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Quatrehomme, Gérald. "Reconstruction faciale : intérêt anthropologique et médico-légal." Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR10616.
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Les objectifs essentiels de ce travail ont ete de repondre a deux situations frequentes en anthropologie medico-legale : les restes cranio-faciaux presentant des parties molles alterees par un processus perimortem ou postmortem, et les restes reduits a l'etat de squelette. Dans ces deux cas l'identification peut se reveler trees difficile. Des techniques de restauration faciale, de reconstruction faciale bidimensionnelle et tridimensionnelle, non informatisee et informatisee, ont ete mises au point pour repondre a ces situations. L'evaluation scientifique demontre la performance des procedes de restauration-moulage pour l'identification d'un sujet. En ce qui concerne la reconstruction 3d informatisee, l'algorithme mis au point est capable de reconstruire le visage du disparu a partir du crane a identifier, mais l'evaluation scientifique montre des resultats mediocres en terme de ressemblance entre la reconstruction informatisee et le visage reel du sujet. Les resultats en matiere de reconstruction 3d manuelle sont interessants. Ces techniques sont maintenant utilisees dans des affaires judiciaires.
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BENGUIGUI, CLAUDE. "Reconstruction maxillo-faciale par lambeaux libres apres exerese carcinologique." Angers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ANGE1079.
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Barré, Sébastien. "Modélisation, fusion et reconstruction 3D pour l'aide à la chirurgie maxillo-faciale." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2264.
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Notre propos, dans le cadre de cette these, est de realiser une aide au geste therapeutique pour le traitement des dysmorphoses dans le domaine du planning maxillo-facial, en simulant les gestes chirurgicaux au niveau osseux et ce afin de mettre en evidence le resultat morphologique obtenu sur les tissus mous. La prediction de cet aspect post-chirurgical est un probleme qui revet un interet important pour la chirurgie maxillo-faciale : une grande partie des procedures appliquees par le praticien mene en effet a des modifications parfois notables des structures osseuses et par consequent a des transformations visibles du tissu facial. Nous abordons en premier lieu le transfert et l'acces aux differentes modalites medicales concernees et le support des formats et protocoles correspondants. Nous etudions ensuite la reconstruction 3d des principaux types de tissus impliques dans cette simulation, a partir des acquisitions issues du scanner ct. Les approches volumiques et surfaciques sont abordees, des maillages 3d iso-surfaciques des tissus mous et osseux sont etablis et optimises. Le maillage peaucier fait l'objet d'une fusion et d'un recalage avec des cliches photographiques afin d'en accroitre le realisme par la reconstruction d'une texture sur 360\. Ces structures 3d sont inserees au sein d'une interface logicielle permettant au praticien de les manipuler et de les visualiser interactivement. Nous nous proposons alors de desolidariser et deplacer les structures osseuses par le placement de plans de coupe refletant des procedures chirurgicales orthognatiques courantes. Suite a ces modifications, nous simulons la deformation des tissus mous par la creation, entre les differents types de tissus, d'un modele physique a base
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Guyomarc'h, Pierre. "Reconstitution faciale par imagerie 3d : variabilité morphométrique et mise en oeuvre informatique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14354/document.
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La reconstitution faciale a pour but de restituer le visage d’un individu à partir de la morphologie de son crâne. Cette technique est utilisée en anthropologie médico-légale pour apporter de nouveaux témoignages dans l’identification de restes humains. Les objectifs de thèse sont d’établir une base de données crânio-faciale 3D de Français grâce à l’imagerie médicale, de tester les règles traditionnelles de reconstitution, et de quantifier les corrélations morphologiques entre tissus osseux et cutanés. Des examens hospitaliers par scanner tomodensitométrique (18 – 96 ans ; sexe ratio 1,16:1) ont été traités avec le logiciel TIVMI pour reconstruire avec précision les surfaces osseuses et cutanées. Plus de 200 points de repère ont pu être positionnés sur 500 individus, en suivant un protocole précis (répétabilité et reproductibilité vérifiées). L’extraction de distances Euclidiennes a permis de tester plusieurs règles traditionnelles, et d’étudier la spécificité et la variabilité des épaisseurs de tissus mous. Parallèlement, les coordonnées 3D des points ont été analysées par morphométrie géométrique. Les covariations entre groupes de points osseux et cutanés ont pu être quantifiées, ainsi que les asymétries, allométries, et influences de l’âge et du sexe sur les variations de conformation. Ces résultats ont permis l’élaboration d’une méthode d’estimation de la position des points de repère du visage, et la création (en collaboration avec le LaBRI) d’un module de reconstitution faciale nommé AFA3D. Basé sur le principe de déformation d’un visage synthétique, ce logiciel restitue la forme la plus probable du visage en fonction de la position de 78 points crâniométriquesFacial approximation aims at the production of a face based on the skull morphology. This technique is performed in forensic anthropology to bring new testimonies in cases of human remains identification. The goals of this research are to establish a database of French skulls and faces in 3D through medical imaging, to test traditional guidelines, and to quantify the morphological correlations between soft and hard tissues. Computed tomography exams, collected in French hospitals (18 – 96 years; sex ratio 1.16:1), were treated with TIVMI software to reconstruct accurately the bone and skin surfaces. More than 200 landmarks have been placed on 500 subjects, following a protocol which repeatability and reproducibility have been checked. The extraction of Euclidian distances allowed testing traditional guidelines, and studying specificity and variability of soft tissue depths. In parallel, the 3D coordinates were analyzed with geometric morphometrics. Covariations between groups of bone landmarks and groups of skin landmarks were quantified, along with asymmetry, allometry, and influences of age and sex on the shape changes. These results allowed for the creation of a method to estimate the position of skin landmarks, and for the development of a facial approximation module in TIVMI, called AFA3D (in collaboration with the LaBRI). Based on the warping of a synthetic face, this software renders the most probable face depending on the position of 78 cranial landmarks
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Dakpé, Stéphanie. "Etude biomécanique de la mimique faciale." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2203/document.
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Ce travail de thèse, inclus dans un projet structurant plus vaste, projet SIMOVI (SImulation des MOuvements du VIsage), s’attache à étudier spécifiquement la mimique faciale en corrélant les déplacements visibles du revêtement cutané et les mouvements musculaires internes à travers le développement de plusieurs méthodologies. L’ensemble de la mimique faciale ne pouvant être étudié, étant donné la multitude d’expressions, les mouvements pertinents à étudier dans nos travaux ont été identifiés. Ces mouvements ont été caractérisés chez 23 sujets jeunes dans une analyse descriptive qualitative et clinique, basée sur une méthodologie s’appuyant sur l’analyse d’enregistrements vidéoscopiques, et le développement d’un codage issu du FACS (Facial Action Coding System). Une cohorte de référence a ainsi été constituée. Après avoir validé notre méthodologie pour la caractérisation externe de la mimique, l’analyse des muscles peauciers par l’IRM a été réalisée sur 10 hémifaces parmi les sujets sains issus de la cohorte. Cette caractérisation a fait appel, à partir d’une anatomie in vivo, à une modélisation de certains muscles peauciers (zygomaticus major en particulier) afin d’extraire des paramètres morphologiques, de réaliser une analyse plus fine de la morphologie musculaire en 3 dimensions, et d’apporter une meilleure compréhension du comportement cinématique du muscle dans différentes positions. Par son intégration dans un questionnement plus vaste :- comment caractériser objectivement la mimique faciale ? - quels sont les indicateurs qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la mimique que nous pouvons recueillir, et comment réaliser ce recueil ? - comment utiliser les développements technologiques dans les applications cliniques ? Ce travail constitue une étape préliminaire à d’autres travaux. Il pourra fournir des données de référence à des fins de modélisation, de simulation de la mimique faciale, ou de développements d’outil de mesures pour le suivi et l’évaluation des déficits de la mimique facialeThe aim of this research is to study facials mimics movements and to correlate externat soft tissue (i.e., cutaneous) movement during facial mimics with internal (i.e., facial mimic muscle) movement. The entire facial mimicry couldn't be studied, that's why relevant movements had been selected. Those movements were characterised by a clinically qualitative analysis in 23 young healthy volunteers. The analysis was performed with video recordings including scaling derived from the FACS (Facial Action Coding System). After the validation of external characterisation by this method, internal characterisation of the mimic facial muscle was carried out in 10 volunteers. A modelization of selected facial mimic muscle as Zygomaticus Major was achieved. With this work, morphological parameters could be extracted, 3D morphometric data were analysed to provide a better understanding of cinematic behaviour of muscle in different positions.This research is included in the Simovi Project, which aims to determine to what extent a facial mimic can be evaluated objectively, to select the qualitative and quantitative indicators for evaluation of mimic facial disorders, and to transfer our technological developments in clinical field. This research is a first step and provides data for simulation or developments of measurement tools in evaluation and follow-up of mimic facial disorders
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Berar, Maxime. "Modèles statistiques de la forme d'organes du corps humain. Application à la reconstruction faciale." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00275201.
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Berar, Maxime. "Modèles statistiques de la forme d'organes du corps humain. Application à la reconstruction faciale." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0086.
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Notre problématique concerne la modélisation de la variabilité des formes et des relations entre ces formes. Elle est illustrée sur l'exemple de la reconstruction cranio-faciale. Est il possible de prédire l'apparence d'un visage à partir du crâne d'un individu? A partir d'un ensemble d'apprentissage, nous générons un modèle statistique de l'ensemble crâne-visage. Il est réalisé par segmentation des images scanners 3D, puis maillage surfacique du crâne et du visage. Chaque individu est ensuite recalé et normalisé dans un référentiel commun (un maillage générique), dans lequel les sommets du maillage deviennent des semi-Iandmarks. Le modèle statistique décrit implicitement les relations spatiales de l'ensemble crâne-visage. Nous avons défini un formalisme de reconstruction partielle qui prédit alors une des deux surfaces, connaissant la seconde, à l'aide du modèle. Nous travaillons sur des procédures non linéaires, qui pourraient améliorer la précision de cette reconstructionOur main concern is to model the variability of shapes and the relationships between shapes with an application on cranio-facial reconstruction. Can we generate a face knowing only the skull ? Our approach build a statistical model based on a semi-Iandmark paradigm to represent generic shapes and their spatial relationships. First 3D scan images are segmented and 3D meshes of faces and skulls obtained. These individual meshes are then registrated on a common generic mesh. The resulting individual meshes share the same connectivity and the vertices can be considered semi-landmarks. The model build on this assumption describes implicitly the spatial relationships. Reconstruction of unknown face from known skull is then a pattern recognition problem and it is a specifie application of the missing data problem: partial reconstruction. We have defined a formalism which predict one shape knowing the other one and the model, and developed non-linear methods in order to ameliorate the results
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Kalinkina, Daria. "Suivi automatique de visage dans une séquence vidéo." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066741.
