Relevant bibliographies by topics / Recurrent expenditure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Recurrent expenditure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Recurrent expenditure"

1

Amusa, Kafayat, and Mutiu Abimbola Oyinlola. "The effectiveness of government expenditure on economic growth in Botswana." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2018-0081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Botswana over the period 1985‒2016. The study employed the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach in investigating the nexus. The study makes the argument that the effectiveness of public spending should be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also by the type of the expenditure. The empirical findings showed that aggregate expenditure has a negative short-run and positive long-run effect on economic growth. When expenditure is disaggregated, both forms of expenditures have a positive short-run effect on economic growth, whereas only a long-run positive impact of recurrent expenditure is observed. The study suggests the need to prioritize scarce resources in productive recurrent and development spending that enables increased productivity. Design/methodology/approach This study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis is carried out on both an aggregate and disaggregated level. Government spending is divided into recurrent and development expenditures. Findings This study examined the effectiveness of government spending in Botswana, within an ARDL framework from 1985 to 2016. To achieve this, the analysis hinged on both the aggregate and disaggregated levels. The results of the aggregate analysis suggest that total public expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth in the short run; however, its impact becomes positive over the long run. On disaggregating government spending, the results show that both recurrent and development expenditures have a significant positive short-run impact on growth; however, in the long run, the significant positive impact is only observed for recurrent expenditure. Practical implications The results provide evidence of the diverse effects of government expenditure in the country. In the period under investigation, 73 percent of total government expenditure in Botswana was recurrent in nature, whereas 23 percent was related to development. From the results, it can be observed that although the recurrent expenditure has contributed to increased growth and must be encouraged, it is also pertinent for the Botswana Government to endeavor to place more emphasis on productive development expenditure in order to enhance short- and long-term growth. Further, there is a need to strengthen the growth-enhancing structures and to prioritize the scarce economic resources toward productive spending and ensuring continued proper governance over such expenditures. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of government spending in a small open, resource-reliant middle-income SSA economy and argues that the effectiveness of public spending must be assessed not only against the amount of the expenditure but also on the type or composition of the expenditure. The study contributes to the scant empirical literature on Botswana by employing the ARDL approach to cointegration technique in estimating the long- and short-run impact of government expenditure on economic growth between 1985 and 2016.
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Success Ikechi, Kanu, Obi Henry Kenedunium, and Akuwudike Hilary Chinedum. "Impact of Public Sector Financial Management on the Economic Growth of Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 4 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.74.1006.

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The main thrust of this study is to investigate the seeming mismatch between resource generation, resource allocation and expenditure management in Nigeria. While an ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation; descriptive statistics as well as a least square regression analysis were carried out on a time-series data to ascertain relationships. Real Gross Domestic Product taken as a proxy for economic growth is the dependent variable while capital and recurrent expenditures are the independent variables. Outcome of the study indicates that, the nation’s financing option is skewed towards payment of salaries and personnel emoluments (Recurrent Expenditures) as against the provision of basic infrastructures (Capital Expenditures) that are growth oriented. The trend of disbursements is not appropriately harnessed to create a favorable and positive impact on economic growth. In the short run, the disaggregated components of capital expenditure (CAPEX) indicate that expenses incurred in administration sector and external debt service transfers attracted more than their fare share of public expenditure to the detriment of economic and social community welfare services. The disaggregated component of recurrent expenditures (RECEX) indicate that expense on economic service sector and the lagged value of RGDP taken as an explanatory variable were found to have a positive significant relationship with economic growth in the long run. It is therefore recommended that conscious efforts be made by government to scrutinize and monitor budget implementations. Macroeconomic projections should guide the overall level of expenditures. This should be more realistic, internally consistent and based on more accurate and timely information. Government must embark on a careful estimation and determination of priorities and to emphasize the need for control over revenue and expenditure so as to enhance critical areas of economic growth in Nigeria.
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Leye Sherifdeen, Oyediran,, Sanni, Ibrahim, Adedoyin, Lukman, and Oyewole Olabode Michael. "Government Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria." Business and Management Research 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v5n4p56.

