable exchange rate regime. It concludes that despite the increased integration of the Hong Kong and mainland China economies, the likelihood of the Hong Kong dollar being de-pegged from the US dollar and re-pegged to the Chinese currency is yet remote.
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Zhang, Shu, Chuanglin Fang, Wenhui Kuang, and Fengyun Sun. "Comparison of Changes in Urban Land Use/Cover and Efficiency of Megaregions in China from 1980 to 2015." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151834.
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Urban land use/cover and efficiency are important indicators of the degree of urbanization. However, research about comparing their changes at the megaregion level is relatively rare. In this study, we depicted the differences and inequalities of urban land and efficiency among megaregions in China using China’s Land Use/cover Dataset (CLUD) and China’s Urban Land Use/cover Dataset (CLUD-Urban). Furthermore, we analyzed regional inequality using the Theil index. The results indicated that the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area had the highest proportion of urban land (8.03%), while the Chengdu-Chongqing Megaregion had the highest proportion of developed land (64.70%). The proportion of urban impervious surface area was highest in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area (75.16%) and lowest in the Chengdu-Chongqing Megaregion (67.19%). Furthermore, the highest urban expansion occurred in the Yangtze River Delta (260.52 km2/a), and the fastest period was 2000–2010 (298.19 km2/a). The decreasing Theil index values for the urban population and economic density were 0.305 and 1.748, respectively, in 1980–2015. This study depicted the development trajectory of different megaregions, and will expect to provide a valuable insight and new knowledge on reasonable urban growth modes and sustainable goals in urban planning and management.
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Li, Lin, Chao He Rong, and Hong Feng Zhu. "Suggestions on Comprehensive Metro and Real Estate Development Applied in China: A Case Study of the MTR." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2014.
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This article generalizes the current condition of the MTR, introducing the “rail transit plus comprehensive land use” mode in detail. By analyzing this mode applied in Hong Kong, three feasible factors to the success of this mode in Hong Kong are found. According to the annual report of MTR, this mode brings great profit to MTR and has become the learning example to the rest of the world. In China, Shenzhen Metro Group co., Ltd, Hangzhou Metro Group co., Ltd and Beijing Subway are now learning this mode to alleviate the financial burden of government as well as to enlarging the metro by using their profit. In order to realize win-win situation, several suggestions should be put forward.
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Shinya, Kyoko, Masato Hatta, Shinya Yamada, Ayato Takada, Shinji Watanabe, Peter Halfmann, Taisuke Horimoto, et al. "Characterization of a Human H5N1 Influenza A Virus Isolated in 2003." Journal of Virology 79, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 9926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.15.9926-9932.2005.
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ABSTRACT In 2003, H5N1 avian influenza virus infections were diagnosed in two Hong Kong residents who had visited the Fujian province in mainland China, affording us the opportunity to characterize one of the viral isolates, A/Hong Kong/213/03 (HK213; H5N1). In contrast to H5N1 viruses isolated from humans during the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, HK213 retained several features of aquatic bird viruses, including the lack of a deletion in the neuraminidase stalk and the absence of additional oligosaccharide chains at the globular head of the hemagglutinin molecule. It demonstrated weak pathogenicity in mice and ferrets but caused lethal infection in chickens. The original isolate failed to produce disease in ducks but became more pathogenic after five passages. Taken together, these findings portray the HK213 isolate as an aquatic avian influenza A virus without the molecular changes associated with the replication of H5N1 avian viruses in land-based poultry such as chickens. This case challenges the view that adaptation to land-based poultry is a prerequisite for the replication of aquatic avian influenza A viruses in humans.
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Zou, Han. "Strategic Urban Planning for Better City Future — A Case Study of Hong Kong Metroplan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.535.
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The strategic urban planning theory and practice appears at the end of the 20th century, which primarily attempts to solve the downtown problems such as economy depression, traffic inconvenient and Infrastructure shortage. This paper takes Hong Kong Metroplan as example in the view of historical and empirical study to analyze the purpose, function and process of strategic urban planning, which refers to several issues such as land-use planning, environmental planning, urban planning review and public participation. It sums up the experience of strategic urban planning in Hong Kong to provide the reference for present rapid urbanization in China.
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Wang, Hao, Shuyan Wei, Bo-sin Tang, Junhua Chen, and Wenbin Li. "A comparative study on registration system of real estate between Hong Kong and Mainland China." Property Management 36, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2016-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review land/real estate registration practice in Hong Kong, and make an in-depth comparison with Mainland China and finally provide helpful suggestions for the government. Design/methodology/approach Research methods including document analysis/review and comparative study are used in this paper. Findings The main findings focus on the problems existing in the mainland, including narrow query subject, single way of query, limited query time, and lacking of incentive mechanism. Helpful suggestions for real estate registration system in Mainland China are offered based on the comparative study. Practical implications The unified registration system can improve the efficiency of administrative institutions to ensure an open and transparent environment of property right registration, which helps prevent the relevant departments from abusing administrative power and harming the interests of obligees. The findings of this research can serve as a useful reference for policy makers to improve the unified registration system in China. Originality/value The registration system/mechanism determines the efficiency and effectiveness of real estate/land market. However, land registration and query in some countries such as Mainland China have institutional problems which hinder the sustained and healthy development of the real estate industry. The value of this paper is to propose constructive suggestions for such countries/regions by comparing and learning from a good model.