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La recherche sur la modélisation et la poursuite du visage humain dans des séquences d'images est un des sujets les plus étudiés en Infographie aussi bien qu'en Vision par ordinateur. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont consacrés au problème du suivi 3D du visage dans des séquences vidéos. Ils utilisent une approche basée sur la collaboration entre la vision par ordinateur et l'infographie qui permet de reconstituer la position et l'expression du visage dans chaque image de la séquence. L'approche emploie un modèle spécifique du visage, ainsi qu'un système d'animation permettant de simuler les expressions du visage. Les techniques développées dans cette thèse se décomposent en trois parties. Tout d'abord, nous présentons une approche originale de modélisation 3D d'un visage à partir de seulement quelques images. Elle utilise un mod- èle générique du visage (3D) qui est déformé de manière à ce qu'un certain nombre de points caractéristiques ainsi que les silhouettes de ce modèle 3D se calent sur ceux des images données en entrée. L'accent principal dans l'algorithme de suivi est mis sur la détection précise d'expressions faciales. Dans la deuxième partie nous présentons deux approches de la modélisation d'animation du visage: une approche pseudo-musculaire et une méthode basée sur la spécification du standard MPEG-4. Basée sur ces deux modèles d'animation nous avons développé une technique hybride en les combinant d'une manière hiérarchique. Finalement, dans la troisième et dernière partie nous décrivons notre technique du suivi qui permet d'obtenir la position et l'expression d'un visage sans aucune interaction de la part de l'utilisateur sauf dans la phase d'initialisation du système sur la première imageHuman faces are one of the most researched topics in the domains of both computer graphics and computer vision. This thesis addresses the problem of 3D face tracking from standard video sequences and proposes an approach based upon computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques to recover face position and expression in each video frame. Precision of tracking being of major importance, we use a model-based approach with a model adapted to the specific tracked face, and an animation layer built over it. This work consists of three different parts. We start by investigating the possible ways of creation of a customized face model and propose an efficient markerless method for face reconstruction using only a small set of images driving the morphological deformation of a predefined generic mesh. The main focus in tracking is made on precise detection of facial expressions. In this context, several approaches to facial animation are presented: a pseudomuscular approach and a method based on MPEG-4 specification. Based upon these animation systems we developed a hybrid technique by combining them in a hierarchical manner, which allows us to benefit from strong points of both. Finally, in the third and last part we present our tracking technique that allows to obtain the 3D pose and expression of a face in a video sequence without any interaction of the user, except at the initialization stage (first image)
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Kermi, Adel. "Reconstructions faciales à partir d'images tridimensionnelles de crânes humains par recalage et modèle déformable pour l'identification de personnes." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004311.
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La reconstruction faciale à partir d'un squelette crânien est une technique importante dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques, en particulier dans les sciences médico-légales, l'archéologie et la paléontologie pour l'identification de crânes et la reconnaissance de personnes. Elle fait partie des méthodes d'identification reconstructive et est utilisée le plus souvent en dernier recours, lorsqu'aucune autre technique ne permet de présumer l'identité inconnue de la personne. Cette thèse aborde la problématique de la reconstruction faciale à partir d'images tridimensionnelles (3D) de crânes humains considérés comme étant inconnus. Nous présentons une méthode de reconstruction faciale 3D informatisée reposant sur des techniques récentes d'imagerie médicale avec comme principaux objectifs la rapidité du traitement et l'élimination de la subjectivité en s'appuyant en particulier sur des critères mathématiques pour évaluer les résultats. Notre méthode est fondée sur une approche par modèle déformable contraint par la connaissance des épaisseurs des tissus mous en un certain nombre de points de repère caractéristiques. Elle utilise, pour chaque reconstruction faciale, une image 3D d'une tête de référence dont nous extrayons la peau et le crâne, et une image 3D du crâne d'une tête inconnue dont nous voulons reconstruire la peau. La procédure de la reconstruction faciale est divisée en deux principales étapes. Une étape d'initialisation du modèle déformable est fondée sur une technique de recalage non linéaire guidé par un modèle de déformations de forme libre (FFD) à base de B-splines. Nous proposons donc une initialisation automatique, réalisée uniquement à partir d'un ensemble crâne et peau de référence et du crâne inconnu. Nous calculons, dans un premier temps, une transformation de l'image 3D d'un crâne de référence vers celle du crâne inconnu. Ensuite, nous appliquons la même transformation pour déformer l'image de la peau de référence vers une nouvelle peau que nous considérons proche de la peau inconnue et qui servira d'initialisation à la reconstruction faciale finale. Dans une seconde étape, la peau initiale, résultant de la transformation calculée précédemment, est raffinée à l'aide d'un modèle déformable 3D à base de maillages simplexes qui est attiré par un ensemble des points de repère caractéristiques préalablement calculés par un calcul des courbures moyenne et gaussienne, et fixés selon les positions des repères anthropologiques de Rhine et Campbell [Rhine et Campbell, 1980]. L'évolution de notre modèle déformable est effectuée suivant différentes forces internes et externes dont la force de champ de vecteurs de gradients (GVF) et une force de pression. Cette méthode a été testée sur treize ensembles de données crâne/peau issus d'IRM-3D de têtes d'individus enfants et adultes. Pour chaque reconstruction faciale, deux ensembles crâne/peau correspondant à une tête de référence et à une tête dont la peau est à reconstruire sont sélectionnés selon des caractéristiques anthropologiques similaires. Par cette méthode, nous obtenons des résultats encourageants. Les formes reconstruites restent des visages, visiblement acceptables, et sont relativement proches des visages réels.
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Nardoni, Chiara. "Mesh deformation strategies in shape optimization. Application to forensic facial reconstruction." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066248/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à la conception, au développement et à l'analyse de méthodes de déformation de maillage pour la modélisation, le traitement et la comparaison de forme -telles que l'appariement et la reconstruction de surface- ainsi qu’à la conception d'une méthode numérique robuste pour la reconstruction faciale. La reconstruction faciale tridimensionnelle consiste à estimer un visage numérique à partir de la seule donnée de son crâne sec. Il s'agit d'un défi en médecine légale et en anthropologie. La contribution majeure de cette thèse est la conception d'une nouvelle méthode pour l'appariement de forme, en s'appuyant sur des techniques d'optimisation de forme. Sous la seule hypothèse que les deux formes ont la même topologie, la transformation cherchée s'obtient comme une suite de déplacements élastiques, solutions d'un problème de minimisation d’énergie basée sur une fonction distance signée.Nous proposons également une méthode de drapage permettant la génération d'un modèle de surface fermée à partir d'un maillage source. La méthode repose sur une technique d’évolution de maillage utilisant les équations de l'élasticité linéaire. Un maillage modèle est itérativement déformé pour générer une séquence de formes qui s’approche de plus en plus de la triangulation source. Dans la deuxième partie de ce manuscrit, nous nous intéressons au développement d’une méthode automatique de reconstruction faciale numérique. En s’appuyant sur des techniques de déformation continue telles que le ‘morphing' et le ’warping’, l'approche proposée est intégrée par des connaissances anthropologiques et mécaniquesThis thesis is devoted to the conception, the development and the analysis of mesh deformation strategies for shape modeling, processing and comparison -as shape matching and surface reconstruction- and, in a rather independent concern, for devising a robust computational method for facial reconstruction. Facial reconstruction is about the estimation of a facial shape from the sole datum of the underlying skull and is a challenging problem in anthropology and forensic science. The main contribution of the thesis is the design of a novel method for shape matching, borrowing techniques from the shape optimization context. Under the sole assumption that the two shapes share the same topology, the desired mapping is achieved as a sequence of elastic displacements by minimizing an energy functional based on a signed distance function. Several numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency of the method.Also, a novel method for generating a closed surface mesh model of an initially non-closed source mesh model is developed. The method relies on an original PDE-based mesh evolution technique. A template shape is iteratively deformed, producing a sequence of shapes that get 'closer and closer' to the source triangulation.The second part of the manuscript deals with the development of a landmark-free, fully automated method for digital facial reconstruction. Based on techniques of continuous deformation as 'morphing' and 'warping', the proposed approach is integrated with anthropological assumptions and mechanical models
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SPICAROLEN, THIERRY. "Place des lambeaux musculo-cutanes en reconstruction cervico-maxillo-faciale apres chirurgie carcinologique : a propos d'une serie de 73 reparations." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA3030.
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Foletti, Jean-Marc. "Modélisation biomécanique de l'orbite au sein de l'étage moyen de la face : applications en traumatologie et en reconstruction maxillo-faciale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0564.
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Introduction : les fractures des parois de l’orbite, sont fréquentes en traumatologie maxillo-faciale. Nous avons développé et validé un modèle 3D en éléments finis (FEM) d’étude de l’orbite humaine, ensuite utilisé en simulation traumatologique.Matériel et méthodes : Un état des lieux des connaissances concernant les fractures des parois de l’orbite est proposé en première partie. Une observation clinique d’un patient ayant subi un second traumatisme après avoir bénéficié d’une reconstruction du plancher orbitaire par un implant en titane est rapporté. Un modèle 3D en éléments finis de l’orbite est créé, afin d’analyser le comportement de l’orbite, de son contenu et d’une éventuelle reconstruction par implant titane simplifié, en cas de récidive traumatique. Il est ensuite amélioré sur les bases d’une étude sur sujets anatomiques. Résultats : Les implants préformés en titane ont fait leur preuve, mais ont une morbidité propre. Leur déformation en cas de récidive traumatique peut être délétère pour le contenu orbitaire et la vision du patient. Cette déformation est reproductible expérimentalement. L’analyse en éléments finis de traumatisme orbitaires est possible ses avantages et limites sont discutées.Discussion : La précision des voies d’abords et les progrès dans les matériaux utilisés en chirurgie maxillo-faciale permettent d’éviter la plupart des complications iatrogènes. Néanmoins, le devenir des implants utilisés n’est pas toujours pris en compte dans a décision chirurgicale, notamment en cas de récidive traumatique. Les modèles d’études 3D en éléments finis constituent ici un outil de choixIntroduction: Fractures of the middle third of the face, especially those affecting the orbit, are common in maxillofacial traumas. We developed and validated a 3D finite element model (FEM) of the human orbit, then used for trauma simulations.Material and methods: A review of existing knowledge concerning the fractures of the walls of the orbit was provided, on the basis of a systematic review of the existing literature. A clinical observation of a patient who had suffered a second trauma after benefiting from a reconstruction of the orbital floor with a titanium mesh implant (TMI) was reported. The resulting deformation of the implant, which threatened the orbital content (including the eyeball), was analysed and counterbalanced with the indications of TMI. A 3D FEM of the orbit was created, in order to investigate the behaviour of the orbit, its contents and a simplified TMI, if a traumatic recurrence should occur. It is then improved on the basis of an anatomical studyResults: preformed titanium implants have proved their worth, but also have their own morbidity. In case of traumatic recurrence, their deformity may be deleterious to the orbital content and the patient’s vision. This deformation can also be reproduced experimentally. Advantages and limits of Finite element analysis of orbital trauma are discussed.Discussion: Progress in maxillofacial surgery make it possible to avoid most iatrogenic complications. Nevertheless, the long-term evolution of the implants used is not always taken into account in surgical decisions, especially in the perspective of traumatic recurrence. 3D FEMs have proved to be a major tool here
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MARZUOLI, LAURENT. "Le lambeau de grand pectoral en reconstruction carcinologique cervico-faciale : a propos d'une serie de 117 cas ; aspects fonctionnels et cosmetiques." Amiens, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AMIEM012.