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The need to better the lots of citizens through government expenditure has raised questions on the impact of government expenditure on the economic development and growth of nations. It is against this background that this paper examined the antecedent effect of government spending on the Nigerian economic growth. The general objective of the study is to ascertain the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria; specifically, the study examined: (i) the significance influence of government capital expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria and (ii) the significance influence of government recurrent expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. The study employed ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression analysis in estimating the specified model, with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the dependent variable, while Capital Expenditure (CAPEXP) and Recurrent Expenditure (REXP) are the independent variables. Data between 1980 – 2013 were collected from secondary sources through the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Results showed that in Nigeria, there exist a significant relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth. The study therefore recommends instilling fiscal discipline in government expenditures, and putting in place structural mechanisms to act as surveillance on capital spending so as to boost the nation’s human and social capital.
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Cynthia Odinakachi, Ayoka, Nzotta Samuel Mbadike, and Kanu Success Ikechi. "The Effect of Federal Government Revenue and Expenditure On Economic Growth in Nigeria – An Empirical Review." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 3 (August 2021): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.73.2004.

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This study examined the effect of federal government revenue and expenditure on the economic growth of Nigeria for the period 1983 to 2018. Prior to now many studies have been completed on the subject matter and yet there doesn't seem to be a consensus of opinion amongst the different researchers on the relationship between revenue and expenditure interface in Nigeria. This could be ascribed to the different approaches gies set forward to clarify the relationship; thus warranting the need for this research .The investigation embraced an ex-post facto research design to produce test results via Bounds test, ARDL short/long run estimates and to make forecasts. The full scale economic factors used in the study includes Real Gross domestic product (proxy for economic growth), federal government retained revenue, non-oil revenue, capital expenditure and recurrent expenditure. We chose to be different in this study with a conscious omission of oil revenue as a variable of study. Findings of the research showed that federal government retained revenue; non-oil revenue and recurrent expenditure were statistically significant in explaining the relationship with economic growth in the short run; while capital expenditure was not at 5% Alpha level. Federal government retained revenue was also found to be statistically significant in the long run. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that the influential growth variables are federal government retained revenue; non-oil revenue and recurrent expenditure. The researchers thus recommend that government should be tactful in her efforts at fiscal policy synchronization. There is need to monitor Nigeria’s expenditure pattern, increase in revenue and a consequent increase in governments retained revenue. This will make for an effective adjustment in the utilization of capital expenditures and to assist with raising the level of economic growth in Nigeria
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Emmanuel, Falade Olanipekun, and Olagbaju Ifeolu Oladiran. "Effect of Government Capital Expenditure on Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria." Business and Economic Research 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v5i2.8241.

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<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">The study investigates the relationship between government expenditure and manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. Government expenditure is disaggregated into capital and recurrent with a view to analyse the relative effect of these categories of government expenditure with emphasis on the capital component. The study employed time series data from 1970 to 2013. Data on manufacturing sector output, capital and recurrent expenditure, nominal and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate and interest rate were collected from Statistical Bulletin and Annual Report and Statement of Accounts published by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Econometric evidence revealed stationarity of the variables of interest at their first difference while the Johansen cointegration approach also confirms the existence of one cointegrating relationship at 5 percent level of significance. In addition, error correction estimates revealed that while government capital expenditure has positive relationship with manufacturing sector output in Nigeria, recurrent expenditure exerts negative effect on manufacturing sector output. The results showed that one per cent increase in government capital expenditure resulted in an increase of 11.2 per cent in manufacturing sector output while recurrent expenditure decreases it by 26.9 per cent. This reveals that government capital expenditure has positive impact on manufacturing sector output. The study therefore suggests that larger percentage of government expenditure in the annual budget should be on capital component coupled with improved implementation of expenditure policies rather than recurrent expenditure which does not really have a significant impact on the manufacturing sector.</span></p>
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Adegboyo, Olufemi Samuel. "Does government spending reduce poverty in Nigeria? Evidence from Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Specification." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 7, no. 2 (September 3, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v7i2.17322.

