Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Recreation growth'

This thesis focuses on the relationship between tourism policy and economic growth. Primarily it evaluates the effects of specialising in tourism on the growth performance of small economies and in particular the effects of tourism specialisation based on natural resources. A secondary but related question is how do changes in the quality of natural resources affect the relationship between specialisation and growth? These questions are considered in the framework defined by recent literature on endogenous growth theory [EG]. Consider a two-sector economy, where growth is driven by the accumulation of sector-specific human capital. The two sectors differ in their associated rates of potential learning. If the low- (no-) learning sector is defined as Tourism and the other as Manufacturing, the condition for balanced growth, under complete specialisation (i.e., equal per capita growth rate in both countries), is the presence of homothetic preferences are those spelled out in Lucas (1988). This approach provides a rather promising outlook for economies characterised by a comparative advantage in the tourist sector - as long as the elasticity of substitution between tourism and other goods, produced under decreasing marginal costs, is low. However, this result is based on a characterisation of the demand side that ignores an important feature of the market for tourist services: the income elasticity of the tourist may be other than one. To take account of a non-unitary income elasticity, the EG conditions for balanced growth should be redefined under a non-(quasi) homothetic utility function. After presenting the model, two empirical analyses, using different techniques, are provided. If consumers allocate a constant share of their (increasing) income toward financing their holidays and two, different types of tourist goods exist - one based on natural resources and the other on activities unrelated to natural resources and supplied at decreasing marginal costs - then a reduction in the quality of a country's natural resources may weaken the capacity of the country's tourist sector to retain a non-decreasing share of the market. This idea is based on the hypothesis that the two tourist goods are vertically differentiated. Quality, however, depends on the rate of exploitation. Lowering the quality lessens the value of the luxury good attached to the resource-based good. This framework should allow for a description of the relationship between the rate of exploitation of natural resources and the conditions which allow economies specialising in tourism to reach a balanced growth path, in a market where more than one tourist good is offered.

The present qualitative study aimed to explore the integration of holistic athlete development into sport psychology service delivery. Using the framework of professional philosophy from Poczwardowski, Sherman, and Ravizza (2004), five holistic sport psychology consultants were interviewed about their service delivery. Five athletes were also interviewed about their experiences working with these consultants. Deductive and inductive content analyses (Patton, 2002) were used to examine the data collected. Results offer three perspectives as to the meaning of holistic sport psychology: (a) Managing environmental effects from non-sport domains to the athlete's performance; (b) developing the individual beyond the athlete; and (c) recognizing the dynamic relationship between an athlete's mental, emotional, physiological states, and their behaviour. Themes from the consultants' beliefs, values, theoretical paradigms to behaviour change, models of practice, roles, operating standards, intervention goals, and intervention techniques and methods are also presented and discussed within the context of various service delivery topics.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 24, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4501. Adviser: Alan Ewert.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4424. Adviser: Youngkhill Lee. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 21, 2008).

The aim of this research is to investigate the key market growth factors for golf development in China as a recreation and luxury product. After nearly 30 years of development, China now has the largest golf complex in the world and the golf market in China is growing at its fastest pace for recent years (Verot, 2013). Due to rapid economic growth and the emergence of a large number of wealthy people, it has been argued that the consumption of luxury and recreational products will increase. Practically, there is evidence to suggest that golfing in China is being developed as both recreational product and luxury product. However, little research has been carried out to answer the question why a foreign game could develop so robustly, and the key factors that have contributed to its growth in relation to its unique features. Moreover, golf development in China is taking place within an increasingly complicated environment, which necessitates strategic adjustments in golf and related businesses for sustained growth. After examining existing literature, this research proposed the theoretical framework, which identifies the relationship among golf industry, features and potential factors. To test the hypotheses generated from the theoretical framework and to enrich the argument a pragmatic methodology is adopted, which involve both positivist and interpretivist approaches. Therefore, both questionnaire and in-depth interview methods are applied in this research to reach the requirement of both broadness and depth. The questionnaire was distributed to 230 golf course managers in China, and 213 valid responses were collected. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out and the quantitative findings were complemented by evidence from interviews with 5 experienced golf course managers who have worked in several golf courses around China. The theoretical framework is tested through designed research and suggests that when considering golf as a recreation and luxury product, the economic factor is the key market growth factor in China. The in-depth interviews supported this finding and further suggested that the cultural factor is also significant for golf development. Moreover, the interviews also provided comprehensive information about how political, economic, cultural, technological, geographic and environmental factor are influencing current and future golf development. Accordingly, golf business should adjust their practices to their external environment. Using the political factor as an example, golf industry has the capacity to influence the factor to their advantage. The golf industry could project a positive image that golf development will not harm the natural environment if the maintenance procedures are appropriated. Furthermore, the golf industry should launch information campaigns and lobby the government to demonstrate that the concern from public is unnecessary. The findings of this study presented implications for academic literature and the golf industry. From the academic perspective, this research tested theories from existing literature in the field of golf development in China. Meanwhile, this research provides the framework for research in a related area in the future. Furthermore, this study highlighted a new niche subject of academic study, the luxury recreational sector that encompasses luxury experiences and recreation specialisation. For the golf industry in China, the framework provided by this research will help practitioners to understand their external business environment and implement innovative strategies. The information revealed by the framework will also help potential international investors to develop better strategies to gain access to the Chinese market.

Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) resulting in an increased susceptibility to bone fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 months of weight bearing and resistance exercise on BMD, bone formation, measured by serum osteocalcin (OC) and bone resorption, measured by urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline crosslinks (Dpd), in 2 groups of postmenopausal women who were either taking or not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Secondary aims were to characterize the changes in insulin-like growth factors-l and -2 (IGF-l and -2) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in response to exercise training, and to determine the contribution of these growth factors in predicting changes in bone mineral density in the 2 populations of postmenopausal women. Women who were three to ten years postmenopausal and aged 40-65 years were included in the study. Women in HRT and no HRT groups were randomized into the exercise intervention resulting in four groups: (1) women not taking HRT, not exercising; (2) women taking HRT, not exercising; (3) women exercising, not taking HRT; and (4) women exercising, taking HRT. The number of subjects per group after one year was 27, 21, 25, and 16, respectively. Exercise training and HRT increase BMD similarly at most BMD sites whereas the combination of exercise and HRT produced increases in BMD greater than either treatment alone. Bone remodeling was surpressed in the groups taking HRT regardless of exercise status. The bone remodeling response to exercise training in women not taking HRT was not significantly different from those not exercising but the direction of change suggests an elevation in bone remodeling in response to exercise training. Exercise training does not stimulate a change in IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF-1:IGF-2, and IGFBP3. Markers of bone remodeling and IGF-1 are significant predictors of BMD changes but the overall amount of variation in BMD changes accounted for is low. Exercise and HRT status were significant predictors of changes in BMD even after accounting for variation due to bone remodeling indicating that bone changes are regulated by factors not addressed in this study.

The rapid urban development has impacted a great loss of natural landscape in the U.S in recent years. In the process of urbanization, the population has moved from the city centers to the edges of the Metropolitan or the newly developed suburbs as much as 62% until 2000. The annual conversion rate of undeveloped land to developed land between 1982 and 1992 was 1.4 million acres per year while it accelerated later in only five years between 1992 and 1997 to 2.2 million acres per year. Among all the development one of the most common was the Enormous shopping mall in suburban districts which are the collections of a vast range of retail corporations in response to the growing consumerism. In support of the gigantic malls, more service infrastructures were built as in the multi-storied parking garages, surface parking, HVAC. Currently, the total number of malls in the U.S is approximately 116,000. The downside of the development has been observed as rapid as it has grown. As in 2014, nearly 3% of all the malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). The sudden deterioration was caused because of several factors such as the socio-economic change of the demography in the urban context, the change in the spending habit of the consumers (i.e. spending for experience rather than goods), Rise of the E-commerce, etc. While the dying circumstance continues, these vast and trapped places have nothing but negative impacts in the urban environment as being wasteful land, blocking the visual connectivity through places, clogging the pedestrian flow, contributing to the heat island effect. Thus the problem is evoking to rethink a sustainable design approach. This thesis will first generate an adaptive master plan for the future, in a specific site as the result of investigating the socio-economic issues that forced the mall site to be vacant. After projecting the master plan, the architectural project will be proposed which will prioritize the physical and social development of the context. Educating people regarding the redevelopment of the community and the sustainable way of living are the key features of the project. The new project will be considered an iconic community asset that would serve the neighborhoods.
Master of Architecture
The rapid urban development has impacted a great loss of natural landscape in the U.S in recent years. In the process of urbanization, the population has moved from the city centers to the edges of the Metropolitan or the newly developed suburbs as much as 62% until 2000. To serve the resettled population new services have been developed at the outskirts of the cities. Among all the development one of the most common was the Enormous shopping mall in suburban districts which are the collections of a vast range of retail corporations in response to the growing consumerism. In support of the gigantic malls, more service infrastructures were built as in the multi-storied parking garages, surface parking, HVAC. Currently, the total number of malls in the U.S is approximately 116,000. The downside of the development has been observed as rapid as it has grown. As in 2014, nearly 3% of all the malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). The sudden deterioration was caused because of several factors such as the socio-economic change of the demography in the urban context, the change in the spending habit of the consumers (i.e. spending for experience rather than goods), Rise of the E-commerce, etc. This thesis will explore the strategy for reintegrating the troubling mall sites within the urban fabric. The thesis will first generate an adaptive master plan for the future, in a specific site as the result of investigating the socio-economic issues that forced the mall site to be vacant. After projecting the master plan, the architectural project will be proposed which will prioritize the physical and social development of the context. Educating people regarding the redevelopment of the community and the sustainable way of living are the key features of the project. The new project will be considered an iconic community asset that would serve the neighborhoods.

Ön is an island in central Ume River. Today Ön is a rural, green place with key habitats and historical values. In 2008 the municipality took the decision to exploit it by building city there. The decision was preceded by the emerging growth target, for Umeå, to become 200,000 inhabitants in 2050.               The research material for this paper consists of legal documents, reports, literature, interviews, and own observations. It can be divided into three main parts. The first part, which is the ‘growth discourse’, is investigated through documents concerning political strategies and influences from within the field in relation to Umeå as a city. The second part consists of research around the ‘image’ of Norrland and the third part focus on questions involving well-being through nature and the concept of Ecosystem Services, in relation to Ön.               In this paper, I advocate for an alternative plan concerning Ön and its unique set of qualities: the rural, historical, and nature dominated atmosphere adjacent to the city of Umeå. I argue that the value of this land is greater in its natural vesture, than it would be with added asphalt and concrete. The values of concern are non-monetary, but might as well become monetary in the more long-term scenario. There is mounting evidence of benefits derived from nature, when it comes to human well-being, and further that ecosystems provide services of major importance to us. Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Ön possesses many of these services today. It holds potential for further cultivation and capacity to become amplified as a recreation area in central Umeå.               The objective of this master thesis is to define and validate the qualities of Ön; and further, to develop a programme of possible interventions, in order to preserve and intensify the present atmosphere. This is conducted by identifying Ecosystem Services in the current context; and ways to enhance them, in order to propose an alternative plan for Ön.

The growing popularity of North American professional sports over the last twenty years directly coincides with the recent trend of urban communities using tax dollars to publically subsidize professional football, baseball, and basketball stadiums. Communities across North America invest substantial amount of public tax dollars in private facilities in light of a consensus among policy analysts that the economic impact of the new stadium is greatly exaggerated. The economic impact of new stadiums has been extensively researched, the focus of this paper rather, is to examine the impact publically subsidized facilities built in the last twenty years have on the overall team valuation compared to teams with no public subsidy or no new stadium.