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Tan, Yongtao, Chenyang Shuai, and Tian Wang. "Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 21, 2018): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071546.
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With the economic restructuring during the 1980s and 1990s in Hong Kong, most manufacturing plants were relocated to China and many industrial buildings were left neglected or vacant. At the same time, owing to limited land supply, a shortage of affordable housing has been a problem in Hong Kong for many years. Adaptive reuse of industrial buildings may be a way of solving this problem. However, adaptive reuse is not an easy decision because there are many factors affecting adaptive reuse. Therefore, this paper examines the current situation of adaptive reuse of industrial buildings in Hong Kong and identifies a list of factors affecting the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. Six factors are considered Critical Success Factors (CSFs). Based on a Principal Component Analysis, 33 factors are grouped into eight principal components, namely, sustainability, economics and finance, the market, changeability, location and neighborhood, culture and public interests, legal and regulatory matters, and the physical condition of the building. The identified CSFs and principal factors provide a useful reference for various stakeholders to have a clear understanding of the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings in Hong Kong, especially for the government to review current policies of adaptive reuse.
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Cohen, Myron L. "Custom, Land, and Livelihood in Rural South China: The Traditional Land Law of Hong Kong's New Territories, 1750–1950. By Patrick H. Hase. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013. xi, 513 pp. $60.00 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (February 2015): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814001843.
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Chan, Weng Kit. "Beyond nationhood: Border and coming of age in Hong Kong cinema." Global Media and China 5, no. 2 (June 2020): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059436420930912.
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The 1950s of Hong Kong manifests the initiation of a communal imagination oscillating in between the sovereignty of a British colony and the reality of a Chinese territory. The influx of immigrants from the north and, as a result, the establishment of a border during the 1950s not only restructured the demographic composition of the city but also brought along new momentum for mass cultural productions. Along the contestations and reconciliations between different ethnicities, languages, and identities, Hong Kong cultural configuration has since then embarked on a trajectory of its own, including the conceptualizations of childhood, border, and national ambiguity. Whether this piece of land was once desecrated by colonialism or this reclaimed territory is now alienated by renationalization, the formation of childhood serves as a critical lens to examine the meaning of border and nation from the colonial to the postcolonial eras of Hong Kong. Capitalizing on two titles produced in the early 1950s and in the late 1990s of Hong Kong cinema, namely, Fung Fung’s The Kid (1950) and Fruit Chan’s Little Cheung (1999), this article aims to explore the correlation between border, community, and nationality through the life adventures of the child protagonists, whose transitions and explorations are entangled with a political and territorial border that polarizes our sinophonic imagination in the ongoing present of China–Hong Kong division. In this context, the cultural configuration of Bildungsroman, apart from manifesting Franco Moretti’s “the symbolic form of modernity” or Marc Redfield’s “acculturation of the self,” should embody the struggles with an obscure nationality, as here exemplified from the footprints of childhood tiptoeing on and off the borders of Hong Kong.
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Zhang, Kun. "Mainland Chinese students' English use in Macao." English Today 29, no. 2 (May 8, 2013): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000175.
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Macao, a former colony of Portugal, is located in the western side of the Pearl River estuary, adjoining the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone and facing the South China Sea. It is much smaller than its ‘big brother’ Hong Kong, having a total land area of 29.5 sq km and a population of around 540,000, of which 94.3% are ethnic Chinese (DSEC, 2011).
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Zhang, Jun. "From Hong Kong’s Capitalist Fundamentals to Singapore’s Authoritarian Governance: The Policy Mobility of Neo-liberalising Shenzhen, China." Urban Studies 49, no. 13 (September 7, 2012): 2853–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012452455.
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Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has been the flagship labouratory of Deng Xiaoping’s reform and open-door policy and the forerunner of China’s capitalist transformation. The initiation of the Shenzhen SEZ was driven by the imperative of political and economic survival along the state hierarchy and was informed by the international practices of export processing zones (EPZs). Shenzhen’s capitalist fundamentals, such as the commodification of land and labour, were largely established through imitating its ‘big master’ Hong Kong across the border. However, Shenzhen’s policy learning style has gradually shifted from laissez-faire Hong Kong to authoritarian Singapore, propelled by the aspiration, shared among policy-making party élites across China’s administrative hierarchy, of perpetuating the single-party rule. Theoretically, this paper demonstrates how policy mobility is shaped path-dependently by the pre-structured institutional/ideological regime, in what ways the idiosyncratic geographical/historical conjuncture matters, and why political representation and participation are crucial to policy selection and mutation.
