Journal articles: 'Rectenna'

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Huang, Dajiu, Jincheng Li, Ziqiang Du, Changjun Liu, Zhongqi He, and Ji Zhang. "A Compact and High-Power Rectenna Array for Wireless Power Transmission Applications." Energies 17, no. 23 (November 29, 2024): 6008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17236008.

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Microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) applications have attracted worldwide interest and attention in recent years. Rectennas are a crucial component of a MWPT system. The rectenna’s power capacity and output DC power have great significance with regard to the MWPT system’s performance. In this article, a compact 4 × 4 S-band rectangular patch rectenna array for MWPT is proposed and experimentally verified. Firstly, an S-band rectifier with better consistency and lower cost than a traditional output design using parallel capacitors as a filter is achieved. Then, a rectenna array based on the proposed rectifier and a novel design idea is proposed. The rectenna can achieve an output DC power of 117.6 mW/cm3 and an efficiency of 47.6%. Finally, a MWPT verification experiment is conducted. A 12-inch LCD screen powered by the rectenna with a rated power of 12 W successfully works without any other power supply. This article provides a new design of a rectenna for MWPT, and the proposed rectenna array demonstrates its good engineering significance and application prospects.

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Amri, Muhammad Miftahul, and Liya Yusrina Sabila. "2.4 GHz Rectifier Antenna for Radiofrequency-based Wireless Power Transfer: Recent Developments, Opportunities, and Challenges." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/jet.541.

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The use of radio frequency (RF) energy for wireless power transfer (WPT) has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for powering electronic devices without the need for wires or batteries. A key component of RF-based WPT systems is the rectenna, which converts RF energy into usable DC power. This article provides an overview of recent developments, opportunities, and challenges in the design of 2.4 GHz rectennas for RF-based WPT applications. We have searched major online libraries extensively for studies regarding the 2.4 GHz rectenna. As a result, 35 high-quality studies published between 2010 and 2023 were gathered. In the discussion section, we begin by presenting the basic principles of rectenna design and the key parameters that affect its performance, such as the antenna characteristics, rectifier capabilities, and nonlinearity properties of the rectifier. We then highlighted recent advancements in rectenna design, including novel approaches for improving efficiency and power transfer capability, such as the involvement of hybrid solar cell-rectenna structures, transistor-based rectifiers, and bridge rectifiers. Finally, the article concludes by identifying future opportunities, research directions, and open challenges in the design and optimization of rectennas for RF-based WPT, including the development of compact, low-cost, and high-performance rectennas for a wide range of applications. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of 2.4 GHz rectenna design for RF-based WPT and highlights the exciting opportunities and challenges for this rapidly growing field.

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Alieksieiev, V. O., D. V. Gretskih, D. S. Gavva, V. G. Lykhograi, and I. A. Khan. "Rectennas of electromagnetic power harvesting systems from the surrounding space." Radiotekhnika, no. 215 (December 25, 2023): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2023.4.215.09.

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Progress in the development of rectenna systems for collecting/harvesting and converting the power of electromagnetic (ЕМ) fields created by radio-electronic means of various classes and purposes into direct current (DC) are considered. The article consists of two parts, each of which highlights important aspects of this topic. The main parameters of rectennas and the mechanisms of power loss in them are considered in the first part of the article. This allows us to understand the physical and technical limitations that have to be faced in the development of effective ЕМ power harvesting systems. The second part of the article considers typical schemes of rectennas for use in various applications. Features of the technical implementation of single-band rectennas, options for minimizing their dimensions and the construction of electrically small rectennas based on metasurfaces are given. Schemes of constructions of rectenna arrays and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented. Special attention in the article is paid to multi-band and wide-band rectennas. It is noted that such rectennas can store more energy and produce higher output DC power compared to narrowband rectennas. The design features of low-power rectifiers for rectennas of EM power harvesting systems from the surrounding space are considered. It was determined that the energy characteristics of rectannas are characterized by numerous factors and there are three approaches to their improvement. The first approach is to improve the parameters of individual rectifier elements, the second is to optimize the parameters of individual rectenna elements and the third is to optimize the entire rectenna as a whole.

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Pradeep Dhanawade, Shivajirao M. Sangale, Pritam Nikam, and Jayendra Kumar. "Rectifiers Configurations for Rectenna Design." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 02 (February 23, 2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0014.

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A rectenna is a device that combines a rectifier with an antenna. The significance of rectennas lies in their potential for harvesting wireless energy. They can capture and convert ambient RF/microwave signals from sources like Wi-Fi routers, cell phone towers, and other communication systems into electricity. In this paper, different rectifier configurations have been implemented and analyzed for rectenna applications. The rectifier circuits include half-wave and full-wave. The performance metric of the rectenna for all configurations has been created and discussed. The matching and filtering elements are also taken into account while analyzing the performance metric. For some designs, the distributed element structure is developed which may further.

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Jing, Jianwei, Junlin Mi, Huaiqing Zhang, and Changjun Liu. "An S-Band Compact Meander-Line Dual-Polarized Rectenna Array Design and Application Demonstration." International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 2023 (June 6, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4878949.

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This paper presents a compact, dual-polarized rectenna array operating at 2.45 GHz and demonstrates its use in a microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) system. The MWPT system comprises a compact voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a power amplifier (PA), and the dual-polarized rectenna array. The VCO and PA together form a transmitter that delivers an output power of 1 W at 2.45 GHz. The transmitter’s DC power port features a universal type-C interface, which facilitates its use in daily life. We designed a meander-line dipole rectenna that eliminates the matching network between the antenna and diode. The meander-line structure improves the rectenna’s impedance and reduces its size. The measured maximum efficiency of the rectenna is 62.5% at −2 dBm. DC power combining is applied to the rectenna array to achieve dual polarization and voltage boosting simultaneously. The proposed rectenna array is integrated into a commercial digital thermometer. The digital thermometer was powered by the proposed MWPT system, demonstrating its bright prospects for MWPT applications.

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Takhedmit, Hakim, Laurent Cirio, Boubekeur Merabet, Bruno Allard, François Costa, Christian Vollaire, and Odile Picon. "A 2.45-GHz dual-diode rectenna and rectenna arrays for wireless remote supply applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 3 (June 2011): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000523.

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This paper describes a compact and efficient rectenna based on a dual-diode microstrip rectifier at 2.45 GHz. This circuit has been designed and optimized using a global analysis technique which associates electromagnetic and circuit approaches. Due to the differential topology of the rectifier, neither input low-pass filter nor via-hole connections are needed. This makes the structure more compact reducing losses. Measurements of a single rectenna element show 83% efficiency over an optimal load of 1050 Ω at a power density of 0.31 mW/cm2. To increase the received RF power and then increase dc power over the load, identical rectennas have been interconnected to form arrays. Two and four elements rectenna arrays, connected either in parallel or in series, have been developed. It was shown that by properly choosing the interconnection topology and the optimal output load, higher dc voltage or dc power have been obtained. The four-element series-connected array can provide experimentally up to 3.85 times output dc voltage compared to the single rectenna. The parallel-connected rectenna arrays generate approximately 2.15 and 3.75 times output dc power for two and four elements, respectively.

