Academic literature on the topic 'Recreational marijuana use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Lum, Hillary D., Kanika Arora, J. Alton Croker, Sara H. Qualls, Melissa Schuchman, Julie Bobitt, Gary Milavetz, and Brian Kaskie. "Patterns of Marijuana Use and Health Impact: A Survey Among Older Coloradans." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 5 (January 2019): 233372141984370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721419843707.
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Access to recreational and medical marijuana is common in the United States, particularly in states with legalized use. Here, we describe patterns of recreational and medical marijuana use and self-reported health among older persons using a geographically sampled survey in Colorado. The in-person or online survey was offered to community-dwelling older persons aged above 60 years. We assessed past-year marijuana use including recreational, medical, or both; methods of use; marijuana source; reasons for use; sociodemographic and health factors; and self-reported health. Of 274 respondents (mean age = 72.5 years, 65% women), 45% reported past-year marijuana use. Of these, 54% reported using marijuana both medically and recreationally. Using more than one marijuana method or preparation was common. Reasons for use included arthritis, chronic back pain, anxiety, and depression. Past-year marijuana users reported improved overall health, quality of life, day-to-day functioning, and improvement in pain. Odds of past-year marijuana use decreased with each additional year of age. The odds were lower among women and those with higher self-reported health status; odds of use were higher with past-year opioid use. Older persons with access to recreational and medical marijuana described concurrent use of medical and recreational marijuana, use of multiple preparations, and overall positive health impacts.
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Kan, Emily, Jordan Beardslee, Paul J. Frick, Laurence Steinberg, and Elizabeth Cauffman. "Marijuana Use Among Justice-Involved Youths After California Statewide Legalization, 2015–2018." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 9 (September 2020): 1386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305797.
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Objectives. To determine the impact of California’s recreational marijuana legalization on marijuana use among justice system–involved (JSI) adolescents and young adults, and to distinguish whether any changes resulted from legalization (passing the law) or from implementation of the law. Methods. We compared changes in JSI youths’ marijuana use in 2 states: California (n = 504), where recreational marijuana use was recently legalized, and Pennsylvania (n = 478), where recreational use is still prohibited. Furthermore, we examined changes in marijuana use across 3 key time periods (October 2015–June 2018): before legalization, after legalization but before implementation, and after implementation. Results. California JSI youths did not demonstrate a significant increase in marijuana use after legalization (b = −0.010; P = .950) or implementation (b = −0.046; P = .846). However, in Pennsylvania, rates of marijuana use increased significantly after legalization (b = 0.602; P = .001) but not after implementation (b = 0.174; P = .533). Conclusions. Although recreational marijuana legalization was not associated with changes in marijuana use among youths in California, we observed increased rates of use in Pennsylvania after legalization in California. Recreational marijuana laws may be indirectly related to youths’ marijuana use by supporting more permissive national attitudes toward marijuana.
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Jones, Jacob, and K. Nicole Jones. "Commentary on Jones J, Jones KN and Peil J (2018) The impact of the legalization of recreational marijuana on college students. Addictive Behaviors 77: 255–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.015." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 13 (January 2019): 117822181982760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819827603.
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With the broadening legislative changes surrounding legalized recreational marijuana in the United States, tracking the impact of such changes is imperative. As such, in a recent article published in Addictive Behaviors, we identified several emerging trends in the first state to legalize recreational marijuana, Colorado. Since our publication, similar research from other states that have legalized recreational marijuana (Oregon and Washington) has emerged. Here, we attempt to expand on our findings and identify patterns across the research, by comparing and contrasting our results to research in other states with legalized recreational marijuana. We identified several trends including, but not limited to, the rates of marijuana use rising after decriminalization, but not the retail sale of recreational marijuana; recreational marijuana legalization leading to a decrease in the relationship between marijuana and alcohol use; and the identification of binge drinkers as a high-risk population for marijuana use after recreational legalization. We also explore the complicated relationship between marijuana use and academic performance, and point out areas where future research is needed.
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Sajdeya, Ruba, Verlin Joseph, Nichole Setten, Gladys Ibañez, Yan Wang, Lauren Powell, Charurut Somboonwit, Karen Corsi, and Robert Cook. "Reasons for Marijuana Use and Its Perceived Effectiveness in Therapeutic and Recreational Marijuana Users Among People Living with HIV in Florida." Cannabis 4, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2021.01.002.
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Therapeutic and recreational marijuana use are common among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the distinction between perceived "therapeutic" and "recreational" use is blurred, with little information about the specific reasons for use and perceived marijuana effectiveness in adults with chronic conditions. We aimed to compare reasons for use and reason-specific perceived marijuana effectiveness between therapeutic and recreational users among PLWH. In 2018-2019, 213 PLWH currently using marijuana (mean age 48 years, 59% male, 69% African American) completed a questionnaire assessing their specific reasons for using marijuana, including the "main reason." Participants were categorized into one of three motivation groups: therapeutic, recreational, or both equally. For each specific reason, participants rated marijuana effectiveness as 0-10, with 10 being the most effective. The mean effectiveness scores were compared across the three motivation groups via ANOVA, with p <0.05 considered statistically significant. The most frequent main reasons for marijuana use in the therapeutic (n=63, 37%), recreational (n=48, 28%), and both equally (n=59, 35%) categories were "Pain" (21%), "To get high" (32%), and "To relax" (20%), respectively. Compared to recreational users, therapeutic and both equally users provided significantly higher mean effectiveness scores for "Pain," and "To reduce anger." The "Both equally" group also provided significantly higher mean effectiveness scores for "To feel better in general," "To get high," and "To relax" compared to the other two categories. There is a significant overlap in self-reported reasons for marijuana use in primarily therapeutic or recreational users. Perceived marijuana effectiveness was lowest among recreational users.
