Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reconstruction of residential house'

Diploma thesis The Brownfield solutions within the Czech republic - Tepna Náchod, solves the unused territory after the former textile factory in close proximity to the historical centre of the city. The thesis deals with the analysis of the current state of the territory, its problems and the proposal of the new urban structure. It focuses on working with public space, a block structure linked to the historical centre and connecting the area to its surroundings. The aim is to create a functioning urban structure in an interesting city location.

As the energy price goes up, more and more concern has been focused on the sustainable development of residential houses. One of the best solution will be the low energy housing-passive house. The concept of passive house has been popular in Germany and whole Europe in the last 10 years, however, there is no official residential passive house standard project in China now. In this thesis, the feasibility of developing passive house in China will be analysed. Combined with the mature experience from the passive house project in Europe, a Chinese way of building the passive house will be provided. According to the previous studies, a lot of knowledge of passive house projects in Sweden have been referred to help doing the analysis about the passive house development in China. Due to the fact that there is no passive house had done before in China, the some assumptions have been made to help with the economy analysis. It is assumed that one passive house residential project will be built in Shenyang city, Liaoning Province. After the analysing and calculating, it can be concluded that it is possible and profitable to develop the passive house standard residential projects in China. It has a bright future.

Previous research into computer-assisted methods of residential property valuation has concentrated upon statistical techniques i.e., multiple regression analysis. Inquiries made of all leading academic and professional institutions in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand involved in property valuation, indicate that this project is unique in current residential valuation research. The. approach is based upon a study of the working practises of a professional mortgage valuer, his "expertise" and techniques utilised in the completion of mortgage valuations. A model of the valuation procedure has been developed and exposed to the critical evaluation of other valuers. This model has been implemented as a demonstration "expert system". A critical evaluation of the suitability of the different software, knowledge elicitation and knowledge representation techniques for valuation work has been carried out and an assessment of the nature and use of uncertainty within the domain of mortgage valuation made. The current methodology effectively demonstrates the knowledge-based concept of a separation of comparable property data, and the procedures used to manipulate that data, i.e. the valuer's use of comparable s. This enables the demonstration system to operate with few and "imperfect" comparables. Additionally the methodology is not time-related, the demonstration system selects comparable information from the same time period as the required valuation. These features are clearly an advance over the regression studies noted above which require complete data in large quantities over a restricted time period. Currently the integration of knowledge-based and conventional data processing software is in its infancy and this is reflected in the limited nature of the demonstration system. In conclusion the project has developed a wholly original approach to the problem of computer-assisted residential property valuation, contributing significantly to the available literature in the comparative method of valuation, computer-assisted valuation techniques, and the identification of uncertainty within a domain of expertise.

Externalities are defined as situations where an economic activity of an economic subject affects the production or consumption activities of other economic subjects (third parties), that do not participate in the activity. Externalities therefore cause changes in the welfare state of third party subjects and result in an economic inefficiency in an economy, indicating that the economy does not enjoy the maximum benefits from its given resources. Reconstruction project is a kind of large scale residential renewal programs that is organized and undertaken by private sector in Korea. In the process of profit maximization in the private sector, old housing estates are reconstructed with higher and larger residential buildings, as well as more dwelling units on the same sites. These changes emit externalities into the neighbourhood residential markets. The aim of the study is to demonstrate, statistically, the creation of externalities in the reconstruction of old housing estate. In doing so, the study investigates the differences of land prices in the neighbourhood residential markets due to the externalities generated by the projects and quantifies the differences, using the land price data from the Ministry of Construction and Transportation in Korea. Three statistical analysis methods were used in the study. Firstly, descriptive statistic detected the differences of land prices between the residential markets in each project case and indicated the existence of the externalities in some of the neighbourhood residential markets. Secondly, ANOVA and T-tests statistically concluded that reconstruction projects emit externalities in some neighbourhood residential markets. Lastly, the intervention analysis quantified the amounts of the externalities and verified the established hypotheses. The major finding of the study is that reconstruction projects emit externalities in the neighbourhood residential markets, and the net externalities are, on the whole, positive. It is concluded that the general welfare could be extended as the production level of reconstruction projects is increased.

The thesis takes the form of a residential house, exploring different ways of separating a space while answering different needs for solitude. It experimented with a diversity of architectural devices designed to demarcate functional units in the house with respect to their varying demands for solitude. Individual spaces are examined based on where they fall on the spectrum: from the most secluded to the most inclusive. Efforts are made to refrain from resorting to full size walls when not necessary. The actual means of separation used for a certain space is usually a balance between the desire for seclusion and the urge to evade walls. The form of the house unfolds from the order of an overarching cruciform structure, dividing the space into four quadrants, which are further bisected by a horizontal plane producing a total of eight cubic spaces. Each space is shaped with different dimensions suitable to their respective functions assigned, but all fit into a spatial matrix of two-foot spacing points. A featuring cross is brought out and made visible on the roof, plan and each of the four facades.<br>Master of Architecture

Environment through the application of the established Model of Intelligent Assisted Built Residential Environment (IABRE). This model is used to establish the Multi-criteria Decision Support System of Intelligent Assisted Built Residential Environment (MDSSIABRE), in which multi-criteria analysis and multi-criteria alternative design methods are used. In order to reach this aim, the following tasks must be solved: • Established models and intelligent systems are analysed in various countries. The experience of Lithuania and foreign countries is analysed in the establishment of ambient assisted living environment through the application of modern internet, intelligent and other technologies and innovations; • A Model of Intelligent Assisted Built Residential Environment is estab-lished (MIABRE); • The system of criteria is established, which describes IABRE in detail; • Data base is established, which describes IABRE in detail; • MDSSIABRE system is established on the basis of the Model of Intelli-gent Assisted Built Residential Environment; • Practical realisation of the established IABRE system is performed. The thesis is divided into four chapters including the conclusion’s chapter. Chapter 1 analyses assisted residential environment, reviews the research on life quality and conditions in Lithuanian and abroad. It analyses the premises and the opportunities for creation of built and humanised environment. A review of current housing issues and housing development in... [to full text]<br>The aim of the thesis is the evaluation and enhancement of the effectiveness of Intelligent Assisted Built Residential Pirmajame disertacijojos skyriuje analizuojama gyventi palanki būsto aplinka, „intelektinio būsto“, „sumanaus namo“ sampratos, nagrinėjamos intelektine gyventi palankia aplinka suinteresuotos grupės, esamos būsto problemos Lietu-voje ir užsienyje. Aptariama kompiuterinių technologijų, nanotechnologijų įtaka gyventi palankios aplinkos kūrimui. Akcentuojamas intelektinis aplinką tausojantis būstas, jo įgyvendinimo būdai ir priemonės. Apibendrinami atlikti moksliniai tyrinėjimai intelektinio būsto kūrimo srityje, nagrinėjami gyventi palankios ap-linkos analizės modeliai. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjama integruotos intelektinės gyventi palankios aplinkos būsto modelio koncepcija. Pateikiamas ir detaliai analizuojamas integruoto intelektinės gyventi palankios aplinkos būsto modelis, nagrinėjami modelį sudarantys elementai, mikro- ir makroaplinka, jos įtaka, paklausos ir pasiūlos charakteristikos, praktinės modelio realizavimo galimybės. Trečiajame skyriuje analizuojamas intelektinės gyvenamosios aplinkos variantinis projektavimas ir daugiakriterinė analizė. Apibendrinamas daugiakriterinei analizei reikalingų pradinių duomenų paruošimo procesas. Aprašomas autorės pasiūlytas intelektinės gyvenamosios aplinkos variantinio projektavimo ir daugiakriterinės analizės modelis, analizės atlikimo eiliškumas, pateikiamos skaičiuoti reikalingos formulės. Atliekamas praktinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Tato diplomová práce představuje určenou část projektové dokumentace ve stupni pro provádění stavby (dle vyhlášky č. 499/2006 Sb. ve znění vyhlášky č. 62/2013 Sb.) zabývající se komplexní rekonstrukcí a vytvořením nástavby stávající budovy školního ubytovacího zařízení ve městě Bzenci. Zároveň dojde ke změně užívání stavby na nájemní dům s byty charakteru sociálního bydlení. V souvislosti s touto skutečností se navržená rekonstrukce snaží zachovat a využít stávající konstrukce v co největším rozsahu, s cílem nezbytně tak nenavyšovat náklady rekonstrukce stavby.