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Wen, Dawei, Song Ma, Anlu Zhang, and Xinli Ke. "Spatial Pattern Analysis of the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery Based on Deep Learning Method." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137044.
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Assessment of ecosystem services supply, demand, and budgets can help to achieve sustainable urban development. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as one of the most developed megacities in China, sets up a goal of high-quality development while fostering ecosystem services. Therefore, assessing the ecosystem services in this study area is very important to guide further development. However, the spatial pattern of ecosystem services, especially at local scales, is not well understood. Using the available 2017 land cover product, Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images, a deep learning land cover mapping framework integrating deep change vector analysis and the ResUnet model was proposed. Based on the produced 10 m land cover map for the year 2020, recent spatial patterns of the ecosystem services at different scales (i.e., the GBA, 11 cities, urban–rural gradient, and pixel) were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Forest was the primary land cover in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong, and an impervious surface was the main land cover in the other four cities. (2) Although ecosystem services in the GBA were sufficient to meet their demand, there was undersupply for all the three general services in Macao and for the provision services in Zhongshan, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Foshan. (3) Along the urban–rural gradient in the GBA, supply and demand capacity showed an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively. As for the city-level analysis, Huizhou and Zhuhai showed a fluctuation pattern while Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong presented a decreasing pattern along the gradient. (4) Inclusion of neighborhood landscape led to increased demand scores in a small proportion of impervious areas and oversupply for a very large percent of bare land.
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Lee, Cheonjae, Walter Timo de Vries, and Uchendu Eugene Chigbu. "Land Governance Re-Arrangements: The One-Country One-System (OCOS) versus One-Country Two-System (OCTS) Approach." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010021.
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This paper evaluates how land governance is re-arranged in a state re-structuring process. We compare the cases of the (re-)unification of China with Hong Kong with that of West and East Germany. The division and (re-)unification of these states mark different land governance re-arrangements. The China-Hong Kong (re-)unification relied on a one-country two-system (OCTS) approach, while in West and East Germany, (re-)unification resulted in the creation of a one-country one-system (OCOS). Our key interest is to identify similarities and differences in both cases and the implications of the differences. To support the analysis, we view land governance and (re-)unification from theoretical to practical lenses—structuration theory and the government tools-based approach. This supports the construction of a conceptual and analytical framework, with which we conduct an in-depth exploration to evaluate land governance re-arrangements. We find that the conceptual and analytical framework proves effective for countries, with entirely different land governance regimes, to decide whether to merge or adapt. We do not conclude which approaches for (re-)unification are appropriate to land governance re-arrangements since all countries have different historical contexts and institutional arrangements. Instead, we recommend that governments consider adaptive land governance in signification structures and focus on hierarchical enforcement in legitimation structures. While multi-level land governance in the domination structure phase is strongly required, issue-and-project-based land governance has a pivotal role in providing cross-boundary infrastructures. Nevertheless, further empirical analysis is recommended to verify how and where the re-arrangement processes are initiated and structured.
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Chan, J. T. K., H. M. Leung, P. Y. K. Yue, C. K. Au, Y. K. Wong, K. C. Cheung, W. C. Li, and K. K. L. Yung. "Combined effects of land reclamation, channel dredging upon the bioavailable concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Victoria Harbour sediment, Hong Kong." Marine Pollution Bulletin 114, no. 1 (January 2017): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.017.
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Li, Zhiqiang, Bingcheng Wan, Yulun Zhou, and Hokit Wong. "Incoming data quality control in high-resolution urban climate simulations: a Hong Kong–Shenzhen area urban climate simulation as a case study using the WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model (Version 3.7.1)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 6349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6349-2020.
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Abstract. The growth of computational power unleashed the potential of high-resolution urban climate simulations using limited-area models in recent years. This trend empowered us to deepen our understanding of urban-scale climatology with much finer spatial–temporal details. However, these high-resolution models would also be particularly sensitive to model uncertainties, especially in urbanizing cities where natural surface texture is changed artificially into impervious surfaces with extreme rapidity. These artificial changes always lead to dramatic changes in the land surface process. While models capturing detailed meteorological processes are being refined continuously, the input data quality has been the primary source of biases in modeling results but has received inadequate attention. To address this issue, we first examine the quality of the incoming static data in two cities in China, i.e., Shenzhen and Hong Kong SAR, provided by the WRF ARW model, a widely applied state-of-the-art mesoscale numerical weather simulation model. Shenzhen has gone through an unprecedented urbanization process in the past 30 years, and Hong Kong SAR is another well-urbanized city. A significant proportion of the incoming data is outdated, highlighting the necessity of conducting incoming data quality control in the region of Shenzhen and Hong Kong SAR. Therefore, we proposed a sophisticated methodology to develop a high-resolution land surface dataset in this region. We conducted urban climate simulations in this region using both the developed land surface dataset and the original dataset utilizing the WRF ARW model coupled with Noah LSM/SLUCM and evaluated the performance of modeling results. The performance of modeling results using the developed high-resolution urban land surface datasets is significantly improved compared to modeling results using the original land surface dataset in this region. This result demonstrates the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Our results provide evidence of the effects of incoming land surface data quality on the accuracy of high-resolution urban climate simulations and emphasize the importance of the incoming data quality control.