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Baudequin, Timothée. "Caractérisation biologique et mécanique d'un subsitut osseux biohybride et développement de scaffolds par électrospinning : vers un pansement vivant pour la reconstruction maxillo-faciale." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2219/document.
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Un substitut osseux hybride, composé d’un biomatériau support (scaffold) et de cellules vivantes, a été étudié, développé par la méthode d’ingénierie tissulaire et caractérisé. Il devait répondre aux attentes spécifiques de la chirurgie maxillofaciale : un protocole standard pouvant s’adapter aux géométries complexes des défauts osseux de chaque patient, une forme souple et manipulable, une pré-vascularisation et une cohésion mécanique suffisante. Une forme de feuillet fin et plat a ainsi été définie et développée au sein d’une chambre de culture parallélépipédique spécifique, en utilisant une monocouche de granules de phosphate de calcium comme support. Après une caractérisation biologique et mécanique complète à partir d’une lignée cellulaire, le procédé a été validé puis transposé à une coculture de cellules primaires humaines (cellules souches et endothéliales). La bonne différenciation et la pré-vascularisation ont été constatées mais le maintien mécanique pouvait être considéré comme insuffisant pour assurer une manipulation en cours d’opération chirurgicale. La dernière partie de ce travail de thèse a donc consisté dans la mise en place d’un montage de production de fibres électrospinnées et leur utilisation comme nouveau support de culture. La formation de ces matériaux a été rendue opérationnelle de façon optimale pour différents polymères. Leur potentiel en tant que scaffold favorisant la différenciation en os ou en tendon a été vérifié et comparé à d’autres matériaux fibreux obtenus dans le cadre de collaborations nationales et internationales. La faisabilité de l’application de sollicitations mécaniques aux substituts en cours de culture a également été étudiéeAn hybrid bone substitute, based on a specific biomaterial (scaffold) and living cells, was studied, developed with a tissue engineered method and characterized. It should meet the expectations of the maxillofacial surgery : a standard process which could fit with the complex geometries of each patient’s bone mass loss, a flexible shape with an easy handling, a prevascularization and a sufficient mechanical cohesion. A sheet-like shape was thus designed and developed in a specific flat cell culture chamber, with a monolayer of calcium phosphate granules as a scaffold. After both biological and mechanical full characterizations with a cell line, the process was adapted to a coculture of human primary cells (stem and endothelial cells). Relevant differentiation and prevascularization were highlighted but the mechanical cohesion could be noticed as too low to ensure an easy handling during the surgery. The last part of this thesis project was thus the set-up of a device for electrospun polymer fibers in order to use them as a new scaffold. The production of these materials was efficiently performed for several polymers. The differentiation potential for bone and tendon lineages was studied and compared to other scaffolds from national and international collaborations. The application of mechanical solicitations to the substitutes during cellculture was also studied
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Clarke, Carrie Anna-Marie. "Facial fatness as a complicating factor in facial reconstruction." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15484.
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Includes bibliographical referencesAlthough it is a reasonable assumption that a significant proportion of the variation in facial tissue thicknesses comes from anatomical differences between populations, we do not know how much of normal variation is caused by including the full range of individual obesity or slimness. Current population standard soft tissue thickness data used in facial reconstructions ignores the variation between individuals which, in theory, could be greater than the variation between populations or sexes. The aim of this study was to test if facial tissue thickness is due to the amount of sub - cutaneous fat, sex or racial origins. Methods currently used do not give a true reflection of the individual because they ignore the variation in fatness. An initial study determined if a corrective value for the non - linear distortion found between radiographic images and the physical tissues was needed. This was done by imaging cadaver heads and taking measurements from the images and the physical heads. The results demonstrated that measurements taken from LODOX® images are analogous with soft tissue measurements. Volunteers were then sought from the student body and had physical measurements and X - rays taken. The measurements allowed for both BMI and body fat percentage to be calculated. Analysis showed that body fat percentage had less of an impact than BMI, with the areas of the face most affected by change in fatness being around the chin, jaw and cheek. Analysis of the variances showed that fatness has a low impact on the soft tissues of the different ancestry groups, while having a greater impact on the soft tissues of the different sexes. The effect of changing fatness on the soft tissues is not seen in all areas of the face, but to ignore it in facial reconstruction ignores that the success of a reconstruction is not exactness but in its ability to incite recognition and lead to potential identification of the unknown target individual.
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Zatezalo, Kayla M. "RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE FORENSIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOR A PREHISTORIC PUEBLO MALE." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1462803254.
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Michael, S. D. "Volumetric facial reconstruction for foreign identification." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638189.
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When skeletalised or semi-skeletalised remains are discovered there is often no identifying evidence available. In these cases, facial reconstruction techniques are employed to re-create a pre-mortem likeness of the deceased in the hope of developing new leads towards achieving the positive identification of the deceased. This work is a thorough investigation into the feasibility of using volume graphics techniques to perform the facial reconstruction of skeletal remains. The main contributions are: (i) A critical review of existing methods for facial reconstruction and soft tissue depth measurement. The aim of this study is to determine which factors contribute most to the inaccuracy of current reconstruction methods; (ii) The detailed design of a pipeline for the reconstruction of facial features using volume graphics techniques; (iii) A new approach for extracting corresponding anatomical feature points from two volumetrically-defined skulls; (iv) A new algorithm for the smooth and accurate deformation of volumetric data; (v) The evaluation of the new reconstruction pipeline with real-life skeletal samples. This research clearly illustrates the feasibility and potential usefulness of using volume graphics as the basis for a computer-based facial reconstruction technique. Parts of this research have been presented by the candidate at "Eurographics UK 1996" (Imperial College, London), and "International Workshop on Volume Graphics 1999" (Swansea, United Kingdom). It has also been published in 'Forensic Science International' and "Volume Graphics" (Springer-Verlag, London).
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Nunez, Castaneda José, and Grozo Silvana Chang. "Facial reconstruction according to aesthetic units." Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655509.
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Context: The facial subunit principle organizes the facial skin into subunits. Facial reconstruction for skin cancer based on aesthetic units consists of replacing the entire subunit when a large part of a subunit has been removed. Aims: To determine the prevalence of facial skin cancer, their location by facial aesthetic units, and the type of facial reconstruction used in each of them. Settings and Design: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Head and Neck Surgery Service of a general hospital between 2017 and 2018. Materials and Methods: A population census was conducted during this period. Statistical Analysis Used: The categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages). Continuous variables were described as the means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges. Results: The most common skin cancer was basal cell skin cancer, followed by epithelial skin cancer and, at last, melanoma. In general, the most frequent localization of these cancers was the nose. Conclusions: In spite of primary closure being the most common form of reconstruction, a considerable number of patients required facial reconstruction based on aesthetic facial units, with satisfying results.Revisión por pares
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Núñez-Castañeda, José Miguel, and Silvana Lucia Chang-Grozo. "Surgical Treatment and Reconstruction of Nasal Defects According to the Aesthetic Subunits Principles." Springer, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655882.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal skin cancer, its location by facial aesthetic subunits and the type of reconstructive procedures performed for each nasal subunit after excision for nasal skin tumors. Observational cross-sectional study of all consecutive patients with the diagnosis of skin tumor located in the nasal unit, treated from 2018 to 2019 by the department of head and neck surgery of a general hospital. 60 patients were treated with nasal skin tumors excisions. A total of 52 patients (86,6%) had basal cell skin cancer, 7 (11,6%) had squamous cell skin cancer and 1 (1,6%) had melanoma. Fifty-nine patients (98.33%) presented a primary tumor and just 1 case (1,66%) recived a previous surgical treatment. Regardless of the type of tumor, the tip subunit was the most often involved with 29 (48,33%) cases in total. Despite of the nasal aesthetic subunit affected, the most frequent type of procedure used for reconstruction was the rotation or advancement flap, based on aesthetic nasal subunits, which was performed in 39 cases (65%). Nasal reconstruction after skin cancer can be very complex, especially since all patients have high expectations about the results. In order to achieve good results, there is a necessity for careful analysis of the defect, correct planning and excellent technical execution of the procedures Frequently, staged procedures will be needed to achieve an optimal result.
Revisión por pares
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Rautenbach, Pieter Albertus. "Facial Feature Reconstruction using Structure from Motion." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1340.
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Liang, Haidong. "Facial soft tissue 3D modelling." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842802/.
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The purpose of this study is to find the design tool to create a soft tissue 3D model able to be used for finite element analysis to simulate the facial soft tissue deformation under g-loading and the helmet and mask/tissue interaction. Such a model will be of value in the design of new helmets and oxygen mask system, to reduce the effects of inertia, to provide improved fit, to minimise oxygen leakage especially when deformed under high g-loading. This work is concerned with the creation of a 3D geometric model. Further work may involve the measurement of mechanical properties of the facial soft tissue, finite element analysis and validation of the model. Using high frequency A-scan ultrasound allows the superficial tissue to be measured on volunteers without risk. The investigation covers 112 points on half of the face, linked to 11 defined morphological zones. The zonal boundaries are based on previous research and are initially identified by inspection and palpation of the face. There is large thickness range difference (30%) over the face in most zones defined in an individual. The iso-thickness zone hypothesis is not valid if the 'constant' thickness criterion is set to be 10% for all zones. Software algorithm for automatically detecting the facial soft tissue thickness is developed and validated to be effective (5% fail rate). Thickness data is acquired from European white males, females and Chinese males. The data collected in this study is also useful in forensic science for facial reconstruction purpose. Laser scanning method has been used to obtain the facial surface profile to create a surface model into which the soft tissue layer thickness distribution around the face can be incorporated. The surface model is exported in IGES format and can be imported in CAD software. Electromagnetic space locating method is used to acquire the ultrasound probe position so as to find the position of the tissue thickness. Point-based registration method is used to integrate the ultrasound thickness data into the laser scanned surface model to create a soft tissue shell solid model. The model is exported in IGES data format so that it can be imported into a finite element analysis package for further processing.
