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Academic literature on the topic 'Recombinaison génétique – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recombinaison génétique – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet"
Medjahed, Halima. "Développement d'outils génétiques pour étudier la virulence de Mycobacterium abscessus." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077077.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that can be involved in pulmonary and disseminated infections in immunosuppressed or young cystic fibrosis patients. It is an emerging pathogen and has attracted recent attention due to the numerous cases of infection; furthermore, genomic tools have been developed for this species. Nevertheless, the study of this species has until now been limited to spontaneous variants. We have compared three different mutagenesis Systems : the ts-sacB, the phage, and the recombineering Systems, and show that there are important differences in their efficiency for the construction of allelic-exchange mutants. We show, using the mmpL4b gene of the glycopeptidolipid pathway as a target, that allelic-exchange mutants can be constructed with a reasonable efficiency ( 7%) using the recombineering System. Studies on this species were limited so far to natural spontaneous variants. These studies have nevertheless showed that the Rough variants of M abscessus which are characterized by a low production of glycopeptidolipids are hypervirulent in human and also in in vivo models. Interestingly, these highly virulent isolates strongly induce TNF-α secretion by macrophages. However, the mechanism of the higher virulence process is currently unknown. The mutant constructed in this study, which is low glycopeptidolipids producer, is unable to slide and it loss the ability to form biofilms. These confirm the role of glycopeptidolipids in the modification of cell surface. Using in vivo model the virulence of this mutant has been tested. This study shows that other factor is involved with the lack glycopeptidolipids in the virulence of M abscessus. The study of the mechanism of the virulence of M abscessus is a pre-requisite to develop new drugs or vaccine candidates against this emerging pathogen
Nora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Vessière, Aurélia. "Caractérisation virologique des doubles infections et des formes recombinantes par les VIH-1 du groupe M et du groupe O au Cameroun : conséquences épidémiologiques, diagnostics et thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T062.
Full textHIV-1 is divided into 4 groups: M (major), O (outlier), N (non-M non-O) and P. Among these groups, recombination is an extremely frequent phenomenon, playing a major role in the diversification of the HIV epidemic. Recombination results from strand switching between the two viral RNA molecules during the reverse transcription step. Thus, multiple infections, by generating heterodiploïd virions, are the prerequisite to recombination. In Central Africa and in Cameroon in particular, all HIV-1 groups circulate and M+O dual infections have been reported. Despite the great genetic divergence between the two groups, three cases of M/O recombinants were described in Cameroonian patients with no epidemiological link. For two of them, recombination involved the vpr gene that could represent a preferential site for M/O intergroup recombination. The transmission and circulation capacities of such forms, that appear to be extremely rare, are unknown. The objective of this work was to develop and validate serological and molecular tools for the detection of M/O recombinants in the vpr gene in patients dually infected by HIV-1 group M (HIV-M) and HIV-1 group O (HIV-O) in Cameroon. Dual infections were screened using a serotyping strategy bases on two gp120/V3 antigens representative of groups M and O. For dually reactive samples, a competitive assay (GSEIA) was developed to eliminate non specific cross-reactivities. Presence of HIV-M and O genomes was confirmed with group specific PCRs targeting the pol and env regions. Finally, a group specific PCR flanking the vpr gene was developed to detect recombinants. This algorithm implemented at Centre Pasteur du Cameroun allowed us to identify 5 M/O recombinants, with a vpr breakpoint for 4 of them. Three vpr recombinants were associated with a HIV-M+O dual infection or a HIV-M infection. Some M/O recombinants were detected in the absence of associated dual infections, of which one in a Cameroonian patient living in France, suggesting transmitted cases. This work underlines the complexity of the detection of M/O recombinants that requires the combination of serological and molecular tools targeting different regions of the genome, in particular for transmitted recombinants. Our results confirm the importance of the vpr gene in M/O recombination phenomena. The great genetic variability of HIV-O strains could have consequences on therapeutic management of patients infected with a M/O recombinant. The risk for emergence of M/O circulating recombinant forms has to be evaluated through an epidemiological surveillance in Cameroon but also in countries having a link with this region
Achour, Ikbel. "Immunoglobulines homodimériques et conventionnelles des camélidés : génétique et évolution." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077171.
