Academic literature on the topic 'Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo'

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Journal articles on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

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Minervini, Corrado. "Housing reconstruction in Kosovo." Habitat International 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(02)00026-7.

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Brown, Richard H. "Reconstruction of the railway system in Kosovo." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 157, no. 5 (May 2004): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2004.157.5.41.

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Lessenich, Stephan. "Transformation, déconstruction, reconstruction? L'État social allemand en mutation." III. Nouveaux débats, no. 41 (October 2, 2002): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005144ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Le thème de la remise en cause de l'État social allemand est aujourd'hui largement dominant. Mais la plupart des analyses sont centrées sur la question de l'emploi et de la montée du chômage. Une autre lecture possible des changements montre que la transformation de l'État-providence allemand concerne plus largement les relations interindividuelles, en particulier entre hommes, femmes et enfants. Sous l'impact d'évolutions telles que le travail des femmes, la crise du mariage, la redéfinition des modes de vie familiaux, etc., deux formes de flexibilité interdépendantes apparaissent : la flexibilité du travail et la flexibilité des relations familiales.
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Earnest, James. "Post-conflict reconstruction – a case study in Kosovo." International Journal of Emergency Services 4, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-02-2015-0009.

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Purpose – Rehabilitation and reconstruction of social and economic infrastructure in a post-conflict environment are complex, long-debated issues in development cooperation. In addition to war creating large-scale human suffering, generating refugees, displacing populations, engendering psychological distress, obliterating infrastructure and transforming the economy, in post-conflict situations, deepening chaos and disorder can be found at the highest social, economic and political levels; serious developmental challenges remain insufficiently addressed. Repairing war-damaged infrastructure in order to reactivate the local economy is a challenge for all post-conflict countries. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study was designed to examine planning and execution of post-conflict reconstruction (PCR). The use of a mixed-method research approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection was used to explore planning and implementation of PCR infrastructure projects in Kosovo. The data collection in the field was undertaken for a period of eight weeks, from July to September 2008. A total of 420 respondents were involved in the study process, as follows: key informants (four), pilot test (12), semi-structured interviews (36), project manager/engineers survey (231), chief of mission/country director survey (117), and focus group (20). To meet the needs of the society and recognise the required functional components of project management, the overall contexts of managing projects in a post-conflict environment have been discussed in the study. Findings – Planning and implementing reconstruction projects in areas affected by conflict have proven to be far more challenging than expected and responses by practitioners, aid agencies, and government regarded as inadequate. The changing political, economic, and social factors in Kosovo after the war in 1999 have had a significant influence on the limited adoption of a project management methodology in development and reconstruction projects. The findings from the exploratory study were aimed at improving understanding of the planning, pre-designing, and implementation of infrastructure projects. The findings indicated a need to promote a better understanding of how projects are undertaken at all levels of the organisation, and to describe processes, procedures, and tools used for the actual application of projects. The findings of the study identified a poor quality of planning and implementation of reconstruction projects in an environment of complexity, change, and uncertainty. The study also raised some very significant findings for a broader approach to community involvement in project identification, planning, and implementation. Infrastructure projects implemented in Kosovo were used to develop a conceptual framework for designing projects and programmes more likely to yield positive outcomes for post-conflict society. Originality/value – The study was done by the researcher in Kosovo.
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Altit, Emmanuel. "Participer au rétablissement de l'État de droit ? les exemples du Kosovo et de la Bosnie." Topique 83, no. 2 (2003): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/top.083.0195.

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Strohmeyer, Hansjörg. "Collapse and Reconstruction of Ajudicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor." American Journal of International Law 95, no. 1 (January 2001): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2642036.

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Within the span of only a few months in 1999, the United Nations was faced with one of the greatest challenges in its recent history: to serve as an interim government in Kosovo and East Timor.In Kosovo, in response to massive attacks on the Kosovar Albanian population, including orchestrated and wide-scale “ethnic cleansing,” the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) conducted an eleven-week air campaign against Yugoslav and Serbian security forces and paramilitary groups. The campaign resulted in the agreement of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to withdraw all Yugoslav and Serbian security forces from the territory. On June 10,1999, one day after the suspension of NATO’s air strikes, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1244 (1999), establishing the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK).
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McKinna, Anita. "Kosovo: The International Community's European Project." European Review 20, no. 1 (January 4, 2012): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000275.