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Fernandez-Munoz, Miguel, Mohamed Missous, Mohammadreza Sadeghi, Pablo Luis Lopez-Espi, Rocio Sanchez-Montero, Juan Antonio Martinez-Rojas, and Efren Diez-Jimenez. "Fully Integrated Miniaturized Wireless Power Transfer Rectenna for Medical Applications Tested inside Biological Tissues." Electronics 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2024): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163159.

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This work presents the results of the characterization of two 1 × 5 mm2 miniaturized rectennas developed for medical applications. They have been designed for relatively high voltage and high-power applications, given the size of the rectennas. Both rectennas were tested in open-air conditions and surrounded by pork fat and muscle tissues, whose properties are similar to those of the human body. The resonant frequencies of the rectennas were found, and the incident electric field on the rectennas tests was increased. The first chip showed a maximum output voltage of 5.29 V and a maximum output power of 0.056 mW, at 1.446 GHz, under an incident field on the rectenna of 340 V/m, and the second chip, 4.62 V and 4.27 mW, at 1.175 GHz, under 535 V/m. The second rectenna can provide an output power greater than 5 mW. The rectennas presented in this article are beyond the state of the art, as they can deliver about three times more power and voltage than those of similar dimensions reported in the literature. Based on the test results, the efficiency of the rectennas was analyzed at different locations of the human body, considering different thicknesses of tissues with high and low water content. Finally, potential applications are described in which the rectennas could power implantable medical devices or microsurgery tools, for example, pulmonary artery pressure monitors.

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Shrestha, Sika, Sun-Kuk Noh, and Dong-You Choi. "Comparative Study of Antenna Designs for RF Energy Harvesting." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/385260.

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In the last few years, several antenna designs of rectenna that meet various objectives have been proposed for use in RF energy harvesting. Among various antennas, microstrip patch antennas are widely used because of their low profile, light weight, and planar structure. Conventional patch antennas are rectangular or circular in shape, but variations in their basic design are made for different purposes. This paper begins with an explanation and discussion of different designs, put forward with an aim of miniaturization, harmonic rejection, and reconfigurability. Finally, microstrip patch structured rectennas are evaluated and compared with an emphasis on the various methods adopted to obtain a compact rectenna, harmonic rejection functionality, and frequency and polarization selectivity.

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Saeed, Warda, Nosherwan Shoaib, Hammad M. Cheema, and Muhammad U. Khan. "RF Energy Harvesting for Ubiquitous, Zero Power Wireless Sensors." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8903139.

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This paper presents a review of wireless power transfer (WPT) followed by a comparison between ambient energy sources and an overview of different components of rectennas that are used for RF energy harvesting. Being less costly and environment friendly, rectennas are used to provide potentially inexhaustible energy for powering up low power sensors and portable devices that are installed in inaccessible areas where frequent battery replacement is difficult, if not impossible. The current challenges in rectenna design and a detailed comparison of state-of-the-art rectennas are also presented.

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Xu, Lei Jun, Chang Shuo Wang, and Xue Bai. "Design of an Energy Harvesting Rectenna for Low-Power Wireless Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 3391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3391.

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This paper presents the design of a compact 2.45 GHz microstrip rectenna for wireless sensors’ power supply. In energy harvesting system, the ambient RF energy can be collected by the rectenna and converted to direct current, therefore, it can be applied to the power supply of low-power wireless sensor. Voltage doubling rectifier circuit and T-type microstrip impedance matching network are applied to this rectenna to increase the output voltage and the rectification efficiency. The antenna is fabricatied by using double PCB board (FR4), and it is optimized by ADS to achieve the best performance. The measurement results show that the rectifier can reach the highest conversion efficiency of 78% when the load resistance is 320 Ω and the input power is 18 dBm. It also greatly improves rectenna’s conversion efficiency at lower input power when the input power is-20 dBm, which has great practical value for supplying low power consumption sensors.

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Kalaagi, Mohammed, and Divitha Seetharamdoo. "Enhancing the power level harvested by rectenna systems based on focusing metasurfaces for ambient environments." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 22 (December 14, 2022): 225001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122921.

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Electromagnetic (EM) RF (radio frequency) energy harvesting in dynamic ambient environments is a challenge for conventional energy harvesting systems such as rectennas. The main challenges are the low efficiency of the collector and low ambient power levels, which makes it hard to consider in industrial applications. Several research works have focused on the design of high-efficiency antennas to achieve an efficient and maximum possible level of RF EM energy harvesting. Their main objective is to improve the EM energy harvesting system by overcoming the low efficiency of the collector, which is the main part of the rectenna system. In this work, we propose and investigate a methodology in terms of EM energy harvesting based on the concentration and focusing of EM energy in a small zone where it can be easily collected and transferred indirectly to the rectenna system. It consists of a focusing device and a methodology to associate the latter with existing RF energy harvesting systems. We demonstrate a focusing metasurface design implemented alongside an off-the-shelf rectenna device at 900 MHz, where an enhanced energy harvested power level up to a linear gain of 8 is achieved compared to the case when only the rectenna is used. Numerical results as well as measurements results in an anechoic chamber are shown. Experimental power received levels are given both in the focusing plane and in time for the validation of the concept.

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Mitrovic, Ivona Z., Saeed Almalki, Serdar B. Tekin, Naser Sedghi, Paul R. Chalker, and Stephen Hall. "Oxides for Rectenna Technology." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185218.

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The quest to harvest untapped renewable infrared energy sources has led to significant research effort in design, fabrication and optimization of a self-biased rectenna that can operate without external bias voltage. At the heart of its design is the engineering of a high-frequency rectifier that can convert terahertz and infrared alternating current (AC) signals to usable direct current (DC). The Metal Insulator Metal (MIM) diode has been considered as one of the ideal candidates for the rectenna system. Its unparalleled ability to have a high response time is due to the fast, femtosecond tunneling process that governs current transport. This paper presents an overview of single, double and triple insulator MIM diodes that have been fabricated so far, in particular focusing on reviewing key figures of merit, such as zero-bias responsivity (β0), zero-bias dynamic resistance (R0) and asymmetry. The two major oxide contenders for MInM diodes have been NiO and Al2O3, in combination with HfO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, ZnO and TiO2. The latter oxide has also been used in combination with Co3O4 and TiOx. The most advanced rectennas based on MI2M diodes have shown that optimal (β0 and R0) can be achieved by carefully tailoring fabrication processes to control oxide stoichiometry and thicknesses to sub-nanometer accuracy.

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Karampatea and Siakavara. "Synthesis of Rectenna for Powering Micro-Watt Sensors by Harvesting Ambient RF Signals' Power." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101108.