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This paper analyses the impact of government spending on poverty reducing in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2017 making use of annual time series data. The study employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The result of the study revealed that economic service recurrent expenditure (ESRX), social and community recurrent expenditure (SCSRX), Transfer recurrent expenditure (TRX) reduces poverty while transfer capital expenditure (TCX) and administrative recurrent expenditure (ADRX) escalate poverty. Consequently, the study recommends that Government should embark on provision of food subsidies, subsidies farm input for farmers, subsidies transportation cost. Furthermore, government should endeavor to pay pensioners all their entitlements including gratuities as at when due without any delay, government should also be giving stipend to the unemployed and disabled, more poverty alleviating programs should be organize Also, the huge cost of maintaining the government should be reduced by reducing the numbers of political appointees to a reasonable size.
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Adegboyo, Olufemi Samuel. "Does government spending reduce poverty in Nigeria? Evidence from Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Specification." Ekonomi Bisnis 25, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um042v25i1p14-25.

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This paper analyses the impact of government spending on poverty reducing in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2017 making use of annual time series data. The study employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The result of the study revealed that economic service recurrent expenditure (ESRX), social and community recurrent expenditure (SCSRX), Transfer recurrent expenditure (TRX) reduces poverty while transfer capital expenditure (TCX) and administrative recurrent expenditure (ADRX) escalate poverty. Consequently, the study recommends that Government should embark on provision of food subsidies, subsidies farm input for farmers, subsidies transportation cost. Furthermore, government should endeavor to pay pensioners all their entitlements including gratuities as at when due without any delay, government should also be giving stipend to the unemployed and disabled, more poverty alleviating programs should be organize Also, the huge cost of maintaining the government should be reduced by reducing the numbers of political appointees to a reasonable size.
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8

Kolapo, Funsho, Azeez Bolanle, Joseph Mokuolu, Taiwo Oluwaleye, and Kehinde Alabi. "Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Validity of Wagner’s Law." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 02 (February 4, 2021): 2039–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i2.em01.

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The study investigated the impact of government expenditure on economic growth with special inclination to testing the Wagner’s law in Sub Saharan Africa between 1986 and 2018. Adopting the Panel first generation tests as well as the Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Pairwise Causality techniques, it was revealed that government expenditure causes economic growth rendering the Wagner’s law is invalid in the Sub-Saharan region. Also, it was further discovered that capital and recurrent expenditure exert negative effect on economic growth while total expenditure has positive effect on economic growth in the region. Therefore, based on the negativity of capital and recurrent expenditure, it is recommended that capital and recurrent expenditure must be monitored effectively to ensure that its increase will not exert any negative effect on economic growth while stringent measures as well as checks and balances must be adopted to curb corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa to ensure that funds are used exclusively for their intended purposes especially those pertaining to capital projects.
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9

Nguyen, Quynh, and Van Thinh Pham. "Of financial autonomy at Lao Cai General Hospital, period 2015 – 2019." Journal of Health and Development Studies 05, no. 03 (May 30, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.38148/jhds.0503skpt20-124.