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This article is about the post-war governance of Kosovo and the contradiction posed by the focus on multi-ethnicity on the one hand, and the development of a new Kosovar identity that transcends ethnicity on the other. Post-war Kosovo represents a bold experiment by the international community to create a society that adheres to European standards. The international administration has based its post-war reconstruction and governance of Kosovo on standards aimed at EU accession. To this end, since 1999 the international administration in Kosovo has pursued multi-ethnicity as a panacea. Far from creating the conditions conducive to greater inter-ethnic integration, the policies enacted supposedly in the name of multi-ethnicity have resulted in the further entrenchment of ethnic division. At the same time, the international administration has promoted a new Kosovo identity that transcends ethnicity and that fits with European standards. This article questions the international administration's approach in governing post-war Kosovo with the ultimate goal of EU accession. It argues that this approach has failed both in creating a more multi-ethnic society and in creating a new identity that is embraced by the people of Kosovo. This situation in turn raises questions as to whether there is a genuine will from the people of Kosovo to fulfil such standards, and therefore whether the goal of EU integration for Kosovo is a realistic one.
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Krasniqi, Malush. "European Economic Integration in Kosovo." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p105-112.

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Topics addressed, European economic integration, as well as with important phenomenon, which is facing Kosovo in recent years, since the post-war process. The process of international economic integration is one of the most important phenomena of the contemporary world economy. The trend of international economic integration is the reconstruction of the country devastated by war, is an undeniable necessity, the only reason to catch the trend of the world's economic development. Kosovo has a very favorable position, bridging the central Balkans with the possibility of Development extraordinarily large because the Europe could have connected in short way with two continents. The main goal: increasing economic cooperation, the creation of new strategies for accelerating the process, fulfilling the standards required in the EU, the extent of market economy, regulation of relations with neighbors, etc. Topics that will discuss is European economic integration, the way how to reach to where we want is a road with many challenges and barriers, with special emphasis will be elaborated the process of stable and association, agreements signed by Kosovo, always having as target strengths and weaknesses of these agreements in the economic aspect of the country. Republic of Kosovo, respectively, institutions and people, are fully committed to the European integration process with the intent to join the EU.
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Baysse, Johanna. "Le rôle de la mémoire historique dans le processus de construction du territoire et de l'État du Kosovo." HISTORIA MAGISTRA, no. 25 (April 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/hm2017-025003.

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COGEN, MARC, and ERIC DE BRABANDERE. "Democratic Governance and Post-conflict Reconstruction." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 3 (August 30, 2007): 669–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156507004311.

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The concept of democracy has long fuelled controversy among international legal scholars, especially concerning its definition. This article is an attempt to single out three constitutive elements of democracy that have been subject to extensive scrutiny in the practice of electoral assistance and the more comprehensive peace-building and state-building missions that the UN has taken up or supported since the end of the twentieth century: freeand fair elections, freedom of association – with emphasis on the freedom to establish political parties – and freedom of expression. In doing so, this paper examines the role and the importance of each of these three constitutive elements in the practice pertaining to post-conflict reconstruction of Kosovo, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

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Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. "State-building from the outside-in : international administrations and the perils of direct governance." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0046.

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La gouvernance directe par une administration internationale tend à créer une vague contestation locale au state-building conduit de l'extérieur. Dans ce contexte, nos recherches au Kosovo et au Timor-Leste démontrent que la réponse politique, soit la gouvernance directe des "États effondrés", ne semble pas à même de répondre aux défis sociaux posés par la reconstruction des capacités étatiques dans un contexte post-conflit. En d'autres mots, la gouvernance directe par une administration internationale est difficilement compatible avec l'objectif de créer et d'assurer la légitimité d'un projet de state-building conduit de l'extérieur. Si les aspects propres à la légitimité sont initialement mis de côté lors de la conception de la mission et la conduite du state-building sur le terrain, ils tendent néanmoins à réaffirmer leur présence et leur importance au cours de l'intervention. Que ce soit au Kosovo ou au Timor-Leste, l'ONU s'est rapidement retrouvée conronté à une crise de légitimité quant à sa présence sur le terrain. En effet, la légitimité initiale de l'intervention et de l'intervenant s'est rapidement évanouie avec l'exercise du mandat d'administration directe sur le terrain. La contestation sans précédents des acteurs locaux sur le terrain n'a d'égal que le niveau d'autorité effective exercée par l'administration internationale. Cette étude a démontré notamment que le Kosovo et le Timor-Leste représentent des tentatives sans précédents de state-building international, notamment en ce qui a trait à l'autorité déployée sur le terrain par l'acteur international. Dans ce contexte, certains mécanismes de responsabilisation de l'intervenant s'avèrent nécessaires
Direct governance by an international administration tends to create a social backlash in a state-building context. In this regard, the contemporary international administration seems directly related to the mainstream conception of the state, state collapse and state-building. The political response, namely direct governance of “collapsed states,” seems unfit to correctly address the social challenges of postwar state-building. In other words, direct governance of war-torn territories is hardly compatible with the objective of fostering and nurturing legitimacy in an externally-led state-building project. The legitimacy aspects pertaining to state-building, if initially discarded in the setting-up and exercise of the peace mission’s mandate, will find a way to reaffirm themselves throughout the mission. In Kosovo as in Timor-Leste, the UN found itself embroiled in a deep legitimacy crises. Indeed, the missions’ legitimacy quickly withered away with the actual exercise of authority by the mission. The unprecedented contestation and resistance to the UN found in Kosovo and Timor-Leste is correlated with the equally unprecedented level of authority endowed to the peace mission, which translated into direct governance of the territories. This study has demonstrated that both Kosovo and Timor-Leste represent truly unprecedented attempts of state-building, not because of their mandate, but, more importantly, because their mandate has been translated into effective authority on the ground. In this context, accountability mechanisms can be instrumental in assuring a certain degree of trust between the international presence and the local population
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Sainovic, Ardijan. "Acteurs locaux et acteurs internationaux dans la construction de l’Etat. : Une approche interactionniste du cas du Kosovo." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0765.