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In the article, a dual and wide band antenna array suitable for RF rectenna applications was synthesized and global rectenna systems are presented. The array consists of two bowtie-shaped patches, printed on the one side of a dielectric slab (FR4). Οn the other side of the slab, an aperture-textured metallic ground layer, is printed. Examples of full-wave rectifiers connected, through matching networks, to the antenna elements and forming integrated rectenna systems for radio-frequency (RF) power harvesting at 868 MHz, from 920 to 960 MHz and at 1.8 GHz, are presented. Statistical results over frequency and the directions of arrival (DoAs) of incoming waves were received showing, at the rectifier, mean direct current (DC) voltage of 580 mV, and mean power of 58 μW, for circularly polarized waves of field intensity of 1.8 V/m. The DC voltage can reach 800 mV, the power 120 μW and the efficiency 68% when the waves come from DoAs of maximum antenna’s gain. Due to the wideband performance of the antenna, it could be used at various frequency slots as long as the matching network’s operation frequency is changed. Thus the proposed rectennas could be suitable for energizing low-power sensors or at least to charge their batteries.

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Zhou, Yuwei, Bruno Froppier, and Tchanguiz Razban. "Radiofrequency ambient level energy harvesting." Wireless Power Transfer 2, no. 2 (September 2015): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2015.8.

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This paper presents a study of Schottky diode rectenna (rectifying antenna) for radiofrequency (RF) energy-harvesting systems. These rectennas are suitable for wireless sensors with the rechargeable battery technology especially at low-power densities. A rectifying circuit is proposed with single high responsivity Schottky diode for RF–DC conversion. A matching circuit is optimized to improve not only the power transfer between the antenna and the diode, but also to reject harmonic signals. The radiating part is a monopole antenna, with a large bandwidth in the frequency domain and an omni-directional radiation pattern in the azimuthal plane. We show that antenna frequency response takes part in the improvement of the efficiency. The rectifier is integrated with the antenna on a printed circuit board, leading to 30% of size reduction with the same performance. The aim is to reach the highest efficiency with a single tone signal and a compact rectenna. This rectenna was simulated using both Agilent ADS and Ansoft HFSS software. An output DC voltage of 210 mV was measured inside an anechoic chamber which received a single tone signal of 2 µW/cm2power density. The highest efficiency of 34% was obtained at a power density of 1.3 µW/cm2.

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Daiya, Vinita, Jemimah Ebenezer, and R. Jehadeesan. "Rectenna panel design optimization for maximum RF power utilization." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 10 (May 31, 2019): 1024–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000813.

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AbstractNow-a-days, far-field wireless power transfer/energy harvesting is underutilized due to the unavailability of proper methodology to design efficient system for maximum radio frequency (RF) power utilization. For efficient utilization of far-field RF energy an array/grid of rectenna, i.e. rectenna panel is required to generate the power from wireless signal. To minimize the engineering design phase period (design trials), this paper mathematically derives and summarizes the approach required for optimum rectenna panel design based on power available in the environment, RF transmit source capability, receiver power requirement and the design cost. For maximum power interception through a rectenna panel, its design parameters such as -panel size, number of rectenna, rectenna arrangement pattern, and rectenna spacing has been optimized in our work. Based on the optimization required, we have proposed the compact grid pattern with heterogeneous rectenna spacing. It has been proved theoretically in this paper that if a hexagonal shape panel is designed by placement of rectenna at vertices of equilateral triangle (with side length governed by antenna aperture) then, it is capable of intercepting maximum RF energy available at its location with the least number of rectenna.

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Zhang, Fang, Xin Liu, Fan-Yi Meng, Qun Wu, Jong-Chul Lee, Jin-Feng Xu, Cong Wang, and Nam-Young Kim. "Design of a Compact Planar Rectenna for Wireless Power Transfer in the ISM Band." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/298127.

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This paper presents a compact planar rectenna with high conversion efficiency in the ISM band. The proposed rectenna is developed by the decomposing of a planar rectenna topology into two functional parts and then recombining the two parts into a new topology to make the rectenna size reduction. The operation mechanism of the antenna and rectifying circuit in the proposed novel topology is explained and the design methodology is presented in detail. The proposed topology not only reduces the rectenna design cycle time but also leads to easy realization at the required frequency ranges with a very low cost. For validation, a 2.45 GHz rectenna system is designed and measured to show their microwave performances.

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Kang, Zhanyu, Xianqi Lin, Cong Tang, Peng Mei, Wangmao Liu, and Yong Fan. "2.45-GHz wideband harmonic rejection rectenna for wireless power transfer." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 5 (November 10, 2016): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716001082.

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In this paper, a 2.45-GHz wideband harmonic rejection rectenna for wireless power transfer is proposed. The rectenna comprises a microstrip-fed circular ring slot antenna (CRSA) and a series-parallel rectifier (SPR). A compact micro strip resonant cell is inserted into the CRSA so that the harmonic suppression over a wide bandwidth (3–8 GHz) can be obtained. The radio-frequency (RF)–DC conversion efficiency of the SPR is improved effectively by loading a proper compensating inductance, especially under the low input power levels. Furthermore, the proposed rectenna can easily achieve large-scale rectenna arrays using its simple structure. The adopted rectenna fabricated on a low cost Taconic RF-35 substrate has been measured. By up to 3rd-order harmonic rejection, the efficiency of the rectenna can achieve 70.2% with the optimum load resistance 1 kΩ. Good agreement among the calculated, simulated, and measured rectenna is observed.

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Zainud-Deen, S. H., N. A. Eltresy, H. A. Malhat, and K. H. Awadalla. "Single/Dual-Polarized Infrared Rectenna for Solar Energy Harvesting." Advanced Electromagnetics 5, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v5i2.327.

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Single and dual linearly-polarized receiving mode nanoantennas are designed for solar energy harvesting at 28.3 THz. The infrared rectennas are used to harvest the solar energy and converting it to electrical energy. The proposed infrared rectenna is a thin dipole made of gold and printed on a silicon dioxide substrate. Different shapes of the dipole arms have been investigated for maximum collected energy. The two poles of the dipole have been determined in a rectangular, circular and rhombus shapes. The rectenna dipole is used to concentrate the electromagnetic energy into a small localized area at the inner tips of the gap between the dipole arms. The dimensions of the different dipole shapes are optimized for maximum near electric field intensity at a frequency of 28.3 THz. A Metal Insulator Metal (MIM) diode is incorporated with the nanoantenna dipole to rectify the received energy. The receiving efficiency of the solar energy collector with integrated MIM diode has been investigated. A dual-polarized, four arms, rhombus shaped nanoantenna dipole for solar energy harvesting has been designed and optimized for 28.3 THz applications.

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Griffo, G., and P. Vergallo. "Measurements through Rectenna System." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 3, no. 4 (October 2013): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2013100102.

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In this paper a rectenna system for wireless transmission of power is presented, describing the correlated tools for the measurement of electromagnetic fields, in order to optimize the system. The first part is dedicated to the benefits of the currently used systems based on rectenna technology as alternative to the traditional supply systems. After, the diverse structures of rectenna system and their operating modes are discussed. The major parameters of interest for a performance analysis of the rectenna, and the most appropriate tools for a correct measurement of the radiated and absorbed electromagnetic field by the rectenna are reported too.

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Kumar, Deepak, and Kalpana Chaudhary. "Design of a Circular Polarized Printed Rectenna for Satellite Solar Power Station Array Construction." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20081.