This dissertation investigates an often disregarded aspect of the history of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system in British Columbia (BC): namely, the designs, aims, and uses of its architecture. Central to the dissertation is the contention that the IRS should not be considered a ―school‖ per se, as this label suggests not only kinship with a broad spectrum of institutions, but also intimates a place of salubrity and self-improvement. On the contrary, the study evinces the particular nature of the IRS: to disrupt the formation of genealogies between these structures and other modern institutions. This emphasis on distinctions—between the IRS and other modern buildings—is explored through a comparative architectural topology, meant to reveal the precise function of the IRS: to target certain colonized Indigenous subjects, to effect particular rationalities of colonial rule, and to produce distinct spaces within which to enforce new behavioural norms. Moreover, I argue that the IRS comprised places without place, non-places where Indigenous children, by design, were meant to no longer feel at home in their own societies, cultures, communities, and families. In addition to rethinking IRS architecture in BC, the study also surveys several conflicting opinions on how—or if at all—to commemorate the institutional remnants of this complex and, often, painful history. Variously repurposed, neglected, or demolished, the former IRS pose several problems, in terms of determining their historical value and their place among existing national, provincial, and regional sites of memory. I analyse the official processes by which material and intangible traces of the past become bearers of heritage value. Following this, I investigate in depth the cluster of issues that trouble attempts to recognize and preserve the ―difficult heritage‖ of the IRS.

The demand for electricity of a particular location can vary significantly based on season, ambient temperature, time of the day etc. High demand can result in very high wholesale price of electricity. The reason for this is very short operating duration of peaking power plants which require large capital investments to establish. Those power plants remain idle for most of the time of a year except for some peak demand periods during hot summer days. This process is inherently inefficient but it is necessary to meet the uninterrupted power supply criterion. With the advantage of new technologies, demand response can be a preferable alternative, where peak reduction can be obtained during the short durations of peak demand by controlling loads. Some controllable loads are with thermal inertia and some loads are deferrable for a short duration without making any significant impact on usersâ lifestyle and comfort. Demand response can help to attain supply - demand balance without completely depending on expensive peaking power plants. In this research work, an incentive-based model is considered to determine the potential of peak demand reduction due to the participation of residential customers in a demand response program. Electric water heating and air-conditioning are two largest residential loads. In this work, hot water preheating and air-conditioning pre-cooling techniques are investigated with the help of developed mathematical models to find out demand response potentials of those loads. The developed water heater model is validated by comparing results of two test-case simulations with the expected outcomes. Additional energy loss possibility associated with water preheating is also investigated using the developed energy loss model. The preheating temperature set-point is mathematically determined to obtain maximum demand reduction by keeping thermal loss to a minimal level. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to investigate the demand response potential of water preheating. Similarly, demand response potential associated with pre-cooling operation of air-conditioning is also investigated with the help of the developed mathematical model. The required temperature set-point modification is determined mathematically and validated with the help of known outdoor temperature profiles. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to demonstrate effectiveness of this procedure. On the other hand, total load and demand response potential of a single house is usually too small to participate in an incentive-based demand response program. Thus, the scope of combining several houses together under a single platform is also investigated in this work. Monte Carlo procedure-based simulations are performed to get an insight about the best and the worst case demand response outcomes of a cluster of houses. In case of electrical water heater control, aggregate demand response potential of 25 houses is determined. Similarly, in case of air-conditioning control (pre-cooling), approximate values of maximum, minimum and mean demand reduction amounts are determined for a cluster of 25 houses. Expected increase in indoor temperature of a house is calculated. Afterwards, the air-conditioning demand scheduling algorithm is developed to keep aggregate air-conditioning power demand to a minimal level during a demand response event. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.<br>Master of Science

This thesis aims to provide a recommended power system design for optimal efficiency, reliability, and cost in off-grid applications. The power system examined in this project is a residence in an off-grid community called Quail Springs that generates its energy from roof mounted solar panels. The existing system was analyzed to see what equipment can remain, what needs to be upsized, and what needs to be added to the system. Two power systems are considered for the residence: a fully AC power system and a hybrid AC/DC power system. Simulations were run in PSCAD to compare the efficiencies of the two proposed systems at varying load. The results of the simulations showed the hybrid power system to be generally less efficient when supplying AC and DC loads, but greater than 5% more efficient when only supplying DC load. Although the hybrid AC/DC system is approximately 70% more expensive, it is still the final recommended design due to potential efficiency gains and in an effort to provide educational opportunities that may lead to further efficiency gains in future hybrid AC/DC power systems.

Flooding of residential property is a real and growing phenomenon in the UK causing short and long-term detriment of various kinds to its victims. The issue of potential decrease in value of those properties which are located on the floodplain, though much discussed in the media, has received scant attention in the UK research literature. An extensive literature survey has revealed a need for methodological innovation in the field of temporal impact of flooding and the inadequacy of the current paradigms for inclusion of insurance into flood modelling. A wide-ranging review of data sources, including discussion with industry experts, has identified the requirement to generate primary data on the availability and cost of flood insurance. A novel framework has been developed for this research. This framework is an extension of the recent research in flood modelling and incorporates ideas from the wider house price analysis literature. Data collected via a questionnaire survey of householders has been combined with secondary data on property prices and flood designation in order to attribute any loss in property value to the correct vector of underlying flood status. The output from this study makes a contribution to the understanding of the impact of flooding on house prices, allowing for better valuation advice. Empirical findings are that the understandable concerns of residential property owners at risk of flooding regarding long term loss of property value are largely unfounded. Price discounts are observed for some recently flooded areas but they are temporary Improved appreciation of the impact of claims and flood risk on the cost of insurance has also emerged. The insurance market was not found to be instrumental in reducing the price of property. The output from the study also makes a methodological contribution in extending concepts relating to the relationship between flooding, insurance and house prices. This development is anticipated to facilitate refinement and updating of the empirical findings with reduced effort in the light of future events.