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Abdou, Dalia Ahmed Selim Ali. "Three dimensional (3D) forensic facial reconstruction in an Egyptian population using computed tomography scanned skulls and average facial templates : a study examining subjective and objective assessment methods of 3D forensic facial reconstructions." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/41763.
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Forensic facial reconstruction can assist identification by reconstructing a face of the unknown person with the aim of its recognition by his/her family or friends. In the facial reconstruction approach adopted in this study, a 3D average face template was digitally warped onto a 3D scanned skull image. This study was carried out entirely on an Egyptian population, and was the first of its kind. Aims: This study aimed to demonstrate that 3D facial reconstructions using the novel methodology described could show significant resemblance to the faces corresponding to the persons in question when they were alive. Moreover, using techniques previously validated for facial reconstruction, the aim was to compare them to the method developed, and to assess approaches used to determine the accuracy of 3D facial reconstructions. Methods: Initially, a pilot study was conducted using a database of laser scanned skulls and faces. The faces were reconstructed using an average facial template generated by merging a number of faces of similar population, sex, and age. The applicability, as well as the main components of the facial reconstruction method, the single and average facial templates, and the facial soft tissue thickness measurements, were investigated. Furthermore, in the main study, the faces of computed tomography (CT) scanned heads of an Egyptian population were reconstructed using average facial templates. The accuracy of the reconstructed faces was assessed subjectively by face pool, and face resemblance tests, and objectively by measuring the surface distances between the real and reconstructed faces. In addition, a number of novel subjective and objective assessment methods were developed. These included assessment of individual facial regions using subjective resemblance scores, and objective surface distance comparisons. A new objective method, craniofacial anthropometry, was developed by taking and comparing direct measurements from the skull, and comparing the measurements from the real and reconstructed faces. The studied cases were ranked according to all subjective, and objective, tests, and statistically correlated. Results and Conclusions: The average facial templates showed a higher identification rate than the single face templates. The approach of facial reconstruction used in this thesis showed a comparable accuracy to many other facial reconstruction methods, yet was superior in terms of its applicability, transferability, and ease of use. In the face pool tests, the younger assessors were able to correctly identify the reconstructed faces better than older assessors. Furthermore, the identification rate by the forensic anthropology experts was higher than the non-experts. The former group showed the highest agreement between the observers in giving the resemblance scores. Although there was a significant rank correlation between the subjective and objective assessment tests, the subjective tests are influenced by the assessors' subjective characteristics (e.g., age, professional experience), thus making objective assessment more reliable. However, in situations where subjective tests are used, it is better to use the face resemblance tests and consult forensic anthropologists. Also, Craniofacial Anthropometry, particularly the craniofacial angles, can successfully indicate the accuracy of the facial reconstructions. Importantly, this study shows that certain facial regions, particularly the cheek and the jaw, are more reliable than other areas in the subjective and objective assessment of the facial reconstruction.
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Boddupalli, Hari Kiran G. "Tissue thickness measurement tool for craniofacial reconstruction." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1206.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-98).
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Andersson, Björn, and Martin Valfridsson. "Digital 3D Facial Reconstruction Based on Computed Tomography." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2862.
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Despite the introduction of DNA-analysis for identification of human remains (1997-2000) several cases exist where the deceased remain unidentified. Approximately ten percent of unknown deceased persons can not be identified by dental status or other present methods. During the year 2003 alone, seven individuals, in Sweden, remain unidentified.
Increase in travel in Europe will lead to more discoveries of foreign human remains in Sweden. In these cases, dental and medical records are often unavailable for the identification process. When reconstructing a face from a skull, a technique with so called landmarks is used. These landmarks define the distance between the skull and the skin.
Today the reconstruction is performed by a forensic artist applying modelling clay to a cast of the skull according to the placement of the landmarks. This method is considered unethical since it involves manipulation of the skull. Another drawback with this method is that it is very time consuming and changes and modifications of the model are hard to do.
This thesis presents the possibilities of digitally, in 3D, reconstructing deceased persons'faces based on computed tomography of skulls. This is done by presenting our PC based 3D modelling tool that we have implemented in Discreet 3ds max. By developing and testing our software we have shown that digital 3D facial reconstruction can be performed by acquiring data from CT and performing the reconstruction process in 3ds max withhelp from our software.
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Wang, Jing. "Reconstruction and Analysis of 3D Individualized Facial Expressions." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32588.
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This thesis proposes a new way to analyze facial expressions through 3D scanned faces of real-life people. The expression analysis is based on learning the facial motion vectors that are the differences between a neutral face and a face with an expression. There are several expression analysis based on real-life face database such as 2D image-based Cohn-Kanade AU-Coded Facial Expression Database and Binghamton University 3D Facial Expression Database. To handle large pose variations and increase the general understanding of facial behavior, 2D image-based expression database is not enough. The Binghamton University 3D Facial Expression Database is mainly used for facial expression recognition and it is difficult to compare, resolve, and extend the problems related detailed 3D facial expression analysis. Our work aims to find a new and an intuitively way of visualizing the detailed point by point movements of 3D face model for a facial expression.
In our work, we have created our own 3D facial expression database on a detailed level, which each expression model has been processed to have the same structure to compare differences between different people for a given expression.
The first step is to obtain same structured but individually shaped face models. All the head models are recreated by deforming a generic model to adapt a laser-scanned individualized face shape in both coarse level and fine level. We repeat this recreation method on different human subjects to establish a database. The second step is expression cloning. The motion vectors are obtained by subtracting two head models with/without expression. The extracted facial motion vectors are applied onto a different human subject’s neutral face. Facial expression cloning is proved to be robust and fast as well as easy to use. The last step is about analyzing the facial motion vectors obtained from the second step. First we transferred several human subjects’ expressions on a single human neutral face. Then the analysis is done to compare different expression pairs in two main regions: the whole face surface analysis and facial muscle analysis.
Through our work where smiling has been chosen for the experiment, we find our approach to analysis through face scanning a good way to visualize how differently people move their facial muscles for the same expression. People smile in a similar manner moving their mouths and cheeks in similar orientations, but each person shows her/his own unique way of moving. The difference between individual smiles is the differences of movements they make.
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Alvi, O. "Facial reconstruction and animation in tele-immersive environment." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26547/.
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Over the last decade, research in Human Computer Interaction has focused on the development of interfaces that leverage the users' pre-existing skills and expectations from the real world, rather than requiring them to adapt to the constraints of technology driven design. In the context of remote collaboration or communication interfaces, the ultimate goal has been to develop interfaces that will allow remote participants to interact with each other in a human sense, as if they were co-located or in a face-to-face meeting. Research in social psychology has shown that the face is an important channel in non-verbal communication and real world interactions. Non-verbal cues that come from the face are the basis for building trust and professional intimacy and are critical for collaboration, negotiation, persuasion and communication. This research investigated the challenges of bringing non-verbal cues conveyed by the face into a communication interface. To meet these challenges, the proposed system allowed participants to convey the most distinctive nonverbal cues by using three different modes; point cloud, dynamic texture mapping and geometric deformation. A human factor evaluation was undertaken to find out how realistically these non-verbal cues could be expressed by the personalized avatar of the participant.
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鄭健城 and Kin-shing Dominic Cheng. "Studies on facial surface reconstruction from image correspondence." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224131.
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Cheng, Kin-shing Dominic. "Studies on facial surface reconstruction from image correspondence." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22925958.
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Zhang, Wuming. "Towards non-conventional face recognition : shadow removal and heterogeneous scenario." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC030/document.
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Ces dernières années, la biométrie a fait l’objet d’une grande attention en raison du besoin sans cesse croissant d’authentification d’identité, notamment pour sécuriser de plus en plus d’applications enlignes. Parmi divers traits biométriques, le visage offre des avantages compétitifs sur les autres, e.g., les empreintes digitales ou l’iris, car il est naturel, non-intrusif et facilement acceptable par les humains. Aujourd’hui, les techniques conventionnelles de reconnaissance faciale ont atteint une performance quasi-parfaite dans un environnement fortement contraint où la pose, l’éclairage, l’expression faciale et d’autres sources de variation sont sévèrement contrôlées. Cependant, ces approches sont souvent confinées aux domaines d’application limités parce que les environnements d’imagerie non-idéaux sont très fréquents dans les cas pratiques. Pour relever ces défis d’une manière adaptative, cette thèse porte sur le problème de reconnaissance faciale non contrôlée, dans lequel les images faciales présentent plus de variabilités sur les éclairages. Par ailleurs, une autre question essentielle vise à profiter des informations limitées de 3D pour collaborer avec les techniques basées sur 2D dans un système de reconnaissance faciale hétérogène. Pour traiter les diverses conditions d’éclairage, nous construisons explicitement un modèle de réflectance en caractérisant l’interaction entre la surface de la peau, les sources d’éclairage et le capteur de la caméra pour élaborer une explication de la couleur du visage. A partir de ce modèle basé sur la physique, une représentation robuste aux variations d’éclairage, à savoir Chromaticity Invariant Image (CII), est proposée pour la reconstruction des images faciales couleurs réalistes et sans ombre. De plus, ce processus de la suppression de l’ombre en niveaux de couleur peut être combiné avec les techniques existantes sur la normalisation d’éclairage en niveaux de gris pour améliorer davantage la performance de reconnaissance faciale. Les résultats expérimentaux sur les bases de données de test standard, CMU-PIE et FRGC Ver2.0, démontrent la capacité de généralisation et la robustesse de notre approche contre les variations d’éclairage. En outre, nous étudions l’usage efficace et créatif des données 3D pour la reconnaissance faciale hétérogène. Dans un tel scénario asymétrique, un enrôlement combiné est réalisé en 2D et 3D alors que les images de requête pour la reconnaissance sont toujours les images faciales en 2D. A cette fin, deux Réseaux de Neurones Convolutifs (Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN) sont construits. Le premier CNN est formé pour extraire les descripteurs discriminants d’images 2D/3D pour un appariement hétérogène. Le deuxième CNN combine une structure codeur-décodeur, à savoir U-Net, et Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN), pour reconstruire l’image faciale en profondeur à partir de son homologue dans l’espace 2D. Plus particulièrement, les images reconstruites en profondeur peuvent être également transmise au premier CNN pour la reconnaissance faciale en 3D, apportant un schéma de fusion qui est bénéfique pour la performance en reconnaissance. Notre approche a été évaluée sur la base de données 2D/3D de FRGC. Les expérimentations ont démontré que notre approche permet d’obtenir des résultats comparables à ceux de l’état de l’art et qu’une amélioration significative a pu être obtenue à l’aide du schéma de fusionIn recent years, biometrics have received substantial attention due to the evergrowing need for automatic individual authentication. Among various physiological biometric traits, face offers unmatched advantages over the others, such as fingerprints and iris, because it is natural, non-intrusive and easily understandable by humans. Nowadays conventional face recognition techniques have attained quasi-perfect performance in a highly constrained environment wherein poses, illuminations, expressions and other sources of variations are strictly controlled. However these approaches are always confined to restricted application fields because non-ideal imaging environments are frequently encountered in practical cases. To adaptively address these challenges, this dissertation focuses on this unconstrained face recognition problem, where face images exhibit more variability in illumination. Moreover, another major question is how to leverage limited 3D shape information to jointly work with 2D based techniques in a heterogeneous face recognition system. To deal with the problem of varying illuminations, we explicitly build the underlying reflectance model which characterizes interactions between skin surface, lighting source and camera sensor, and elaborate the formation of face color. With this physics-based image formation model involved, an illumination-robust representation, namely Chromaticity Invariant Image (CII), is proposed which can subsequently help reconstruct shadow-free and photo-realistic color face images. Due to the fact that this shadow removal process is achieved in color space, this approach could thus be combined with existing gray-scale level lighting normalization techniques to further improve face recognition performance. The experimental results on two benchmark databases, CMU-PIE and FRGC Ver2.0, demonstrate the generalization ability and robustness of our approach to lighting variations. We further explore the effective and creative use of 3D data in heterogeneous face recognition. In such a scenario, 3D face is merely available in the gallery set and not in the probe set, which one would encounter in real-world applications. Two Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are constructed for this purpose. The first CNN is trained to extract discriminative features of 2D/3D face images for direct heterogeneous comparison, while the second CNN combines an encoder-decoder structure, namely U-Net, and Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) to reconstruct depth face image from its counterpart in 2D. Specifically, the recovered depth face images can be fed to the first CNN as well for 3D face recognition, leading to a fusion scheme which achieves gains in recognition performance. We have evaluated our approach extensively on the challenging FRGC 2D/3D benchmark database. The proposed method compares favorably to the state-of-the-art and show significant improvement with the fusion scheme
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Gonzalez-Figueroa, America. "Evaluation of the optical laser scanning system for facial identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301602.