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A circularly polarized single feed microstrip patch antenna with voltage doubler rectification is designed at 2.45 GHz for satellite solar wireless power transfer application. A bandpass filter is also designed and combined with an antenna that will efficiently eliminate signal harmonics up to third order. An HSMS-8202 microwave zero-bias Schottky barrier diodes accessible in SOT 23 package as the series pair is utilized in the proposed rectenna design. The rectenna has a high conversion efficiency of 70%. The printed rectenna can be interconnected to construct the rectenna arrays.

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Trikolikar, Anand, and Swapnil Lahudkar. "Investigation of Different Optimization Techniques for Rectenna." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 4 (May 4, 2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.6373.

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Rectenna optimization is important for increasing the efficiency and power output of devices that convert radio frequency (RF) energy into DC power. This can be accomplished by optimizing the design and components used in the rectenna, as well as changing the operating frequency and input power level. Optimization algorithms in rectenna design aid in determining the required geometry parameters of the antenna and rectifier, as well as to find the optimal values of passive components used in the design. This paper investigates various algorithms and optimizers based on these which are used for rectenna optimization.

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Visser, Hubregt J., Shady Keyrouz, and A. B. Smolders. "Optimized rectenna design." Wireless Power Transfer 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2014.14.

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Design steps are outlined for maximizing the RF-to-dc power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a rectenna. It turns out that at a frequency of 868 MHz, a high-ohmic loaded rectifier will lead to a highly sensitive and power conversion efficient rectenna. It is demonstrated that a rectenna thus designed, using a 50 Ω antenna and lumped element matching network gives a superior PCE compared with state of the art also for lower resistive loading. By omitting the matching network and directly, conjugate impedance matching the antenna to the rectifier, the PCE may be further increased and the rectenna size reduced as it is demonstrated with a rectenna prototype measuring only 0.028 squared wavelengths at 868 MHz and demonstrating a PCE of 55% for a −10 dBm RF input power level.

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Salih, Ahmad, and Abdulkareem Abdullah. "Design and Analysis of a Single-Band Printed Rectenna Circuit at WiFi Frequency for Microwave Power Transmission." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.15.2.4.

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In this paper, a single-band printed rectenna of size (45×36) mm2 has been designed and analyzed to work at WiFi frequency of 2.4 GHz for wireless power transmission. The antenna part of this rectenna has the shape of question mark patch along with an inverted L-shape resonator and printed on FR4 substrate. The rectifier part of this rectenna is also printed on FR4 substrate and consisted of impedance matching network, AC-to-DC conversion circuit and a DC filter. The design and simulation results of this rectenna have been done with the help of CST 2018 and ADS 2017 software packages. The maximum conversion efficiency obtained by this rectenna is found as 57.141% at an input power of 2 dBm and a load of 900 Ω.

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Abdul-Kadhem Salih, Ahmed, and Mahdi Nangir. "Design and Analysis of Wireless Power Transmission (2X1) MIMO Antenna at 5G - Frequencies for Applications of Rectenna Circuits in Biomedical." Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2024): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2024.i3.014.

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This research presents the design and analysis of a 5G harvesting energy Circuit (MIMO-rectenna) to receive wireless power at Sub-6 frequencies (5.6 GHz) as a power source for some medical devices carried by a patient and moved from one place to another, whether they are diagnostic or therapeutic devices. This concept aims (MIMO-rectenna) to increase the likelihood of obtaining electricity from the ambient field by harvesting energy at 5G- frequencies. The tiny MIMO (2x1) antenna measuring 30 by 40 mm2 is the antenna portion of this rectenna. It has been built and tested to operate at Sub-6 frequency, or 5.6 GHz, for wireless power transmission applications related to 5G technology. The MIMO antenna has parameters of E = 4.4, h = 1.6 mm, and tand = 0.025 when printed on an FR4 substrate. A significant section of the antenna's rear was removed to carry out the broadband process, and the material's front side was composed of a series of circular slits. In this antenna, the parasitic approach was employed to decrease the mutual coupling between two ports by creating an inverted T with precise dimensions. The CST software 2024 was used to assist with the design and simulation results of this MIMO antenna. It was discovered through the simulation that the mutual coupling for these ports, 𝑆12and 𝑆21, is equal to -51.476 dB, and that the S-parameters, 𝑆11, 𝑆22, equal -22 dB. That is, there is very little signal loss while switching from the first port to the second and vice versa. This antenna's rectifier comprised an AC-to-DC conversion circuit, a DC filter, and an impedance-matching network. With the use of ADS software 2024, this rectenna's design and simulation results were completed. The greatest conversion efficiency of this rectenna at the frequency of 5.6 GHz is determined to be between 65 % and 65.01% for load resistance between 12 KΩ and 15 KΩ at an input power of 14 dBm.

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Sun, Xin, Jingwei Zhang, Wenjun Wang, and Daping He. "A Wearable Dual-Band Magnetoelectric Dipole Rectenna for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting." Electronics 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2025): 1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071314.

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This article presents a novel, compact, and flexible dual-band magnetoelectric dipole rectenna designed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting. The rectenna consists of a unique antenna structure, combining electric and magnetic dipoles to create unidirectional radiation patterns, minimizing interference from the human body. The rectifier is integrated with the antenna through conjugate matching, eliminating the need for additional matching circuits, reducing circuit losses, minimizing design complexity, and improving conversion efficiency. The proposed rectenna utilizes a flexible graphene film as the radiating element, which offers excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance, enabling conformal operation in diverse scenarios. Simulation and experimental results show that the rectenna operates effectively at 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz, achieving peak conversion efficiencies of 53.43% and 43.95%, respectively, at an input power of 4 dBm. The simulated and measured results achieved good agreement. The rectenna maintains stable performance under various bending conditions, demonstrating its suitability for flexible, wearable RF energy-harvesting systems.

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Lee, Woosol, Suk-il Choi, Hae-in Kim, Sunghyun Hwang, Saeyoung Jeon, and Yong-Kyu Yoon. "Metamaterial-Integrated High-Gain Rectenna for RF Sensing and Energy Harvesting Applications." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 6580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196580.