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Nkemdirim Okere, Arinze. "Policy Reform with Marijuana Use: Weighing Risks and Benefits." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 52, no. 8 (March 20, 2018): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018765938.
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With the current legalization of medical marijuana and the possibility of recreational use being permitted in some states, the health care benefits associated with the use of marijuana is questionable. States that are on the path of legalizing marijuana, should recognize that as there are perceived positive benefits, there are also many evidence-based negative health consequences which may result in negative economic and societal consequences. As more data on health outcomes regarding the use of marijuana continue to emerge, policies directed toward legalizing marijuana, whether medical or recreational, should consider protecting the society from both harm and societal cost.
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Baumgartner, Scott, Vinay Rao, Ali Khan, Jenny Dave, Karan Chawla, and Marie Borum. "P011 HIGH TIME: INCREASED INQUIRY ABOUT MARIJUANA USE IN IBD PATIENTS IS NECESSARY." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.126.
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Abstract Background Marijuana use in the United States continues to increase with recreational sales legal in 11 states and the District of Columbia and medicinal approval expanded to include over two thirds of states. It is estimated that cannabinoid products are used by 15–40% of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the efficacy and safety have not been well-established. It is important that providers are aware of the extent of marijuana use in IBD patients. There is limited information about the frequency that providers inquire about recreational and medicinal use of marijuana. This study evaluated the frequency that providers screen for cannabinoid product use in individuals with IBD. Methods A chart review of all IBD patients seen at a university GI clinic over a 5-year period was performed. A confidential database using Microsoft Excel of patient age, gender, race, IBD diagnosis and recreational drug use was created. Charts were specifically queried for documentation of recreational or medicinal marijuana / cannabinoid (CBD) product use. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test with significance set at p<0.05. The study was approved by the institutional IRB. Results 381 records were analyzed. 284 patients had UC, 95 CD, and 2 indeterminate colitis. There were 172 men and 209 women (mean age 44.1 years; range 20–82). 195 patients were white, 97 African American, 11 Asian, 38 other/unknown, and 40 declined. Providers screened for recreational drug use, including marijuana, in 182 patients (47.8%). Marijuana / CBD use (medicinal or recreational) was noted in 19 (4.9%) charts (4 for IBD symptoms, 3 recreational, 12 no reason documented; 2 had prescriptions). There was no significant difference in the rate of screening for drug or marijuana / CBD use based on gender (p=0.627), race (p=0.447), or IBD type (p=0.169). Discussion The efficacy and safety of marijuana use in IBD remains unestablished despite that up to 40% of patients endorse cannabinoid use. It is important that providers are aware of the frequency of marijuana / CBD use by IBD patients. Identification of self-prescribed use may prompt further evaluation and modification of medication regimen. This study revealed that providers inconsistently inquire specifically about marijuana / CBD use. The growing prevalence of recreational and medicinal marijuana use should prompt increased screening and appropriate incorporation of this information into optimizing care. References
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Burdette, Amy M., Noah S. Webb, Terrence D. Hill, Stacy Hoskins Haynes, and Jason A. Ford. "Religious Involvement and Marijuana Use for Medical and Recreational Purposes." Journal of Drug Issues 48, no. 3 (April 21, 2018): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618770393.
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In this article, we use data from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to examine the association between religious involvement and marijuana use for medical and recreational purposes in U.S. adults ( N = 41,517). We also consider whether the association between religious involvement and marijuana use varies according to personal health status. Our results show that adults who attend religious services more frequently and hold more salient religious beliefs tend to exhibit lower rates of medical and recreational marijuana use. We also find that these “protective effects” are less pronounced for adults in poor health. Although our findings confirm previous studies of recreational marijuana use, we are the first to examine the association between religious involvement and medical marijuana use. Our moderation analyses suggest that the morality and social control functions of religious involvement may be offset under the conditions of poor health.
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Llarena, Zharama M. "The Synergistic Benefit Mechanism of Medical and Recreational Marijuana: Economic Gains of Cannabis Taxation based on US Federal Law for Corporate Governance and Sustainability." American Journal of Accounting 5, no. 2 (November 13, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajacc.1645.
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Purpose: Marijuana legalization is brought about by the demands of people as social utility either for medical or recreation consumption. It is essential that the control of cannabis fulfills the goals of corporate governance and sustainability. This paper aims to measure the profitability of marijuana taxation over a time period as trend analysis of economic gains.
Methodology: The socio-legal taxation of marijuana in the United States follows a descriptive research design. The beneficial gains of marijuana as medical use created this substance to be controlled under contract law transactions. The removal of cannabis in US Pharmacopeia modified the tort law restriction for legalization of marijuana as recreational consumption. The recreational cannabis taxation together with medical marijuana state taxes are essential to fulfill the 4 pillars of corporate governance and sustainability for strengthening constitutional rights. The legalization of marijuana through votes of the people repeals the criminal punishments imposed by federal law to advocate the synergistic concepts of economic theory.