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Objective: The study was conducted to understand the financial autonomy situation at the Lao Cai General Hospital for the period 2015-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study design using retrospective quantitative research methodology of secondary data from financial statements of Lao Cai General Hospital in the 5 years 2015-2019. Results: The hospital's total revenue tended to increase (in 2019, it increased by 97,445 million VND compared to 2015), of which, non-business revenues accounted for more than 80% of the total revenue each year. Revenue from hospital fees and health insurance accounts for a high proportion in the total non-business revenues of the hospital, accounting for about 66-79%. Total hospital spending tends to decrease from 2015 to 2018 (down 3%) and increase in 2019. Professional spending is at the top of the recurrent expenditure structure, accounting for about 38-40%. The personal payment group accounts for 25-29% of the total recurrent expenditure in the hospital and tends to increase each year. The hospital's revenue and expenditure difference tends to increase with the total difference of VND 15,322 million, VND 18,875 million, VND 10,578 million, VND 16,950 million and VND 16,950 million respectively for the years 2015-2019. In general, the total revenue and expenditure realized were in excess of the estimate. Conclusion: In the period 2015 - 2019, total hospital revenues tend to increase, total hospital expenditures tend to decrease, leading to an increasing trend in hospital revenues and expenditures over the years. The appropriation of funds is in accordance with the current regulations, so the salary reform fund accounts for a large proportion and tends to increase sharply, making the bonus fund, the welfare fund, the salary fund increase and decrease. gradually. Keywords: Financial revenue and expenditure activities, Lao Cai Province General Hospital
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10

Owolabi-Merus, O. "Re-Examining the Wagner’s Law versus Keynesian Hypothesis: Evidence from Nigeria." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 57 (August 2015): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.57.142.

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This study investigates the Keynesian and Wagnerian views on public expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria using annual secondary data spanning from 1980 to 2011 obtained from the Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletins. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality econometric methodologies were used in this study. The Johansen Cointegration test revealed the presence of a long-run cointegrated relationship between government expenditure (capital expenditure and recurrent expenditure) and economic growth (GDP) in Nigeria. The Granger Causality test found no mutual correlation between government expenditure (capital expenditure and recurrent expenditure) and economic growth (GDP) using the benchmark of 5% level of statistical significance. The findings of this study therefore indicate the non-existence of both Wagner’s Law and Keynesian Hypothesis on public expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria during the period under review.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Recurrent expenditure"

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Dinku, Yonatan Minuye. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Government Fiscal Behaviour: Evidence from Ethiopia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3239_1277074077.

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The effectiveness of foreign aid in bringing economic and social development is mired in controversy. However, despite the controversial debates on its effectiveness, poor countries of the world have been receiving and using aid as a leverage to relieve themselves from development constraints they faced. Ethiopia is no exception amongst developing countries. Since the time it joined the World Bank group in 1945, foreign capital inflow has remained an important source of revenue for the government. This paper examines the fiscal impact of aid inflow into Ethiopia using time series data for the period 1975-2005. The empirical findings reveal that inflow of foreign aid influences public decision on revenue and expenditure patterns. The result shows that a larger proportion of aid is allocated to capital expenditure and that only a small proportion goes to recurrent expenditure. There is a strong positive association between aid inflow and capital expenditure. The finding also shows that, while a very weak negative association exists between aid and taxation effort, aid and borrowing are used as alternative source of finance.

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Mayr, Riley C. "How Much for Joint Action?Assessing the Cost of Working Together." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin157106195472375.

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Gomes, Miguel Ângelo Ferreira. "Internship report on the work performed at Airbus' Capital Expenditures Department with a special insight on the A380 Production Program and its Non-recurring Costs & Fixed Costs Reduction Program." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/30590.

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Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Economics
Airbus currently exhibits a dominant position in the manufacturing industry of passenger airliner aircrafts. The primary purpose of this report is to follow my internship at the firm’s Hamburg HQ, where I have served as the PMO for the A380 production program. Thus, the main goal of this report is to use the insight and non-confidential internal data collected throughout the internship in order to properly place Airbus in the manufacturers industry of all passenger aircrafts with a seating capacity over 100 passengers, with a particular emphasis in the market segment where the A380 aircraft currently operates. Focusing on the subjects dealt in the internship, the characterisation of the industry and the company is more than a mere contextualisation. Always taking into account the market duopoly in which is inserted, Airbus’ historical background and the market forecasts are not simply a means to an end, as their study becomes one of the goals of this report.
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Books on the topic "Recurrent expenditure"

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Hood, Ron. Recurrent expenditure requirements of capital projects: Estimation for budget purposes. Washington, D.C: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region, World Bank, 2002.

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Government, Kenya. Estimates of recurrent expenditure of the government of Kenya for the year ending 30th June 1994. Kenya: Government Printing, 1993.

