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1
Valášek, Petr, Jozef Žarnovský, and Miroslav Müller. "Thermoset Composite on Basis of Recycled Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 801 (September 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.801.67.
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The paper describes the mechanical qualities of thermoset – epoxy resin filled with recycled rubber in the form of micro-particles. Such an application of waste can be regarded as material usage which should be preferred to other ways of waste handling. Micro-particles of recycled rubber affect the mechanical qualities of polymer in which they are dispersed. The paper quantifies cohesive and adhesive properties of the filled epoxy resin. Filling polymers – thermosets with waste fillers saves costs, it does not burden the environment, and it is inexpensive. The results described in this paper can lead to enlarging the application areas of recycled rubbers. As the filler, recycled rubber gained by the process of an ecological disposal of tyres by Gumoeko, s.r.o. (private limited company) was used.
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Gao, Yongtao, Bin Wang, Changjiang Liu, et al. "Experimental investigation on static compressive toughness of steel fiber rubber concrete." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (2022): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0260.
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Abstract Recycled rubber particles can be produced by using waste tires. Adding recycled rubber particles to concrete can form rubber concrete (RC). RC can not only reduce the amount of natural sand and reduce the cost of concrete but also improve the static compressive toughness of concrete. Adding steel fiber into RC can improve the strength of concrete. In order to study the compressive toughness of steel fiber rubber concrete (SFRC), rubber particles washed with NaOH are added to steel fiber reinforced concrete. This can enhance the bonding performance between the recycled rubber particles and concrete. The volume ratio of recycled rubber is 5, 10, and 15%. Prismatic and cubic test blocks were prepared and their compressive tests were carried out. The results show that the stress interaction between the rubber particles and steel fiber in concrete significantly improves the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and stress–strain relationship of concrete. The compressive toughness and ductility of concrete are improved. When the content of rubber particles is 15–20%, the compressive toughness of SFRC is improved most obviously. Through experiments, the toughness index and specific toughness of rubber steel fiber reinforced concrete are calculated, which explores a new way and method for studying the compressive toughness of similar recycled material concrete.
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Xia, Qijing, and Yongcheng Ji. "Study on Frost Resistance of Recycled Rubber Straw Concrete Using Particle Swarm Optimization Enhanced Artificial Neural Networks." Polymers 16, no. 22 (2024): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16223191.
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Rubber particles and straw powder were used to prepare recycled rubber straw concrete, and the freeze–thaw test was conducted on the recycled rubber straw concrete using the quick-freezing method. The frost resistance of the recycled rubber straw concrete was evaluated by determining the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, the rate of mass loss, and the flexural strength of the recycled rubber straw concrete in the process of freezing and thawing. SEM was used to observe the microstructure of the recycled rubber straw concrete after the freezing and thawing process. SEM observed the microstructure of recycled rubber straw concrete after freezing and thawing. The effect and mechanism of rubber admixture and straw admixture on the frost resistance of concrete were investigated by microanalysis. Based on the experimental data, the particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the BP neural network to establish the prediction model of recycled rubber straw powder, and the results show that the PSO-BP neural network prediction model established in this paper has good accuracy and stability. It has a good prediction effect on the flexural strength and the number of freeze–thaw cycles of recycled rubber straw concrete under different mixing ratios.
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Su, Haolin. "Analysis of Cube Compressive Strength on Concrete with Recycled Aggregate and Rubber Particles." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1050, no. 1 (2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1050/1/012029.
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Abstract This paper analyzed the cube compressive strength of concrete containing recycled aggregate as part of coarse aggregates and rubber particles as part of fine aggregate, simultaneously. The effect of content of both aggregates on concrete compressive strength was studied. 25 sets of samples were made with a constant water/cement ratio of 0.39. Cube compressive strength of different samples at age of 28 days were obtained in accordance with relevant standard. Influence of replacement ratio of recycled aggregate and rubber on strength was investigated basing on the analyses of testing data and microstructure inspections, respectively. Results indicate that both recycled aggregate and rubber particles weaken the compressive strength of concrete while rubber particles plays a more important role. Replacement of fine aggregate over 20 vol% by rubber particles should be used carefully.
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Zhou, ShanShan. "Development in the Study of Mechanical Prop-erties and Damage Constitutive Models of Rub-ber-Reclaimed Concrete." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 6 (2024): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i61181.