Findings: State tax theory creates voluntary principles in transactions together with trend analysis in prices and demands of people resulting to efficiency in mutual gains through lessening the value of participation under a harmful environment. Hence, Pigouvian tax follows the public welfare of medical marijuana and common revenue of recreational cannabis diminishes the overall costs of social consumption. Federal laws control marijuana usage through Pigouvian taxes of medical use with lessened participation in externalities and common revenue in cannabis consumption, as a legalization process of other states in reinstating tort law for business purposes, while still enforcing criminal penalties to remaining states, in compliance with US federal laws, not in favor of medical and recreational marijuana use. The economic theory supports the legalization of medical and recreational cannabis use through taxation as profitable gains by allowing voluntary market transactions of marijuana as fulfillment to corporate governance and sustainability for more allocation of public funds. From 2002 to 2018, medical and recreational cannabis users increased to 70% of social utility through lessening the value of participation, a win-win in efficiency of economic design. In 2010, marijuana taxation generated $8.7 billion as federal public funds, with accompanied criminal penalties to other states.
Recommendations: Economic theory is a conceptual design supporting the beneficial gains of legalizing marijuana via taxation. This economic design promotes fair responsibility of market gains while still in strict compliance of enforcing criminal punishments to violators. The people’s votes for legalization of marijuana taxation indicates that this economic policy has come by choice in a particular state as constitutional right of either a medical opinion or business ethics. However, cannabis is deemed to be a substance subject for criminal liabilities, similar to other patent drugs under taxation as well. Hence, it is suggested to create artificial intelligence using authorless works for clinical trials and other relevant studies subject to patent law of marijuana use, as advocacy of public welfare and safety since voluntary transactions are apparent harmful environment.
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Camarena-Michel, Alexa. "Association of State Recreational Marijuana Laws with Adolescent Marijuana Use." Journal of Emergency Medicine 52, no. 6 (June 2017): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.04.011.
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Cerdá, Magdalena, Melanie Wall, Tianshu Feng, Katherine M. Keyes, Aaron Sarvet, John Schulenberg, Patrick M. O’Malley, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Sandro Galea, and Deborah S. Hasin. "Association of State Recreational Marijuana Laws With Adolescent Marijuana Use." JAMA Pediatrics 171, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3624.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Weissman, Jessica. "Addressing Alcohol and Marijuana use Disparities among Latino Adolescents." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3699.
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In the early 1990s, a series of seminal research studies were published on substance use disorders among Latino adolescent males in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Expanding upon these studies, the aims of the present dissertation project were to (1) Determine whether the following adolescents’ and parents’ characteristics/cultural values are associated with current (past 30 days) or lifetime (ever) alcohol or marijuana use among Latino adolescents: sex, age, country of birth, GPA, family’s socio-economic status, living with both parents, mother’s highest level of education, father’s highest level of education, Familism Support, Familism Obligations, Familism Referents, Respect, Religion, Traditional Gender Roles, Independence and Self-Reliance; (2) Assess if recreational activities (sports participation, after-school activities and volunteering) moderate the association between Latino adolescents’ friends’ age, sex, and ethnicity and Latino adolescents’ current alcohol or marijuana use and; (3) Assess if recreational activities moderate the association between Latino adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ alcohol or marijuana use and Latino adolescents’ current alcohol or marijuana use.
This cross-sectional dissertation study used survey data from 193 Latino adolescent males and females (15.7 ± 1.6 years old; 55.4% females, 44.6% males) in Miami-Dade County collected in 2016-2017. Analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests and logistic regressions.
Being born in the U.S. increased the risk of current alcohol use. Identifying more strongly with the cultural value religion decreased risk of current alcohol use and current marijuana use. Participants who reported having no close friends who use alcohol were less likely to currently (within past 30 days) use alcohol themselves when compared to participants who reported having at least one close friend who uses alcohol. The interaction between participation in sports activities and reporting having friends who use alcohol on outcome currently using alcohol was significant. Participants who reported having no close friends who use marijuana were less likely to currently use marijuana themselves.
Findings from this study suggest that factors contributing to substance use among Latino adolescents throughout the United States may be different than those which play a role among the unique Latino adolescent population in Miami-Dade County. This study further validated what has been shown in the general U.S. population: adolescents who perceive their friends to be using alcohol or marijuana are more likely to use alcohol or marijuana, respectively, themselves. Further research is suggested to determine the role of recreational activities in alcohol and marijuana use among Latino adolescents.
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Williams, Glenn. "The Criminalization of Recreational Marijuana Use in Canada: A Scientific, Social, Legal and Philosophical Analysis Based On the Work of Douglas Husak." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28614.