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Comment les intervenants internationaux peuvent-ils (re)construire des institutions légitimes après un conflit intra-étatique ? En d’autres termes, quels facteurs déterminent le résultat du statebuilding post-conflit ? D’un côté, l’approche dominante, dite « technique », soutient que des ressources significatives (financières, humaines, politiques) permettent aux intervenants internationaux de construire les institutions voulues. Au Kosovo, les acteurs internationaux ont établi une administration internationale dotée de pouvoirs exécutifs et des ressources étendues et maintenues tout au long du processus. Or, le bilan du statebuilding est mitigé. D’un autre côté, le paradigme de la « paix libérale » affirme que la libéralisation (politique et économique) contribue au résultat limité des opérations post-conflit car elle est mal appliquée, illégitime voir dangereuse pour les sociétés sortant de conflits violents. Cette approche néglige aussi bien les facteurs internes que les variations dans les intentions internationales et se base, comme l’approche technique, sur un postulat implicite (erroné) de l’asymétrie porteuse de rapports de pouvoir qui favoriseraient les intervenants internationaux. En conséquence, ces approches ignorent la manière dont les acteurs locaux peuvent résister aux normes et objectifs internationaux.Pour expliquer les variations du résultat du statebuilding international, nous proposons un modèle théorique alternatif en modélisant une approche multicausale et séquentielle d’un jeu à deux niveaux. Notre thèse est la suivante. Les variations dans l’issue du statebuilding sont fonction des interactions stratégiques, elles-mêmes déterminées par les changements dans les préférences et les relations de puissance entre les intervenants internationaux et les élites politiques locales. Le statebuilding est étudié comme un processus interactif, mettant en relation potentiellement trois acteurs clés qui dominent le paysage politique post-conflit. Dans ces conditions, le statebuilding est un succès uniquement si les réformes internationales ne menacent pas le pouvoir politique des élites locales – pouvoir qui s’appuie sur deux piliers, le nationalisme et les pratiques informelles – et que les acteurs internationaux ont mobilisé suffisamment de ressources pour amener les élites locales à adopter et appliquer les réformes désirées.Or, le cas du Kosovo montre que les préférences des acteurs ne s’alignent que très rarement. Le statebuilding international a été instrumentalisé et miné par les préférences divergentes et contradictoires entre les principaux acteurs clés. Les acteurs internationaux ont voulu créer un Etat démocratique et multinational, mais ont privilégié la stabilité car ils ont été confrontés à des élites politiques locales – kosovar-albanaises et kosovar-serbes – préoccupées par le pouvoir et la domination de leur groupe sur autrui et par le maintien du leadership à l’intérieur de leur propre groupe. Entraînant ainsi une multiplication des autorités et à une fragmentation de la légitimité : deux systèmes politiques et sociaux persistent et empêchent la cohésion et le caractère multinational de l’Etat. L’intervention de l’UE a permis de changer le jeu en contribuant à apaiser la situation sur le terrain. Mais des tensions persistent, confortant le compromis
How can international actors build legitimate institutions following intra-state conflict? In other words, what factors determine the outcome of post-conflict statebuilding? On the one hand, the dominant approach, termed "technical", argues that significant resources (financial, human and political) allow international actors to build the required institutions. In Kosovo, international actors have established an international administration with executive powers, extending and sustaining resources throughout process. However, the success of statebuilding generally is mixed. On the other hand, the so-called "liberal peace" paradigm affirms that liberalization (political and economic) is a contributing factor to the limited success of post-conflict operations because it is either misapplied, illegitimate or even dangerous for societies emerging from violent conflicts. The liberal peace approach neglects these facts and ignores variations in international intentions. It is based, as is the technical approach, on an implicit (erroneous) assumption of an asymmetry in power relationships in favor of international actors. The result is that, these approaches fail to acknowledge the possibility of local actors resisting international standards and objectives.To explain variations in the success of statebuilding, we present an alternative theoretical model where a multi-level, sequential approach is modeled to a two-level game. Our thesis is as follows: variations in the statebuilding success are the function of strategic interactions, themselves determined by changes both in preferences and the power relationships between international actors and domestic political elites. Statebuilding is seen here as an interactive process, potentially linking three key actors who dominate any post-conflict political landscape. In unique conditions, no statebuilding process or international reforms need pose a threat to the political power of local elites - power derived from two pillars, i.e. nationalism and informal practices. Rather, international actors mobilise sufficient resources to induce local elites to adopt and implement the desired reforms.However, the preferences of the actors are very rarely aligned. In the case of Kosovo, it has been shown that international statebuilding has been instrumentalized and undermined by divergent and contradictory preferences among key actors. The international actors’ desire was to create a democratic and multinational state, but they opted for stability instead because they had to deal with local political elites - Kosovar-Albanian and Kosovar-Serb. The latter were concerned about maintaining their power over, and domination of, their group over others as well as maintaining leadership within their own group. This has led to a multiplication of authorities and a fragmentation of legitimacy: two distinct political and social systems persist, preventing the development of a cohesive and multinational state. While EU intervention has brought about a game change and helped to calm the situation on the ground, tensions persist, reaffirming the compromise that has taken place
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Martineau, Jean-Luc. "L'Union européenne et la reconstruction post-conflit de l'Etat : contribution à la formation d'un droit international de la reconstruction de l'Etat." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20027.