The importance of public place in the United States of America as an environment for communication, the transmission of cultural values and for the enhancement of society and community, using a comprehensive notion of entertainment as a catalyst.creative projectThis project intends to develop a catalogue of design implications for the design of a public place that successfully serves the community enhancement and the cultural transmission. This catalogue of design implications will be the result of the extensive research on the American culture, on the elements of cultural expression with emphasis on the use of entertainment as a catalyst, on the elements of urban history and the urban environment as well as on the social and commercial success of public place.contextThe context of this research is the number of issues American urban environments are facing. Most of the problems in their combination are the source of numerous urban issues. Some of the key issues that have developed on this basis are e.g. the loss of human scale or e.g. the need for a collective vision, community and cultural identity. These issues are strongly interrelated with another.issueThese are some of the deficiencies that lead to the key issue of this project: the loss of community manifested by urban isolation and fragmentation and problems relating to the humane environments and settings. Nevertheless community and cultural enhancement can help to create a greater awareness for the prerequisites for a healthy living environment. Community and cultural enhancement help to stimulate greater self-sufficiency helping to address the previously mentioned issues at their sources. The premise is that community is an essential ingredient in cohesive urban and suburban neighborhoods and is part of the positive image of a well designed and maintained city fabric.positionThe focus of this work is the community, the public place and the cultural expression with emphasis on entertainment. In the same order they represent the issue, the place and the catalyst. This work claims that entertainment can be used to design an environment enhancing community and communication. The assumption related with entertainment is that social interaction and collective well being are essential parts of community structure and therefore activities related to entertainment help to foster a collective vision.methodThe first step to prove this position is to identify the issues concerning urban settlements in the United States of America. The urban context has to be defined. The second step is to define the cultural context and to analyze the notion of entertainment as a means of cultural expression and its potential to serve as a catalyst. The third step is to identify the elements of social and commercial success of a public environment using at least two models defining those elements. Each of the three steps concludes in a set of architectural values and design elements. The fourth step is to deduce a catalogue of design implications from the information collected. This last step proposes the practical application of this research. The anticipated results of this project should be regarded as a suggestion for the practical application of this research based on the observation of and reflections on the research results, hopefully resulting in the identification of additional questions for further research.
Department of Architecture

As our way of life becomes more mobile and dependant on our mobile technologies, many of our everyday experiences become electronically mediated. Concepts such as `home' and activities like shopping change as they are separated from their physical geographic locations, and the sprawling architecture of the cultural landscape strengthens this mutation of sense of place.The first part of this thesis explores the technologies and social conditions that have led to the nascence of mediated environments (i.e. the rise of the automobile and the Internet). The second part contains a case study that describes an acute example of this technologically-borne placelessness: recreational vehicle enthusiasts that travel the highways and camp in parking lots of `big box' stores, searching for the `American dream'. The final part of the thesis describes an architectural design project created to reconnect these people to each other and to the communities they wander through.
Department of Architecture

Many athletes ingest amino acids in the belief that these supplements will result in increased serum growth hormone (GH) levels, with an attendant anabolic effect and improvements in athletic performance. In order to test these hypotheses twelve moderately fit (average V02max 51.2 ml/kg/min) male recreational runners (average age 30.3 years) in a steady state of training ingested 6.0 gm arginine hydrochloride (AA) or lactose placebo (P) daily over two 7 week periods in a double blind cross-over experimental design. Comprehensive anthropometric, physiological and biochemical tests were performed before, at the cross over, and after the administration of the drugs. Data on GH response, performance and body composition was analyzed by MANOVA, and repeated ANOVAs were used for the biochemical data. Although GH levels were increased by the AA, and the GH response to AA was greater than that to P, the increases did not reach statistical significance (p=0.13). The GH response to AA was negatively related to % body fat (r=-0.60, p<0.05) and positively related to maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.69, p<0.05). Oral AA administration did not result in any significant changes in body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity, strength, or biochemical or hematological parameters. Five of the subjects reported subjective improvements in training while taking the AA. Arginine hydrochloride ingestion was associated with no significant change in plasma immunoreactive or bioactive growth hormone levels in the 12 male recreational athletes tested. No significant negative or positive biochemical, hematological, strength, body composition or performance changes were documented.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

It is easy to overlook the individual features that constitute a community, including types and mix of land use, lot sizes, building type, size and height, setbacks, street and sidewalk widths, parking requirements, and infrastructure, all of which are controlled and regulated by land use development codes, more commonly referred to as zoning. Zoning is the primary means communities employ to control and guide land use and development decisions affecting the physical form of these places. However, zoning is a rigid, legal framework that separates uses and prescribes standards without describing or even considering what development will or should look like. Disenchantment with conventional zoning methods combined with innovative new approaches that address current and emerging issues are now readily available to learn from and adapt. A number of these approaches focus on design and form rather than use alone. The intentions of code reform focus on the creation of better public space, pedestrian friendly streets and communities, mixing uses and reducing parking requirements, all of which can lead to increased physical activity and healthy communities.
Master of Landscape Architecture