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Palmer, Michael J. E. "The Surface—Subsoil Form of Divided Ownership in Late Imperial China: Some Examples from the New Territories of Hong Kong." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 1 (February 1987): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000799x.
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This paper is a study of certain aspects of land tenure in late imperial China. An extensive literature has evolved in recent years on the relationship between traditional forms of landholding and rural social structure in the irrigated rice-growing areas of southeastern and central China. In particular, the pronounced separation of‘rights to the surface’ (tianmianquan) and ‘rights to the subsoil’ (tiandiquan), which was common in many regions until its elimination as a result of the land reform campaigns of the People's Republic during the early 1950s, has attracted the interest of a growing number of sinological historians and anthropologists. I analyze here some of the principal characteristics of this traditional Chinese method of dividing property rights in land as they were found in the pre-British New Territories of Hong Kong. I also give consideration to those areas of the existing literature which seem especially relevant to my interpretation of the local manifestations of this extremely important feature of Chinese social life.
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Kan, Karita. "The (geo)politics of land and foreign real estate investment in China: the case of Hong Kong FDI." International Journal of Housing Policy 17, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2016.1248607.
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Hasan, Sarah, Wenzhong Shi, and Xiaolin Zhu. "Impact of land use land cover changes on ecosystem service value – A case study of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in South China." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): e0231259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231259.
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Webster, Robert G., Yi Guan, Malik Peiris, David Walker, Scott Krauss, Nan Nan Zhou, Elena A. Govorkova, et al. "Characterization of H5N1 Influenza Viruses That Continue To Circulate in Geese in Southeastern China." Journal of Virology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.1.118-126.2002.
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ABSTRACT The H5N1 influenza virus, which killed humans and poultry in 1997, was a reassortant that possibly arose in one type of domestic poultry present in the live-poultry markets of Hong Kong. Given that all the precursors of H5N1/97 are still circulating in poultry in southern China, the reassortment event that generated H5N1 could be repeated. Because A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (H5N1; Go/Gd) viruses are the proposed donors of the hemagglutinin gene of the H5N1 virus, we investigated the continued circulation, host range, and transmissibility of Go/Gd-like viruses in poultry. The Go/Gd-like viruses caused weight loss and death in some mice inoculated with high virus doses. Transmission of Go/Gd-like H5N1 viruses to geese by contact with infected geese resulted in infection of all birds but limited signs of overt disease. In contrast, oral inoculation with high doses of Go/Gd-like viruses resulted in the deaths of up to 50% of infected geese. Transmission from infected geese to chickens occurred only by fecal contact, whereas transmission to quail occurred by either aerosol or fecal spread. This difference is probably explained by the higher susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd-like virus. The high degree of susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses and the continued circulation of H6N1 and H9N2 viruses in quail support the hypothesis that quail were the host of origin of the H5N1/97 virus. The ease of transmission of Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses to land-based birds, especially quail, supports the wisdom of separating aquatic and land-based poultry in the markets in Hong Kong and the need for continued surveillance in the field and live-bird markets in which different types of poultry are in contact with one another.
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Yang, Chao, Huizeng Liu, Qingquan Li, Aihong Cui, Rongling Xia, Tiezhu Shi, Jie Zhang, Wenxiu Gao, Xiang Zhou, and Guofeng Wu. "Rapid Urbanization Induced Extensive Forest Loss to Urban Land in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China." Chinese Geographical Science 31, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-021-1177-9.
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Bilal, Muhammad, Janet E. Nichol, Majid Nazeer, Yuan Shi, Lunche Wang, K. Raghavendra Kumar, Hung Chak Ho, et al. "Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) over Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas of Hong Kong." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090496.