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Xiang, Guofu. "Automatic 3D facial modelling with deformable models." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/807.
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Facial modelling and animation has been an active research subject in computer graphics since the 1970s. Due to extremely complex biomechanical structures of human faces and people’s visual familiarity with human faces, modelling and animating realistic human faces is still one of greatest challenges in computer graphics. Since we are so familiar with human faces and very sensitive to unnatural subtle changes in human faces, it usually requires a tremendous amount of artistry and manual work to create a convincing facial model and animation. There is a clear need of developing automatic techniques for facial modelling in order to reduce manual labouring. In order to obtain a realistic facial model of an individual, it is now common to make use of 3D scanners to capture range scans from the individual and then fit a template to the range scans. However, most existing template-fitting methods require manually selected landmarks to warp the template to the range scans. It would be tedious to select landmarks by hand over a large set of range scans. Another way to reduce repeated work is synthesis by reusing existing data. One example is expression cloning, which copies facial expression from one face to another instead of creating them from scratch. This aim of this study is to develop a fully automatic framework for template-based facial modelling, facial expression transferring and facial expression tracking from range scans. In this thesis, the author developed an extension of the iterative closest points (ICP) algorithm, which is able to match a template with range scans in different scales, and a deformable model, which can be used to recover the shapes of range scans and to establish correspondences between facial models. With the registration method and the deformable model, the author proposed a fully automatic approach to reconstructing facial models and textures from range scans without re-quiring any manual interventions. In order to reuse existing data for facial modelling, the author formulated and solved the problem of facial expression transferring in the framework of discrete differential geometry. The author also applied his methods to face tracking for 4D range scans. The results demonstrated the robustness of the registration method and the capabilities of the deformable model. A number of possible directions for future work were pointed out.
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Elyan, Eyad, and Hassan Ugail. "Reconstruction of 3D human facial images using partial differential equations." Academy Publisher, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2644.
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One of the challenging problems in geometric
modeling and computer graphics is the construction of
realistic human facial geometry. Such geometry are
essential for a wide range of applications, such as 3D face
recognition, virtual reality applications, facial expression
simulation and computer based plastic surgery application.
This paper addresses a method for the construction of 3D
geometry of human faces based on the use of Elliptic Partial
Differential Equations (PDE). Here the geometry
corresponding to a human face is treated as a set of surface
patches, whereby each surface patch is represented using
four boundary curves in the 3-space that formulate the
appropriate boundary conditions for the chosen PDE. These
boundary curves are extracted automatically using 3D data
of human faces obtained using a 3D scanner. The solution of
the PDE generates a continuous single surface patch
describing the geometry of the original scanned data. In this
study, through a number of experimental verifications we
have shown the efficiency of the PDE based method for 3D
facial surface reconstruction using scan data. In addition to
this, we also show that our approach provides an efficient
way of facial representation using a small set of parameters
that could be utilized for efficient facial data storage and
verification purposes.
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Rotger, Moll Gemma. "Lifelike Humans: Detailed Reconstruction of Expressive Human Faces." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671306.
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El desenvolupament de personatges digitals semblants a les persones és una
tasca difícil, ja que els humans estem acostumats a reconèixer-nos entre nosaltres i
trobar els CGI poc humanitzats. Per complir els estàndards de les produccions de
videojocs i pel·lícules digitals és necessari modelar i animar aquests personatges el
més proper als éssers humans. Tanmateix, és una tasca difícil i cara, ja que requereix
molts artistes i especialistes treballant en un sol personatge. Per tant, per complir
aquests requisits, trobem la creació automàtica de cares detallades mitjançant setups
de baix cost una opció interessant per estudiar. En aquest treball, desenvolupem
tècniques noves per aconseguir cares detallades combinant diferents aspectes que
destaquen a l’hora de desenvolupar personatges realistes, detalls de la pell, pèls i
expressions facials i microexpressions. Examinem cadascuna de les àrees esmentades
amb l’objectiu de recuperar-les automàticament sense interacció de l’usuari ni dades
de aprenentatge. Estudiem els problemes buscant la seva robustesa, però també la
simplicitat de la configuració, preferint solucions basades en una sola imatge amb
il·luminació incontrolada i mètodes que es poden calcular fàcilment amb un ordinador
portàtil estàndard. Una cara detallada amb arrugues i detalls de la pell és vital per
desenvolupar un personatge realista. En aquest treball, introduïm el nostre mètode
per descriure automàticament les arrugues facials de la imatge i transferir-les a la cara
base recuperada. A continuació, avancem a la recuperació del cabell facial mitjançant
la resolució d’un problema de parametrització amb un nou model de cabell facial.
Per últim, desenvolupem una funció de mapatge que permet transferir expressions i
microexpressions entre diferents malles facials, que proporciona animacions realistes a
la nostra cara detallada. Cobrim tots els punts esmentats parant atenció als aspectes clau
com (i) com descriure les arrugues facials d’una manera senzilla, (ii) com recuperar
3D a partir de deteccions 2D, (iii) com recuperar i modelar el cabell facial a partir de
2D a 3D, (iv) com transferir expressions entre models amb detalls de la pell i cabells
facials, (v) com realitzar totes les accions descrites sense dades d’aprenentatge ni
interacció de l’usuari. En aquest treball, presentem les nostres propostes per resoldre
aquests aspectes amb una configuració eficient i senzilla. Validem el nostre treball amb
diversos conjunts de dades tant sintètiques com reals, obtenint resultats remarcables
fins i tot en casos tan difícils com oclusions per ulleres, barbes denses, inclús treballant
amb diferents topologies facials com ciclops d’un sol ull.Desarrollar personajes digitales similares a los humanos es un reto, ya que los humanos estamos acostumbrados a reconocernos entre nosotros y a encontrar a los CGI poco humanos. Para cumplir con los estándares de las producciones de videojuegos y películas digitales, es necesario modelar y animar a estos personajes de la manera más parecida posible a los humanos. Sin embargo, es una tarea ardua y costosa, ya que se requiere a muchos artistas y especialistas trabajando en un solo personaje. Por lo tanto, para cumplir con estos requisitos, encontramos la creación automática de CGIs detallados a través de setups económicos una opción interesante para estudiar. En este trabajo, desarrollamos técnicas novedosas para conseguir personajes detallados combinando diferentes aspectos que se destacan al desarrollar el realismo como detalles de la piel, pelos faciales, expresiones y microexpresiones. Examinamos cada una de las áreas mencionadas con el objetivo de recuperar cada una de las partes automáticamente sin interacción del usuario ni datos para el aprendizaje. Estudiamos los problemas buscando su robustez, pero también la simplicidad de la configuración, prefiriendo soluciones que requieren una sola imagen con iluminación no controlada y cálculos que pueden obtenerse con la comodidad de un ordenador portátil estándar. Una cara detallada con arrugas y detalles de la piel es vital para desarrollar un personaje realista. En este trabajo, presentamos nuestro método para describir automáticamente las arrugas faciales en la imagen y transferirlas a la cara base recuperada. Luego proponemos la recuperación del vello facial resolviendo un problema de ajuste de parámetros con un nuevo modelo de vello facial parametrizable. Por último, introducimos una función de mapeo que permite transferir expresiones y microexpresiones entre diferentes mallas, lo que proporciona animaciones realistas a nuestra cara detallada. Cubrimos todos los puntos mencionados con el enfoque puesto en aspectos clave como (i) cómo describir las arrugas faciales de una manera simple y directa, (ii) cómo recuperar 3D a partir de las detecciones 2D, (iii) cómo recuperar y modelar el vello facial de 2D a 3D, (iv) cómo transferir expresiones entre modelos que contienen tanto el detalle de la piel como el vello facial, (v) cómo realizar todas las acciones descritas sin datos de entrenamiento ni interacción del usuario. En este trabajo, presentamos nuestras propuestas para resolver estos aspectos con una configuración eficiente y simple. Validamos nuestro trabajo con varios conjuntos de datos, tanto sintéticos como reales, demostrando resultados notables incluso en casos desafiantes como oclusiones por gafas, barbas densas y, incluso, trabajando con diferentes topologías faciales como cíclopes de un solo ojo.