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This paper presents a metamaterial (MTM)-integrated high-gain rectenna for RF sensing and energy harvesting applications that operates at 2.45 GHz, an industry, science, medicine (ISM) band. The novel MTM superstrate approach with a three-layered integration method is firstly introduced for rectenna applications. The integrated rectenna consists of three layers, where the first layer is an MTM superstrate consisting of four-by-four MTM unit cell arrays, the second layer a patch antenna, and the third layer a rectifier circuit. By integrating the MTM superstrate on top of the patch antenna, the gain of the antenna is enhanced, owing to its beam focusing capability of the MTM superstrate. This induces the increase of the captured RF power at the rectifier input, resulting in high-output DC power and high entire end-to-end efficiency. A parametric analysis is performed in order to optimize the near-zero property of the MTM unit cell. In addition, the effects of the number of MTM unit cells on the performance of the integrated rectenna are studied. A prototype MTM-integrated rectenna, which is designed on an RO5880 substrate, is fabricated and characterized. The measured gain of the MTM-integrated rectenna is 11.87 dB. It shows a gain improvement of 6.12 dB compared to a counterpart patch antenna without an MTM superstrate and a maximum RF–DC conversion efficiency of 78.9% at an input RF power of 9 dBm. This results in the improvement of the RF–DC efficiency from 39.2% to 78.9% and the increase of the output DC power from 0.7 mW to 6.27 mW (a factor of 8.96 improvements). The demonstrated MTM-integrated rectenna has shown outstanding performance compared to other previously reported work. We emphasize that the demonstrated MTM-integrated rectenna has a low design complexity compared with other work, as the MTM superstrate layer is integrated on top of the simple patch antenna and rectifier circuit. In addition, the number of MTM units can be determined depending on applications. It is highly envisioned that the demonstrated MTM-integrated rectenna will provide new possibilities for practical energy harvesting applications with improved antenna gain and efficiency in various IoT environments.

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Gasulla, Manel, Edgar Ripoll-Vercellone, and Ferran Reverter. "A Compact Thévenin Model for a Rectenna and Its Application to an RF Harvester with MPPT." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071641.

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This paper proposes a compact Thévenin model for a rectenna. This model is then applied to design a high-efficiency radio frequency harvester with a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The rectenna under study consists of an L-matching network and a half-wave rectifier. The derived model is simpler and more compact than those suggested so far in the literature and includes explicit expressions of the Thévenin voltage (Voc) and resistance and of the power efficiency related with the parameters of the rectenna. The rectenna was implemented and characterized from −30 to −10 dBm at 808 MHz. Experimental results agree with the proposed model, showing a linear current–voltage relationship as well as a maximum efficiency at Voc/2, in particular 60% at −10 dBm, which is a remarkable value. An MPPT was also used at the rectenna output in order to automatically work at the maximum efficiency point, with an overall efficiency near 50% at −10 dBm. Further tests were performed using a nearby transmitting antenna for powering a sensor node with a power consumption of 4.2 µW.

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Li, Lin, Xue-Xia Yang, Geliang Zhu, Qi Luo, and Steven Gao. "Compact high efficiency circularly polarized rectenna based on artificial magnetic conductor." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 9 (May 3, 2019): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000448.

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AbstractA compact circularly polarized (CP) rectenna with low profile and high efficiency based on the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is proposed in this paper. The receiving CP antenna is a coplanar stripline fed dual rhombic loop with an AMC reflector. The proposed AMC reflector not only improves the antenna gain to 9.8 dBi but also decreases the profile to 0.1 λ0. The AMC reflector also makes the antenna have a harmonic suppression function so the low pass filter between the rectifying circuit and the antenna could be omitted and the rectenna has a compact structure. According to the measured results, the rectenna has the highest conversion efficiency of 76% on the load of 240 Ω with the received power of 117.5 mW. When the linearly polarized transmitting antenna is rotated, the conversion efficiency of the CP rectenna maintains a constant high conversion efficiency of 74%. The compact structure and CP operation of the rectenna made it a good candidate of the wireless battery for some electronic devices and far-distance microwave power transmission.

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Mansour, Mohamed M., and Haruichi Kanaya. "Novel L-Slot Matching Circuit Integrated with Circularly Polarized Rectenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting." Electronics 8, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060651.

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Radio frequency (RF) power harvesting allows wireless power delivery concurrently to several remote RF devices. This manuscript presents the implementation of a compact, reliable, effective, and flexible energy harvesting (EH) rectenna design. It integrates a simple rectifier circuit with a circularly polarized one-sided slot dipole antenna at 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band for wireless charging operation at low incident power densities, from 1 to 95 μ W/cm 2 . The rectenna structure is printed on a single layer, low cost, commercial FR4 substrate. The integration of the rectifier and antenna produces a low-profile and high performance circularly polarized rectenna. In order to maximize the system efficiency, the matching circuit introduced between the rectifier and antenna is optimized for a minimum number of discrete components and it is constructed using multiple of L-slot defects in the ground plane. For a given input power of − 6 dBm intercepted by the circularly polarized antenna with 3 dBi gain, the peak RF-DC (radio frequency-direct current) conversion efficiency is 59.5 % . The rectenna dimensions are 41 × 35.5 mm 2 . It is demonstrated that the output power from the proposed rectenna is higher than the other published designs with a similar antenna size under the same ambient condition. Thanks to its compact size, the proposed rectenna finds a range of potential applications for wireless energy charging.

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Zeng, Miaowang, Zihong Li, Andrey S. Andrenko, Yanhan Zeng, and Hong-Zhou Tan. "A Compact Dual-Band Rectenna for GSM900 and GSM1800 Energy Harvesting." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4781465.

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This paper presents a compact dual-band rectenna for GSM900 and GSM1800 energy harvesting. The monopole antenna consists of a longer bent Koch fractal element for GSM900 band and a shorter radiation element for GSM1800. The rectifier is composed of a multisection dual-band matching network, two rectifying branches, and filter networks. Measured peak efficiency of the proposed rectenna is 62% at 0.88 GHz 15.9 μW/cm2 and 50% at 1.85 GHz 19.1 μW/cm2, respectively. When the rectenna is 25 m away from a cellular base station, measurement result shows that the harvested power is able to power a batteryless LCD watch and achieve 1.275 V output voltage. The proposed rectenna is compact, efficient, low cost, and easy to fabricate, and it is suitable for RF energy harvesting and various wireless communication scenarios.

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Muhammad, Surajo, Jun Jiat Tiang, Sew Kin Wong, Ali H. Rambe, Ismahayati Adam, Amor Smida, Mohamed Ibrahim Waly, Amjad Iqbal, Adamu Saidu Abubakar, and Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin. "Harvesting Systems for RF Energy: Trends, Challenges, Techniques, and Tradeoffs." Electronics 11, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060959.

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The RFEH design challenges can be broadly classified into overall radio frequency direct current (RF-to-DC) power conversion efficiency (PCE), form factor, operational bandwidth (BW), and compactness. A detailed overview of the essential components of an RFEH system is presented in this paper. Various design approaches have been proposed for the realization of compact RFEH circuits that contribute immensely to mm-wave rectenna design. Effective mechanisms for configuring the rectenna modules based on the recommended spectrums for the RFEH system were also outlined. This study featured a conceptual viewpoint on design tradeoffs, which were accompanied by profound EH solutions perspectives for wireless power communications. The work covers some challenges attributed to 5G EH in mm-wave rectenna: from a controlled source of communication signals to distributed ambient EH and system level design. Conversely, the primary targets of this work are to: (I) examine a wide range of ambient RF sources and their performance with various antennae and RF-rectifier layouts; (II) propose unique rectenna design techniques suitable for current trends in wireless technology; (III) explore numerous approaches for enhancing the rectenna or RF-rectifier efficiency in a low-power ambient environment; and (IV) present the findings of a comprehensive review of the exemplary research that has been investigated. These are aimed toward addressing the autonomous system’s energy challenges. Therefore, with the careful management of the reported designs, the rectenna systems described in this study would influence the upcoming advancement of the low-power RFEH module.