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La reconstruction post-conflit de l’Etat est un enjeu majeur et actuel des relations internationales. L’Union européenne, sous les auspices des Nations Unies contribue à restaurer ou instaurer un ordre étatique qui doit donner sa chance à une paix durable fondée sur des valeurs respectueuses des droits de l’homme. Toutefois, l’Union européenne reste maitre de ses interventions. Il n’existe pas véritablement pour les Etats post-conflits un droit à la reconstruction. Un complexe d’acteurs institutionnels européens décide et organise la réponse européenne à la déliquescence des Etats au sortir des conflits. Cette réponse n’est pas isolée, elle s’inscrit dans un ensemble de partenariats.L’organisation régionale déploie un ensemble de mécanismes juridiques ou opérationnels, militaires ou civils de gestion du relèvement des Etats en sortie de conflit. L’engagement européen peut prendre des formes très intrusives, et s’apparente parfois à une tutelle européenne sur des Etats victimes de conflits. Au final, l’Union européenne participe à la définition et à la réalisation d’un droit international de la reconstruction de l’Etat. Elle consacre des normes et des standards internationaux. Elle inaugure des normes et des standards européens adaptées au relèvement des Etats. De ce point de vue, l’offre européenne en matière de reconstruction post conflit de l’Etat est globale. C'est-à-dire que l’Europe propose de reconstruire l’Etat sous ses trois composantes traditionnelles : la population, le territoire et l’appareil d’Etat
In the framework of International Relations, Post Conflict Reconstruction of the State is a major and actual stake. European Union under the auspices of United Nations, supports all initiatives to restore or build a state order which give a chance for a stable peace based on human values. Nevertheless, European Union defines his interventions in function of his own interests. Post-conflicts States don’t have a right to reconstruction. A mix of european institutional actors decide and design the european response dedicated to failed Post-conflict States. This response is not isolated, she is included in a network of parternship.After a conflict, the regional organization set up a mix of legal or operational mechanisms, and military or civilian capacities. The european activism in this domain can be very strong. Sometimes, it seems as a trusteeship of EU on Post conflicts States. Consequently, European Union contributes to design and implement the international law of the State reconstruction. EU promotes norms and international standards. It initiates european norms and standards dedicated to the recovery of states. Consequently, European Union possess global capacities in the matter of post-conflict reconstruction. That is to say that Europe is proposing to rebuild the state in its three traditional components: population, territory and state apparatus
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Mannani, Haroon. "La reconstruction de l'État-Nation en Afghanistan." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10063/document.

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Mosse, M. "The journey to positive peace : grassroots peace building in Kosovo." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/802d449c-d2b2-47d9-9505-a22cae423cac/1.

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This thesis examines grassroots peace building in Kosovo during the period 2001 - 2008 and seeks to understand how international actors have best supported, or otherwise, a process of deepening peace at this level. The research centres on analysis of thirty-three in-depth interviews with the main actors from this field. Through analysing interpretations of peace and peace building in Kosovo, I identify a contradiction between on the one hand, the dominant approach of building peace through relationships (favoured by international actors); and on the other, the need for peace to address personal needs. This means helping individuals come to terms with the past, and affecting a broader normalization of people’s everyday lives. I assert that a ‘deepening’ of peace in Kosovo will ultimately come about through offering young people more opportunities to ‘open up their hearts and minds’ - to broaden their horizons in ways that they feel empowered to view themselves and the world around them through a critical lens. This research identifies negative attitudes and behaviours amongst external actors in Kosovo, and illustrates how our personal qualities and conduct are of primary importance when it comes to peace building. In doing so, I identify a need for a higher level of self-awareness, commitment and empathy amongst external actors. Whilst reports have emerged which seek to evaluate the impact of peace building in Kosovo, this research examines the experiences of those engaged in such endeavours and encompasses a strong story-telling element. It also seeks to ground the issues at stake within a broader understanding of Kosovo’s social and historical landscape.
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Buldanlioglu, Sahin Selver. "Building the State and the Nation in Kosovo and East TimorAfter Conflict." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3328.