Le denté commun, plus couramment appelé denti, Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758), est un poisson marin côtier (0-200m) emblématique et patrimonial en Méditerranée. Il représente un intérêt économique important pour la pêche artisanale et récréative, en Corse en particulier. En tant que prédateur supérieur, il occupe une position clé au sommet de la pyramide trophique. Il dispose un statut de conservation en étant classé comme « Vulnérable » par l’UICN. Malgré son importance écologique et économique, les données disponibles sur cette espèce sont encore limitées. L’objectif de cette thèse vise à améliorer l’état des connaissances sur l’exploitation, la biologie et la structure de population du denti en Corse. En premier lieu, un travail de synthèse bibliographique a été effectué, qui compile toutes les informations parcellaires existantes sur la biologie, l’exploitation, et la structure de population du denti sur l’ensemble de son aire de répartition. De manière générale, il existe un manque d’information, mais à travers les axes développés, ce manuscrit fourni une vision claire de l’état des connaissances actuelles sur le denti et des lacunes qu’il reste à combler. Deuxièmement, une étude a été menée pour déterminer quels facteurs pouvaient influencer les variations spatio-temporelles des captures (CPUE) du denti par la pêche artisanale et décrire la structure démographique de la population exploitée à l’échelle de la Corse. Les CPUE ont varié dans l’espace (profondeur) et dans le temps (mois), mais ont montré une stabilité annuelle. Les résultats ont montré un pic d’exploitation (des individus grands/âgés) au mois de mai pendant la période de reproduction. Cette étude a fourni également les premières cartes à fine échelle de l’exploitation au niveau spatial du denti, avec l’identification de «hot spots», qui représentent probablement des habitats essentiels dans l’histoire de vie de cette espèce. Troisièmement, une étude a comparé l’exploitation du denti par la pêche artisanale et récréative au sein de la Réserve Naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio. Le denti est ciblé par une grande variété d’engins, ce sont la palangre (pêche artisanale) et la traine (pêche récréative) qui présentent les taux d’exploitation les plus élevés. Au niveau spatial, les captures étaient quantitativement maximales dans les zones de protection renforcée. Les résultats indiquent que la pêche récréative contribue significativement à la mortalité par la pêche de cette espèce dans la zone d’étude (3.4 t/an soit 37 % de l’ensemble des captures). Ensuite, une comparaison de trois différentes méthodes d’estimation d’âge (écailles, otolithes entiers et sectionnés) a été effectuée pour évaluer quelle structure etait la plus fiable et précise et définir les paramètres de croissance du denti en Corse. A partir des résultats obtenus, la lecture sur écaille apparait comme fiable jusqu’à cinq ans, la lecture sur otolithe entier jusqu'à 12 ans et sur otolithe sectionné peut être employée sur toutes les tranches d'âges (âge record de 36 ans). Le taux de croissance dans l’étude est relativement élevé et semble assez rapide par rapport aux études antérieures en Méditerranée. Pour finir, le dernier chapitre avait pour but d'identifier la structure du stock de denti autour de la Corse, par une approche holistique, avec une combinaison de marqueurs : les microsatellites, l'analyse de la forme des otolithes et les communautés de parasites. L’étude a mis en lumière une structuration spatiale complexe de la population, donnant de nouvelles perspectives pour la conservation des stocks de denti en Corse. Cette thèse fourni de nouvelles connaissances sur l’exploitation, la biologie et la structure de population du denti en Corse et préconise des mesures de protection pour promouvoir une gestion durable de cette importante ressource halieutique en Corse
The common dentex, Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758), is an iconic marine coastal bony fish in the Mediterranean Sea. The common dentex, due to its large size, flesh quality, and high commercial value, is targeted by both artisanal and recreational fishing, especially in Corsica. As a top predator, it is a potential indicator species for the structure and functioning of the coastal ecosystems on which it depends. D. dentex is classified by the IUCN as «Vulnerable». Despite its economic and ecological importance, scientific data on this species in its natural environment are still very scant.The aim of this thesis is to improve the state of knowledge on fisheries, biology and population structure of D. dentex in Corsica. First, a review evaluates the current literature on D. dentex biology, ecology, stock structure, fisheries on its global geographical range. In general, there is a lack of information, but across the developed axes, this manuscript provided a clear view of the current state of knowledge on D. dentex and suggests future research directions to fill important gaps. Secondly, a study was conducted to determine which factors could influence the spatial and temporal variations in catches (CPUE) by artisanal fisheries and describe the demographic structure of the population exploited in Corsica. The CPUE varies over spatial (depth) and temporal scales (month), but show annual stability. The results exhibits a peak of exploitation during May (large/old specimens), probably related to reproductive strategies,. This study generated the first fine scale maps showing the spatial exploitation of common dentex and the identification of exploited fishing grounds clearly indicates the existence of ‘hot spots’, which probably represent essential habitats, of the life history of this species. Third, a study compared the exploitation of common dentex by artisanal and recreational fishing in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve. It is targeted by a wide variety of gears; longline (artisanal fishing) and trolling (recreational fishing) have the highest rate of exploitation. Spatially, catches were quantitatively maximal in partially protected areas. The results suggest also that recreational fishing contributes significantly to total fishing mortality of the common dentex in the study area (3.4 t/year or 37 % of the total catch). Then, a comparison of three methods of age estimation (scales, whole and sectioned otoliths) was performed to evaluate which structure was the most reliable and accurate and define the growth parameters in Corsica. The scales appear suitable for estimating age between 0 and 5 years old, whole otoliths can be used up to 12 years and sectioned otoliths are the most accurate and reliable structure for all age ranges (age record of 36 years). The growth rate of the Corsican common dentex seems very high and quite fast compared to previous studies in the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, the aim of the last chapter was to identify the stock structure of the common dentex around Corsica Island, using a combination of markers that have different spatial and temporal scales of integration: microsatellite DNA markers, otolith shape analysis and parasites communities. A complex population structure around Corsican coasts has been reported, providing a new perspective on common dentex fishery stock conservation and management strategies.This thesis make a significant contribution to the knowledge of several aspects of the fisheries, biology and population structure of common dentex around Corsica Island and recommends protection measures to promote sustainable management of this important halieutic resource in Corsica