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Advances in rubber-reinforced concrete technology and its applications in engineering are cru-cial for the thorough recycling and safe disposal of waste tire rubber and construction debris. Rubber-reinforced concrete (RAC) is a concrete material produced by substituting some fine and coarse aggregates with waste rubber particles and recycled aggregates. The incorporation of waste rubber particles endows RAC with distinctive mechanical properties and a distinct damage constitutive model. The mechanical properties of rubber recycled concrete mainly in-clude compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Compared to traditional concrete, RAC exhibits slightly lower compressive and flexural strengths but sig-nificantly enhanced tensile strength. This is due to the changes in mechanical properties caused by the softness and elastic properties of rubber particles. In addition, the addition of rubber particles can also improve the energy absorption capacity and impact resistance of concrete. On the other hand, in order to describe the damage behavior of rubber recycled con-crete, some constitutive models were studied. Common models include linear elastic model, plastic model, and damage model. The linear elastic model is suitable for describing the be-havior of rubber recycled concrete during the elastic stage; The plastic model is suitable for describing its deformation behavior during the plastic stage; The damage model can better describe the fracture and failure behavior of rubber recycled concrete, including shear damage, tensile damage, and compression damage. Tailored to the unique characteristics of RAC, these models consider the stiffness of rubber particles and the deformation characteristics of the binding materials, enabling accurate predictions of the stress-strain behavior of RAC. In conclusion, rubber-reinforced concrete possesses excellent mechanical and durability proper-ties, which can be accurately described and predicted using appropriate constitutive models. These findings are crucial for advancing the application and development of rubber-reinforced concrete.
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Shahidi, Nima, Fouad Teymour, and Hamid Arastoopour. "Dispersing behavior of recycled rubber particles." Macromolecular Symposia 206, no. 1 (2004): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200450236.
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Biel, Timothy D., and Hosin Lee. "Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Concrete with Recycled Tire Rubber." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1561, no. 1 (1996): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156100102.
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Either portland cement or magnesium oxychloride cement was used as binders for concretes that incorporated fine rubber aggregate, ranging from 0 to 25 percent by volume. The concretes were tested for their compressive and split tensile strengths to determine whether the use of a magnesium oxychloride cement along with recycled tire rubbers would improve concrete properties. Failure of the concrete around the rubber particles was attributed to tension failure, leading to weak shear failure of the concrete matrix. Both portland and magnesium oxychloride cement concretes lost 90 percent of their compressive strength with 25 percent rubber by volume. The portland cement concrete retained 20 percent of its tensile strength, and the magnesium oxychloride cement concrete retained 35 percent of its tensile strength. Both compressive and tensile strengths of magnesium oxychloride cement rubber concrete were significantly higher than rubberized portland cement rubber concrete.
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Tamayo, Aitana, Fausto Rubio, Roberto Pérez-Aparicio, Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez, and Juan Rubio. "Preparation and Properties of Sustainable Brake Pads with Recycled End-of-Life Tire Rubber Particles." Polymers 13, no. 19 (2021): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193371.
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Sustainable composite brake pads were processed by employing recycled end-of-life tire (ELT) rubber particles obtained by means of cryogenic grinding and ambient grinding. The effect of the grinding mechanism and concentration of ELT rubber particles was then reported. From the friction result test, better behavior in terms of coefficient of friction (COF) was obtained when 3% of ELT rubber particles were introduced into the composite. It was demonstrated that the size of the particles is not as determinant as the friction mechanism in the wear properties of the sustainable brake pads. Whereas, while increasing the ELT rubber particle size acts as detrimental to the COF either in the ambient or cryogenic grinding, at high friction distances, the better adhesion of the particles because of the rough surface of the particles subjected to ambient grinding enhances the long-life behavior of the composite brake pads.
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Chen, Yuanzhao, Zhenxia Li, Jin Wang, et al. "Study on Road Performance of Cement-Stabilized Recycled Aggregate Base with Fiber and Rubber." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4321781.
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The purpose is to enhance the recycling utilization rate of old base material and make the cement-stabilized recycled aggregate (RCA) maintain good toughness and crack resistance; rubber particles and basalt fiber admixtures were added to the recycled aggregate. The effects of two different dosages of admixtures on the mechanical properties of the mixture were analyzed; the durability of cement-stabilized base was evaluated; the influence of basalt fiber and rubber particles on the road performance of cement-stabilized recycled aggregate was studied; and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the cement-stabilized recycled aggregate mixed with two kinds of admixture. The results show that the increase of basalt fiber dosage improves the mechanical properties of the mixture. The dry shrinkage strain of the mixture decreases, and the frost resistance coefficient increases, indicating that the increase of rubber particles improves the durability of the mixture. When the rubber particles dosage is 0.5%, the basalt fiber dosage is 0.1%, and the recycled aggregate dosage is 50%, the comprehensive rode performance of the mixture is the best. Rubber particles can effectively improve the frost resistance and dry shrinkage of the mixture through its own deformation and shrinkage without damage and slow down the tensile stress caused by dry shrinkage and the compressive stress caused by frost heave. The easy bonding effect of basalt fiber and its pullout effect in the mixture increase the compressive strength and dry shrinkage resistance of the mixture.