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Pramono, Subuh, Dwiki Dimas Shidiq, Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim, Feri Adriyanto, and Alfin Hikmaturokhman. "RF energy harvesting using a compact rectenna with an antenna array at 2.45 GHz for IoT applications." Journal of Electrical Engineering 72, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2021-0022.

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Abstract This work addresses the design, fabrication, and implementation of an RF energy harvester 2.45 GHz using a compact rectenna. Our proposed rectenna focuses on development of an antenna array and rectifier circuit. The proposed rectenna is fabricated using FR4 substrate with its overall size of 12.24 cm × 18.17 cm with a thickness of 1.6 mm. The measured results show that a 10 dB bandwidth covering in 2374-2549 MHz (175 MHz) with center frequency 2415 MHz at S 11 of −18.2 dB. There is a bandwidth enhancement of 57.6% compared to the single antenna. Gaining of the antenna array is 6 dB that is double a single antenna gain. Spatial diversity technique in antenna array yields a bigger antenna gain thereby increasing the received power level. Experimental measurements are carried out that the rectenna is placed indoor (LOS) at 5 m and outdoor (NLOS) at 15 m. Furthermore, we also explore the rectifier circuit that to maximize the output voltage. The received RF power that transmitted from WiFi router is −55 dBm (0.15 nW/cm2) at 5 m and −59 dBm (0.06 nW/cm2) at 15 m, respectively. The output voltages are achieved that 1092.5 mV at a distance of 5 m (LOS) and 5.48 mV at a distance of 15 m (NLOS). The highest RF-DC conversion efficiency of our proposed rectenna reaches 77.6%. The rectenna potentially meets all requirements to power up the IoT applications.

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Medina, I., A. D. Barragán, and G. Castillo. "Rectenna and Patch Microstrip Antenna Proposal for Energy Harvesting in S-band CubeSats." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2804, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2804/1/012006.

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Abstract A proposal of a 2.4 GHz rectenna is presented as a complementary device for the electrical power system (EPS) in CubeSats, with the goal of maintaining its size regulations and providing an extra voltage input to the existing methods, like solar cells and batteries, thus possibly increasing the CubeSat’s durability. The antenna design was done in CST STUDIO SUITE, adjusting different parameters that optimize its performance. There is also an analysis of the rectenna elements, and the equations needed to do it. For the rectifier section of the rectenna, the software ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM (ADS) was used, using a band-pass filter and a 3-stage Dickson voltage amplifier. These elements are essential to ensure an optimal and efficient performance of the rectenna that provides an extra voltage source for the subsystems of a nanosatellite.

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Tizani, Lina, Yawar Abbas, Ahmed Mahdy Yassin, Baker Mohammad, and Moh’d Rezeq. "Single wall carbon nanotube based optical rectenna." RSC Advances 11, no. 39 (2021): 24116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04186j.

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In this work, we present a novel technique to form a nano-rectenna based on single wall CNTs using a conductive atomic force microscope. The nano-rectenna exhibits a clear rectification behavior and sensitivity to light.

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Li, Jianxing, Ziyue Li, Cheng Jiang, Tong Wei, and Zan Liu. "Designing and Modeling of a Dual-Band High-Efficiency Rectenna Using Dielectric Resonant Antenna Array." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 10081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910081.

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In this paper, we proposed a high-efficiency 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz dual-band rectenna for wireless energy harvesting (WEH). First, a dual-band dielectric resonant antenna (DRA) was designed. A 4-element DRA array was further developed using a compact feeding network. The measured gains of the DRA array were 5.5 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 12.9 dBi at 5.8 GHz. Then, a new type of impedance regulation stub (IRS) was introduced that significantly improved the conversion efficiency of the rectenna. The result showed that the conversion efficiency of the rectifier was 66% and 62% at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively, when the input power level was 10 dBm. Furthermore, the proposed rectenna was validated to activate a standard BQ25504 DC-to-DC boost converter and charge a supercapacitor. The results demonstrated that the proposed rectenna could be an appropriate solution for WEH applications.

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Gasulla, Manel, Francesc J. Robert, Josep Jordana, Edgar Ripoll-Vercellone, Jordi Berenguer, and Ferran Reverter. "A High-Efficiency RF Harvester with Maximum Power Point Tracking." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 23, 2018): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131049.

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This paper presents the implementation of a high-efficiency radiofrequency (RF) harvester, which consists of a rectenna and a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The rectenna was characterized from −30 dBm to −10 dBm at 808 MHz, achieving an efficiency higher than 60% at −10 dBm. Experimental results also show that the rectenna can be well modelled as a Thévenin equivalent circuit, which allows the use of a simple ensuing MPPT. The complete RF harvester was tested, achieving an overall efficiency near 50% at −10 dBm. Further tests were performed powering a sensor node from a nearby antenna.

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Doan, Chuc Huu, and Duong Gia Bach. "Design and Fabrication of Rectifying Antenna Circuit for Wireless Power Transmission System Operating At ISM Band." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.10287.

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This paper introduces an overview of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) circuit topology for microwave power transmission system. Specially, a rectenna based on a microstrip patch antenna and a microwave double voltage rectifier at 2.45GHz were designed and fabricated. The antenna’s return loss is achieved of -15 dB at 2.45GHz. The microwave to DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna was measured as 71.5% with 22 dBm input power and 810 Ohm load. The design and simulated results were carried out by the microwave engineering professional design software, known as ADS2009 package. All design and simulation results will be reported.

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Doan, Chuc Huu, and Duong Gia Bach. "Design and Fabrication of Rectifying Antenna Circuit for Wireless Power Transmission System Operating At ISM Band." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.pp1522-1528.

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This paper introduces an overview of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) circuit topology for microwave power transmission system. Specially, a rectenna based on a microstrip patch antenna and a microwave double voltage rectifier at 2.45GHz were designed and fabricated. The antenna’s return loss is achieved of -15 dB at 2.45GHz. The microwave to DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna was measured as 71.5% with 22 dBm input power and 810 Ohm load. The design and simulated results were carried out by the microwave engineering professional design software, known as ADS2009 package. All design and simulation results will be reported.

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Mahfoudi, Hichem, Hakim Takhedmit, Mohamed Tellache, and Sebastien Boisseau. "Wireless sensor node remote supply using a compact stacked rectenna array with voltage multipliers at 2.45 GHz." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719001314.

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AbstractThis paper presents compact rectenna arrays for ambient RF energy harvesting on the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The arrays are based on four and nine series-connected rectenna cells. Each cell is composed of a stacked fractal antenna and an RF-to-dc conversion circuit. The antenna is a compact third Koch fractal shape, fed by a coaxial probe for more compactness. The conversion circuit is a full-wave rectifier with a differential output, each DC polarity is provided by a two-stage Dickson voltage multiplier. Measurement results show a significant increase of the output DC voltage for the one, four, and nine cells rectenna arrays. They provide, for power density of 1.7 μW/cm2, an output DC voltage of 0.9, 2.2, and 4.1 Volts, respectively. The 9 cells rectenna array is used in a remote supply experiment of a temperature and acceleration wireless sensor, where the data are transmitted via a Bluetooth low energy link to a distant smartphone every 1 min.