Developing human-like digital characters is a challenging task since humans are used to recognizing our fellows, and find the computed generated characters inadequately humanized. To fulfill the standards of the videogame and digital film productions it is necessary to model and animate these characters the most closely to human beings. However, it is an arduous and expensive task, since many artists and specialists are required to work in a single character. Therefore, to fulfill these requirements we found an interesting option to study the automatic creation of detailed characters through inexpensive setups. In this work, we develop novel techniques to bring detailed characters by combining different aspects that stand out when developing realistic characters, skin detail, facial hairs, expressions, and microexpressions. We examine each of the mentioned areas with the aim of automatically recover each of the parts without user interaction nor training data. We study the problems for their robustness but also for the simplicity of the setup, preferring single-image with uncontrolled illumination and methods that can be easily computed with the commodity of a standard laptop. A detailed face with wrinkles and skin details is vital to develop a realistic character. In this work, we introduce our method to automatically describe facial wrinkles on the image and transfer to the recovered base face. Then we advance to the facial hair recovery by resolving a fitting problem with a novel parametrization model. As of last, we develop a mapping function that allows transfer expressions and microexpressions between different meshes, which provides realistic animations to our detailed mesh. We cover all the mentioned points with the focus on key aspects as (i) how to describe skin wrinkles in a simple and straightforward manner, (ii) how to recover 3D from 2D detections, (iii) how to recover and model facial hair from 2D to 3D, (iv) how to transfer expressions between models holding both skin detail and facial hair, (v) how to perform all the described actions without training data nor user interaction. In this work, we present our proposals to solve these aspects with an efficient and simple setup. We validate our work with several datasets both synthetic and real data, prooving remarkable results even in challenging cases as occlusions as glasses, thick beards, and indeed working with different face topologies like single-eyed cyclops.
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Hornsey, Elizabeth. "At Face Value: Facial Difference, Facial Reconstructive Surgery and Face Transplants in Literature and Other Texts." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627661976152915.
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Niloofar, Aghayan. "Reconstruction of Complete Head Models with Consistent Parameterization." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30914.
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This thesis introduces an efficient and robust approach for 3D reconstruction of complete head models with consistent parameterization and personalized shapes from several possible inputs. The system input consists of Cyberware laser-scanned data where we perform scanning task as well as publically available face data where (i) facial expression may or may not exist and (ii) only partial information of head may exist, for instance only front face part without back part of the head.
Our method starts with a surface reconstruction approach to either transfer point clouds to a mesh structure or to fill missing points on a triangular mesh. Then, it is followed by a registration process which unifies the representation of all meshes. Afterward, a photo-cloning method is used to extract an adequate set of features in a semi-automatic way on snapshots taken from front and left views of provided range data. We modify Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) deformation so that it would be based on not only distance, but also regional information. Using feature point sets and modified RBFs deformation, a generic mesh can be manipulated in a way that closed eyes and mouth movements like separating upper lip and lower lip can be properly handled. In other word, such mesh modification method makes construction of various facial expressions possible. Moreover, new functions are added where a generic model can be manipulated based on feature point sets to consequently recover missing parts such as ears, back of the head and neck in the input face. After feature-based deformation using modified radial basis functions, a fine mesh modification method based on model points follows to extract the fine details from the available range data. Then, some post refinement procedures employing RBFs deformation and averaging neighboring points are carried out to make the surface of reconstructed 3D head smoother and uniform. Due to existence of flaws and defects on the mesh surface such as flipped triangles, self-intersections or degenerate faces, an automatic repairing approach is leveraged to clean up the entire surface of the mesh. The experiments which are performed on various models show that our method is robust and efficient in terms of accurate full head reconstruction from input data and execution time, respectively. In our method, it is also aimed to use minimum user interaction as much as possible.
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Lee, Won-Joon. "Cross-race effect on forensic facial reconstruction and recognition of reconstructed faces." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/72dcfcd8-e538-4d3b-98d3-b2c3425c8043.
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Research studies into the reliability of forensic facial reconstruction have focused mainly on the accuracy of facial reconstruction from European or African ancestry skulls. Additionally the recognition of the human face by different racial groups and its effect on practitioners in facial reconstruction has not been considered in those studies. As a result, there is a paucity of research addressing the systemic approach to the accuracy of reconstructed faces produced by practitioners of a ‘different race’ (from the origin of the skull) or the cross-race recognition of the reconstructed faces. The aims of this research are; to investigate whether the ‘cross-race effect’ has any influence on the accuracy of facial reconstruction using both experienced and inexperienced practitioners (‘cross-race effect on reconstructing faces’); to evaluate how much the recognition rate of the facial reconstructions is affected by the cross-race effect (‘cross-race effect on recognizing reconstructed faces’). Fifteen facial reconstructions from three racial type skulls were produced by experienced or trained practitioners who had different racial backgrounds in order to explore the aims. The results demonstrated that the reconstructions from the same race skulls to the practitioners were recognised more accurately by the assessors from three racial groups, and that training and experience in recognising and reconstructing the face from other race can reduce the cross-race effect.
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Yu, Lap Fai. "3D reconstruction and synthesis of facial expressions using a manifold alignment framework /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CSED%202009%20YU.
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Ping, Xiaomeng. "Model-based enhancement of moving facial images." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ42421.pdf.
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Ke, Jin, and 柯金. "Transgenic stem cells for craniofacial bone reconstruction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44362973.
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Bone loss from the cranio-maxillofacial region is a major clinical problem affecting patients worldwide. Conventional treatment strategy includes the use of autogenous or allogeneic bone, biomaterials, and osteogenic growth factors. However, there has been no effective therapy for most cases so far. Stem cell-based gene therapy is the latest research method with possible applications in humans. The present study aims to (1) characterize rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) relating to growth pattern, surface antigens, and the potential for multi-differentiation; (2) determine the transduction efficiency and duration of recombinant adeno-associated virus2 carrying enhanced green fluorescent
protein (rAAV2EGFP) reporter gene in rabbit MSCs and study the effects of rAAV2EGFP transduction on stem cells’ phenotype and capacity of multi-differentiation;
(3) evaluate the differentiation characteristics of rabbit MSCs following recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 carrying bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene (rAAV2BMP2) transduction; (4) investigate whether MSCs transduced by rAAV2BMP2 could successfully induce bone regeneration in rabbit critical-size cranial defects.
MSCs were isolated from bone marrows of rabbit tibias and cultured. Cell counting and colony-forming assays demonstrated that growth rates of MSCs dropped substantially with increasing passages. Flow cytometry on MSCs at passage 1 showed that cells expressed high level of CD49a and low level of CD44 as well as stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4). Multi-differentiation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) tests demonstrated that rabbit MSCs were capable to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that rabbit MSCs produced a series of hematopoietic growth factors, including stem cell factor (SCF), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF).
Subsequently, rabbit MSCs were transduced with rAAV2EGFP in vitro. By comparing the transduction efficiency with different doses of rAAV2EGFP particles, multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 x 10 4 was identified as an optimal parameter for the transduction of rAAV2 in rabbit MSCs. Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated long-term expression of EGFP in rabbit MSCs after transduction both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, cell proliferation assay, adipogenic induction test and flow cytometry showed that rAAV2EGFP transduced MSCs exhibited a similar pattern with non-transduced cells on the cell growth, capacity of adipogenic differentiation and expression of surface antigens, indicating that rabbit MSCs maintain their stem cell properties after rAAV2EGFP transduction.published_or_final_version
Dentistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Beaini, Thiago Leite. "Espessura de tecidos moles nos diferentes tipos faciais: estudo em tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-28032014-160826/.
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A Reconstrução Facial Forense (RFF) é a área de estudos que visa estimar a face de um indivíduo a partir de um crânio. Médias de espessuras de tecidos moles em diferentes pontos cranianos, frequentemente obtidas em cadáveres por meio da punção com agulhas, são referencias utilizadas. Atualmente, alguns métodos digitais como a ressonância magnética, o ultrassom e a tomografia computadorizada do tipo Fan-Beam têm oferecido recursos técnicos que podem ser utilizados nas pericias forenses. A tomografia computadorizada Cone-Beam (TCCB), se diferencia de outras por permitir a aquisição de volume de pacientes sentados. No estudo da oclusão e ortodontia, é comum a atribuição de diferentes volumes e capacidade funcional à pacientes de diferentes tipologias faciais, por isso, objetiva-se estabelecer um método de mensuração da espessura tecidual, em exames de TCCB, em pontos utilizados em RFF verificando a existência de diferenças significativas na quantidade de tecidos moles entre tipos faciais. Um protocolo foi confeccionado para permitir que observadores efetuassem medições de tecidos moles em 32 pontos cranianos (10 sagitais e 11 bilaterais), comuns em trabalhos de RFF. A precisão do método, foi avaliada em testes de localização espacial dos pontos em 5 exames, correlação intraclasse intraobservador e interobservadores em 10 exames. O uso do computacional Osirx®, foi testado pela da correlação entre o software Nemotec®, em 25 exames. Testes visuais foram utilizados, como referência, comparando o protocolo com o método manual, realizando tomografia computadorizada de um crânio contendo marcações de resina composta. Os 100 sujeitos foram divididos em gênero, em tipos faciais verticais de face longa (FL), face curta (FC) e face normal (FN), e divididos em tipos faciais anteroposteriores: Padrão I, II e III. Estatisticamente, foram aplicados testes de normalidade e a diferença entre cada grupo foi testada. A amostra foi dividida em 50 homens: 13 FN, 29 FL e 8 FC, sendo 20 CL I, 14 CL II e 16 CL III. As 50 mulheres foram divididas em 16 FN, 24 FL e 10 FC, sendo 24 CL I, 18 CL II e 8 CL III. O método foi considerado adequado, uma vez que pouca experiência foi necessária para que dois observadores localizassem pontos com grau de precisão semelhante. As médias de correlação intraclasse foram consideradas fortes entre os programas (0,75) e entre observadores (0,8), e fortíssima no teste intraobservador (0,9). Os testes visuais apontaram grande coincidência entre o método manual e o digital com vantagem para o segundo devido às ferramentas computacionais disponíveis. As medidas entre homens e mulheres foram diferentes em vários pontos, sendo que o gênero masculino apresentou espessuras maiores, exceto os pontos laterais da órbita. Pouca diferença foi encontrada entre os grupos faciais, que justifique uma abordagem diferenciada entre eles. No entanto, características morfológicas podem ser percebidas, especialmente entre os indivíduos do gênero masculino. A espessura dos pontos sobre a mandíbula foram os que apresentaram maiores diferenças estatísticas, demonstrando que os indivíduos Padrão III e/ou face longa tem espessuras levemente mais delgadas que os de Padrão II e face curta.Forensic facial reconstruction (FFR) is a research field that intends to estimate the face of an individual through a skull. Mean soft tissue thickness values, of different cranial landmarks, often obtained through needle puncture, are used as references. Lately, some digital methods, such as Magnetic resonance and Fan-beam Computer Tomography have been offering new resources to forensic analysis. Cone-Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT), differs from others, by allowing the volumetric acquisition of a sitting patient. In the study of occlusion and orthodontic, is usual to associate volume and functional features to different facial types, therefore the objective is to establish a CBCT soft tissue measuring method, for points used for FFR, verifying the existence of significant differences of soft tissue pattern in distinct facial types. A guideline was created to allow observers to measure soft tissue of 32 landmarks (10 sagittal and 11 bilateral), usually found in FFR researches. Precision was accessed through landmarks placing tests in 5 exams, inter-observers and intraobservers intraclass correlation in 10 exams. The use of the software Osirix® was supported by the comparison with Nemotec® in 25 exams. Visual tests were performed through a computer tomography from a skull with resin spheres placed through the manual approach. The 100 subject sample were divided into gender and then into vertical facial types of long face (LF), short face (SF) and normal face (NF), and in horizontal types: CL I, II, III. Normality statistical tests were applied and the difference between groups was tested. The sample was divided in 50 men: 13 NF, 29 LF, and 10 SF, as 20 were Class I, 14 CL II and 16 CL III. The 50 women were divided into 16 NF, 24 LF and 10 SF, as 24 were Class I, 18 CL II and 8 CL III. The method was considered adequate, as after little calibration was needed to allow observers to place landmarks with similar precision. The mean intraclass correlation was considered strong between software (0.75) and observers (0.8), and very strong on intra-observer (0.9). Visual tests pointed out good level of coincidence between manual and digital methods with advantage to the digital due to the available computer tools. The average measures differed between male and female gender, as thicker depths were observed in men in all landmarks, with exception to the Lateral Orbits. The small amount of difference, observed among facial types was considered insufficient to sustain the use of new reference charts. Nevertheless, morphological features could be noticed, especially among male subjects. The depth of landmarks placed over the mandible presented statistical differences, demonstrating that class III, and or long face facial types have less tissue in those areas than class II and short-faced patients.