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Jackson, Miranda E., Bryan J. Harper, Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo, and Stacey L. Harper. "Comparative Toxicity of Micro, Nano, and Leachate Fractions of Three Rubber Materials to Freshwater Species: Zebrafish and Daphnia." Microplastics 4, no. 1 (2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4010008.
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Rubber materials enter aquatic environments by stormwater runoff via sources such as playground mulch, athletic fields, and roadway surfaces. Tire rubbers are considered plastics as they comprise a substantial portion of synthetic polymers. Rubber particles are complex and variable depending on the type, source, and age of rubber. In this study, zebrafish embryos and daphnids were exposed to nano-scale or micro-scale particles, or leachate from recycled rubber (RR), crumb rubber (CR), and cryo-milled tire tread (CMTT). Zebrafish embryos were evaluated for lethal and sub-lethal effects over a 120 h exposure, while daphnids were tested over a 48 h period. Nano-scale RR, CR, and CMTT particles elicited a hatch delay in zebrafish embryos with similar EC50 values (1.3 × 109–1.4 × 109 particles/mL). Micro-scale particles did not elicit any significant effects in developing zebrafish. Nano-scale particles of all rubber materials significantly increased hatch delay compared to leachate, suggesting an adverse nanoparticle effect unexplained by chemical leaching alone, indicating tire particle-specific effects. Daphnia RR micro- and nanoparticle exposures resulted in mortality, with LC50 values of 9.8 × 105 microparticles/mL and 5.0 × 108 nanoparticles/mL, respectively. Leachate exposures did not elicit significant Daphnia mortality. Sublethal micro- and nano-TP exposures significantly decreased microalgae ingestion by Daphnia after 24 h. The effects of tire-derived exposures observed pose a risk to aquatic organism survival at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Kazemi, Hossein, Ali Fazli, Jean Philippe Ira, and Denis Rodrigue. "Recycled Tire Fibers used as Reinforcement for Recycled Polyethylene Composites." Fibers 11, no. 9 (2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11090074.
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This study proposes a simple approach to separate most rubber particles from recycled tire fibers (RTFs) and to determine their rubber content using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/calcination. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses are used to investigate the separation process and materials compositions. Afterwards, a series of composites based on recycled post-consumer low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) with clean fiber (CF) and residual ground rubber particles (GR) is prepared at different filler concentrations (0–30%) via extrusion compounding before using compression molding and injection molding for comparison. In all cases, injection molding leads to higher strength and modulus but lower elongation at break. The results show that incorporating 30 wt.% of CF into rLDPE yields a remarkable improvement in tensile strength (15%), tensile modulus (192%) and flexural modulus (142%). On the other hand, the incorporation of up to 30 wt.% of GR results in a reduction in both tensile strength and flexural modulus by 15%, confirming the critical role of the cleaning process for RTF in achieving the best results.
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Valášek, Petr, Miroslav Müller, and Juraj Ružbarský. "Using Recycled Rubber Particles as Filler of Polymers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 616 (August 2014): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.616.260.
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One of a way of a material utilization of a rubber waste originated at a recyclation of tyres is its inclusion into polymeric materials. The paper describes chosen mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive and polyurethane filled with the waste rubber. The waste rubber was gained as one of outputs of a recycling line of a firm Gumoeko, Ltd. The filler presence influences resultant mechanical properties and decreases a price of gained materials. Defining of mechanical properties enables to specify possible application areas.
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Wang, Li. "Research Progress on Mechanical Properties and Frost Resistance of Rubber Recycled Concrete." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 7 (2024): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i71197.