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Ali, Esraa Mousa, Nor Zaihar Yahaya, Omar Aqeel Saraereh, Anwar Hamdan Al Assaf, Bilal Hasan Alqasem, Shahid Iqbal, Oladimeji Ibrahim, and Amit V. Patel. "Power Conversion Using Analytical Model of Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multiplier Rectenna." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080881.

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A voltage multiplier rectenna is a combination of a voltage multiplier rectifier and an antenna used for the conversion of AC to DC. It is an essential part of the system of RF energy harvesting. Conventional rectennas are characterized by low conversion efficiency. This study presents an analytical novel mode designed for RF energy harvesting systems to study the voltage and current output of rectifier stages for efficiency optimization. The design contains a voltage multiplier rectification circuit with seven stages. The Schottky diode HSMS 285-C was selected for the circuit modeling voltage multiplier circuit. Advanced Design System (ADS) simulation was used to validate the equations of the theoretical model solved with MATLAB code. The fabricated system was tested for an input power range of 10 μW to 100 mW; the maximum output power is 0.2577 mW with maximum efficiency of 29.85%.

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Sahu, Abhishek, Zakir Ali, Vinod Kumar Kumar Singh, Manju Kushwaha, and Monika Goswami. "Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Through Rectenna Using IE3D." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 3 (May 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.290008.

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In this paper, the design of rectenna has been studied for efficient wireless power transmission. The thought of wireless power transmission has been approximately from the time when the origin of electrical energy. The simulations of the proposed rectenna were carried out using IE3D software. The design of antenna consists of a ground plane with dimensions 39.23×49.29 mm and microstrip patch with dimension 20.5×6 mm. The antenna covers the frequency range from 2.0 to 6.01GHz. The bandwidth of presented antenna is of 99.5% which resonate at 2.31 GHz. The energy harvested at 2.31 GHz and storage system with wireless power transfer using rectenna.

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Vu Ngoc Anh, Ha, Nguyen Minh Thien, Le Huy Trinh, Truong Nguyen Vu, and Fabien Ferrero. "Compact Dual-Band Rectenna Based on Dual-Mode Metal-Rimmed Antenna." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091532.

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This paper proposes the design of a dual-band integrated rectenna. The rectenna has compact size of 0.4 × 0.3 × 0.25 cm3 and operates at 925 MHz and 2450 MHz bands. In general, the rectenna consists of two main parts, the metal-rimmed dual-band antenna used for harvesting the radio frequency (RF) signals from the environment and the rectifier circuit to convert these receiving powers to the direct current (DC). Because of the dual resonant structure of the antenna, the rectifier circuit can be optimized in terms of size and the frequency bandwidth, while the conversion efficiencies are always obtained 60% at the RF input power −2.5 dBm and −1 dBm for the lower band and the higher band, respectively. Measured results show that the metal-rimmed antenna exhibits −10 dB reflection coefficient in both desired frequency bands. Moreover, the antenna achieves 47% and 89% of total efficiency respectively at 925 MHz and 2450 MHz, which confirms that the proposed rectenna is well applicable in most of the miniaturized wireless sensor networks and IoT systems.

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Kusumo, Herma Nugroho rono adi, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, and Erni Yudaningtyas. "Desain dan Implementasi Rectenna Hexagonal Patch Array Pada Frekuensi 2,4 GHz." Jurnal EECCIS (Electrics, Electronics, Communications, Controls, Informatics, Systems) 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jeeccis.v10i2.314.

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Abstrakâ€“ Penelitian rectenna yang dilakukan terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu antena yang berbentuk hexagonal array dan rectifier. Rectenna hexagonal array ini didesain agar bisa menangkap gelombang radio (RF) pada frekuensi 2,4 GHz yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Perancangan dilakukan menggunakan software CST Microwave studio, kemudian dilakukan fabrikasi dan pengukuran secara riil. Parameter pengujian rectenna hexagonal patch array meliputi return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), gain, bandwidth, pola radiasi dan efisiensi daya. Metode yang digunakan untuk desain dan analisis yaitu pemodelan transmission line dan corporate feed line untuk pengaturan perubahan jarak antar patch antena. Perubahan variabel juga diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap parameter antena khususnya daya terima antena yang kemudian ditransmisikan ke rangkaian rectifier. Nilai parameter hasil simulasi menunjukkan nilai return loss adalah -33, 38 dB, VSWR sebesar 1,041, gain sebesar 8,81 dBi, bandwidth adalah 0,084 GHz, daya sebesar 0,5 W sedangkan hasil pengukuran dari fabrikasi, return loss sebesar -33,21 dB, VSWR sebesar 1,048, gain sebesar 5 dBi, bandwidth sebesar 0,145 GHz.Â Kata Kunciâ€”Rectenna, Patch, Array, Corporate Feed Line, VSWR

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Asriyadi, Asriyadi, Mohammad Fadhli, and Ali Nurdin. "Design dan Implementasi Rectenna (Rectifier Antenna) Untuk Jaringan 4G LTE." POSITRON 11, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/positron.v11i1.43147.

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Perangkat teknologi telekomunikasi yang menggunakan wireless sebagai media pembawa sinyal dapat menjadi sumber gelombang elektromagnetik yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Di sisi lain, kebutuhan energi listrik berdaya rendah semakin meningkat di masa depan. Gelombang elektromagnetik dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh energi listrik berdaya rendah melalui teknologi radio frequency (RF) harvesting. Salah satu bagian sistem dalam teknologi RF harvesting adalah rectifier antenna (rectenna) perangkat yang mengkonversi energi gelomabang menjadi energi listrik, sehingga memungkinkan transmisi daya secara wireless. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan perancangan dan implementasi rectenna menggunakan antena mikrostrip untuk menerima gelombang elektromagnetik dari jaringan 4G-LTE 1,8 GHz, yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi keluaran DC berdaya rendah. Perangkat rectenna yang dibuat terdiri dari rangkaian rectifier yang diintegrasikan dengan antena mikrostrip. Rancang bangun rectenna dilakukan dengan memperhitungkan parameter voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, gain, dan pola radiasi. Selain itu, dilakukan pula beberapa pengujian berupa pengukuran efisiensi, sensitivitas, dan pengujian lapangan. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan menunjuk kanbahwa nilai VSWR diperoleh sebesar 1,6, return loss sebesar -11,7 dB, gain sebesar 3,2 dBi, dan radiasi diketahui berpola omnidirectional. Pengukuran efisiensi menunjukkan bahwa daya input tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 2 dBm dengan efisiensi sebesar 46,94%. Nilai ini akan meningkat apabila daya input ditambah. Pengukuran sensitivitas pada rectenna menunjukkan nilai output 0,2 mV untuk nilai input power paling kecil sebear -80 dBm. Pengujian lapangan menunjukkan nilai maksimum tegangan yang dihasilkan adalah 270 mV untuk jarak 37 m dan nilai minimun yang diperoleh adalah 81 mV untuk jarak 300 m.