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The recreational use and mere possession of marijuana is considered a criminal offense under current Canadian legislation. This thesis argues that the criminalization of recreational marijuana use in Canada is not justified because the "criminal" punishment exceeds the seriousness of the crime. Furthermore, excessive criminalization results in an unwarranted infringement of the autonomy and moral right of citizens to recreational marijuana use. Chapter 1 identifies the contemporary science and medical research surrounding cannabis, especially the psychological and physiological risks of marijuana use and the medicinal benefits of marijuana use. Chapter 2 presents a socio-cultural perspective on marijuana use. We look at how Canadians' views have changed toward marijuana, as well as the social ramifications of two major Governmental reports: The Le Dain Commission Final Report of 1974 and the Senate Special Committee Report on Cannabis of 2002. The socio-cultural context of marijuana in Canadian society is illustrated and compared with other licit and illicit drugs and the stigma associated with a criminal marijuana conviction is illuminated. We move from the social to legal arena in Chapter 3 and outline Canadian laws regulating marijuana offenses from past to present. We show how politics has affected marijuana policy in Canada and how increased penalties to marijuana offenders are irrational and out of step with socio-cultural attitudes toward cannabis use. Chapter 4 marks the beginning of our philosophical, non-consequentialist moral rights argument. The philosophical framework of Douglas Husak is appropriated in order to introduce ethical arguments that challenge the criminalization of marijuana based on the harm it poses to the individual user and to others in society. The principle of autonomy is analyzed as a basis for challenging state interference on paternalistic grounds in the state's efforts to prevent harm to users. The "harm principle" is also put to the test in identifying the plausible harms caused to others. Chapter 5 differentiates our philosophical position from that of Douglas Husak by providing arguments for why marijuana ought to be separated from other "harder" drugs under a moral rights approach. We recommend a more liberalized marijuana policy (although not as liberal as Husaks!) in light of a decriminalized system in Canada, and suggest why such a system could continue to uphold the moral rights of citizens to recreational marijuana use. In order for the moral rights of marijuana users to be upheld, marijuana use and possession ought to be decriminalized, and penalized by no more than a $100 civil fine, accompanied by community service, rehabilitation and job training programs at the discretion of the judiciary. Under a policy of decriminalization, the risk of receiving a conditional discharge, criminal record, and imprisonment is diminished and the vast number of recreational marijuana users will not be hindered from further contributing to Canadian society.
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Johns, Judith A. "The relationship between involvement in unstructured unsupervised leisure and substance use in a cohort of adolescent male skateboarders." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1320326698.
Full textBooks on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Smoke signals: A social history of marijuana : medical, recreational & scientific. New York: Scribner, 2012.
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Lee, Martin A. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Scribner, 2013.
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Lee, Martin A., and Nick Podehl. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational & Scientific. Brilliance Audio, 2012.
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Lee, Martin A. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2012.
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Lee, Martin A. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational, and Scientific. Brilliance Audio, 2013.
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Winters, Ken C., and Kevin A. Sabet, eds. Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190263072.001.0001.
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Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States; currently, 29 states either allow medical and/or recreational use of the drug. As policy shifts toward medicalization and legalization of marijuana, it is reasonable to expect that prevalence rates and resulting health consequences will increase. But overall the research field regarding marijuana’s possible negative health effects and potential as medicine is still relatively young. Use of marijuana has been linked to negative deleterious effects, but the evidence varies as a function of the age of the user, whether use is recreational or regular, and health domain. This science is stronger for some areas (e.g., mental health) than others (e.g., lung functioning). The issue that marijuana may have medicinal properties has emboldened proponents of marijuana legalization to further push for recreational liberalization of the drug. The words “medical marijuana” suggest that the whole marijuana plant is safe medicine established by rigorous research. Yet the marijuana plant consists of hundreds of components; some are not linked to any medical value and some have different effects on different disorders and ailments. The aim of this edited book is to highlight new and meaningful theory and empirical pertaining to studies on marijuana use trends, the drug’s impact on cognitive and neurological functioning, its medical effects, and treatment approaches for those with a cannabis use disorder.
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Green, Greg. Cannabis Grow Bible: The Definitive Guide to Growing Marijuana for Recreational and Medical Use. Green Candy Press, 2009.
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The cannabis grow bible: The definitive guide to growing marijuana for recreational and medical use. 3rd ed. Green Candy Press, 2017.
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Newton, David E. Marijuana. 2nd ed. ABC-CLIO,LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400682834.
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This single-volume resource provides sound, up-to-date information and authoritative resources for research on the controversial topics of the use of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes and the effects of marijuana use on society. The use of marijuana has consistently been a highly controversial, polarizing, and emotional topic, so much so that social, cultural, and religious factors have largely influenced public opinion, legislation, and law enforcement's treatment of marijuana use. At the same time, much of the scientific information about the plant has largely been ignored in the policies and practices of the United States over the past 100 years. Marijuana: A Reference Handbook provides detailed coverage of the history and background of marijuana use in society, with special emphasis on the present day in the United States. It outlines the development of federal and state legislation with respect to marijuana use over the last century, focusing on changes that are taking place in the second decade of the 21st century, and examines the pros and cons of the use of marijuana for a variety of purposes. The book presents readers with unbiased, research-based information about the effects, benefits, and risks of marijuana use. Readers will also learn about the role of hemp across human history and about very recent legislative action on the use of marijuana for both recreational purposes and medical use.
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Publishers, WeHigh. Cannabis Collection: Marijuana Strain Review Logbook for Medial and Recreational Use. Independently published, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Iversen, Leslie L. "The Recreational Use of Cannabis." In The Science of Marijuana, 187–220. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328240.003.0007.
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Ammerman, Seth, Sheryl Ryan, and William P. Adelman. "The Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update." In Medical Risks of Marijuana, 39–55. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022767-legal_update.
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This technical report updates the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics technical report on the legalization of marijuana. Current epidemiology of marijuana use is presented, as are definitions and biology of marijuana compounds, side effects of marijuana use, and effects of use on adolescent brain development. Issues concerning medical marijuana specifically are also addressed. Concerning legalization of marijuana, 4 different approaches in the United States are discussed: legalization of marijuana solely for medical purposes, decriminalization of recreational use of marijuana, legalization of recreational use of marijuana, and criminal prosecution of recreational (and medical) use of marijuana. These approaches are compared, and the latest available data are presented to aid in forming public policy. The effects on youth of criminal penalties for marijuana use and possession are also addressed, as are the effects or potential effects of the other 3 policy approaches on adolescent marijuana use. Recommendations are included in the accompanying policy statement.