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Zeilmann, Patrícia Pereira. "Avaliação da acuracidade da reconstrução facial 3D por meio de fotografias antemortem de indivíduos previamente identificados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-28032014-201941/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de comparação com fotografias ante-mortem, a acuracidade da reconstrução facial forense manual e computadorizada de brasileiros adultos utilizando-se o método de Manchester. Foram reconstruídos os rostos a partir de 08 crânios, 04 femininos e 04 masculinos que foram exumados no Cemitério Municipal Necrópole do Campo Santo-Guarulhos/São Paulo. Esse estudo se justificou para possibilitar a utilização do método de Manchester considerando-se as profundidades de tecidos moles estabelecidas para brasileiros. Oito réplicas de gesso para a reconstrução manual, e oito modelos virtuais em 3D, obtidos por meio de tomografia para a computadorizada foram levados para o Centro de Anatomia e Identificação Humana da Universidade de Dundee/Escócia/Reino Unido. Utilizou-se argila para a manual e a tecnologia Sensable por meio do programa de computador FreeForm Modelling Plus, e do dispositivo tátil Phantom Haptic Desktop para a computadorizada. Avaliou-se a acuracidade das 16 reconstruções resultantes por meio de dois métodos: fotografias das reconstruções produzidas foram mostradas para 100 voluntários, que foram convidados a escolher o sujeito da fotografia em vivo quando incluído com outros cinco sujeitos aleatoriamente selecionados; e por meio de teste de semelhança, que comparou a fotografia da reconstrução com a do sujeito alvo lado a lado, o que foi feito também com dois sujeitos controle. Embora em ambos os testes os sujeitos alvo tiveram o melhor desempenho no número de acertos e no grau de semelhança, as reconstruções manuais obtiveram um melhor desempenho e o maior nível de acerto foi de 90% em um caso no teste de reconhecimento, enquanto na computadorizada foi de 81%. Este estudo demonstrou que o método de manchester em brasileiros, assim como o FreeForm Modelling Plus são ferramentas úteis e adequadas para o uso em reconstrução facial com níveis de sucesso muito significativos.The aim of this study was to evaluate, by comparison with antemortem photographs, the accuracy of manual and computerized forensic facial reconstruction of adult Brazilians using the Manchester method. The faces were reconstructed from 08 skulls, 04 female and 04 male that were exhumed at the Municipal Cemitery Necropolis of Campo Santo-Guarulhos/Sao Paulo. This study is justified to allow the use of the Manchester method considering the soft tissue depths from Brazilian people. Eight plaster replicas made for manual reconstructions and eight 3D virtual models, obtained by tomography for computerized were taken to the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at the University of Dundee/Scotland/UK. Clay was used for the manual and the SensAble technology through the FreeForm Modeling Plus software and the tactil device Phantom Haptic Desktop for the computerized. The accuracy of 16 reconstructions resulting was evaluated by two methods: images of the reconstructions were produced and shown to 100 volunteers who were asked to choose the subject of photography in vivo when included with other five subjects randomly selected; and by the resemblance test, comparing the photograph of the reconstruction with the subject\'s target side by side, which was also done with two control subjects. Although in both tests the 08 subjects achieved the best results in the number of correct answers and in the degree of resemblance, the manual reconstruction achieved a better performance and the higher level of accuracy in one case was 90% in recognition test, while the computerized was 81%. This study showed that the Manchester method in Brazilians, as well as the FreeForm Modeling Plus are usefull and adequate tools for use in facial reconstruction with very significant levels of success.
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Lefebvre, Philippe. "Le lambeau de grand dorsal en chirurgie reconstructrice cervico-faciale." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11066.
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Gabbai¨-Cazaux, Sophie. "Résultats préliminaires de l'utilisation d'oxbone en chirurgie maxillo-faciale." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M119.
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Kundu, Sangeeta J. "Facial strain maps as a biometric source." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001280.
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Strapasson, Raíssa Ananda Paim. "Aproximação facial forense: relação entre as estruturas ósseas e a porção inferior do nariz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-24052016-115026/.
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Este trabalho teve o propósito de avaliar a relação entre a cartilagem alar e a abertura piriforme a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada cone-beam e a relação do nariz com o padrão esquelético vertical da face. A pesquisa foi realizada com 96 imagens de indivíduos de ambos os sexos (49 masculino e 47 feminino), com idades entre 18 e 65 anos classificados de acordo com sua tipologia facial. Para a realização das marcações e mensurações de interesse foi utilizado o software OsiriX. A tipologia facial foi acessada através de três metodologias: índice facial, ângulo goníaco e proporção entre as alturas faciais. No corte axial da imagem de tomografia computadorizada, foram aferidas quatro grandezas lineares: largura do nariz externo, distância entre as inserções alares, extensão da base da abertura piriforme e máxima largura da abertura piriforme. Todas as grandezas foram mensuradas por dois examinadores em concordância. A análise dos resultados obtidos mostrou que há correlação entre as larguras do nariz externo e da abertura piriforme e entre a base da cavidade nasal e a distância entre as inserções alares. A largura da abertura piriforme aumenta proporcionalmente mais que a do nariz. Além disso, a tipologia facial longa associa-se à largura nasal.The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the alar cartilage and the pyriform aperture using cone-beam computed tomography (CT) imaging, and the relationship between the morphology of the nose and the vertical skeletal pattern of the face. 96 images of subjects (49 male and 47 female), aged 18-65 years classified according to the vertical skeletal pattern of the face were used in this study. The OsiriX software was used to measure the structures of interest. The facial pattern was obtained according to three techniques: facial index, gonial angle, and facial proportions. From an axial section of the CT imaging, four measurements were performed: nasal width, distance between the alar insertions, extension of the base of the pyriform aperture and width of the pyriform aperture. All measurements were obtained by two calibrated examiners. There is correlation between the nasal width and the breadth of the pyriform aperture, and between the base of the nasal cavity and the distance between the alar insertions. The width of the pyriform aperture proportionally increases more than the nasal breadth. Furthermore, the long face type is associated with nasal width.
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Fernandes, Clemente Maia da Silva. "Análise das reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas utilizando padrões de medidas lineares de tecidos moles da face de brasileiros e estrangeiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-03072010-103917/.
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A preocupação com a identificação, que é o processo pelo qual se determina a identidade, é bastante antiga. Atualmente, as relações sociais ou exigências civis, penais, administrativas e comerciais necessitam de sua comprovação. A identificação de pessoas mortas é fundamental, não somente para aplacar as necessidades emocionais de seus amigos e familiares, como também para que providências legais relativas ao óbito possam ser tomadas. Infelizmente, amiúde ocorrem situações em que corpos chegam aos Institutos Médico-Legais em estado de putrefação ou esqueletização, e não são identificados. Em tais situações, análises antropométricas para estimar, por exemplo, idade, gênero e estatura, são de grande valia. Nestes casos, a reconstrução facial forense será muito importante, pois pode possibilitar o reconhecimento e, por conseguinte, aumentar consideravelmente as chances de identificação. A reconstrução facial forense tridimensional pode ser manual ou digital. A reconstrução facial forense digital tornou-se possível com o advento da Tecnologia da Informação, imaginologia médica e novos softwares de imagem 3D e de reconstrução. Para a realização da reconstrução facial, são necessários dados relativos à espessura dos tecidos moles da face. Não há na literatura registros de trabalhos de reconstrução facial digital realizados com dados de tecidos moles obtidos a partir de amostras constituídas por sujeitos brasileiros. Há duas tabelas de espessura de tecidos moles publicadas para a população brasileira: uma obtida a partir de medidas realizadas em cadáveres frescos (padrão cadáveres frescos), e outra a partir de medidas em exames de ressonância magnética (padrão ressonância magnética). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar três diferentes reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas (com cabelo, cílios e sobrancelha) de um sujeito brasileiro (realizadas a partir de um padrão internacional e dois padrões nacionais de espessura de tecidos moles da face), e avaliar as reconstruções faciais forenses digitais comparando-as com fotografias do próprio indivíduo e de outros nove sujeitos. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens DICOM de uma Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) cedidas por um voluntário que, uma vez convertidas, foram utilizadas para a efetivação das reconstruções faciais digitais. Uma vez realizadas as três reconstruções, as mesmas foram comparadas com fotografias do voluntário que teve a sua face reconstruída e outros nove sujeitos. Trinta examinadores participaram desta tentativa de reconhecimento. O sujeito-alvo, que teve a sua face reconstruída, foi reconhecido por 26,67% dos examinadores na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Ressonância Magnética, 23,33% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Cadáveres Frescos e 20,00% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão Internacional, tendo sido o sujeito mais reconhecido nos dois primeiros padrões. Os reconhecimentos acertados do sujeito-alvo indicam que a reconstrução facial forense digital, realizada com parâmetros empregados neste trabalho, pode ser ferramenta útil para, havendo um ou vários sujeitos reconhecidos, chegar-se a uma identificação positiva.The concern with the identification, that is the process by which the identity is determined, is quite old. Currently, the social relations or civil, criminal, administrative and commercial requirements need its evidence. The identification of deceased persons is essential not only to assuage the emotional needs of their friends and family, but also to allow legal actions related to death. Unfortunately, situations often occur when bodies arrive at the Medico-Legal Institutes in a state of putrefaction or skeletonization, and are not identified. In such situations, anthropometric analysis to estimate, for example, age, gender and height, are of great value. In these cases, forensic facial reconstruction is very important because it may serve to recognize and therefore increase the chances of identification. The three-dimensional forensic facial reconstruction can be manual or digital. The digital forensic facial reconstruction was made possible with the advent of Information Technology, medical imaging and new 3D image and reconstruction softwares. To perform facial reconstruction, data on the thickness of the soft tissues of the face are necessary. There is no literature records of facial reconstruction works carried out with digital data of soft tissues obtained from samples of Brazilian subjects. There are two tables of thickness of soft tissue published for the Brazilian population: one obtained from measurements performed in fresh cadavers (fresh cadavers pattern), and another from measurements on magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance pattern). The aim of this study was to perform three different characterized digital forensic facial reconstructions (with hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) of a Brazilian subject (based on an international pattern and two national patterns for soft facial tissue thickness), and evaluate the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photos of the individual and other nine subjects. We used DICOM images of a computed tomography (CT) donated by a volunteer that, once converted, were used for the realization of the digital facial reconstructions. Once we\'ve performed the three reconstructions, they were compared with photographs of the volunteer who had his face reconstructed and of nine other subjects. Thirty examiners participated in this recognition attempt. The target subject, who had his face reconstructed, was recognized by 26.67% of the examiners in the reconstruction performed with the national Magnetic Resonance Pattern, 23.33% in the reconstruction performed with the national Fresh Cadavers Pattern of and 20.00 % in the reconstruction performed with the International Pattern, and the target-subject was the most recognized subject in the first two patterns. The correct recognitions of the subject indicate that the digital forensic facial reconstruction, carried out with parameters used in this study, may be a useful tool, with one or more subjects recognized to achieve a positive identification.