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Government, Kenya. Estimates of recurrent expenditure of the govermnet of Kenya for the year ending 30th June 1994. Kenya: Goverment Printing, 1993.

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Police, Swaziland. Summary of the first, second, third, and fourth quarterly performance reports on, recurrent and capital expenditure for 01-04-2006 to 31-01-2007: Head 05 (police). Mbabane: Swaziland Police, 2007.

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Schank, John F. Unit cost analysis: Annual recurring operating and support cost methodology. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1986.

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Hood, Ron, David Husband, and Fei Yu. Recurrent Expenditure Requirements of Capital Projects: Estimation for Budget Purposes. The World Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2938.

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Olsen, Jan Abel. Patient payments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0012.

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This chapter returns to the reason why people—in an ex ante situation—prefer to pay part of the healthcare costs ex post. This is simply because there is no welfare gain from insurance when the potential treatment expenditure is sufficiently low. The efficiency argument for co-insurance as a mechanism to reduce the welfare loss from insurance is illustrated using a standard model. Different patient payment systems are compared. A recurrent issue in policy debates over patient payments is their distributive implications. This inherent inequity problem is discussed, including a diagram showing the deterrent effect of out-of-pocket payments for poor people’s healthcare utilization. Finally, in a context where patient payments are justified as a way to reduce ‘excess demand’, the chapter suggests that it may be doctor initiated rather than patient initiated. Hence, it might be more appropriate to regulate the supply side than the demand side.
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New York State Financial Control Board., ed. Staff report, FYs 1997-2000 financial plan, the impact of non-recurring solutions on recurring problems. [New York, N.Y.?: The Board, 1996.

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Hood, Christopher, and Rozana Himaz. The ‘Stop-Go’ Squeezes of the 1950s and 1960s. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0006.

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This chapter describes four fiscal squeezes across two decades marked by broadly full employment and no major recession, albeit with slow economic growth, recurring currency crises, and ‘stop-go’ policies to dampen consumer demand. The first squeeze in the mid-1950s reflected the Conservatives’ uphill struggle to deliver on their 1951 election promise to cut taxes and ‘set the people free’ against the background of currency weakness and the Korean and Cold Wars. Spending restraint in this era put the emphasis on cutting wartime legacy spending rather than checking the core drivers of welfare state growth. The subsequent three squeezes under Conservative and Labour Governments in the 1960s all put a heavier emphasis on revenue than spending to support welfare state expenditure and stabilize the currency, but the Wilson Labour Government made significant defence cuts in the late 1960s.
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Yabroff, K. Robin, Gery P. Guy, Matthew P. Banegas, and Donatus U. Ekwueme. The Economic Burden of Cancer in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0010.

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With an aging and growing population and improved early detection and survival following diagnosis in the United States, the number of cancer survivors and prevalence of survivorship are expected to increase. Based on population trends, national expenditures for cancer care are projected to increase from $124.6 billion in 2010 to $157.8 billion in 2020. This chapter describes the economic burden of cancer, including direct costs, resulting from the use of resources for medical care for cancer; indirect costs, resulting from the loss of economic resources and opportunities associated with morbidity and mortality due to cancer and its treatment; and psychosocial or intangible costs, such as pain and suffering. Consistent with the intensity of treatment for initial care, recurrence, and end-of-life care, costs are highest in the initial period following diagnosis and, among patients who die from their disease, at the end of life, following a U-shaped curve.
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Book chapters on the topic "Recurrent expenditure"

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Liebenthal, Robert, and Caesar Cheelo. "The Boom–Bust Cycle of Global Copper Prices, Structural Change, and Industrial Development in Zambia." In Mining for Change, 374–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851172.003.0017.