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Saloner, Brendan, Emma E. McGinty, and Colleen L. Barry. "Policy Strategies to Reduce Youth Recreational Marijuana Use." In Medical Risks of Marijuana, 66–69. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022767-policy.
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Ruhomally, Yusra Bibi, and Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo. "A Review of the NERA Model Applied to the Recreational Use of Marijuana in the State of Washington." In Evaluating the impact of Laws Regulating Illicit Drugs on Health and Society, 15–31. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815079241123010005.
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Given that the legalization of marijuana is escalating in many parts of the world, the impact of Initiative-502 (I-502) in the state of Washington is appraised using the NERA model (N: Nonuser, E: Experimental user, R: Recreational user, A: Addict). Data available [12-15], on the prevalence of marijuana use, are used for analysis. To calibrate the model, genetic algorithm is performed for the periods prior to and post I.502. A rise in the peer pressure that recreational and experimental users exert on nonusers to try drugs in the post legalization period, is noted. The simulations show good agreement with the observed data, depicting the efficiency of NERA. Additional numerical investigations are conducted and the experiments show a growing tendency towards the population of marijuana users post I-502. The concept of targeted campaigns of prevention is explained and the effect of implementing such campaigns of prevention 1 year before I-502 on both the experimental and recreational users is examined. The numerical illustrations demonstrate a decline in the proportion of marijuana users when such campaigns of prevention are enacted 1 year prior to I-502. The present study provides a more feasible insight into the impact of I-502 and furnishes valuable perspectives to assist the health authorities in addressing the complex issue related to the rise of marijuana consumption. These findings can be useful to other states and countries considering changing the legality of marijuana use.
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Ryan, Sheryl A., and Seth D. Ammerman. "Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana." In Medical Risks of Marijuana, 58–63. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022767-counseling.
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Many states have recently made significant changes to their legislation making recreational and/or medical marijuana use by adults legal. Although these laws, for the most part, have not targeted the adolescent population, they have created an environment in which marijuana increasingly is seen as acceptable, safe, and therapeutic. This clinical report offers guidance to the practicing pediatrician based on existing evidence and expert opinion/consensus of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding anticipatory guidance and counseling to teenagers and their parents about marijuana and its use. The recently published technical report provides the detailed evidence and references regarding the research on which the information in this clinical report is based.
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"Marijuana's Different Path." In The Long War on Drugs, 152–63. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027553-016.
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Marijuana has a somewhat different history of restriction in the United States than do opiates and cocaine. It was prohibited later, at the federal level. There has been more debate about its status, with some advocating decriminalization or legalization, while others found it as dangerous as the most restricted drugs. Since the 1990s, Americans have increasingly supported medical and even recreational marijuana use, although marijuana remains prohibited under federal law.
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Bourne, P. G. "Marijuana: Medical Applications, Recreational Use and Substance Abuse Disorders." In Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 39–45. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00133-6.
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Sabet, Kevin A., and Ken C. Winters. "Policy Implications." In Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana, 295–306. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190263072.003.0012.
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This chapter reviews policy implications associated with legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. The authors discuss the current landscape and attitudes toward marijuana use and review the enforcement polices of the federal government, including the impact of policies within the United States Department of Justice and the United States Government Accountability Office. The chapter also examines the expanding marijuana industry and warns against the growth of ‘Big Marijuana’ and the industry’s ability to influence policy. Finally, after reviewing the important pros and cons of legalizing this drug, the authors offer several guidelines for states to optimize care when legalization is implemented.
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Grossman, Lewis A. "Life, Liberty, [and the Pursuit of Happiness]." In Choose Your Medicine, 225–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612757.003.0010.
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This chapter relates the story of the medical marijuana movement from the 1970s to present. The fact that marijuana has a popular, though controversial, nontherapeutic use (delivery of a recreational high) makes this movement different in various ways from other the campaigns for therapeutic freedom described in this book. After examining the parallel prior example of regulation of medical use of alcoholic beverages, this chapter relates the long history of the medicinal use of marijuana. It then explores the ever-widening scope of legal medical marijuana use in the United States since the 1970s, due to state-level action in the courts and, especially, at the ballot box. The chapter highlights some leading activists in this arena, including Robert Randall and Dennis Peron. It considers federal recalcitrance in the face of state legalization. Finally, it discusses the tension between proponents of medical marijuana legalization and advocates for broader legalization.
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Parker, Linda A. "Where Do We Go from Here?" In Cannabinoids and the Brain. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0012.
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In the final chapter, areas of future research in gaining a better understanding the functions of the endocannabinoid system and the effects of cannabis on this system are envisioned. It is critical to investigate the effects produced by various strains of marijuana with different ratios of THC:CBD and other cannabinoids. As well, little is understood about the interaction between marijuana and other drugs, in particular alcohol. Cannabinoid designer drugs, for example Spice, are discussed. Some of the difficulties in conducting valid and reliable human clinical research with marijuana are discussed. A special case is made for palliative care. Finally, risks and benefits of marijuana use for both medicinal and recreational purposes are discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Cruz, J. M., and W. L. C. Estrellado-Cruz. "Recreational Marijuana Use Presenting as Narcolepsy." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7621.
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Fox, Nicolle, Olivia Canella, and Jeffrey Wardell. "Medicinal versus recreational cannabis use among youth: A systematic review." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.08.