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Os robalos sÃo peixes muito apreciados pelo pÃblico consumidor de pescado e pelos pescadores amadores, pois possuem carne de excelente qualidade e proporcionam grande combatividade quando capturados com linha. Tais caracterÃsticas tornam este grupo de peixes alvo de distintos usuÃrios, finalidades e necessidades (pesca comercial e pesca amadora), que aliadas à perda de parte do habitat (manguezais) indicam sua fragilidade. Nos Ãltimos anos, uma reduÃÃo nas capturas de robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus) vem sendo sugerida pelos pescadores amadores e artesanais no litoral do ParanÃ. Na ausÃncia de estatÃsticas pesqueiras que possibilitassem investigar a suposta deplecÃÃo deste recurso, o presente trabalho buscou realizar uma avaliaÃÃo preliminar deste estoque, fundamentada no acompanhamento de campeonatos de pesca esportiva e no estudo do crescimento da espÃcie. Os dados foram obtidos atravÃs do acompanhamento das capturas de 9 torneios de pesca esportiva, direcionados Ãs espÃcies C. parallelus e Centropomus undecimalis, realizados pela Liga Paranaense de Pesca Esportiva (LPPE), entre novembro de 2005 e setembro de 2007, nos estuÃrios BaÃa de Paranaguà e BaÃa de Guaratuba (25 44â S e 48 22â W). Foram registrados 3.290 exemplares de C. parallelus, com comprimentos totais compreendidos entre 10,00 e 69,00 cm e 158 exemplares de C. undecimalis, com comprimentos entre 14,00 e 68,00 cm. A forte dominÃncia especÃfica (>95%) justificou a Ãnfase deste trabalho sobre C. parallelus. A relaÃÃo pesocomprimento indicou desenvolvimento somÃtico isomÃtrico para as duas espÃcies. A mÃdia da Captura por Unidade de EsforÃo (CPUE) foi estimada em 0,977 exemplar/embarcaÃÃo/hora e 0,328 Kg/embarcaÃÃo/ hora. Para o estudo do crescimento, foram abatidos somente 159 exemplares para a extraÃÃo dos otÃlitos sagittae, todos os demais exemplares registrados (3290), foram soltos dentro das regras de pesque-e-solte exigidas pela LPPE. A partir da anÃlise da macroestrutura dos otÃlitos, foram estimados os parÃmetros de crescimento de von Bertalanffy atravÃs de distintas metodologias de retrocÃlculo (Fraser-Lee, BPH linear, SPH linear, BPH potencial e SPH potencial) e de ajuste da curva de crescimento (Ford-Walford e rotina eletrÃnica). Os parÃmetros mais adequados aos conhecimentos anteriores sobre a biologia da espÃcie foram K= 0,13, L = 79,0 cm e t0 = 0. A anÃlise das freqÃÃncias de comprimento (ELEFAN I) corroborou com as estimativas de crescimento obtidas pela anÃlise dos otÃlitos. A longevidade (tmÃx) e o coeficiente de mortalidade natural (M) foram estimados em 23 anos e 0, 33, respectivamente. O comprimento e a idade Ãtimos de captura correspondem a Lotimo = 43.0 cm e tÃtima = 6 anos. Para os comprimentos entre 38,0 cm (5 anos) e 47,0 cm (7 anos), tambÃm foram encontrados valores elevados de biomassa relativa, em torno de 95% da biomassa mÃxima possÃvel. Na avaliaÃÃo preliminar do estoque de C. parallelus no litoral do ParanÃ, realizada atravÃs da anÃlise da composiÃÃo em comprimentos e da estrutura etÃria das capturas registradas nos campeonatos de pesca esportiva, foi constatada a ocorrÃncia de sobrepesca de crescimento, ou seja, a captura de grande quantidade de juvenis e poucos exemplares adultos (>35,0 cm), caracterizando um desequilÃbrio na estrutura etÃria da populaÃÃo
The snooks are fishes very appreciated food item by fish consumers and recreational fishermen, for they are endowed with a high quality flesh and put up a fierce fight when captured with line-and-hook. Such characteristics make this taxon a target for a host of users, objectives and needs (commercial and recreational fishing) which, together with loss of habitat space (mangroves), attest to its fragility. Over the recent years, a catch reduction of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus, has been implied by recreational and artisanal fishermen of Paranà State. For lack of fishery statistics that would enable the investigation of this telltale resource depletion, the present research work endeavored to carry out a preliminary stock assessment based on the survey of recreational fishing tournaments and on the study of that speciesâ growth. The database was gathered by controlling the catches of nine of the mentioned tournaments, having C. parallelus and Centropomus undecimalis as target species, organized by the Paranà State Recreational Fishing League (LPPE), from November, 2005 to September, 2007 in the estuaries of Paranaguà Bay and Guaratuba Bay (25o441S â 48o22âW). A total of 3,290 specimens of C. parallelus were sampled for their total length ranging from 10.0 to 69.0 cm and of 158 specimens of C.undecimalis in the range of 14,0 â 68,0 cm. The strong specific dominance of over 95% justified the emphasis of this investigation on the fat snook. The weight-length relationship showed an isometric somatic development for the two species. The mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) was estimated as 0.977 individuals per hour and 0,328 kg per hour. For the growth studies, only 159 specimens were submitted to the extraction of sagittae otoliths, while all the others were released according to the catch-and-release rules required by the LPPE. Based on the analysis of otolithsâs microstructure, the von Bertallnafy growth parameters were estimated by means of different backcalculation methods (Fraser-Lee, linear BPH, linear SPH, and potential BPH and SPH) and fiting of the growth curve (Ford-Walford and electronic routine). The most adequate growth parameters in the speciesâ population dynamics were K = 0.13, L = 79.0 cm and t0 = 0. The ELEFAN I technique has borne out the estimates arrived at through the length-at-age analysis. The longevity and the natural mortality coefficient were estimated as 23 years and 0.33, respectively. The average values of optimum catch length and age correspond to Lopt = 43.0 cm and topt = 6 years. About 95% of the maximum biomass were found to occur in the range from 38.0 cm (5 years) to 47.0 cm (7 years). The preliminary stock assessment of C. parallelus on the Paranà State coast, carried out by means of length composition analysis and age structure of the stock reported by recreational fishing tournaments, indicated the occurrence of growth overfishing, that is, large numbers of juveniles and few adult (>35.0 cm) specimens are captured, what characterizes an age-related unbalanced population