A large number of natural disasters affects hundreds of thousands of people each year in their housing around the world. Therefore, there is a call to find more appropriate strategies for housing reconstruction following a disaster. This study aims to reduce the construction time and cost of housing affected by such disasters. The academic literature on the 3 Dimensional Lightweight Panels construction system (3D-LPs), Building Information Modelling system (BIM) and experiences gained in post-disaster housing reconstruction strengthens the argument that here is an opportunity to contribute to solve the housing reconstruction problem. The study points out that the combination of these systems and community participation presents an option to produce both affordable and sustainable housing in the shortest time on a large scale by the affected people after overcoming the emergence phase of a disaster. A holistic philosophy was used to study the housing reconstruction problem as a whole to understand all parts of the problem and three research questions were set up to explore the possible solution to this problem. The research strategy to address the problem was based on a survey of worldwide experts, interviewing a forum of lightweight concrete panel manufacturers and the modelling of a basic housing prototype in BIM. Research question (1) How can displaced people use their own labour to save money and time? and research question (2) How does the 3D-LPs construction system contribute to housing recovery after natural disasters? Research questions (1) and (2) were answered by 17 open-ended questions conducted with 22 housing experts from 11 countries and 7 semi-structured interviews composed of 14 questions with 7 manufacturers of construction materials respectively which collected rich qualitative data (15,419 words) that were analysed in Nvivo 10 through pattern matching and validated by triangulation techniques to give reliability to the study. The housing prototype modelling was used to answer the research question (3) Can the BIM model show the cost-benefit in building housing with the 3D-LPs construction system and displaced people's own labour?The main findings of this study are that a housing prototype built with 3D-LPs is 36.82% cheaper in comparison to houses built with bricks and reinforcement elements and could be built by unskilled people in 90 days. The study provides novel in-depth knowledge of how unskilled people from communities affected should participate in housing reconstruction and how new construction systems can be implemented after disasters, which contributes to the body of knowledge. In addition, the study provides guidelines to implement a system directed at unskilled people and also Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in a novel way, to help to solve the housing reconstruction problem and engage the displaced people in the housing reconstruction.

The subject of this thesis is to prepare the restoration project of a traditional house in CamiSerif District, Mersin, where has the most dense traditional house tissue, in order to handle the subject as a case study on the traditional houses of Mersin for the later conservation movements in the region. Within the context of the study, the present states of the site and the building are studied in detail and the original state of the building is investigated through historical and comparative study of the building with other examples of traditional residential architecture. The study ends with a proposal for a restoration project according to the evaluation of the information gathered.

This thesis aims to identify the motivating factors driving consumers home purchase decisions from the consumer's point of view. Although there is an abundance of past real estate research, dating back as far as the 1920's, the factors shaping consumers home choice have not been fully explored. Past research has tended to assume that homebuyers arrive at a decision following a logical and rational decision making process. These studies have also tended to focus on utilitarian or economic factors shaping home choice. Although past research has unquestionably added to the understanding of home purchase behaviour, the focus on utilitarian and economic factors does not explain decisions that are underpinned by deep-seated motives. The present thesis extends past research by exploring the less tangible, non-economic aspects of home choice in order to provide a fuller story of why and how people consume homes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the unsolicited motives underlying consumers' home choices, therefore, a qualitative technique known as ZMET was employed. Based on the notion of unconscious thoughts, ZMET uses visual images gathered and/or generated by consumers to elicit and probe the metaphors that represent their thoughts and feelings. For the present study, 14 consumers who had recently placed an offer on a home took part in the ZMET interview. The present methodology extends past property research which has predominantly taken a quantitative approach. The findings of the study provide a rich insight into the motivations behind consumer home choice. Firstly, it reveals that the pre-purchase checklists used by many homebuyers and real estate agents are inaccurate representation of consumer home choice, and explains why this is so. Secondly, it demonstrates the influence of twenty four motives, including three central constructs (space, nature and views) on consumer home choice and highlights the fact that autobiographical memories underpins many of the motives to impact on choice. Thirdly, it provides a model mapping out the interaction between utilitarian and hedonic motives, which evokes a network of feelings, sensations and emotions that shape consumer home choice. In doing so, the research provides theoretical insight into the link between the rational information-processing model and the experiential view of hedonic consumption in home purchases. This study has shown that a specific set of utilitarian and deep-seated hedonic factors interrelate to culminate upon one's home choice. The findings in this study maintain that while utilitarian factors are significant determinants of home choice, in themselves, they do not always tell the whole story. This new knowledge of how and why homebuyers chose what they did is valuable to practitioners in predicting accurate property demands and value. Real estate agents can-sell more effectively by matching a property to a homebuyer's hedonic needs. The information in this study also helps homebuyers understand that their home choice is guided by internal images and deep-seated motives derived from many years of past experience but more importantly, they can decide if these motives justify the price they pay for the property. Finally, the model gives future researchers a new framework to access meanings necessary for understanding homebuyer choice and allows a closer examination of the mechanics of these influences on the housing market and its demands.

This thesis deals with a techno economic analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic(PV)-battery energy storage (BES) system. A first view is taken on the technologies and prices of the main components need, inverter, photovoltaic panels and batteries, and the possible configuration of the plant. Before proceeding with the complete analysis simulating an entire year, a comparison between an analysis made with measures based on 5 seconds time step, with the data taken in a residential hours and a PV plant in Valencia over a week, and on 15 minutes time step is done. The will is to prove the reliability of the latter one, which is way faster and lighter. Proved its reliability, an analysis over an entire year with a time step of 15 minutes is carried out to evaluate the economic profitability of a hybrid PV-BES plant. With the results it will be possible to see that, even if a plant with batteries has a positive Net Present Value (NPV), a system with PV panels only is more convenient.