Full textIn addition to producing conventional tetrameric IgGs, camelids have the particularity of producing ; functional homodimeric IgG type that lacks light chains, and is therefore made up of two identice heavy chains. This non-conventional IgG type is characterized by variable and constant regions referred to as VHH and CHH respectively, and which differ from conventional VH and CH counterpart Although structural properties of homodimeric IgGs have been well investigated, the genetic basis involved in their generation are still largely unknown. We showed that a single IgH locus in alpaca (Lama pacos) chromosome 4 contains ail genetic elements required for the generation of the two types of Igs. The alpaca IgH locus is composed of a V-region that contains both VHH and VH gem segments, followed by a unique DH-JH cluster and C-region genes, which include both CHH and C genes. Although this general gene organization greatly resembles that of other typical mammalian Vn-Dn-Jn-Cn translocon IgH loci, the intermixed gene organization within the alpaca V and C region reveals a new type of translocon IgH locus. Transcript analyses of expressed homodimeric and tetrameric IgGs showed similar levels of mutation and that of IgMs revealed the existence of VHH Cm transcripts, strongly suggesting that cells bearing homodimeric IgGs develop from lgM+ cells The gene organization of the camelid IgH locus implies a striking regulation of stepwise gene arrangements to enable expression of either tetrameric or homodimeric Ig in B lymphocytes
Bidet, Philippe. "Caractérisation génétique d'un sous-groupe hautement virulent de Escherichia coli responsable de pathologies extra-intestinales." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T020.
Full textUsing DNA-array method, we developed a PCR able to detect the highly virulent E. Coli subgroup characterized by ribotype B2i and Sequence-Type 29 (EcMLST). Combining MLST and serotyping, we were able to distinguish among E. Coli strains belonging to this subgroup and causing invasive diseases in infants, three «sequence-O-types» associated with urosepsis (STc2902), meningitis (STc29018) or both syndromes (STc29O4S). Strain S88, representative of the STC29045 emerging clone in France has been sequenced in the Coliscope project. We found that two different traits of this strain, a new O antigen and a ColV plasmid close to those of avian pathogenic strains, are essential for its virulence in a neonatal meningitis rat model. Unraveling the origin of this clone will be aided by the molecular tools we have developed
Beau, Jacques. "Etude des correlats genetiques du rythme de l'activite chez la souris consanguine." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S013.
Full textKebir, Oussama. "Épigénétique & psychose : Étude génétique des enzymes de la machinerie de régulation épigénétique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T019.
Full textGenetic factors and environment are involved in the etiopathogeny of schizophrenia with an interaction model. The biological substratum of this interaction is unknown but could be explained by an epigenetic model. In the first part of this work, we chose to examine in detail, through a critical review of the literature data, the environmental factor of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen considered as endocrine disruptor which also perturbs epigenetic regulation particularly DNA methylation. Although epidemiological data do not incriminate or exclude prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol as a factor increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders, there are several arguments in favor of this hypothesis. In the second part of this work, we tested the hypothesis of genetic polymorphisms of enzymes of the machinery of epigenetic regulation as a genetic vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. A family-based association study (325 trios) was conducted involving 10 genes encoding HDACs. SNP markers (n = 551) were extracted by the method of tagSNP. Statistical analysis identified 10 SNPs associated with schizophrenia with a threshold significance less than 0. 01. They are located on HDAC3, HDAC9, HDAC10, and HDAC11. An epistatic interaction was identified between HDAC3, HDAC9 and HDAC10. Although this study is exploratory and without correction for multiple testing, our results support data for the involvement of these genes with neurodevelopmental disorders
Ragusa, Angela. "Variabilité génétique des thalassémies en Sicile : étude moléculaire approfondie des formes surexprimant l'hémoglobine foetale." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05S005.
Full textRabès, Jean-Pierre. "L' hypercholestérolémie familiale : de l'athérosclérose à l'hétérogénéité génétique." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD02.
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