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Background: Adolescents and young adults have high rates of cannabis use. Although a sizeable portion of youth report that they use cannabis for medicinal reasons (Wardell et al., 2020; Wardell, in press), most research on youth cannabis use tends to focus on recreational use. It is important to understand how youth who use cannabis for medicinal reasons differ from those who use for recreational reasons. We aimed to review the limited research comparing youth engaging in medicinal cannabis use to those engaging in recreational cannabis use. Methods: A systematic literature search of three databases (PsychInfo, PubMed, MEDLINE) was conducted to identify studies that compared adolescents and/or young adults who engage in medicinal cannabis to those who engage in recreational cannabis use. Studies that defined medicinal cannabis use either as self-reported use of cannabis for therapeutic reasons or as obtaining authorization/prescription for medical cannabis from a healthcare provider were included. Only quantitative research studies published in a peer-reviewed journal were included. After conducting the initial search and removing duplicates, 748 abstracts were reviewed independently by two researchers. Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus in consultation with a third researcher. Results: A total of 13 articles met inclusion criteria. Outcome variables reported in the literature included cannabis use (frequency and amount), cannabis-related problems, use of other substances including illicit drug use or prescription medication misuse, and health-related variables such as mental health symptoms or physical pain. Overall, the literature suggests that youth who use cannabis medicinally are more likely to use greater amounts of cannabis, to use more frequently, and to use a variety of different forms of cannabis, relative to youth who use cannabis recreationally. Further, several studies reported that medicinal cannabis use among youth was associated with problems related to cannabis use, such as the risk for cannabis use disorder and problematic behaviour (e.g., driving under the influence). Several studies also found that medicinal (vs. recreational) cannabis use was related to poorer mental or physical health, although a couple of studies did not support this finding. However, the results were mixed regarding the associations between medicinal cannabis use and the likelihood of using other drugs. Conclusion: There is evidence that using cannabis for medicinal reasons is associated with greater cannabis consumption, cannabis-related problems, and negative health-related correlates among youth. Although there was some consistency in findings across studies, the limited number of studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Causal inferences are difficult to make owing to the frequent reliance on cross-sectional designs. The findings are further complicated by the heterogeneous definition of medicinal cannabis use (i.e., self-report vs. medically authorized). Given that many young people engage in both medicinal and recreational cannabis use, it is difficult to fully disentangle the differences. Additional research is needed for a complete understanding of the unique outcomes associated with medical cannabis use among youth.
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Hasan, Khaled, Olufisayo Oluwafemi, and Wilde Ketchatang. "Pharmacy Students’ knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness toward Marijuana use." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.50.
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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of pharmacy students toward marijuana use. Methods: Pharmacy students were asked to complete a survey that assessed students’ knowledge, attitudes, and awareness toward marijuana use. This study compared students’ awareness about the harmful effects of marijuana in comparison with alcohol and smoking tobacco. Participants were asked about the possibilities of marijuana-induced cancer and addiction. Results: Twenty-three percent of pharmacy students reported having used marijuana at some point in their lives. In comparison with tobacco and alcohol, most of the students agreed that tobacco (49%) and alcohol (42%) are more harmful than marijuana (p <0.0001). More than sixty percent of students considered marijuana as an addictive substance (p <0.02). A 45% of students opposed the possibility of marijuana-induced cancer. Thirty-six percent of the students agreed that marijuana should be legalized for both medical and recreational use with a similar percentage of the students (30 – 32%) believing that marijuana should be legalized for medical use only. Conclusion: Pharmacy schools need to consider coverage of marijuana use in different sections of their curriculum. This will allow pharmacy students to be better prepared for current and future practice regarding the increased prevalence of marijuana use.
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García-Ramírez, Grisel, M. J. Paschall, and Joel Grube. "State marijuana and alcohol policies and co-use among adolescents." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.49.
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Introduction. Liberalization of marijuana laws raises concerns regarding greater availability, more favorable norms, and increased use by adolescents. Previous studies have examined associations of marijuana laws with marijuana use by youth with mixed results, but few studies have investigated the effects of marijuana and alcohol laws on marijuana and alcohol co-use. A study in Oregon found an increase in marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents after recreational marijuana legalization in 2015, particularly in counties with greater retail marijuana and alcohol availability. No studies, however, have investigated the combined effects of state marijuana and alcohol policies on co-use. Objective. The goal was to examine associations between variations of state-level marijuana and alcohol policies restrictiveness and marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents. We hypothesized that youth living in states with more liberal policies will have higher rates of marijuana and alcohol co-use and that marijuana and alcohol policies will interact such that co-use would be significantly higher when both were less restrictive. Method. We analyzed data from 13,702 students living in 25 states who participated in the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Students were asked about marijuana and alcohol use frequency in the past 30-days. Those who engaged in marijuana and alcohol use at least once in the past 30-days were classified as marijuana and alcohol co-users (1=yes, 0=no). We assessed the restrictiveness of state-level alcohol regulatory policy environments using the 2018 Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) and created an overall Marijuana Policy Score (MPS) for each state for 2018 with higher scores representing a more liberal marijuana policy environment. Policy domains in the MPS included recreational legalization (0=no, 4=yes), medical legalization (0=no, 1=CBD only, 2=no restriction), minimum legal age for medical marijuana use (0=21 years old, 2=18 years old), decriminalization (0=no, 2=yes), retail sales (0=no, 1=off-premise, 2=on/off-premise) and home deliveries (0=not allowed 1=with restrictions, 2=no restrictions). We performed multilevel mixed logistic regression analyses using Stata version 17, accounting for nesting of schools within states and students within schools. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, and race. Results. Less restrictive policy environments were associated with a greater likelihood of marijuana and alcohol co-use (MPS OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.87; APS OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05). The interaction of the state marijuana and alcohol policies showed that the least restrictive combination of these policies was marginally associated with lower odds of marijuana and alcohol co-use (OR=.99, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.00), but this association was not substantively meaningful beyond the independent effects of the two policy measures. Conclusion. Our findings show that less restrictive state-level marijuana and alcohol policy environments, especially for marijuana policies, are associated with increased prevalence of marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents. These findings suggest that additional prevention efforts are needed as more states liberalize their marijuana laws. Future studies should consider other negative consequences associated with less restrictive policies and resulting from co-use, and changes in marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents over time.