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The study of externally-led democratisation in conflict-affected societies has expanded over the last two decades. The introduction of democracy from the outside has attracted extensive scholarly interest in accordance with the increasing engagement of the United Nations and other international agents in attempting to build long-lasting domestic, regional and international peace through promoting democratic forms of government in the post-Cold War era. The studies conducted to investigate democratisation in post-conflict societies have focused on the construction of government institutions and transferring necessary institutional competencies due to the fact that externally-driven democratisation policies target the state rather than the nation. In this respect, some studies undertaken to examine the process of democratisation in post-conflict societies pointed to the need for sequencing of tasks such as establishing security, law and order and building strong and capable government institutions in the first place. Their focus, however, has still remained on the state rather than the nation. Through examining two case studies, this thesis emphasises two significant points: 1) achieving successful democratic transformation in conflict-affected societies requires not only the construction of functioning central state institutions but also the creation of a shared sense of national community; and 2) sequencing of post-conflict reconstruction tasks therefore should also involve building a sense of national cohesion through promoting social communication, participation and inclusion in political, institutional and social processes while postponing the competitive or potentially conflictual aspects of democracy. The need to integrate the creation of a sense of shared national community into studies of democracy promotion in societies emerging from conflict stems from the fact that the reconstruction of post-conflict societies involves two separate but complementary and interacting processes. These processes were examined under two headings: state-building and nation-building. The construction of well-functioning, effective government institutions and the achievement of a sense of national community were found to be vital, inter-connected factors to consolidate democratic rule promoted by external actors. The lack of or a weak sense of social cohesion has an undermining effect on the capacity of state institutions to exercise authority and effectively and democratically perform their roles and duties. Failing to deliver their functions to the public and exercise political authority throughout the entire territory, weak state institutions, in return, do not provide a suitable environment for consolidating democratic rule, which requires the execution of the rule of law and protection and guaranteeing of citizens’ political rights.
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Yu, Lei. "Reconstruction du signal ou de l'état basé sur un espace de mesure de dimension réduite." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0546/document.