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In urban areas, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with local vehicle emissions can cause respiratory and cardiorespiratory disease and increased mortality rates, but less so in rural areas. However, Hong Kong may be a special case, since the whole territory often suffers from regional haze from nearby mainland China, as well as local sources. Therefore, to understand which areas of Hong Kong may be affected by damaging levels of fine particulates, PM2.5 data were obtained from March 2005 to February 2009 for urban, suburban, and rural air quality monitoring stations; namely Central (city area, commercial area, and urban populated area), Tsuen Wan (city area, commercial area, urban populated, and residential area), Tung Chung (suburban and residential area), Yuen Long (urban and residential area), and Tap Mun (remote rural area). To evaluate the relative contributions of regional and local pollution sources, the study aimed to test the influence of weather conditions on PM2.5 concentrations. Thus, meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind directions were obtained from the Hong Kong Observatory. The results showed that Hong Kong’s air quality is mainly affected by regional aerosol emissions, either transported from the land or ocean, as similar patterns of variations in PM2.5 concentrations were observed over urban, suburban, and rural areas of Hong Kong. Only slightly higher PM2.5 concentrations were observed over urban sites, such as Central, compared to suburban and rural sites, which could be attributed to local automobile emissions. Results showed that meteorological parameters have the potential to explain 80% of the variability in daily mean PM2.5 concentrations—at Yuen Long, 77% at Tung Chung, 72% at Central, 71% at Tsuen Wan, and 67% at Tap Mun, during the spring to summer part of the year. The results provide not only a better understanding of the impact of regional long-distance transport of air pollutants on Hong Kong’s air quality but also a reference for future regional-scale collaboration on air quality management.
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He, Yeyu, Yaoqiu Kuang, Yalan Zhao, and Zhu Ruan. "Spatial Correlation between Ecosystem Services and Human Disturbances: A Case Study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061174.
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Exploring the spatial relationship between ecosystem services (ES) and human disturbance intensity (HDI) is vital for maintaining regional ecological security. This study aims to explore the spatial correlation between ES and HDI in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and provide meaningful implications for coastal ecological planning. Multi-source remote sensing data, remote sensing software, and geographic information system provided initial data and technical support for this research. We integrated four human pressures (population, land-use, traffic, and energy) to map the HDI in the GBA for 2018. Coastal ES were comprehensively considered and spatially visualized by extracting the ES sources. The geographically weighted Pearson correlation coefficient and bivariate local Moran were used to quantitatively reflect and spatially visualize the detailed relationship between ES and HDI. Our study presents several key findings. First, the central and southern parts of the GBA are under strong HDI, dominated by a dense population and intense land utilization. Second, the kernel density of ES sources can better manifest the spatial distribution of ES objectively in comparison to the traditional model calculation. Provisioning services mainly originate from the periphery of the central cities; cultural services are highly concentrated in the heartland of the GBA; and regulating and maintenance services have high density in the outermost regions. Third, ES and HDI have a significant correlation, and the geographically weighted Pearson correlation coefficient and local indicator of spatial association cluster maps illustrate that unlike the global findings, the local correlation is spatially nonstationary as the local scale is affected by specific human activities, natural conditions, regional development, and other local factors. Four, high-capacity regions of ES provision are mainly under high HDI. Areas with high provisioning service values are mainly affected by population and traffic pressure, whereas regulating and maintenance services and cultural services are mainly dominated by high-density populations. Regulating and maintenance services are also affected by land-use pressure. We determine that human disturbance has negative spillover effects on ES, which should be the focus in regional ecological planning.
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Chan, Selina Ching. "Memory Making, Identitity Building: The Dynamics of Economics and Politics in the New Territories of Hong Kong." China Information 17, no. 1 (March 2003): 66–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x0301700103.
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Hong Kong has reunited with China and this unique decolonization process has facilitated a distinctive discourse in the remembrance of the past and the negotiation of identity. This article considers how the highest representative organization of the indigenous inhabitants in the New Territories—the Heung Yee Kuk—remembers their past. I argue that this recollection of the past is not solely for the people themselves, but also for different targeted audiences. This article demonstrates that the memory of the past is about a contestation of economic interests, as embedded in the discourse of changing land values in the process of urbanization. It is shown that social memory is framed for the sake of bargaining for economic, social, and political benefits.
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Hu, Junjie, Muhua Yang, Elysia Ruoyan Ye, Yulong Ye, and Yao Niu. "First record of the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) as an alien species in Hong Kong Island, China." ZooKeys 873 (August 29, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.873.36458.
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The New Guinea flatworm (Platydemus manokwari) caused extinction of the native land snails on several Pacific island in past decades, and therefore it has been listed among the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Using morphological and molecular methods, New Guinea flatworms were discovered and identified for the first time in Hong Kong Island during a field investigation in July and August 2018. The flatworms were 32–60 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, and 1–2 mm thick. The dorsal side of the flatworm was dark brown with a thin yellow central line, and its ventral side appeared pale grey. To further verify this species, both 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COX1) obtained from three specimens of P. manokwari were sequenced and analysed. While comparing these sequences with those previously deposited in GenBank, these 18S rDNA sequences shared 100% identity with the single available 18S rDNA sequence of P. manokwari; and the obtained COX1 sequences were identical to those of P. manokwari world genotype. Two native snails, Criptosoma imperator and Bradybaena similaris, have been found to be the prey of this predator during this investigation. Therefore, the invasive New Guinea flatworm certainly will cause a serious impact on the biodiversity of native snail populations, and an economic and environmental risk assessment for P. manokwari need to be completed in the near future in Hong Kong.