MORO, Pietro Simon. Prospecção do estoque de robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus) no litoral do Paraná, através da pesca esportiva. 2008. 132 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2008
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The snooks are fishes very appreciated food item by fish consumers and recreational fishermen, for they are endowed with a high quality flesh and put up a fierce fight when captured with line-and-hook. Such characteristics make this taxon a target for a host of users, objectives and needs (commercial and recreational fishing) which, together with loss of habitat space (mangroves), attest to its fragility. Over the recent years, a catch reduction of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus, has been implied by recreational and artisanal fishermen of Paraná State. For lack of fishery statistics that would enable the investigation of this telltale resource depletion, the present research work endeavored to carry out a preliminary stock assessment based on the survey of recreational fishing tournaments and on the study of that species’ growth. The database was gathered by controlling the catches of nine of the mentioned tournaments, having C. parallelus and Centropomus undecimalis as target species, organized by the Paraná State Recreational Fishing League (LPPE), from November, 2005 to September, 2007 in the estuaries of Paranaguá Bay and Guaratuba Bay (25o441S – 48o22’W). A total of 3,290 specimens of C. parallelus were sampled for their total length ranging from 10.0 to 69.0 cm and of 158 specimens of C.undecimalis in the range of 14,0 – 68,0 cm. The strong specific dominance of over 95% justified the emphasis of this investigation on the fat snook. The weight-length relationship showed an isometric somatic development for the two species. The mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) was estimated as 0.977 individuals per hour and 0,328 kg per hour. For the growth studies, only 159 specimens were submitted to the extraction of sagittae otoliths, while all the others were released according to the catch-and-release rules required by the LPPE. Based on the analysis of otoliths’s microstructure, the von Bertallnafy growth parameters were estimated by means of different backcalculation methods (Fraser-Lee, linear BPH, linear SPH, and potential BPH and SPH) and fiting of the growth curve (Ford-Walford and electronic routine). The most adequate growth parameters in the species’ population dynamics were K = 0.13, L¥ = 79.0 cm and t0 = 0. The ELEFAN I technique has borne out the estimates arrived at through the length-at-age analysis. The longevity and the natural mortality coefficient were estimated as 23 years and 0.33, respectively. The average values of optimum catch length and age correspond to Lopt = 43.0 cm and topt = 6 years. About 95% of the maximum biomass were found to occur in the range from 38.0 cm (5 years) to 47.0 cm (7 years). The preliminary stock assessment of C. parallelus on the Paraná State coast, carried out by means of length composition analysis and age structure of the stock reported by recreational fishing tournaments, indicated the occurrence of growth overfishing, that is, large numbers of juveniles and few adult (>35.0 cm) specimens are captured, what characterizes an age-related unbalanced population
Os robalos são peixes muito apreciados pelo público consumidor de pescado e pelos pescadores amadores, pois possuem carne de excelente qualidade e proporcionam grande combatividade quando capturados com linha. Tais características tornam este grupo de peixes alvo de distintos usuários, finalidades e necessidades (pesca comercial e pesca amadora), que aliadas à perda de parte do habitat (manguezais) indicam sua fragilidade. Nos últimos anos, uma redução nas capturas de robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus) vem sendo sugerida pelos pescadores amadores e artesanais no litoral do Paraná. Na ausência de estatísticas pesqueiras que possibilitassem investigar a suposta deplecção deste recurso, o presente trabalho buscou realizar uma avaliação preliminar deste estoque, fundamentada no acompanhamento de campeonatos de pesca esportiva e no estudo do crescimento da espécie. Os dados foram obtidos através do acompanhamento das capturas de 9 torneios de pesca esportiva, direcionados às espécies C. parallelus e Centropomus undecimalis, realizados pela Liga Paranaense de Pesca Esportiva (LPPE), entre novembro de 2005 e setembro de 2007, nos estuários Baía de Paranaguá e Baía de Guaratuba (25º 44’ S e 48º 22’ W). Foram registrados 3.290 exemplares de C. parallelus, com comprimentos totais compreendidos entre 10,00 e 69,00 cm e 158 exemplares de C. undecimalis, com comprimentos entre 14,00 e 68,00 cm. A forte dominância específica (>95%) justificou a ênfase deste trabalho sobre C. parallelus. A relação pesocomprimento indicou desenvolvimento somático isométrico para as duas espécies. A média da Captura por Unidade de Esforço (CPUE) foi estimada em 0,977 exemplar/embarcação/hora e 0,328 Kg/embarcação/ hora. Para o estudo do crescimento, foram abatidos somente 159 exemplares para a extração dos otólitos sagittae, todos os demais exemplares registrados (3290), foram soltos dentro das regras de pesque-e-solte exigidas pela LPPE. A partir da análise da macroestrutura dos otólitos, foram estimados os parâmetros de crescimento de von Bertalanffy através de distintas metodologias de retrocálculo (Fraser-Lee, BPH linear, SPH linear, BPH potencial e SPH potencial) e de ajuste da curva de crescimento (Ford-Walford e rotina eletrônica). Os parâmetros mais adequados aos conhecimentos anteriores sobre a biologia da espécie foram K= 0,13, L = 79,0 cm e t0 = 0. A análise das freqüências de comprimento (ELEFAN I) corroborou com as estimativas de crescimento obtidas pela análise dos otólitos. A longevidade (tmáx) e o coeficiente de mortalidade natural (M) foram estimados em 23 anos e 0, 33, respectivamente. O comprimento e a idade ótimos de captura correspondem a Lotimo = 43.0 cm e tótima = 6 anos. Para os comprimentos entre 38,0 cm (5 anos) e 47,0 cm (7 anos), também foram encontrados valores elevados de biomassa relativa, em torno de 95% da biomassa máxima possível. Na avaliação preliminar do estoque de C. parallelus no litoral do Paraná, realizada através da análise da composição em comprimentos e da estrutura etária das capturas registradas nos campeonatos de pesca esportiva, foi constatada a ocorrência de sobrepesca de crescimento, ou seja, a captura de grande quantidade de juvenis e poucos exemplares adultos (>35,0 cm), caracterizando um desequilíbrio na estrutura etária da população