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Le 21_eme siècle est le siècle de l'explosion informatique, des milliards de Données sont produites, collectées et stockées dans notre vie quotidienne. Les façons de collecter les ensembles de données sont multiples mais toujours en essayant d'optimiser le critère qui consiste _a avoir le maximum d'information dans le minimum de données numérique. Il est préférable de collecter directement l'information, car les informations étant contraintes sont dans un espace plus faible que celui où évolues les données (signaux ou états). Cette méthode est donc appelée \la collecte de l'information", et conceptuellement peut ^être résumée dans les trois étapes suivantes : (1) la modélisation, ceci consiste _a condenser l'information pertinente pour les signaux _a un sous-espace plus petit; (2) l'acquisition, ceci consiste _a collecter et préserver l'information dans un espace inferieur _a la dimension des données et (3) la restauration, ceci consiste _a reconstituer l'information dans son espace d'origine. En suivant cette pensée, les principales contributions de cette thèse, concernant les observateurs et le \Compressive Sensing" (CS) basé sur des modèles bay_esiens peuvent ^être unies dans le cadre de la collecte de l'information : les principaux problèmes concernés par ces deux applications peuvent ^être de façon analogue, scindés en les trois étapes sus- mentionnées. Dans la première partie de la th_ese, le problème réside dans le domaine des systèmes dynamiques où l'objectif est de retrouver l'état du système _a partir de la mesure de la sortie. Il nous faut donc déterminer si les états du système sont récupérables _a partir des mesures de la sortie et de la connaissance partielle ou totale du modèle dynamique, c'est le problème de l'observabilité. Ensuite de transposer notre problème dans une représentation plus appropriée, c'est l'écriture sous forme normale et en récupérer l'information, c'est la phase de synthèse d'observateur. Plus précisément dans cette partie, nous avons considéré une classe de systèmes à commutation haute fréquence allant jusqu'au phénomène de Zénon. Pour ces deux types de commutation les transitions de l'état discret sont considérées trop élevées pour ^être mesurées. Toutefois, la valeur moyenne obtenue par filtrage des transitions peut ^être acquise ce qui donne une connaissance partielle des états discrets. Ici, avec ces seuls informations partielles, nous avons discuté de l'observabilité et ceci par les approches géométrie différentielle et algébrique. Aussi, des observateurs ont été proposes par la suite. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons abordé de la même manière le thème du CS qui est une alternative efficace à l'acquisition abondante de données faiblement informatives pour ensuite les compresser. Le CS se propose de collecter l'information directement de façon compressée, ici les points clés sont la modélisation du signal en fonction des connaissances a priori dont on dispose, ainsi que la construction d'une matrice de mesure satisfaisant la \restricted isometry property" et finalement la restauration des signaux originaux clairsemés en utilisant des algorithmes d'éparpillement régularisé et d'inversion linéaire. Plus précisément, dans cette seconde partie, en considérant les propriétés du CS liées _a la modélisation, la capture et la restauration, il est proposé : (1) d'exploiter les séquences chaotiques pour construire la matrice de mesure qui est appelée la matrice chaotique de mesure, (2) considérer des types de modèle de signal clairsemé et reconstruire le modèle du signal à partir de ces structures sous-jacentes des modèles clairsemés, et (3) proposer trois algorithmes non paramétriques pour la méthode bayesienne hiérarchique. Dans cette dernière partie, des résultats expérimentaux prouvent d'une part que la matrice chaotique de mesure a des propriétés semblables aux matrices aléatoires sous-gaussienne et d'autre part que des informations supplémentaires sur les structures sous-jacentes clairsemés améliorent grandement les performances de reconstruction du signal et sa robustesse vis-a-vis du bruit
This is the era of information-explosion, billions of data are produced, collected and then stored in our daily life. The manners of collecting the data sets are various but always following the criteria { the less data while the more information. Thus the most favorite way is to directly measure the information, which, commonly, resides in a lower dimensional space than its carrier, namely, the data (signals or states). This method is thus called information measuring, and conceptually can be concluded in a framework with the following three steps: (1) modeling, to condense the information relevant to signals to a small subspace; (2) measuring, to preserve the information in lower dimensional measurement space; and (3) restoring, to reconstruct signals from the lower dimensional measurements. From this vein, the main contributions of this thesis, saying observer and model based Bayesian compressive sensing can be well uni_ed in the framework of information measuring: the main concerned problems of both applications can be decomposed into the above three aspects. In the _rst part, the problem is resided in the domain of control systems where the objective of observer design is located in the observability to determine whether the system states are recoverable and observation of the system states from the lower dimensional measurements (commonly but not restrictively). Speci_cally, we considered a class of switched systems with high switching frequency, or even with Zeno phenomenon, where the transitions of the discrete state are too high to be captured. However, the averaged value obtained through filtering the transitions can be easily sensed as the partial knowledge. Consequently, only with this partial knowledge, we discussed the observability respectively from differential geometric approach and algebraic approach and the corresponding observers are designed as well. At the second part, we switched to the topic of compressive sensing which is objected to sampling the sparse signals directly in a compressed manner, where the central fundamentals are resided in signal modeling according to available priors, constructing sensing matrix satisfying the so-called restricted isometry property and restoring the original sparse signals using sparse regularized linear inversion algorithms. Respectively, considering the properties of CS related to modeling, measuring and restoring, we propose to (1) exploit the chaotic sequences to construct the sensing matrix (or measuring operator) which is called chaotic sensing matrix, (2) further consider the sparsity model and then rebuild the signal model to consider structures underlying the sparsity patterns, and (3) propose three non-parametric algorithms through the hierarchical Bayesian method. And the experimental results prove that the chaotic sensing matrix is with the similar property to sub-Gaussian random matrix and the additional consideration on structures underlying sparsity patterns largely improves the performances of reconstruction and robustness
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8

Tshiyembe, Mwayila. "Etat et société en Afrique : construction étatique et désintégration sociale : essai sur une théorie sociologique de fondation de l'Etat plural en Afrique noire." Nancy 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN20023.