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Atuhaire, Felix. "Reconstruction of three-dimensional facial geometric features related to fetal alcohol syndrome using adult surrogates." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32579.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. The diagnosis of FAS is based on the presence of central nervous system impairments, evidence of growth abnormalities and abnormal facial features. Direct anthropometry has traditionally been used to obtain facial data to assess the FAS facial features. Research efforts have focused on indirect anthropometry such as 3D surface imaging systems to collect facial data for facial analysis. However, 3D surface imaging systems are costly. As an alternative, approaches for 3D reconstruction from a single 2D image of the face using a 3D morphable model (3DMM) were explored in this research study. The research project was accomplished in several steps. 3D facial data were obtained from the publicly available BU-3DFE database, developed by the State University of New York. The 3D face scans in the training set were landmarked by different observers. The reliability and precision in selecting 3D landmarks were evaluated. The intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-observer reliability were greater than 0.95. The average intra-observer error was 0.26 mm and the average inter-observer error was 0.89 mm. A rigid registration was performed on the 3D face scans in the training set. Following rigid registration, a dense point-to-point correspondence across a set of aligned face scans was computed using the Gaussian process model fitting approach. A 3DMM of the face was constructed from the fully registered 3D face scans. The constructed 3DMM of the face was evaluated based on generalization, specificity, and compactness. The quantitative evaluations show that the constructed 3DMM achieves reliable results. 3D face reconstructions from single 2D images were estimated based on the 3DMM. The MetropolisHastings algorithm was used to fit the 3DMM features to 2D image features to generate the 3D face reconstruction. Finally, the geometric accuracy of the reconstructed 3D faces was evaluated based on ground-truth 3D face scans. The average root mean square error for the surface-to-surface comparisons between the reconstructed faces and the ground-truth face scans was 2.99 mm. In conclusion, a framework to estimate 3D face reconstructions from single 2D facial images was developed and the reconstruction errors were evaluated. The geometric accuracy of the 3D face reconstructions was comparable to that found in the literature. However, future work should consider minimizing reconstruction errors to acceptable clinical standards in order for the framework to be useful for 3D-from-2D reconstruction in general, and also for developing FAS applications. Finally, future work should consider estimating a 3D face using multi-view 2D images to increase the information available for 3D-from-2D reconstruction.
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Keane-Timberlake, Shauna. "Psychosocial Variable in Selection for Donated Facial Procedures After Intimate Partner Violence." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1395251388.
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Рижков, В. Є., А. О. Каймакова-Алдемір, І. М. Яловській, А. О. Печерська, and В. Л. Федоренко. "Внесок вченого Михайла Герасимова в антропологію." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/53481.
Full textAbstract:
Методику відновлення зовнішності людини за її черепом розробив російський антрополог Михайло Герасимов (1907-1970). Першими визнали метод Герасимова працівники міліції, які неодноразово зверталися до нього за допомогою. За методом Герасимова працюють і сучасні антропологи.
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Vanezis, Maria. "Forensic facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics : evaluation and improvement of its reliability in identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/375/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with computerised forensic 3-D facial reconstruction as a means of identification and involves the restoration of the face on the skull in an attempt to achieve a close likeness of the individual when alive. The reconstruction process begins with the biological identification of the skeletal remains, (age, sex, ancestry and build). Facial reconstruction is then carried out and essentially works by building the “face” up from the skull using soft tissue thicknesses at specific locations from existing data. However, it is used as a last resort on skeletonised, badly decomposed or mutilated corpses, when no other information is available; even then it is only accepted as corroborative evidence in court. It is performed in the hope that it may stimulate recognition, and consequently narrow the field of identification, allowing other tests to be carried out, such as radiographic and/or dental comparisons, DNA analysis or other means, to establish positive identification. The advantages of the computerised method over the manual clay reconstruction are speed, rapid editing capability, production of images that can be stored and reconstructions repeated at any time if required. Furthermore, in many cases, the original skull instead of a cast or model may be used for reconstruction because the 3-D computerised procedure is rapid and non invasive. However, the most significant advantage of this technique with regard to the aims and objectives of the thesis is that a number of alternative reconstructions may be produced sequentially for the same skull by using different facial templates from the database that meet the anthropological/biological criteria of the skull. The issues addressed by the study and therefore its main aims are: a) evaluation and b) improvement of the reliability of facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. The methodology involved initially digitizing a skull using a low-power laser scanner and a video camera interfaced to a computer. From a database of previously scanned faces, ten facial templates were selected that matched the anthropological criteria of each of the skulls, i.e. age, sex, ancestry and build. Landmarks with their corresponding soft tissue thicknesses were then located and placed on the skull and the equivalent ones on the face. The 3-D computer graphics then reconstructed the face by morphing (warping) the facial template over the skull by matching the corresponding landmarks on the skull and face with the appropriate soft tissue thicknesses at those landmark locations. The soft tissue thicknesses used at their specific landmark locations also matched the anthropological criteria of the skulls, since soft tissue depths are dependent on age, sex, ancestry and build. One of the major problems with any reconstruction which affect its reliability for identification is the uncertainty of the shape of some of the individual characteristics of soft tissue structures such as shape of lips, ears and nose/nasal tip since there is not direct information on the skull regarding the shape of some of these features. In addition, with the laser scanning system, the faces within the database all have closed eyes, because of the potential laser hazard to the eyes. Thus it is necessary to add “opened” eyes, head and facial hair (where appropriate) to give a realistic appearance to the face. The software provides the facility to export a 2-D view in a TIFF or JPEG format from the 3-D reconstructed image. The file can then be imported into a police identi-kit system such as E-FIT™, which allows the addition of features. In this study five skulls of known individuals were used for reconstruction in the manner explained. Ten facial templates which fulfilled the anthropological criteria (age, sex, ancestry and build) for each skull were used for the rebuilding process, thus totalling fifty reconstructions. The study employed a psychological resemblance test (experiment 1) where 20 different assessors, were asked to select in each case study, the best three matches of the ten reconstructions with the ante-mortem photograph of the individual during life. The results from these tests were correlated with a mathematical shape analysis assessment using Procrustes Analysis in which, the skull was compared in turn with each of the ten facial templates of each case study (experiment 2).The ranking of the assessors’ reconstruction choice was correlated with the ranking of the Procrustes Analysis by using Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. The results indicate that although not statistically significant, it would seem however, that in some of the case studies, the mathematical approach using Procrustes Analysis does seems to capture some perceptual similarity in human observers. Experiment 3, similar to experiment 1, was a further psychological resemblance test, which involved implementing E-Fit features on four of the ten reconstructed images per case study. Assessors were asked to select the closest E-Fit image match with the ante-mortem photograph. Again, results indicated that, although not statistically significant, adding E-Fit feature to the images appears to improve perceptual similarity in human observers, provided, the limitations of adding these characteristics are addressed. Furthermore, there also appears to be good agreement in most of the case studies between the two psychological resemblance tests using the two different sets of assessors in experiment 1 and 3 (reconstruction choice and E-Fit choice, respectively). Further work involving anthropometric comparisons and using two methods of assessment (landmark line matching between images and proportion indices) was also carried out (experiment 4). It was found that matching landmark lines between images appeared to be only of limited value due to the images not being aligned at exactly the same viewpoint and magnification. It should be appreciated that because the thesis was based on recognition and was not an anthropometric study, precise alignment of viewpoints was not a requirement. Hence using the same data from the study, although images were in the frontal view, they were not aligned to the accuracy acceptable for an anthropometric study as there was no requirement to so. It would appear that, although there was some correspondence between the discrepant distances and the first and second ranked reconstructions, no firm conclusions could be drawn from this technique and therefore does not assist in understanding the way observers made their choices. Further tests would need to be carried out (beyond the scope of the thesis) to reach any firm conclusions. Undoubtedly, given the complex nature of the recognition process, it would have been desirable to use reconstructions of persons known to the assessors rather than asking them to assess unfamiliar persons, since it is well established that familiar faces are easier to recognize than those that are unfamiliar to observers. It should be appreciated however, that, although the study was designed in this way for practical and ethical reasons, it nevertheless does not truly reflect the real operational forensic scenario. Furthermore, recognition/matching is a much more complex process and even a reconstructed face which may be generally morphologically similar to the person in life may not capture perceptual similarity in human observers, especially in an unfamiliar scenario. It is not certain that identification will always occur even when the facial reconstruction bears good resemblance to the target individual.