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Hasan, Sarah, Wenzhong Shi, Xiaolin Zhu, Sawaid Abbas, and Hafiz Usman Ahmed Khan. "Future Simulation of Land Use Changes in Rapidly Urbanizing South China Based on Land Change Modeler and Remote Sensing Data." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 4350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114350.
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Landscape transformations in rapidly urbanizing Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao (GHKM) regions of South China represent the most complex and dynamic processes altering the local ecology and environment. In this study, Land Change Modeler (LCM) is applied to land use land cover (LULC) maps for the years 2005, 2010, and 2017, derived from Landsat images, with the aim of understanding land use land cover change patterns during 2005–2017 and, further, to predict the future scenario of the years 2024 and 2031. Furthermore, the changes in spatial structural patterns are quantified and analyzed using selected landscape morphological metrics. The results show that the urban area has increased at an annual rate of 4.72% during 2005–2017 and will continue to rise from 10.31% (20,228.95 km2) in 2017 to 16.30% (31,994.55 km2) in 2031. This increase in urban area will encroach further into farmland and fishponds. However, forest cover will continue to increase from 45.02% (88,391.98 km2) in 2017 to 46.88% (92,049.62 km2) in 2031. This implies a decrease in the mean Euclidian nearest neighbor distance (ENN_MN) of forest patches (from 217.57 m to 206.46 m) and urban clusters (from 285.55 m to 245.06 m) during 2017–2031, indicating an accelerated landscape transformation if the current patterns of the change continues over the next decade. Thus, knowledge of the current and predicted LULC changes will help policy and decision makers to reconsider and develop new policies for the sustainable development and protection of natural resources.
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Chen, Yuping, Hui Yan, Yijuan Yao, Chunling Zeng, Ping Gao, Liyue Zhuang, Liya Fan, and Daiqi Ye. "Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China." Journal of Environmental Sciences 94 (August 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.005.
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Wadu Mesthrige, Jayantha, and Hei Lam Poon. "Assessing the impact of revitalized old industrial buildings on the value of surrounding properties." Facilities 33, no. 3/4 (March 2, 2015): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-11-2013-0084.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of revitalization of old industrial buildings on the market value of the neighbourhood residential properties. Hong Kong’s economy has undergone a remarkable transformation in the past three decades. The most visible phenomenon in this transformation is the relocation of traditional manufacturing activities from Hong Kong to China since the 1990s. This has led many of the old industrial buildings in Hong Kong to be empty/underutilized and dilapidated. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government launched the “Revitalizing Industrial Buildings Policy” to revitalize these underutilized properties with the aim to provide suitable land and premises to meet local’s economic and social needs. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a hedonic price model to determine whether there is a relationship between revitalization projects and neighbourhood residential property values and the influence of revitalization programmes on the residential property price if there is such a relationship. The study is based on a sample of 4,015 residential transactions obtained from the residential developments located near three large-scale revitalization projects in an old industrial district, Kwun Tong. Findings – Empirical findings suggest that revitalization programmes have not brought net positive price effects on the value of neighbourhood residential properties. This is in line with findings of some previous studies. However, it reveals that both the mode and scale of revitalization projects have different impacts on the neighbourhood: wholesale conversion has less negative impacts compared with redevelopment, while the larger the scale of a revitalization programme, the greater are the negative impacts on nearby property values. The study also finds that negative externalities generated by the revitalization during and post-revitalization stages are almost similar in magnitudes. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that industrial revitalization projects located adjacent to residential developments both reduce the value of the latter and discourage potential property buyers. The negative public perception of these properties diminishes their value and hence decreases the value of the property. Practical implications – The paper raises the concern about the importance of adequately addressing issues of planning and zoning to minimize the negative externalities arising from urban renewal projects. Originality/value – This research paper is first of its kind to analyze the effects of revitalized industrial buildings on the value of neighbourhood properties in Hong Kong. The tangible benefits identified in this study would be incentives, or otherwise, to motivate the revitalization policy in general.
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Hasan, S., W. Shi, X. Zhu, and S. Abbas. "LANDSCAPE URBANIZATION AND FARMLAND REDUCTION FROM 2010 TO 2017 IN SOUTH CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-699-2020.