This thesis is part of the major EU project EE-Highrise. The main objective of the EU project is to investigate high-rise buildings in different climates considering energy use, sustainability and cultural and economic differences in different countries. A demo high-rise building has been built in the capital of Slovenia. The purpose of this thesis was to build a model of the demo building in the simulation program IDA Indoor Climate and Environment. The model’s energy performance was then to be simulated in three different regions: Scandinavia, Central Europe and in the Mediterranean. Improvements to the climate shell and the ventilation system were to be examined and the results were then to be compared to European and Swedish Passive House certification schemes. A model was built in the simulation program IDA Indoor Climate and Environment according to the provided drawings of the demo building in Slovenia. Most of the building’s parameters were provided by the project group in Slovenia. When specific parameters were missing or difficult to motivate, standardized values were assumed. The model was modified into five cases: the base case, increased insulation of the external walls, improved glazing and frames for the windows, increased effective heat recovery efficiency and a combination of the energy saving measures. The model’s energy performance was then simulated at five different locations: Naples in Italy, Ljubljana in Slovenia, Malmo in southern Sweden, Karlstad in the middle of Sweden and Kiruna in the northern Sweden. When comparing the results to the requirements for the European Passive House certification, none of the investigated cases met the requirements due to a too large primary energy demand. However, if the requirement regarding the primary energy demand were to be disregarded, then the building in Slovenia would pass the requirements with an increased effective heat recovery efficiency for the ventilation system. Also the building in southern Sweden would pass the requirements with a combination of increased insulation for the external walls, improved windows and increased effective heat recovery efficiency. The Swedish Passive House certification would be fulfilled for the models in Malmo and Karlstad with an increased effective heat recovery efficiency, while the model in Kiruna did not pass the requirements. However, with a combination of the energy saving measures the model in Kiruna came very close to meeting the requirements.   The conclusion was that an increased effective heat recovery efficiency had the largest impact on the building’s space heating demand and that improving the windows increased the cooling demand in Naples by a large amount.

In September of 2017, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria, both category 5 hurricanes, swept across the Caribbean, including the U.S. Territory island of Puerto Rico. These two storms, particularly Hurricane Maria, caused catastrophic damages from high winds and flooding to the island paradise. This research investigates the direct effects that Hurricane Maria had on the residential construction industry within Puerto Rico and evaluates how to better prioritize and manage these types of efforts in the future. This research was initiated to identify challenges and opportunities that have been encountered within the Puerto Rican construction industry during the first year of reconstruction, post-Hurricane Maria. Residential structures that were built using current building codes experienced minimal storm damage. Many of the damaged residential structures, on the other hand, were made up of informal construction, predominantly using light wood framing methods. Unfortunately, homes built using informal construction practices were not insured nor eligible for government rebuilding assistance. Therefore, these damaged structures will more than likely be rebuilt using informal building practices again. Other immediate challenges faced by the construction industry included finding skilled labor and creating access to resources. The results of this research can be used to help prioritize reconstruction efforts and provide best practices following other similar disasters that will inevitably occur in the future. This research is unique in that it specifically targets the construction industry's experience and ultimately the ability to increase the effectiveness of the critical role the construction industry plays in rebuilding efforts.

The main task of this thesis is to describe the development of residential properties in Žďár nad Sázavou. In the first part of the thesis describes the history of the location to the present. The second part is the development of construction is divided into several time periods, which describe in detail the development of the locality. Part of it is devoted to the historical city center. After describing the each time periods followed by a list of most residential properties. The work is accompanied by a map of the development of the urbanistic structure of town marked with residential buildings that are being solved. The last chapter is devoted to the future development of construction and overall assessment of the location.

The Canterbury Earthquakes of 2010-2011, in particular the 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake and the 22nd February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, produced severe and widespread liquefaction in Christchurch and surrounding areas. The scale of the liquefaction was unprecedented, and caused extensive damage to a variety of man-made structures, including residential houses. Around 20,000 residential houses suffered serious damage as a direct result of the effects of liquefaction, and this resulted in approximately 7000 houses in the worst-hit areas being abandoned. Despite the good performance of light timber-framed houses under the inertial loads of the earthquake, these structures could not withstand the large loads and deformations associated with liquefaction, resulting in significant damage. The key structural component of houses subjected to liquefaction effects was found to be their foundations, as these are in direct contact with the ground. The performance of house foundations directly influenced the performance of the structure as a whole. Because of this, and due to the lack of research in this area, it was decided to investigate the performance of houses and in particular their foundations when subjected to the effects of liquefaction. The data from the inspections of approximately 500 houses conducted by a University of Canterbury summer research team following the 4th September 2010 earthquake in the worst-hit areas of Christchurch were analysed to determine the general performance of residential houses when subjected to high liquefaction loads. This was followed by the detailed inspection of around 170 houses with four different foundation types common to Christchurch and New Zealand: Concrete perimeter with short piers constructed to NZS3604, concrete slab-on-grade also to NZS3604, RibRaft slabs designed by Firth Industries and driven pile foundations. With a focus on foundations, floor levels and slopes were measured, and the damage to all areas of the house and property were recorded. Seven invasive inspections were also conducted on houses being demolished, to examine in more detail the deformation modes and the causes of damage in severely affected houses. The simplified modelling of concrete perimeter sections subjected to a variety of liquefaction-related scenarios was also performed, to examine the comparative performance of foundations built in different periods, and the loads generated under various bearing loss and lateral spreading cases. It was found that the level of foundation damage is directly related to the level of liquefaction experienced, and that foundation damage and liquefaction severity in turn influence the performance of the superstructure. Concrete perimeter foundations were found to have performed most poorly, suffering high local floor slopes and being likely to require foundation repairs even when liquefaction was low enough that no surface ejecta was seen. This was due to their weak, flexible foundation structure, which cannot withstand liquefaction loads without deforming. The vulnerability of concrete perimeter foundations was confirmed through modelling. Slab-on-grade foundations performed better, and were unlikely to require repairs at low levels of liquefaction. Ribraft and piled foundations performed the best, with repairs unlikely up to moderate levels of liquefaction. However, all foundation types were susceptible to significant damage at higher levels of liquefaction, with maximum differential settlements of 474mm, 202mm, 182mm and 250mm found for concrete perimeter, slab-on-grade, ribraft and piled foundations respectively when subjected to significant lateral spreading, the most severe loading scenario caused by liquefaction. It was found through the analysis of the data that the type of exterior wall cladding, either heavy or light, and the number of storeys, did not affect the performance of foundations. This was also shown through modelling for concrete perimeter foundations, and is due to the increased foundation strengths provided for heavily cladded and two-storey houses. Heavy roof claddings were found to increase the demands on foundations, worsening their performance. Pre-1930 concrete perimeter foundations were also found to be very vulnerable to damage under liquefaction loads, due to their weak and brittle construction.

Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 47 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

This thesis investigates the degree to which energy efficiency, as it is assessed by Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), is reflected in residential property prices in Portugal. Its results are based on the analysis of a comprehensive dataset containing information of around 256 thousand residential property sales carried out from 2009 to 2013, a period largely characterized by depressed market conditions. This is the first large-scale study for a southern European country in this area of research. For the first time in this context, the impact of energy efficiency is analyzed along the distribution of residential property prices, using the unconditional quantile regression framework. The findings disclose a 13% sales premium for most energy efficient apartments (i.e. those bearing an A or B EPC rate) and a 5 to 6% market price premium for houses. However, quantile regression results show that the value attached to energy efficiency is not always positive across the distribution of prices. In particular, houses located at or below the 0.2th price quantile display clear energy efficiency price discounts. The use of different energy efficiency scales and cross-country comparisons support the view that energy efficiency price premiums are higher in the Portuguese residential market than in northern European markets. These results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of energy efficiency on the real estate market and provide important messages to all political decision-makers interested in improving energy efficiency standards in Portugal; É A EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA REFLETIDA NOS PREÇOS DOS IMÓVEIS RESIDENCIAIS EM PORTUGAL? Uma investigação baseada em funções de preços hedónicas e na análise de regressão por quantis Resumo: Esta tese investiga em que medida a eficiência energética, tal como é avaliada pelos Certificados de Desempenho Energético (CDE), é refletida nos preços dos imóveis residenciais em Portugal. Os resultados obtidos baseiam-se na análise de um conjunto exaustivo de dados com informação sobre cerca de 256 mil vendas de imóveis realizadas entre 2009 e 2013, um período predominantemente caracterizado pela recessão. Este é o primeiro estudo de larga escala realizado para um país do sul da Europa nesta área de investigação. Pela primeira vez neste contexto, o impacto da eficiência energética é analisado ao longo da distribuição dos preços das habitações através do método da regressão por quantis incondicionais. Os resultados revelam um prémio na venda de 13% para os apartamentos mais eficientes em termos energéticos (i.e., aqueles com CDE A ou B), e de 5 a 6% para as moradias. No entanto, a análise de regressão por quantis mostra que o valor associado à eficiência energética nem sempre é positivo ao longo da distribuição dos preços. Em particular, as moradias situadas abaixo do vigésimo percentil mostram claros descontos associados à maior eficiência energética. A utilização de diferentes escalas energéticas e a comparações entre países apoia a ideia de que os prémios associados à eficiência energética são maiores no mercado português do que em mercados do norte da Europa. Estes resultados contribuem para um conhecimento mais amplo do impacto da eficiência energética no mercado imobiliário e fornecem importantes mensagens a todos os decisores políticos interessados em melhorar os padrões de eficiência energética em Portugal.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the residential college system to determine if there was any association between campus crime and the residential house system. The specific problem of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the residential college system in mitigating campus violence. The intent of this study was to analyze the statistical relationship between crime reports from colleges and universities where on-campus housing was structured into residential colleges or house systems and crime reports from comparable colleges and universities without the residential design. Data collection consisted of a Web-based nationwide survey conducted annually by the U.S. Department of Education. Data collected for this study were for 2006. The 2 groups of institutions that made up the population for this study were 27 colleges that incorporated some variation of the residential college system or house system matched with 27 comparable institutions without the residential system. The results indicated there were significant differences between institutions with residential college systems and those without such systems for the on-campus aggravated assault offenses and the on campus residence halls aggravated assault offenses. Findings showed fewer aggravated assaults in the group of institutions with residential college systems. A 3rd statistically significant difference was found in the category of arrests for the on-campus residence halls liquor law violations, with the group of nonresidential institutions showing fewer arrests than those without the residential college housing design.

The thermal quality of the contemporary building tends to be deteriorated due to aesthetic and economic considerations. Cheap materials which are thermally inappropriate are still rising in new buildings. Actually, the architectural design has been changed. Hence, the orientation is poorly investigated. The interior height of the new buildings is defectively compared to those of traditional houses. In addition, the patio is replaced by a corridor and different parts have already become communicating. Accordingly, the heating and cooling space becomes more and more important. The traditional dwelling, in fact, has a bioclimatic architecture which provides naturally minimal comfort. In our work, we tend to exploit the REVIT software in the residential building simulation in Tunisia and to optimize the modern housing model. Following the REVIT validation of the obtained results and comparing them to TRNSYS and SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, we have already relied on them to assess both housing models (contemporary and traditional). Using REVIT, the evaluation results show that traditional housing are more efficient than contemporary ones particularly during summer period. Then, we optimize the modern models making use of the passive strategies of traditional bioclimatic architecture and the improvement measures in the previous investigations. Numerous tests have been generated applying REVIT software in order to determine various models of contemporary housing which are able to be integrated into the Mediterranean climate. In fact, these tests indicate that REVIT efficiency is based on RTS method in thermal simulation of residential buildings.<br>La qualité thermique des bâtiments modernes a une tendance à se détériorer en raison de considérations esthétiques et économiques. L'utilisation de matériaux de construction de bon marché et thermiquement inappropriées ne cesse d'augmenter dans les nouvelles constructions. À l'heure actuelle, la conception architecturale a changé. L'orientation est peu étudiée, la hauteur intérieure des nouveaux locaux est faible comparée à celle de la maison traditionnelle et le patio est remplacé par un couloir. Les différentes parties sont devenues communicantes. Ainsi, l'espace de chauffage et de refroidissement devient plus important. L'habitation traditionnelle tunisienne présente une architecture bioclimatique qui permet de fournir un confort minimal naturellement. Notre travail vise à exploiter le REVIT dans la simulation des bâtiments résidentiels en Tunisie et d'optimiser le modèle d'habitat moderne. Après validation des résultats obtenus par REVIT, comparés à ceux de TRNSYS et SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, nous l'avons, tout d'abord, exploité pour évaluer les deux modèles d'habitats (traditionnels et contemporains). Les résultats d'évaluation, en utilisant REVIT, montrent que l'habitat traditionnel sont plus efficaces que celui moderne particulièrement en période estivale. Par la suite, nous avons optimisé le modèle de maisons contemporaines, en utilisant en premier lieu, les stratégies passives de l'architecture bioclimatique traditionnelle, et en second lieu, en utilisant les mesures d'amélioration utilisées dans des études antérieures. Afin, de déterminer une variante de modèle d'habitat contemporain thermiquement optimal et qui s'intègre dans le climat méditerranéen, plusieurs tests sont générés en utilisant REVIT. Ces tests montrent l'efficacité de ce dernier qui se base sur la méthode RTS dans la simulation thermique des bâtiments résidentiels.