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Abbasizadeh, Hamed, Arash Hejazi, Behnam Samadpoor Rikan, Sang Yun Kim, Jongseok Bae, Jong Min Lee, Jong Ho Moon, et al. "A High-Efficiency and Wide-Input Range RF Energy Harvester Using Multiple Rectenna and Adaptive Matching." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051023.

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In this paper, a Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvester (EH) system for Internet of Things (IoT)-related applications is presented. The proposed EH architecture operates at 5.2 GHz band and utilizes multiple rectenna. This approach enhances the efficiency of the whole system over a wide dynamic RF input range. In the presented circuit, configuration of the rectenna is controlled by Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with respect to the input power level of the received RF input signal. In addition, an automatic adaptive matching based on the configuration of the rectenna, level of the received signal, and load current adjusts the matching network. The rectenna is realized through the Radio Frequency-Direct Current (RF-DC) converter composed of two Schottky diodes and generates the output DC voltage. Finally, a buck-boost converter provides the flattened and fixed voltage for the IoT and wearable devices. The 5.2 GHz band reconfigurable system demonstrates 67% high efficiency and 6.1 V output DC voltage where the power level of RF input is +20 dBm. The main application of the proposed structure is for charging wearable smart devices such as a smart watch and bracelet.

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Smirnov, Andrey V., Iliya A. Gorbachev, Alena V. Gorbunova, Alexander S. Fionov, Vladimir V. Kolesov, and Iren E. Kuznetsova. "Fractal rectenna for collecting energy in the Wi-Fi range." Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies 12, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17725/rensit.2020.12.313.

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Evaluation of the results of modeling a fractal rectenna by the finite element method, with consideration of the central 5 GHz. Directional diagrams are plotted. The simulation results are compared with a sample of a real antenna created on the basis of calculations. The possibility of using the developed fractal rectenna for collecting electromagnetic energy of new generation Wi-Fi networks is shown.

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Ren, Y. J., and K. Chang. "Bow-tie retrodirective rectenna." Electronics Letters 42, no. 4 (2006): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20064008.

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Monti, G., L. Tarricone, and M. Spartano. "X-Band Planar Rectenna." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 (2011): 1116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2011.2171029.

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Sakamoto, Tatsuya, Yu Ushijima, Eisuke Nishiyama, Masayoshi Aikawa, and Ichihiko Toyoda. "5.8-GHz Series/Parallel Connected Rectenna Array Using Expandable Differential Rectenna Units." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, no. 9 (September 2013): 4872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2013.2266316.

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Tekin, Serdar B., Saeed Almalki, Andrea Vezzoli, Liam O’Brien, Steve Hall, Paul R. Chalker, and Ivona Z. Mitrovic. "(Digital Presentation) Optimization of MIM Rectifiers for Terahertz Rectennas." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 19 (July 7, 2022): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01191076mtgabs.

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Abstract:

There is a significant demand for harvesting renewable infrared (IR) energy from unused heat sources. The rectifying antenna (rectenna) device has the ability to capture alternating current (AC) IR radiation and rectify it into usable direct current (DC) electricity. Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diodes have shown to be the most prominent contenders for rectenna applications. This is due to their ultra-fast current transport mechanism in the femtosecond range by means of quantum mechanical tunnelling. Optical rectification at 28.3 THz has recently been demonstrated by rectenna devices based on MInM diodes using Au/Al2O3/Ti [1] and Ti/TiO2/ZnO/Al [2] configurations. Although the results are promising, the overall conversion efficiency is quite low, 2.05 × 10-14 [1], mainly due to the poor rectification properties of the diodes. Other recent research [3-5] has focused on the combination of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric oxides with the aim of engineering the barrier heights to achieve low dynamic resistance (R0 ), high responsivity (β0 ) and asymmetry (η0 ) at zero-bias where the results are very promising for self-biased rectennas. The most recent experimental breakthrough was achieved by Ni/NiO/AlOx/CrAu bowtie rectennas that feature a device area of 0.035 µm2, low R0 of 13 kΩ and high β0 of 0.5 A/W. The results show that 5.1% coupling efficiency and 1.7 × 10−8% power conversion efficiency can be achieved with correct optimization of oxide stack. Furthermore, the most recent theoretical study [6] shows that the β0 of the MI2M diodes can be further improved to ~ 5 A/W by keeping the impedance match between the diode and the antenna at around 100 Ω. The proposed Ti/1 nm TiO2/1 nm Nb2O5/Ti rectenna design can achieve diode cut-off frequency (fc ) of 17 THz and resistance × capacitance (RC) time constant of 9 fs assuming the diode area of 0.01 µm2. Liverpool group has demonstrated recently [7,8] the effect of resonant tunnelling in non-cascaded (Al/Ta2O5/Nb2O5/Al2O3/Al) and cascaded (Al/Nb2O5/Al2O3/Ta2O5/Al) triple insulator diode structures with an oxide thickness ratio of 1:3:1 (in nm) deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The diodes exhibit superior β = 5 A/W at 0.2 V and η = 12 at 0.1 V, with a drawback of high R0 due to high barrier heights between the metal/oxide layers. In this paper, we further optimize the MInM diode configurations so that the metal/oxide barrier is significantly lowered to ~ 0.1 eV. This is achieved by using the combinations of rectenna contender oxides such as Al2O3, NiO and ZnO that have high electron affinity and low dynamic permittivity [9]. Ultra-thin (≤ 5 nm) insulating layers were fabricated using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and ALD. Metal electrodes were deposited by thermal evaporation and RF sputtering using shadow mask, photolithography and nanolithography processes. The device areas range from 100 µm × 100 µm, 1 µm × 1 µm and 100 nm × 100 nm depending on the patterning process to observe the effect of device scaling on the conduction mechanisms and direct current (DC) rectification properties. The deposited oxide layers were measured by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) to ascertain their thickness, uniformity and optical constants. DC current voltage measurements were performed on fabricated diodes to evaluate key rectification parameters such as R0 , β0 , η and non-linearity (fNL ) around zero-bias. Complementary theoretical calculations were performed to substantiate the experimental results and allow comparison of different MInM diode configurations such as NiO/Al2O3, ZnO/Al2O3, NiO/ZnO and NiO/ZnO/Al2O3. This work shows that the coupling efficiency at IR cut-off frequencies can be improved by optimizing the barriers in MInM rectifiers. References. [1] Jayaswal et al.,Materials Today Energy, 7, 1-9 (2018); [2] Elsharabasy et al., IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 9, 1232, (2019); [3] Matsuura et al., Sci. Rep. 9, 1-7 (2019); [4] Weerakkody et al., ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4, 2470–2475 (2021); [5] Belkadi et al., Nat. Commun., 12, 1–6 (2021); [6] Elsharabasy et al., Results Mater. 11, 100204 (2021); [7] Mitrovic et al., ECS Trans. 72, 287 (2016); [8] Tekin et al., Solid State Electron. 185, 108096 (2021); [9] Mitrovic et al., Materials, 14, 5218 (2021).

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