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Abstract. Land use land cover (LULC) of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao (GHKM), south china, has undergone significant changes in the last few decades. This study analyze the spatio-temporal LULC changes and urban expansion during 2010–2017 using Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI. The Landsat images were classified using support vector machine (SVM) into seven classes as forest, grassland, water, fishponds, built-up, bareland, and farmland. Several socioeconomic factors were also obtained to determine their impact on LULC. The result shows that during the studied period, massive economic development and urbanization has increased the built-up area from 8.26% (16,209.61 km2) to 10.31% (20241.77 km2) and substantial reduction in both farmland from 37.64% (73,897.77 km2) to 33.05% (64932.19 km2) and fishponds from 1.25% (2451.12 km2) 0.85% (1674.71 km2). The most dominant conversion were from farmland to built-up and to forest. Furthermore, forest cover increased to 45.02 % (88384.97 km2) in 2017 from 42.38% (83215.59 km2) in 2010 as a result of different afforestation scheme and policies in order to make Greener study area. The analysis of socioeconomic factors shows that increase in gross domestic product (GDP), total investment in fixed assets, and industrialization has led to urbanization growth on a large scale and reduction of farmland. Therefore, there is pressing need for sustainable development and protection of farmlands.
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Jiang, F., H. Wang, J. M. Chen, W. Ju, and A. Ding. "Nested atmospheric inversion for the terrestrial carbon sources and sinks in China." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1177-2013.
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Abstract. In this study, we establish a~nested atmospheric inversion system with a focus on China using the Bayes theory. The global surface is separated into 43 regions based on the 22 TransCom large regions, with 13 small regions in China. Monthly CO2 concentrations from 130 GlobalView sites and a Hong Kong site are used in this system. The core component of this system is atmospheric transport matrix, which is created using the TM5 model with a horizontal resolution of 3° × 2°. The net carbon fluxes over the 43 global land and ocean regions are inverted for the period from 2002 to 2009. The inverted global terrestrial carbon sinks mainly occur in Boreal Asia, South and Southeast Asia, eastern US and southern South America (SA). Most China areas appear to be carbon sinks, with strongest carbon sinks located in Northeast China. From 2002 to 2009, the global terrestrial carbon sink has an increasing trend, with the lowest carbon sink in 2002. The inter-annual variation (IAV) of the land sinks shows remarkable correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, no obvious trend is found for the terrestrial carbon sinks in China. The IAVs of carbon sinks in China show strong relationship with drought and temperature. The mean global and China terrestrial carbon sinks over the period 2002–2009 are −3.15 ± 1.48 and −0.21 ± 0.23 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The uncertainties in the posterior carbon flux of China are still very large, mostly due to the lack of CO2 measurement data in China.
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Fung, Philip Sing-Sang, and Almond Sze-Mun Lee. "History of Land Registration and Small House Policies in the New Territories of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People's Republic of China." LHI Journal of Land, Housing, and Urban Affairs 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5804/lhij.2014.5.1.053.
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Lin, K., W. Zhai, S. Huang, and Z. Liu. "An evaluation of the effect of future climate on runoff in the Dongjiang River basin, South China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 6, 2015): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-257-2015.
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Abstract. The impact of future climate change on the runoff for the Dongjiang River basin, South China, has been investigated with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). First, the SWAT model was applied in the three sub-basins of the Dongjiang River basin, and calibrated for the period of 1970–1975, and validated for the period of 1976–1985. Then the hydrological response under climate change and land use scenario in the next 40 years (2011–2050) was studied. The future weather data was generated by using the weather generators of SWAT, based on the trend of the observed data series (1966–2005). The results showed that under the future climate change and LUCC scenario, the annual runoff of the three sub-basins all decreased. Its impacts on annual runoff were –6.87%, –6.54%, and –18.16% for the Shuntian, Lantang, and Yuecheng sub-basins respectively, compared with the baseline period 1966–2005. The results of this study could be a reference for regional water resources management since Dongjiang River provides crucial water supplies to Guangdong Province and the District of Hong Kong in China.
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Lo, Jeff C. F., Alexis K. H. Lau, Fei Chen, Jimmy C. H. Fung, and Kenneth K. M. Leung. "Urban Modification in a Mesoscale Model and the Effects on the Local Circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2477.1.
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Abstract The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, located in the southern part of Guangdong Province in China, is one of the most rapidly developing regions in the world. The evolution of local and regional sea-breeze circulation (SBC) is believed to be responsible for forming meteorological conditions for high air-pollution episodes in the PRD. To understand better the impacts of urbanization and its associated urban heat island (UHI) on the local- and regional-scale atmospheric circulations over PRD, a number of high-resolution numerical experiments, with different approaches to treat the land surface and urban processes, have been conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The results show that an accurate urban land-use dataset and a proper urban land-use parameterization are critical for the mesoscale model to capture the major features of the observed UHI effect and land–sea-breeze circulations in the PRD. Stronger UHI in the PRD increases the differential temperature gradient between urbanized areas and nearby ocean surface and hence enhances the mesoscale SBC. The SBC front consequently penetrates farther inland to overcome the prevailing easterly flow in the western part of inland Hong Kong. Additional sensitivity studies indicate that further industrial development and urbanization will strengthen the daytime SBC as well as increase the air temperature in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere.