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Egan, Kathleen, and Melissa Cox. "Variations in likelihood to use protective behavioral strategies for marijuana across physical and social contexts of use." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.29.
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Protective behavioral strategies for marijuana (PBSM) are intended to reduce harms associated with use of marijuana. Harms may vary based on the physical and social contexts in which individuals use marijuana resulting in people employing PBSM differentially across contexts. We examined where and with whom young adults are likely to employ PBSM when using marijuana. In Fall 2021, we conducted an online survey with 506 young adults who were current users of marijuana and lived in the U.S. (N=506; 55.6% female, 62.6% White). Participants were evenly distributed across states according to marijuana policy (33% each in recreational, medicinal, or neither). Participants rated their likelihood (‘not at all,’ ‘somewhat,’ or ‘extremely/very likely’) to engage in 8 strategies derived from the PBSM Scale that focused on using marijuana only with trusted peers, minimizing intoxication, and driving a vehicle after using marijuana. Participants indicated their likelihood to use each strategy in 4 physical contexts (own home, friend’s home, someone else’s home, public location) and 3 social contexts (alone, one or few closest friends, large group). We conducted generalized logit mixed models with a multinomial dependent variable, treating the respondent as a random effect, to assess differences in likelihood to use PBSM across physical and social contexts. Separate models were run for each PBSM by physical (referent: at own home) and social (referent: alone) context. Physical context: Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ or ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use marijuana only among trusted peers’ were lower when using marijuana at someone else’s home or in a public location compared to their own home. Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ or ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use a little marijuana and then wait to see how you feel before using more,’ ‘avoid mixing marijuana with other drugs,’ and ‘avoid driving a car after using marijuana’ were lower when using marijuana in public settings compared to their own home. Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘limit the amount of marijuana they use in one setting’ were lower when using marijuana in public settings compared to their own home. Social context: Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘avoid mixing marijuana with other alcohol’ were greater when using marijuana with a few close friends than alone. Odds of being ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use a little marijuana and then wait to see how you feel before using more’ and ‘avoid driving a car after using marijuana’ were lower when using marijuana at an event with a large number of people compared to alone. Our findings suggest that people differentially utilize PBSM based on the physical and social contexts in which they are using marijuana. People may be less likely to engage in PBSM in public locations and large groups of people compared to when they use marijuana at their home or alone. Interventions for young adult marijuana use should consider the context of use when providing behavioral intervention strategies.
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Goldstein, Rina, Sean Madden, Allegra Nevins, Monica Tomlinson, Diana Martins-Welch, and Nehal Vadhan. "Impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use patterns in the NY metropolitan area: A longitudinal survey." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.47.
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Introduction. In March of 2021, limited recreational cannabis use was legalized in New York (NY) State. The effects of this legalization on cannabis use patterns remain unclear. This study aims to assess changes in cannabis use patterns and the reasons behind those changes following legalization. Methods. 646 cannabis users from the NY metropolitan area who completed a baseline online survey in 2018 on cannabis use patterns and related variables were contacted via email to complete a follow-up survey that included additional items related to legalization. 135 adults (F=56, M=75, T/O=4) have completed the survey in a 6-week recruitment period thus far. Respondents’ mean age at the time of the current survey was 36.1 (SD=8.5). Most respondents reported being college-educated (68.1%) and employed (81.0%), and the racial/ethnic breakdown was as follows: White=53.3%; Hispanic=18.5%; mixed/other=17.4%; Black=7.4%; Asian=2.2%. Results. Respondents reported using cannabis more for recreational than for medicinal purposes (48.46% vs 51.28% on a scale of 0 (fully recreational) -100 (fully medicinal); p=0.011) and reported spending $10.96 more as a minimum (p=0.031) and $49.61 more as a maximum (p=0.008) dollar amount, on average, on cannabis per week after legalization (relative to before legalization). Fewer participants reported vaping as a route of administration following legalization (48.9%) compared to pre-legalization (65.9%; p=0.002). The primary type of cannabis use differed from pre- to post-legalization (p=0.020), with primarily THC-composed cannabis seemingly increasing (73.3% vs 84.4%) relative to other cannabinoids following legalization. Finally, more participants reported hallucinogen use after legalization relative to before legalization (p=0.013). Conclusions. These data suggested that in a sample of regular cannabis users, some self-reported cannabis use patterns changed after legalization of recreational cannabis use in the NY metropolitan area. Cannabis use for recreational purposes increased relative to medicinal purposes, as did certain cannabis spend parameters, proportional THC use, and hallucinogen use. Reported vaping of cannabis decreased, which speculatively could be related to respiratory concerns associated with vaping interacting with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, rather than legalization per se. These results may inform policy and treatment initiatives regarding cannabis.
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Farrelly, Kyra, Jasmine Turna, Emma Marsden, Molly Scarfe, Peter Najdzionek, Jeffrey Wardell, and James MacKillop. "The Good, The Bad, and The Uncertain: A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Recreational Cannabis Legalization." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.45.