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This chapter is about understanding the cycle of global copper price booms and busts over Zambia’s economic history. We explore how the mining industry has been managed, and wider economic management during boom periods. We find that successive Zambian governments did not use copper revenues to accumulate productive assets, focusing instead on financing consumption subsidies and sustaining inefficient state-owned companies. In recent times, Zambia has accumulated worryingly high levels of sovereign debt with virtually no prospect of official debt relief. Nonetheless, a reasonable chance exists of avoiding debt distress, provided the authorities consistently pursue strong fiscal management and discipline. Ultimately, Zambia’s ability to ring-fence and prudently use the mineral revenues from copper mining in building productive capacities remains elusive. Instead recurrent consumption expenditure demands dominate the fiscal landscape and the agenda of the fiscal authorities.
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Maino, Franca, and Federico Razetti. "Italy." In Health Politics in Europe, 307–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860525.003.0014.

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This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the decentralized, tax-financed health system in Italy. It traces the development of the Italian healthcare system, including the processes leading to hospital reform and regionalization in the 1960s and 1970s and the creation of the national health service in 1978. Since the late 1980s, health policy has been shaped by the transformation of the Italian political system, further transfer of powers to the regions, and public expenditure constraints due to public debt. Policies inspired by the New Public Management approach that aimed to increase the health system’s cost-effectiveness through steps towards fiscal federalism were introduced and reversed. Over the course of the 2000s, agreements between the central state and regional governments have become the main tool for coordinating health policy and trying to settle recurring disputes regarding health expenditure responsibilities. Ongoing debates on healthcare concern measures to ensure the national health service’s sustainability, typically the control and containment of its costs, and to reduce the territorial gap and other gaps that clash with the system’s universalist design.
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A.M. Ganod, Walid. "Chronic Venous Ulcer." In Wound Healing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97709.

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This research review is endeavoring to shed the light on the cause and effect of Chronic Venous Ulcer (CVU) in line with its therapeutic procedures. In the last two decades, a lot of the changes occurred in strategy of wound management through developing adjunctive therapy that supported wound healing. Eventually, the latest development was in platelet concentration technology produced the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). It was categorized as the 2nd generation of platelet concentration family after Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). Considering that Venous Leg Ulcers (VLUs) accounted for 70% of all leg ulcers and estimated one percent of the population where age as an essential factor has increased its prevalence. The chronicity and refractory nature of venous ulcer had a great effect on the quality of life and work productivity of patients apart from, the expenditure of significant amount of medical resources and efforts. Therefore, the ultimate goal of (VLU) management was to induce a rapid healing without recurrence which mainly helped to improve the quality of life (QoL). The first therapeutic procedure used in treatment of VLU was compression therapy where the application of effective graduated compression decreased the overload in venous system and venous reflux. Furthermore, it accelerated the capillary of blood flow and decreased the capillary of fluid leakage which in return alleviated the limb edema.
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Conference papers on the topic "Recurrent expenditure"

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Richwine, Robert R., Michael Joseph, Charles Huguenard, Hafeez Baksh, and Mike Elenbass. "Estimating Long Term Major Maintenance and Capital Spending Requirements of Trinidad’s Aging Power Plants." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88144.

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This paper describes the process used by the Power Generation Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PowerGen) to estimate the range of major (expenditures greater than US$50,000) recurring and non-recurring costs that can be expected to be incurred from 2006–2025 by PowerGen’s three existing generating facilities: Port of Spain, Point Lisas and Penal. Since many of these Capital and O&M costs are not 100% certain, a probabilistic approach was used that incorporates a Monte Carlo methodology. The results of this approach allowed PowerGen to better understand the range of possible major capital and O&M expenditures that would likely be required over the next 20 years along with a quantification of the risk profile of those ranges. By adding these costs to the routine O&M costs, a total cost cash flow timeline was able to be developed that more realistically forecast the actual financial requirements of PowerGen’s power plants. Periodic review and updates of the data will also provide PowerGen with a continuing sound basis for long term technical and financial decisions. Additionally, a benchmarking analysis was performed that compared the reliability trends of similar but older technologies to those plants in PowerGen’s fleet in order to gain an insight into the reliability expectations for PowerGen plants over the next twenty years.
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