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Wang, Xuege, Fengqin Yan, Yinwei Zeng, Ming Chen, Fenzhen Su, and Yikun Cui. "Changes in Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since the Reform and Opening Up in China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091611.
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Ecosystem services provide important support for the sustainable development of humans; these services are provided by various ecosystems, but they have been severely influenced by anthropogenic activities globally in the past several decades. To respond to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, this study investigated the changes in ecosystem structure and estimated the associated ecosystem services value (ESV) since China’s reform and opening-up policy in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), one of the most developed and populous areas of China. Our results showed that dramatic changes in ecosystem structure occurred in the GBA, characterized by unpresented construction land sprawl (an average of 148 km2/yr) and extensive farmland loss (an average of 111 km2/yr). The change size and rate of ecosystems from 2000 to 2010 was the biggest and fastest, followed by that from 1990 to 2000. The ESV of the study area showed an overall decreasing trend, declining from 464 billion yuan to 346 billion yuan. The ESV supported by forest ecosystems and water body ecosystems made dominant contributions to the total ESV, ranging from 92% to 95%. Strong spatial heterogeneity of the ESV of the GBA might be noted throughout the study period, with lower values in the central region and higher values in the surrounding region. To realize sustainable development in the GBA; this study strongly suggests that local governments, and the public, scientifically use various ecosystems and their services, focusing on vigorously protecting ecosystems with high and important ESVs, such as water body, wetland, forest, and farmland ecosystems.
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Hasan, Sarah, Wenzhong Shi, Xiaolin Zhu, and Sawaid Abbas. "Monitoring of Land Use/Land Cover and Socioeconomic Changes in South China over the Last Three Decades Using Landsat and Nighttime Light Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141658.
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Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) are prime variables that reflect changes in ecological systems. The Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau (GHKM) region located in South China has undergone rapid economic development and urbanization over the past three decades (1986–2017). Therefore, this study investigates the changes in LULC of GHKM based on multi-year Landsat and nighttime light (NTL) data. First, a supervised classification technique, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), is used to classify the Landsat images into seven thematic classes: forest, grassland, water, fishponds, built-up, bareland, and farmland. Second, the demographic activities are studied by calculating the light index, using nighttime light data. Third, several socioeconomic factors, derived from statistical yearbooks, are used to determine the impact on the LULCC in the study area. The post-classification change detection shows that the increase in the urban area, from 0.76% (1488.35 km2) in 1986 to 10.31% (20,643.28 km2) in 2017, caused GHKM to become the largest economic segment in South China. This unprecedented urbanization and industrialization resulted in a substantial reduction in both farmland (from 53.54% (105,123.93 km2) to 33.07% (64,932.19 km2)) and fishponds (from 1.25% (2463.35 km2) to 0.85% (1674.61 km2)) during 1986–2017. The most dominant conversion, however, was of farmland to built-up area. The subsequent urban growth is also reflected in the increasing light index trends revealed by NTL data. Of further interest is that the overall forest cover increased from 33.24% (65,257.55 km2) to 45.02% (88,384.19 km2) during the study period, with a significant proportion of farmland transformed into forest as a result of different afforestation programs. An analysis of the socioeconomic indicators shows that the increase in gross domestic product, total investment in real estate, and total sales of consumer goods, combined with the overall industrialization, have led to (1) urbanization on a large scale, (2) an increased light index, and (3) the reduction of farmland. The speed of development suggests that opportunistic development has taken place, which requires a pressing need to improve land policies and regulations for more sustainable urban development and protection of farmland.
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Webby, R. J., and R. G. Webster. "Emergence of influenza A viruses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1416 (December 29, 2001): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0997.
Full textAbstract:
Pandemic influenza in humans is a zoonotic disease caused by the transfer of influenza A viruses or virus gene segments from animal reservoirs. Influenza A viruses have been isolated from avian and mammalian hosts, although the primary reservoirs are the aquatic bird populations of the world. In the aquatic birds, influenza is asymptomatic, and the viruses are in evolutionary stasis. The aquatic bird viruses do not replicate well in humans, and these viruses need to reassort or adapt in an intermediate host before they emerge in human populations. Pigs can serve as a host for avian and human viruses and are logical candidates for the role of intermediate host. The transmission of avian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses directly to humans during the late 1990s showed that land-based poultry also can serve between aquatic birds and humans as intermediate hosts of influenza viruses. That these transmission events took place in Hong Kong and China adds further support to the hypothesis that Asia is an epicentre for influenza and stresses the importance of surveillance of pigs and live-bird markets in this area.