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La théorie sociologique de l'état plural est une mise en perspective conceptuelle d'un autre modèle de construction de l'état et de société civile, inventé par les sociétés africaines précoloniales selon leur trajectoire historique et culturelle spécifique. Son postulat repose sur une triple idée-force. Primo, le modèle plural fabrique par les africains et antinomique au modèle national produit par les européens. Secundo, en dépit de quelques éléments communs, ces deux modèles sont irréductibles de par leur logique interne. Tertio, l'absence de visibilité théorique sur le modèle plural et sur leur irréductibilité est la cause principale de l'échec de la théorie de construction de l'état-nation en Afrique. Des lors, un double constat s'impose. D’une part, le modèle national de l'état n'est pas une panacée. D’autre part, le défi démocratique africain ne peut avoir un sens collectif et populaire que s'il s'inscrit dans un projet de société global charge non seulement d'inventer mais aussi de reconquérir les valeurs et les principes de l'état plural défini comme ditunga, du verbe kutungunuja qui veut dire : faire progresser les hommes et les femmes (bantu), vers la liberté (budikadidi), vers le bonheur moral (moyo), vers le bonheur matériel (bubanji)
The founding theory of the plural state, an alternative model of constructing the state and civil society, is a precolonial invention of African societies embracing the specific historical and cultural experience of precolonial black Africa. Tree key postulates follow from the underlying logic of plural state theory. The first is its antinomy with the European concept of nation-state. The second resides in its irreducibility to the nation-state concept and this in spite of minor features shared with the latter here and there. The third has to do with the principal reason accounting for the failure of the different attempts to forge a nation-state in black Africa: the absence of a formal theory on the plural state and its irreducibility to the nation-state concept. Two inescapable conclusions emerge. Firstly, the nation-state solution, in addition to not being a universal panacea, leads to a head end in black Africa. Secondly, for the challenge of democratic change in black Africa to have a collective and popular meaning, it must propose a global project aimed at reinventing and reviving the ditunga which is an embodiment of the values and principles of the precolonial African model of the plural state
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9

Bach, Jean-Nicolas. "Centre, périphérie, conflit et formation de l'État depuis Ménélik II : les crises de et dans l'État éthiopien." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00878699.

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Cette thèse revient sur les caractéristiques des conflits armés éthiopiens contemporains(nature et manifestations) à partir d'une réflexion sur la trajectoire historique de l'État,héritier de l'empire construit par Ménélik II à la fin du XIXe siècle et dont les frontièresn'ont que peu varié depuis (hormis l'indépendance de l'Érythrée en 1993). L'expérienceimpériale est également à l'origine d'une perception de l'espace politique éthiopien entermes de " centre " et de " périphérie ". Perception qui demeure dominante au sein desétudes éthiopiennes, notamment dans l'étude de conflits perçus comme opposant le" centre " (assimilé à l'" État moderne ") à ses " périphéries " conquises durant la périodeimpériale (assimilées aux " sociétés traditionnelles "). La réflexion est donc construite àpartir de l'articulation des trois grands thèmes suivants : la formation de l'empire et del'État éthiopien, les conflits armés, et le thème centre-périphérie. Le thème centrepériphériese situe en effet au coeur des interprétations de la formation des empires etdes États. Le rapport entre ce deux thèmes (formation de l'État et thème " centrepériphérie") est ici reformulé à partir des notions de " secteur politique central " et de" secteur politique périphérique " (Coulon 1972). L'État est alors défini comme unprocessus historique produit par la formation (formelle, symbolique et cognitive) de cesdeux secteurs politiques central et périphérique. Ces deux secteurs interdépendants, dontles caractéristiques évoluent en fonction des reconfigurations économiques, sociales etpolitiques, sont à comprendre au sein d'un même ensemble produisant l'État éthiopien etson identité, sa nation.Cette thèse analyse donc le rapport entre la formation de ces deux secteurs politiques etles conflits armés en vue d'en offrir une grille de lecture renouvelée et dépassant lalecture dominante opposant le " centre " à ses " périphéries ". L'étude de trois régionsconflictuelles (Érythrée, Gambella, Afar) et de leur rapport à l'État éthiopien font alorsapparaître non plus une, mais trois grandes tendances de conflit (toujoursinterdépendantes et parfois cumulatives), à savoir : le conflit entre les deux secteurspolitiques, le conflit à l'intérieur du secteur politique central, et le conflit à l'intérieur dusecteur politique périphérique. Enfin, ce travail défend l'idée selon laquelle ces conflitsémanent d'une double crise de l'État éthiopien : une crise " de " l'État (remise en cause del'État éthiopien lui-même), et une crise " dans " l'État (remise en cause du régime et dugouvernement éthiopien, mais pas de l'État en lui-même). De cette double crise, héritéede la période impériale et qui éclot lors du Second règne d'Hailé Sélassié (1941-1974),dérivent les conflits éthiopiens contemporains.
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10

Blais, Anthony. "Dynamique du développement local et forces exogènes dans les territoires en reconstruction : évaluation des effets de l'action internationale au Kosovo." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010032.

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Le développement local est une notion qui est apparue à la fin des années 70 pour caractériser les initiatives localisées de populations qui cherchent à valoriser le potentiel économique dont elles disposent. Si l'on part de l'hypothèse que des territoires en reconstruction tels le Kosovo n'ont que peu de ressources endogènes, l'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer que les forces exogènes, telles l'action interationale, peuvent jouer un rôle moteur dans la structuration d'une dynamique du développement local. L'expérience inédite du territoire du Kosovo ouvre, selon nous, les portes pour une nouvelle approche des territoires en reconstruction, ou les relations endigènes-exogènes n'auraient plus seulement lieu à des échelons supranationaux ou nationaux mais à une échelle territoriale, au plus proche des attentes et des besoins des populations de ces territoires.
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Books on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

1

La rénovation urbaine: Démolition-reconstruction de l'État. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 2013.