This research presents the work of the Japanese architect Kazuo Shinohara (1925-2006) and studies five of his residential designs as epitome of his oeuvre. lts development is understood as a continuous quest to reconcile two key elements, the house and the city, in order to put emotional the heart of domestic space. These two elements were present in his preoccupations from the beginning of his career but he only managed to merge them in his last designs. lt is based on the assumption that this is one of the first in-depth research studies developed beyond the conventional segmentation and explanation of his work. lt thus considers it more important to open new perspectives on Shinohara's oeuvre than to foc us exclusively on one of them, a task that might be pursued later on. Analyzing sorne of Shinohara's first writings and using as a starting point his simultaneous design of two very different houses, House in White and House of Earth (1964-1966), this thesis delineates a connecting line among three more choice projects's panning 20 years of practice, thus shedding a new light on Shinohara's design methods and helping explain their unity behind their apparent dissimilarities: Tanikawa House (1972-1974), House in Uehara (1975-1976) and House in Yokohama (1982-1984). After a general description of Shinohara's relevance and main ideas on tradition, domesticity and the city, it continues with the argumentation of why a certain group of projects has been left out of this research and analyzes the five projects of this evolution, pointing out their common traits and their consistency with the general exploration about the house as a work of art started by Shinohara in 1964. Further original contributions of this thesis to the field of Shinohara's studies consist in the translation for the first time into English of a founding article, "The House is Art" (1961), and an abridged version of "Subjectivity of Residential Design" (1964), and the reproduction of a previously unpublished text by Shinohara, "A Discourse On Tokyo; From Tokyo, Via Kazuo Shinohara: An Objective" (1998). In a separate volume this thesis incorporates the original construction designs for the five houses, with English captions.<br>Aquesta investigació presenta l’obra de l’arquitecte japonès Kazuo Shinohara (1925-2006) i n’estudia cinc dels seus dissenys residencials com epítom del seu treball. El seu desenvolupament s’entén com una recerca contínua que mira de conciliar dos elements clau, la casa i la ciutat, per tal de posar l’emoció al cor de l’espai domèstic. Aquests dos elements ja eren presents en les seves preocupacions des de l’inici de la seva carrera, però només va aconseguir fusionar-los en els seus últims dissenys. Es basa en la constatació que aquest és un dels primers estudis d’investigació en profunditat desenvolupats més enllà de la segmentació i explicació convencionals del seu treball. Per tant, considera que ara és més important obrir noves perspectives sobre l’obra de Shinohara que centrar-se exclusivament en un dels seus aspectes, una tasca que pot ser desenvolupada en el futur. Analitzant alguns dels primers escrits de Shinohara i utilitzant com a punt de partida el disseny simultani de dues cases molt diferents, la Casa en Blanc i la Casa de la Terra (1964-1966), aquesta tesi traça una línia de connexió entre tres altres projectes signifi cats, abarcant vint anys de pràctica, per tal de llançar una nova llum sobre els mètodes de disseny de Shinohara i ajudar a explicar la seva unitat darrere de les seves aparents diferències: la Casa Tanikawa (1972-1974), la Casa a Uehara (1975-1976) i la Casa a Yokohama (1982-1984). Després d’una descripció general de la rellevància de Shinohara i de les seves idees principals sobre la tradició, la domesticitat i la ciutat, continua amb l’argumentació de per què un determinat grup de projectes s’ha quedat fora d’aquesta investigació i l’anàlisi dels cinc projectes d’aquesta evolució, assenyalant els trets comuns i la seva coherència amb l’exploració general, iniciada per Shinohara el 1964, de la casa com una obra d’art. Altres contribucions originals d’aquesta tesi en el camp dels estudis de Shinohara consisteixen en la traducció per primera vegada en anglès d’un article fundacional, “La casa és art” (1961), i una versió abreujada de “Subjectivitat del disseny residencial” (1964), i la reproducció d’un text inèdit de Shinohara, “Un discurs sobre Tòquio; des de Tòquio, via Kazuo Shinohara: Un objectiu“ (1998). En un volum a part s’inclouen els projectes executius originals per a les cinc cases, amb traduccions en anglès de les principals llegendes.

The diploma project is focused on screening the possibilities of increasing the inner area of the residences within the former workers-housing area Letná in Zlín. The targets of the project are: - To create an attractive residential district, composed of contemporarily re-designed working class spaces, - To support the district as a unit, which can be able to react on the actual demographical requests and conditions, and - To support the district, which should be able to compete with the new rising accommodation districts through its prevalent qualities. The result is a design consisting of 3 main variations of the default house extension. The added cubic elements present a solution for the problems most commonly seen in the district in its actual state; the house extension creates a transition between the private inner space of the house and the outer public space. The proposal allows maximal living space while minimizing construction size extension.

Mestrado em Arquitectura<br>O presente exercício constitui-se como hipótese no âmbito de um trabalho final de mestrado, conducente ao grau de Mestre. Um trabalho de projecto, original e especialmente realizado para este fim, do qual é parte integrante um relatório de investigação, como base teórica que orienta e informa todo o processo de formalização do objecto, e que tenta demonstrar que teoria e prática devem caminhar juntas na concepção de um projecto de arquitectura. O principal objectivo é o de propor, no contexto particular do Bairro do Alto da Cova da Moura, estratégias integradas de desenvolvimento, assentes na implementação de unidades habitacionais autónomas e sustentáveis que, impondo novas lógicas de execução, promovam soluções de espaço arquitectónico e urbano qualificados, integrando uma visão crítica sobre os problemas das sociedades contemporâneas no contexto de uma forte densificação e saturação populacional. Estas estratégias tentem a sua fundamentação num suporte teórico de investigação, que orienta e informa todo o processo de formalização do objecto. Investigar o interior da habitação em torno de um vazio nuclear tem como objectivo fundamental perceber a importância do pátio comum nalgumas concepções de alojamento colectivo, comunitário e cooperativo, particularmente em propostas de alojamento operário na cidade industrial. Entender este vazio comum como espaço nuclear, organizador e aglutinador, que expressa espacialmente o sentido comunitário de um conjunto edificado. Reconhecer e reposicionar esta tipologia habitacional, entretanto distante, no processo de produção de habitação urbana, particularmente em conjuntos urbanos densamente povoados. É neste contexto, e com carácter didáctico, que deverá ser entendido o presente trabalho, num quadro experimental de curta duração, inserido num mundo académico que procura dar o seu contributo para a resolução de situações complexas e reais.<br>This work has been established as a hypothesis in a Masters final paper leading to the degree of MSc. This is a project work, original and specially made for this purpose, for which it was included an investigation report, as a theoretical framework that guides and informs the whole formalization process of the object, as also as tries to demonstrate that theory and practical approaches should be together in a architecture conception process. The main objective of this paper is to propose integrated development strategies, in the particular context of Bairro Alto da Cova da Moura, based on the implementation of autonomous and sustainable housing units that, through the imposition of a new logic of implementation, promotes solutions of qualified architectural and urban spaces questions, and also including a critical view over the problems of contemporary societies, in a context of a strong densification and saturation process. These strategies are relied on theoretical research that guides and informs about the whole formalization process of the object. The investigation of the inside of a building complex around a nuclear emptiness aims to understand the importance of the common courtyard in some collective, community and cooperative accommodation concepts, which is vital to proposals for proletarian housing in industrial towns. Understand this common emptiness as nuclear space, organizing and assembling, which expresses the spatial sense of community of an building complex. Recognize and reposition this housing typology, however distant, in the production process of urban housing, particularly in densely populated urban centers. It is in this context, and with an educational aspect, that this work should be understood, inserted in a short term experimental and academic scenario, managing to contribute to the resolution of complex and real situations.