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The use of recycled waste tires and construction and demolition wastes as aggregates in concrete after treatment as required not only contributes to environmental sustainability, but also alleviates the growing demand for natural aggregates in concrete production. This paper focuses on the mechanical properties and frost resistance of rubberized recycled concrete, including the effects of rubber and recycled aggregates on the mechanical properties and frost resistance of concrete, as well as measures to improve the mechanical properties and frost resistance of rubberized recycled concrete. Existing studies show that the mechanical properties of concrete gradually decrease with the increase of rubber and recycled aggregate admixture. Due to the high number of defects in recycled aggregate, it has a negative effect on the frost resistance of concrete. Rubber particles have air-entraining properties and can be incorporated into concrete to enhance the frost resistance of concrete. The frost resistance of rubber recycled concrete can be improved by mixing appropriate amount of fiber, rubber or rubber modification treatment.
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Coelho Martuscelli, Carolina, Júlio Cesar dos Santos, Pablo Resende Oliveira, Túlio Hallak Panzera, Maria Teresa Paulino Aguilar, and Carlos Thomas Garcia. "Polymer-cementitious composites containing recycled rubber particles." Construction and Building Materials 170 (May 2018): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.017.
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Mustata, F. St C., and A. Curteza. "DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE-RUBBER COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING RECYCLED RUBBER AND TEXTILES WITH APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY." TEXTEH Proceedings 2021 (October 22, 2021): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/tt.2021.15.
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This paper study methods to obtain composite materials based on recycled rubber from End-of-Life tires and scrap textile. Rubber particles was obtained by industrial shredding procedures and separated by dimension, using sieves. Recycled cotton weave was obtained from scrap cotton textiles. The composite material was produced mixing the recycled rubber powder with a solution of acrylate rubber (AR), (NipolR AR 51) in acetone/ethyl acetate, then coating that composition on a 100% recycled cotton weave. After application, the composite was dried in a dryer with ventilation. The final composite material will be chemical characterized. Attempts will be made to determine whether the composite can be used as isolation material with temperature dissipation characteristics.
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Chen, Xinyi, Xiaoming Li, and Xiaosheng Song. "Structural Design and Performance Optimization of Green Concrete Based on Recycled Pumice and Modified Rubber Powder." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 3372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083372.
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With the increasing severity of global climate change and environmental degradation, countries have put forward strategies to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development. The construction industry is a major source of carbon emissions, and as such, the development of green concrete is now critically important to the industry’s growth. Traditional concrete production methods use a lot of resources and produce a lot of carbon emissions. The study examines the use of recycled pumice and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate to modify waste rubber powder, which is then externally mixed into recycled coarse aggregate concrete. The study analyzes the impact of these modifiers on the rubber powder particles, as well as the effects of particle size and mixing amount on the resulting concrete. The investigation proved that the rubber recycled coarse aggregate concrete’s performance was enhanced by the modifier. This improvement addressed the issue of low compressive strength in rubber concrete to some extent and also had a positive impact on its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles. The experiment concluded that the best results were achieved by selecting rubber powder particles of Sipan 40 with a mesh size of 80 mesh and an external admixture of 6%. This type of green concrete can solve the problem of construction waste disposal while also enhancing the performance and durability of the concrete. It has a promising future application prospect.
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Benjak, Paula, Lucija Radetić, Ivana Presečki, Ivan Brnardić, Nikola Sakač, and Ivana Grčić. "Microplastic-Related Leachate from Recycled Rubber Tiles: The Role of TiO2 Protective Coating." Surfaces 7, no. 3 (2024): 786–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces7030051.
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The extensive global use of rubber results in significant microplastic pollution from the release of tire wear particles and microplastic leachate, impacting the environment, human health, and ecosystems. Waste tires are normally recycled and used for the production of new products, such as rubber tiles. The presented study aims to show the possibility of further decrease in the negative environmental impact of materials based on recycled rubber. This paper presents the modification of rubber tiles with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating, focusing on surface integrity, rubber particle wear release, and the consequent environmental impact of leachate release. Both reference and modified rubber tiles were subjected to artificial accelerated aging in a solar simulator for 4, 6, and 8 weeks, followed by an abrasion test. The carbonyl index was calculated from FTIR characterization after each time frame to indicate the degradation of organic compounds and chemical changes caused by UV exposure. A 24 h leaching test with a liquid-to-sample ratio of 1:20 was performed on both rubber tile samples prior to and after 8 weeks of aging along with the aged wear particles for the purpose of the non-target screening of released organic leachate by LC/MS QTOF. The results of carbonyl indices showed that the TiO2 coating contributes to the stabilization of polymer degradation and, to a certain extent, reduces the leaching of organic compounds, such as phthalates. However, the increased wear and release of rubber particles and the subsequent degradation of organic leachates require further in-depth research.