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Demekas, Dimitri G. Kosovo: Institutions and policies for reconstruction and growth. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 2002.

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Le manifeste de la République: Pour une reconstruction politique et institutionnelle de l'État. Port-au-Prince]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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Carlowitz, Leopold von. Local ownership in practice: Justice system reform in Kosovo and Liberia. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2011.

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Artemije. Reconstruction Which is Not Viable: How the memorandum on reconstruction of the holy places of Kosovo and Metohija is being implemented. Belgrade: Ministry for Kosovo-Metohija of Serbian government, 2008.

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Engineering peace: The military role in postconflict reconstruction. Washington, DC: Institute of Peace Press, 2004.

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À la recherche de l'État en R-D Congo: Acteurs et enjeux d'une reconstruction post-conflit. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2011.

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Lucie, Pétrin, ed. L'écureuil qui voulait redevenir vivant: Conte initiatique sur l'état de stress post-traumatique. [Paris]: Marabout, 2011.

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State collapse and reconstruction in the: Periphery, political economy, ethnicity, and development in Yugoslavia, Serbia and Kosovo. New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.

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Ivona, Bugarčić, and Jankulović Aleksandar, eds. Vlada Republike Srbije: Rezultati obnove zemlje, 4. april 1999-4. april 2000. Beograd: Želnid, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

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Trom, Danny. "Chapitre 33. L'agir de l'État dans l'expérience ordinaire." In Entre Kant et Kosovo, 489–97. Presses de Sciences Po, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/scpo.leglo.2003.01.0489.

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Laborier, Pascale. "Chapitre 35. Les conséquences éthiques de l'acculturation à partir de l'exemple du développement de l'État en Allemagne." In Entre Kant et Kosovo, 505–14. Presses de Sciences Po, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/scpo.leglo.2003.01.0505.

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Deperchin, Annie. "La reconstruction de la justice au Kosovo." In Barbie, Touvier, Papon, 144–53. Autrement, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autre.salas.2002.01.0144.

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del Castillo, Graciana. "UN‐led reconstruction following NATO‐led military intervention: Kosovo." In Rebuilding War-Torn States, 137–65. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0009.

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De Ridder-Symoens, Hilde. "Reconstruction du milieu universitaire au niveau régional : possibilités et limites." In L'état moderne et les élites. xiiie - xviiie, 373–86. Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.psorbonne.65652.

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"‘Civilizing’ the Balkans, protecting Europe: the international politics of reconstruction in Bosnia and Kosovo." In The Politics of Protection, 113–33. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203002780-14.

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Singh, Danny. "Security sector reform, post‑conflict reconstruction and police corruption in post-conflict states." In Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force, 47–72. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354666.003.0004.

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The third chapter thematically engages with the intertwined initiatives of post-conflict reconstruction, statebuilding, peacebuilding and security sector reform. A few short examples of United Nations interim administrations in Cambodia, Kosovo and East Timor are provided that reformed main state institutions from scratch. The forthcoming sections examine post-conflict policing contexts in Haiti and Iraq in order to determine some similarities and differences to Afghanistan. Some comparisons include the focus to fight an insurgency with a paramilitary police force, particularly in post-9/11 settings to conform to reshuffled counterinsurgency strategy. This has created confusion with European efforts of police training in both Iraq and Afghanistan which are at odds with paramilitary policing. The chapter will illustrate that longer-term training programmes and mentoring can help mitigate police corruption and confusion with mandates which partially worked with UN involvement in Haiti. The final part analyses several developing contexts that share high levels of police corruption, brutality and criminality.
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Conference papers on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

1

Holter, Christian. "Three Years Experience With Solar Air Condition in the EAR Office Tower in Pristina/Kosovo." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76255.

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Since 2002 the Nine-story building of the headquarters of the European Agency for the Reconstruction of Kosovo is equipped with a solar thermal driven heating and cooling system. The performance fulfils the expectations fully and proof the chosen design and sizing of the system. Solar energy can cover around 75% of the cooling demand and a reasonable fraction of the heating too.
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Reports on the topic "Reconstruction de l'État – Kosovo"

1

Borg, Michael D. Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Kosovo: An Exit Strategy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada514000.

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Powers, Richard A. An Effective Framework for Stabilization and Reconstruction: Kosovo Or Iraq? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420285.

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Rooke, Jennifer L. Kosovo: U.S. Policy Measures for Stabilization, Peace Building, and Economic Reconstruction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382125.

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