Today is the parish used only occasionally, and especially in summer, when there held a children's summer camp and during the rectory used by the municipality for several local events - Children's Day, the burning of witches and the very popular local pig butcher called. Town swine. Generally speaking, the parish is rather unexplored, which corresponds very poor technical condition of the building. Draft accepts the existing use of the parish and further expanded. Potential parish is large and it is necessary to use it. New feature parsonage combines several options to use, so that the parish could adapt current demand and that was sustainable. There is a use for the local and the general public that there will be a meeting. It can not easily determine which usage is dominant because they complement each other. Fara will serve as educational, environmental, cultural, sports and leisure center. Will focus on school trips, camps, but also for families with children, young, single or elderly. For everyone here finds the program. The training is aimed at growing their own vegetables and fruit and its subsequent processing in the kitchen. Subsequently, these can be grown raw materials directly used for teaching practice in the kitchen, where there will be lessons focused primarily on healthy and balanced cuisine. Lecture Hall may fold to lecture on the organic way of life, among other rectory also offers art workshops. For residents Heraltice has itself parish also use, especially for the annual traditional revelries are created special spaces. They can also use the multi-purpose hall for cultural and social events or sports. Local resident, then they can use a training kitchen to pass on their culinary skills of younger vintages, or simply use the kitchen for your own culinary ring. There are two buildings (barn and the parish) of the same archetype - rectangular in plan, low-floor and high hipped roof. One object is at the beginning and the other at the end of the plot. As a volume counter these proportions suggest the mass of the two objects with the same volume and proportions. The proposal several times, the principle of inserting new material into existing environments so as to minimize interfering with the existing structures. Inside the parish because of this principle remain visible beautiful areas with arches and paintings. Most of this principle is used in the inserted accommodation of cells into the interior of the existing barns. In the barn is maintained only a roof portion and supporting walled columns, between which is inserted prefabricated cell. Another compositional principle is the completion of an economic object which shape and mass builds on the existing adjacent building at the property plot.

China has adopted Sustainable Development as a national strategy for all industries. In civil construction sector, sustainability is regarded as the development of Green Building in China. Since 2000, China has introduced a series of policies and laws to promote Green Building. Green Building was defined as buildings that are “energy-efficient, land-efficient, water-efficient, and material-efficient” and emit “minimal pollution” in during its entire life cycle, and meets a specified standard for indoor environment at the same time. However, energy efficiency is the central issue of current Green Building development in China, while issues of resources and pollution are neglected, which is partly due to China’s energy structure. Social and economic aspects are also always ignored. The main aim of this thesis is to map pathways towards more comprehensive frameworks for how residential areas in China could be constructed in a more sustainable way in hot –summer and cold-winter area. Case study was the main method used to examine the specifications of Green Residential Building in China. This paper offers a general overview of the current green trend in China and presents a specific analysis on three cases to search for the proper approach for China’s unique situation by three specific cases representing three types of Green Building: Modern Vernacular Architecture, Eco-office and Mass-housing, according to their features in scale, location and function. This paper then presents a specific integrated sustainability analysis of the Landsea Housing Project in Nanjing, a hot-summer/cold-winter zone. Hammarby Sjöstad, a cutting edge project in Stockholm, is also discussed as a reference area from which experiences can be drawn for China. The aim was to improve the framework for construction of residential buildings in China in a more sustainable way, from energy efficiency to integrated sustainability. The paper also discusses the relationship between the economic growth and energy consumption in the fast-growing situation, presents several scenarios depicting energy and comfort and makes suggestions for China. The roles of government, developers and residents are also addressed. The paper argues that an adaptive and holistic approach, which must be expanded from both spatial scale and temporal span, should be established for the Green Residential Building development in China, as an effective way to meet the sustainability goal.<br>QC 20101013