The last four decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a significant growth of leisure hours for a growing number of South Australians, particularly working class males; it was accompanied by an upsurge in both organised and informal recreation activity. The upsurge owed much to major advances in communication during the period – in transport by rail, steamship and late in the century, the bicycle, to the network of telegraph stations which by the mid 1870s, spanned much of the colony, the country and finally linked the colony to much of the wider world, and to the growth of local and daily newspapers and specialist journals. Industry, government and commerce drove these advances, but recreation benefited from all of them and came to be a major element of commercial activity itself, as some activities generated not only participants, but spectators and audiences. These developments in turn stimulated a demand for facilities, both indoor and outdoor, which came to be met by private groups, public authorities and commercial operators, or combinations of the three. However, not all sections of the South Australian community looked favourably on aspects of these developments. Some social, religious and political forces, both separately and later as an alliance, combined to target elements of the recreation activities which emerged within the new leisure, particularly those of the working classes. They feared a return to public disorder arising from unseemly and licentious behaviour which accompanied many of the activities of the occasional pre-industrial seasonal leisure periods. These forces drew on contemporary programs in America and Britain in their campaign to quell ‘social evils’ including intemperance, gambling and what they regarded as inappropriate behaviour on Sundays, the Lord’s Day. They advocated the uses of statutes to constrain, if not eliminate what many in the community regarded as acceptable recreational activity. Others from the reforming forces determined on ‘rationalising’ the recreation of the working classes by introducing programs which they regarded as educational and self-improving, based essentially on their own middle class experience. A further restraint were contemporary conventions which determined matters of dress, conduct and behavioural expectations affecting areas of recreational activities; they were particularly severe on women. Other conventions affected full participation by men in a small number of sporting activities. The thesis examines the origin, nature and conduct of these forces in South Australia each of which sought to discipline aspects of mainly working class recreation of the period. It concludes with an assessment of the outcomes as they appeared at the time of Federation.
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2010

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
自然資源學系碩士班
94
The purpose of this research is monitoring the health condition of cypress old growth in National Taipingshan Forest Recreation Area. Because the tree health condition is jointly influenced by a lot of variables, it is difficult for the field crew to precisely recognize the tree health condition . This study therefore uses factor analysis to establish tree health indictors in order to assess and to classfy the tree health condition. It has extracted 3 common factors from 11 health-related variables, and these factors have been named foliage vigor declining indicator, stem epiphyte coverage indicator and root damage indicator. The above three factors can explain 78.4% of the communalities for total variance. The result of discriminant analysis shows that the hit rate of predicted classification is very high. The hit rate using the original observed variables is 96.08%, and it represents that the constructed discriminant function has high predictability. Via the stepwise discrimnant analysis, crown dieback is found to be the most important variable. If one wants to keep the hit rat over 90%, one can use 6 original observed variables. Besides, the space distribution of forest health scores is also adopted to display the fragile areas of cypress in the National Taipingshan Forest Recreation Area. The above procedure constructing health indicators of old-growth trees can detect the area with poor health condition within the forest, and it is assistance to detect and remedy early to the environmental protection.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2002.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-34).

Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Zulu
In an increasingly changing world, the attributes of human and physical environments are critical in assessing human quality of life (HQoL). The research sources consulted for this thesis point to specific relationships between urban change, ecosystem services and the HQoL. A variety of models have been developed in the global North to assist urban planners to manage the benefits and stressors related to urban shrinkage, ecosystems and HQoL. In the global South the trend is urban growth rather than shrinkage and few models are available for this context. Based on a mixed-method case-study approach, the Rietvlei Nature Reserve, located in the rapidly-growing urban peripheral zone between the Tshwane and Ekurhuleni metropolitan areas in the Gauteng province of South Africa, was selected to assess the benefits and stressors of localised urban development, conservation and sense of place. The purpose of the assessment was to develop a Greenspace Stress Model of Urban Impact (GSMUI) that would be of value to local authorities in managing the interplay of the varied functions of a nature reserve as a greenspace in the global South. Land-use changes were analysed using remote-sensing images. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively-selected key informants to evaluate the functions of the Reserve and the objectives of the Ecological Management Plan for the Reserve. The benefits and risks to the Reserve, as well as the sense-of-place aspects, were identified through semi-structured interviews with 18 purposively-selected key informants, 181 on-site face-to-face semi-structured interviews with visitors to the Reserve, group discussions with interest groups and electronic surveys involving 365 respondents. Data were also collected through the researcher’s own observations and her participation in activities at the Reserve. The empirical results of the research were verified by 14 purposively-selected key specialist informants, who evaluated and ranked the identified benefits and stressors. Benefits and stressors were not ranked the same from different perspectives. Using the results of the empirical research, the researcher was able to merge and adapt a number of models developed for the management of greenspaces in the global North in order to develop the GSMUI specifically for the Rietvlei Reserve. Guidelines were also developed for the application of the GSMUI in geographically similar greenspaces in the global South.
In ‘n toenemend veranderende wêreld, is die eienskappe van menslike en fisiese omgewings krities vir die evaluering van menslike lewenskwaliteit (HQoL). Die navorsing wat geraadpleeg is, het spesifieke verwantskappe tussen stedelike verandering, ekosisteemdienste en HQoL aangedui ‘n Verskeidenheid modelle is in die globale Noorde ontwikkel om stedelike beplanners te help om die voordele en stressors verwant aan ontwikkeling (stedelike inkrimping), ekosisteme en menslike lewenskwaliteit, te bestuur. Onvoldoende modelle is nog ontwikkel vir die om die teenoorgestelde neigings in die globale Suide te bestuur. ’n Gemengdemetodes-gevallestudie-benadering is gevolg om die voordele en stressors van stedelike ontwikkeling, bewaring en sin vir plek in die Rietvlei Natuurreservaat (geleë in die snelgroeiende stedelike randgebiedsone tussen die Tshwane en Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse gebiede in die Gauteng Provinsie van Suid-Afrika) te ondersoek. Verandering in grondgebruik is deur afstandwaarnemingsbeelde ontleed. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met doelbewus-geselekteerde sleutelinformante gevoer om die funksies van die Reservaat, sowel as die doelwitte van die Reservaat se ekologiese bestuursplan, te evalueer. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met 18 doelbewus-geselekteerde sleutelinformante, 181 semi-gestruktureerde persoonlike onderhoude met besoekers aan die Reservaat en groepbesprekings is met ereveldwagters en belangegroepe gevoer, en 365 elektroniese vraelyste is ontleed ten einde die voordele en risiko’s vir die Reservaat en ook die pleksin te identifiseer. Data is ook deur middel van waarneming en deelname aan aktiwiteite in die Reservaat ingesamel. Die empiriese resultate van die navorsing is geverifieer deur 14 doelbewus-geselekteerde sleutelinformante wat die geïdentifiseerde voordele en stressors geëvalueer en geklassifiseer het. Voordele en stressors is verskillend evalueer uit verskillende oogpunte. Die gebruik van die empiriese navorsing het die navorser in staat gestel om ’n aantal modelle aan te pas wat vir die bestuur van groenruimtes in die globale Noorde ontwikkel is en te integreer ten einde die GSMUI te skep. Die CSMUI is spesifiek op die bestuur van die Rietvlei Natuurreservaat gemik. Die navorsing bied ook ‘n generiese GSMUI met implementeringsriglyne vir geografies-gelyksoortige groenruimtes in die globale Suide.
Kumhlaba oguquka njalo, isimo sabantu nesemvelo kubalulekile ekuhloleni iqophelo lempilo yabantu i-Human quality of life (HQoL). Ucwaningo oluhloliwe lukhombise ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuthile phakathi kokuncipha/ukwanda, inkonzo yobudlelwane babantu nemvelo kanye ne HqoL. Lokhu kuxhumana kwehlukile kancane ezindaweni zaseNyakatho nomhlaba (ukungcipha kwedolobha) nezindawo zaseNingizimu nomhlaba lapho ukwanda kwamadolobha kugqame khona. Kwakhiwe amamodeli ahlukahlukile khona eNyakatho nomhlaba ukusiza abahleli bamadolobha ukuphatha izinzuzo nokuhluphayo okuhambisana nentuthuko (ukuncipha kwedolobha), kanye nesimo sendawo kanye neHQol. Awekho amamodeli awenziweyo ukusiza ukuphatha isimo esehlukile eNingizimi yomhlaba. Ngokusebenzisa inqubo exubile, inqubo ye-case study, iRietvlei Nature Reserve (etholakala lapho kwanda khona ngokushesha amadolobha phakathi kweTshwane neEKurhuleni kwiprovinsi laseGauteng eNingizima Afrika), yakhethwa ukuhlola izinzuzo nezingcindezi zokuthuthuka kwamadolobha, nokugcina isimo semvelo kanye nobunjalo obuthile bendawo. Injongo yalolu hlolo bekuwukwenza indawo ebizwa iGreenspace Stress Model of Urban Impact (GSMUI) ezosiza iziphathimandla zendawo ukuphatha ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwezinhloso ezihlukahlukene zeReserve njengendawo eluhlaza kwiNingizimu neAfrika yomhlaba. Kwahlaziywa indlela eguqukayo yokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso ebheka ikude etholakala kuma mepi akhombisa indikimba (thematic map). Kwenziwa ama-semi-structured interviews nababambiqhaza bolwazi ababalulekile ukuhlola ukusebenza kweReserve kanye nezinhloso zohlelo olubizwa i-Ecological Management Plan for the Reserve. Izinzuzo nezingcindezi zale-Reserve, kanye nobunjalo obuthile bendawo, kwaphawulwa, ngokwenza ama-semi-structured interview nabathile ababalulekile abakhethwa abayi 18 ukuxoxa nabo, futhi kwenziwa nama-semi-structured interview ngokubhekana ubuso nobuso nezivakashi ze-Reserve ezingama 181, kanye nezingxoxo nabaqaphi abathile besiqiwi (rangers) kanye namanye amaqembu athintekayo. Ulwazi lwaqokelelwa futhi ngokuthi abacwaningi babheke lokho okwenzekayo kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwimisebenzi ye-Reserve. Imiphumela yobufakazi bocwaningo yaqinisekiswa ngosolwazi ababalulekile bobuchwepheshe abangu 14 ababekhethelwe le nhloso, abahlola babuya babeka ngamazinga izinzuzo nezingcindezi ukwenzela ukuthi abacwaningi babuye baphinde bakwazi ukwenza enye i-GSMUI. Ngokusebenzisa imiphumela yobufakazi bocwaningo, umcwaningi wakwazi ukuhlela kabusha amamodeli amaningana athile enziwe ukuphatha izindawo eziluhlaza eNyakatho lomhlaba, ukuze enze GSMUI eqondene nokuphatha iReserve laseRietvlei. Ucwaningo lubuye lwahlinzeka futhi i-GSMUI enabile engasetshenziswa njengemikhombandlela yezinye izindawo eziluhlaza ezifana nalezi khona eNingizimu yomhlaba.
Geography
Ph.D. (Geography)