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Background: Recreational cannabis legalization has become more prevalent over the past decade, with recreational cannabis now legal in 13 U.S. states and nationally in Uruguay, Canada, and Malta. At the same time, there is evidence for increasing rates of cannabis use and consequences from use (i.e., crime and motor vehicle accidents) among some age groups, particularly in North America. Thus, it is crucial to understand the role of recreational legalization on person-level outcomes, such as cannabis consumption and health-outcomes. Previous reviews have focused on outcomes in the U.S., but there remains a need for a broader international evaluation of the effect of legalization. Additionally, there is a dearth of reviews examining recreational cannabis legalization as past literature has focused more attention on medical cannabis legalization. The current review examined the role of recreational cannabis legalization on a variety of person-centered outcomes to understand if the consequences of legalization. Method: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria involved: empirical quantitative research, article available in English, a research design evaluating the impact of recreational cannabis legalization (e.g., pre vs. post), and person-level cannabis use, and/or clinical outcomes included as dependent variables (opposed to outcomes such as changes in the price or potency of cannabis). Two individuals independently coded studies for eligibility and extracted information. The search revealed 69 studies that met criteria for inclusion. Results: Our search revealed five main categories of outcomes associated with recreational cannabis legalization: cannabis and substance use behaviors, health-care impacts, attitudes surrounding cannabis, crime-related outcomes, and driving-related outcomes. The studies were predominantly cross-sectional designs and most took place within the U.S. The extant literature revealed inconsistencies surrounding the role of recreational legalization. In the case of cannabis use behaviours, there was mixed evidence for different subpopulations. For example, legalization was associated with increased cannabis use for college samples, but there were inconsistent findings for adolescents. Additionally, some studies pointed towards negative consequences associated with legalization, such as increased cannabis use in clinical populations and increased cannabis-related healthcare visits. Other studies suggested no impact of legalization through either no change in examined outcomes or heterogenous conclusions (e.g., cannabis-related attitudes). Finally, there was also evidence of positive consequences for recreational legalization, such as decreased drug-related arrests and cigarette use. Conclusions: Overall, the balance of research suggests there is no clear support for any large magnitude person-level impact of recreational cannabis legalization. This review indicates that more conclusive evidence regarding the impact of recreational legalization is still required and reveals a need for more longitudinal study designs with longer-term follow-ups as well as studies from a broader range of geographic jurisdictions. As recreational cannabis legalization becomes implemented globally, a systematic evaluation of the outcomes associated with enactment is of increasing relevance.
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Rizvi, B., A. Jain, N. Ghadge, F. Nunez Guzman, M. C. Buhl Leon, L. Sanchez Tamarez, and R. Desai. "Recreational Marijuana Use and Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in Hospitalized Young Adults: A Nationwide Inpatient Analysis." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a3031.
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Davidson, Whitney. "Medical vs. Recreational Marijuana in Patients with Non-cancer Pain and Long-term Prescription Opioid Use." In NAPCRG 51st Annual Meeting — Abstracts of Completed Research 2023. American Academy of Family Physicians, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.22.s1.5608.
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Lopez-Quintero, Catalina, Alyssa Falise, James Cury, Vinita Sharma, Ellen Terry, Yan Wang, and Robert Cook. "Medical Cannabis Use Among Adults Who Report Non-Medical Use of Prescription Opioids for Pain Relief." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.23.
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Objectives: This study uses a nationally representative sample of adults to investigate racial-ethnic differences in reasons for cannabis use among those reporting past 12-month misuse of prescription opioids for pain relief. Methods: Data from the 2015-2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health were used to study 3,093 adults 18 to 49 years old reporting past 12-month pain-related prescription pain reliever (opioid) misuse. Logistic regressions assessed the association between past 12-month cannabis use – (non medical vs. any medical) – and multiple socio-demographic, psycho-social and drug use correlates. NSDUH analysis weights were applied to accommodate for the sampling design. Results: Half of individuals who reported misuse of prescription opioids for pain relief used cannabis in the past 12-months. In this sample of cannabis users, 87.6% (95%CI = 86.1, 88.9) used non-medically, and 12.4 (95%CI = 11.1, 13.9) used for both medical and recreational reasons. Individuals with past 12 months diagnosis of opioid use disorder were 1.8 (95%CI = 1.29, 2.63) times as likely to be medical cannabis users compared to those without a disorder. Conclusions: The findings indicate that medical cannabis might be an alternative for nearly one in eight individuals misusing pain relievers to alleviate their pain, primarily those with an opioid use disorder. Despite increased rates of cannabis use among males and non-Hispanic Whites in the general population, no gender or racial-ethnic differences were found in the selected sample. Future studies should investigate simultaneous use and the analgesic effects of co-use in this sample.
Reports on the topic "Recreational marijuana use"
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Sabia, Joseph, Dhaval Dave, Fawaz Alotaibi, and Daniel Rees. Is Recreational Marijuana a Gateway to Harder Drug Use and Crime? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29038.
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Ali, Mir, Chandler McClellan, Ryan Mutter, and Daniel Rees. Recreational Marijuana Laws and the Use of Opioids: Evidence from NSDUH Microdata. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29087.
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Dave, Dhaval, Yang Liang, Michael Pesko, Serena Phillips, and Joseph Sabia. Have Recreational Marijuana Laws Undermined Public Health Progress on Adult Tobacco Use? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29706.
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