The understanding of human exposure to indoor particles of all sizes is important to enable exposure control and reduction, but especially for smaller particles since the smaller particles have a higher probability of penetration into the deeper parts of the respiratory tract and also contain higher levels of trace elements and toxins. Due to the limited understanding of the relationship between particle size and the health effects they cause, as well as instrument limitations, the available information on submicrometer (d < 1.0 µm) particles indoors, both in terms of mass and number concentrations, is still relatively limited. This PhD project was conducted as part of the South-East Queensland Air Quality program and Queensland Housing Study aimed at providing a better understanding of ambient particle concentrations within the indoor environment with a focus on exposure assessment and control. This PhD project was designed to investigate comprehensively the sources and sinks of indoor aerosol particles and the relationship between indoor and outdoor aerosol particles, particle and gaseous pollutant, as well as the association between indoor air pollutants and house characteristics by using, analysing and interpreting existing experimental data which were collected before this project commenced, as well as data from additional experiments which were designed and conducted for the purpose of this project. The focus of this research was on submicrometer particles with a diameter between 0.007 - 0.808 µm. The main outcome of this project may be summarised as following: * A comprehensive review of particle concentration levels and size distributions characteristics in the residential and non-industrial workplace environments was conducted. This review included only those studies in which more general trends were investigated, or could be concluded based on information provided in the papers. This review included four parts: 1) outdoor particles and their effect on indoor environments; 2) the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentration levels in the absence of indoor sources for naturally ventilated buildings; 3) indoor sources of particles: contribution to indoor concentration levels and the effect on I/O ratios for naturally ventilated buildings; and 4) indoor/outdoor relationship in mechanically ventilated buildings. * The relationship between indoor and outdoor airborne particles was investigated for sixteen residential houses in Brisbane, Australia, in the absence of operating indoor sources. Comparison of the ratios of indoor to outdoor particle concentrations revealed that while temporary values of the ratio vary in a broad range from 0.2 to 2.5 for both lower and higher ventilation conditions, average values of the ratios were very close to one regardless of ventilation conditions and of particle size range. The ratios were in the range from 0.78 to 1.07 for submicrometer particles, from 0.95 to 1.0 for supermicrometer particles and from 1.01 to 1.08 for PM2.5 fraction. Comparison of the time series of indoor to outdoor particle concentrations showed a clear positive relationship existing for many houses under normal ventilation conditions (estimated to be about and above 2 h-1), but not under minimum ventilation conditions (estimated to be about and below 1 h-1). These results suggest that for normal ventilation conditions and in the absence of operating indoor sources, outdoor particle concentrations could be used to predict instantaneous indoor particle concentrations but not for minium ventilation, unless air exchange rate is known, thus allowing for estimation of the "delay constant". * Diurnal variation of indoor submicrometer particle number and particle mass (approximation of PM2.5) concentrations was investigated in fifteen of the houses. The results show that there were clear diurnal variations in both particle number and approximation of PM2.5 concentrations, for all the investigated houses. The pattern of diurnal variations varied from house to house, however, there was always a close relationship between the concentration and human indoor activities. The average number and mass concentrations during indoor activities were (18.2±3.9)×10³ particles cm-³ and (15.5±7.9) µg m-³ respectively, and under non-activity conditions, (12.4±2.7)x10³ particles cm-³ (11.1±2.6) µg m-³, respectively. In general, there was a poor correlation between mass and number concentrations and the correlation coefficients were highly variable from day to day and from house to house. This implies that conclusions cannot be drawn about either one of the number or mass concentration characteristics of indoor particles, based on measurement of the other. The study also showed that it is unlikely that particle concentrations indoors could be represented by measurements conducted at a fixed monitoring station due to the large impact of indoor and local sources. * Emission characteristics of indoor particle sources in fourteen residential houses were quantified. In addition, characterizations of particles resulting from cooking conducted in an identical way in all the houses were measured. All the events of elevated particle concentrations were linked to indoor activities using house occupants diary entries, and catalogued into 21 different types of indoor activities. This enabled quantification of the effect of indoor sources on indoor particle concentrations as well as quantification of emission rates from the sources. For example, the study found that frying, grilling, stove use, toasting, cooking pizza, smoking, candle vaporizing eucalyptus oil and fan heater use, could elevate the indoor submicrometer particle number concentration levels by more than 5 times, while PM2.5 concentrations could be up to 3, 30 and 90 times higher than the background levels during smoking, frying and grilling, respectively. * Indoor particle deposition rates of size classified particles in the size range from 0.015 to 6 µm were quantified. Particle size distribution resulting from cooking, repeated under two different ventilation conditions in 14 houses, as well as changes to particle size distribution as a function of time, were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), and a DustTrak. Deposition rates were determined by regression fitting of the measured size-resolved particle number and PM2.5 concentration decay curves, and accounting for air exchange rate. The measured deposition rates were shown to be particle size dependent and they varied from house to house. The lowest deposition rates were found for particles in the size range from 0.2 to 0.3 µm for both minimum (air exchange rate: 0.61±0.45 h-1) and normal (air exchange rate: 3.00±1.23 h-1) ventilation conditions. The results of statistical analysis indicated that ventilation condition (measured in terms of air exchange rate) was an important factor affecting deposition rates for particles in the size range from 0.08 to 1.0 µm, but not for particles smaller than 0.08 µm or larger than 1.0 µm. Particle coagulation was assessed to be negligible compared to the two other processes of removal: ventilation and deposition. This study of particle deposition rates, the largest conducted so far in terms of the number of residential houses investigated, demonstrated trends in deposition rates comparable with studies previously reported, usually for significantly smaller samples of houses (often only one). However, the results compare better with studies which, similarly to this study, investigated cooking as a source of particles (particle sources investigated in other studies included general activity, cleaning, artificial particles, etc). * Residential indoor and outdoor 48 h average levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 48h indoor submicrometer particle number concentration and the approximation of PM2.5 concentrations were measured simultaneously for fourteen houses. Statistical analyses of the correlation between indoor and outdoor pollutants (NO2 and particles) and the association between house characteristics and indoor pollutants were conducted. The average indoor and outdoor NO2 levels were 13.8 ± 6.3 ppb and 16.7 ± 4.2 ppb, respectively. The indoor/outdoor NO2 concentration ratio ranged from 0.4 to 2.3, with a median value of 0.82. Despite statistically significant correlations between outdoor and fixed site NO2 monitoring station concentrations (p = 0.014, p = 0.008), there was no significant correlation between either indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations (p = 0.428), or between indoor and fixed site NO2 monitoring station concentrations (p = 0.252, p = 0.465,). However, there was a significant correlation between indoor NO2 concentration and indoor submicrometer aerosol particle number concentrations (p = 0.001), as well as between indoor PM2.5 and outdoor NO2 (p = 0.004). These results imply that the outdoor or fixed site monitoring concentration alone is a poor predictor of indoor NO2 concentration. * Analysis of variance indicated that there was no significant association between indoor PM2.5 and any of the house characteristics investigated (p > 0.05). However, associations between indoor submicrometer particle number concentration and some house characteristics (stove type, water heater type, number of cars and condition of paintwork) were significant at the 5% level. Associations between indoor NO2 and some house characteristics (house age, stove type, heating system, water heater type and floor type) were also significant (p < 0.05). The results of these analyses thus strongly suggest that the gas stove, gas heating system and gas water heater system are main indoor sources of indoor submicrometer particle and NO2 concentrations in the studied residential houses. The significant contributions of this PhD project to the knowledge of indoor particle included: 1) improving an understanding of indoor particles behaviour in residential houses, especially for submicrometer particle; 2) improving an understanding of indoor particle source and indoor particle sink characteristics, as well as their effects on indoor particle concentration levels in residential houses; 3) improving an understanding of the relationship between indoor and outdoor particles, the relationship between particle mass and particle number, correlation between indoor NO2 and indoor particles, as well as association between indoor particle, NO2 and house characteristics.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>法律學系碩士在職專班<br>107<br>Due to a number of important changes in House Tax since 2014, the relevant adjustments have impacts on people’s House Tax burden, and causing debates between the academia and practical territories. However, the system of the House Tax is complex and hard to understand. The adjustment mechanisms are also not open and hard to be seen through. All of those factors make normal people cannot understand actual problems on the changes of the House tax. Based on the practice experience of House Tax, I find out many unreasonable policies of House Tax. So I would like to rely on this study to examine the nature of Property Tax, explore its policy functions, and discusse the problem on current HouseTax system. In order to find out other countries'' Property Tax systems for reference, collect Property Tax contents of United States, Japan, and South Korea, compare similarities and differences with their House Tax policoes, and learn the experience and lessons from their development process of tax systems as a mirror, and use them as our future adjustments. To sort out the House Tax base and rate in 22 cities of our country, I hope that the controversy over the disorder of the House Tax system can be seen through from this study. Because of the highest proportion of house is residential purposes. Through the review of the legality of tax bases and the appropriateness of tax rate on house of residential purposes, to find out the directions of reform on House Tax system . I hope to break away from the practical framework on this study, trying to follow the various taxation principles, administrative principles and related legal principles, then sort out the lacks and problems of existing House Tax system. Hope the House Tax system will be sound and functional by summarized advices from this study. Through the improvements of the system, to solve the disputes between government and people, and furthermore, to create a good taxation environment.

Most hostels are being redeveloped through the Hostel Redevelopment Programme from single sex accommodation to rental (family) units. The study was conducted on the City Deep and Nobuhle Hostel Redevelopment Projects as implemented in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (COJMM). Hostel Redevelopment Projects proved to contribute positively towards addressing the challenges and housing shortages in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province. There is a need for Government to plan other projects concurrently with the Hostel Redevelopment Projects as an attempt to deal with the displacees resulting from the Hostel Redevelopment Projects. Furthermore, there is also a need to redevelop each hostel in its totality as opposed to only a few phases of improvement. There is also a need for Government (COJMM) to design frameworks that will guide any proposed Hostel Redevelopment Project as an attempt to achieve uniformity. These frameworks need to include the management of the final product. Lastly, Government should make funding for the maintenance of public hostels available prior to hostels being redeveloped.<br>Public Administration<br>M. Tech. (Public Management)