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Ataria, Robert B., and Yong C. Wang. "Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber." Materials 15, no. 5 (2022): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051776.
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Despite extensive research studies, recycled aggregates and worn-out tyres of motor vehicles are still not fully reused and are hence disposed of in ways that are damaging to the environment. Several studies have been carried out on recycled aggregate and rubberized concrete, but very limited studies are conducted on rubber recycled aggregate concrete. This study focuses on the workability, mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete made with 100% recycled aggregates and crumb rubber at different replacement level (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The first stage of the study covers the effect of incorporating crumb rubber at different concentration on the workability and mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The results revealed that the workability and mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate concrete can be used for structural applications when 5% of crumb rubber are used to replace recycled aggregates. The 28-days compressive strength of the rubberized recycled aggregate concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration is reduced by 21.1% and 32.8% when compared to recycled aggregate concrete and control concrete, respectively. The second stage of the study assesses the durability performance of the recycled aggregate concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration. The 5% crumb rubber content for durability tests was considered because the ultrasonic pulse velocity tests revealed that the quality of the recycled aggregate concrete is questionable if the concentration of crumb rubber particles is beyond 5%. The durability performance using the surface resistivity test also shows that the chloride ion penetration of recycled aggregates concrete with 5% crumb rubber replacement is moderate using air dried curing technique and high using the water bath curing method. Hence the study suggests the use of rubber recycled aggregate concrete for applications were the exposure condition is not extreme.
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Kabakçi, Gamze Cakir, Ozgur Aslan, and Emin Bayraktar. "A Review on Analysis of Reinforced Recycled Rubber Composites." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080225.
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Rubber recycling attracts considerable attention by a variety of industries around the world due to shrinking resources, increasing cost of raw materials, growing awareness of sustainable development, and environmental issues. Recycled rubber is commonly used in aeronautic, automotive, and transportation industries. In this study, recycled rubber composites designed with different reinforcements in the literature are scrutinized by means of toughening mechanisms, mechanical and physical properties, as well as microstructural and fracture surface analysis. Microscale reinforcements (glass bubbles, alumina fiber, etc.) and nanoscale reinforcements (nanosilica, graphene nanoplatelets, etc.) utilized as reinforcements in rubber composites are thoroughly reviewed. The general mechanical properties reported by previous studies, such as tensile, compressive, and flexural strength, are investigated with the main goal of optimizing the amount of reinforcement used. The majority of the studies on recycled rubber composites show that recycled rubber reinforced with microscale particles leads to the development of physical and mechanical properties of the structures and also provides low-cost and lightweight composites for several application areas. Moreover, recycled rubber containing composites can be suitable for applications where high toughness and high resistance to impact are desirable. The present review aims to demonstrate research on reinforced recycled rubber composites in the literature and prospective outcomes.
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Pittolo, M., and R. P. Burford. "Recycled Rubber Crumb as a Toughener of Polystyrene." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (1985): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536061.
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Abstract Our preliminary investigations indicate that recycled rubber crumb may be used as a toughening agent for brittle thermoplastic such as polystyrene. The toughness of the resultant materials was found to increase with increasing rubber-to-matrix adhesion and decreasing particle size. Although crazing is expected to play some role in the toughening mechanism, the absence of a yield point and the type of fracture morphology indicate it is only a minor factor It is suggested that the main contribution is from a crack bridging mechanism. The increased energy to break results from the rupture of the rubber particles. Further studies in which crumb with known tear strength and tensile properties is used as a filler are currently being carried out. It is hoped that this will lead to a clearer understanding of the toughening mechanism.
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Liu, Leifei, Jingmei Zong, Xueqian Hou, and Xiaoyan Liu. "Effect of the Inorganic Modification Mode on the Mechanical Properties of Rubber Recycled Concrete." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102217.
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The reasonable and effective application of waste tires and discarded concrete in concrete is an important branch of green concrete development. This paper investigates the effects of the inorganic modification mode on the basic mechanical properties of rubber recycled concrete based on indoor tests. Inorganic modification, such as water washing, acid washing, and alkaline washing modification, was mainly used to treat and modify rubber particles. The factors affecting the compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, the flexural strength, the axial compressive strength, and the modulus of elasticity of modified rubber recycled concrete were analyzed. The study results show that the incorporation of recycled aggregates and rubber reduced the mechanical properties of concrete, with the compressive and splitting tensile strengths showing the greatest reductions of 27.36% and 27.24%, respectively. Three modification methods significantly improved the mechanical properties of rubber recycled concrete. The alkali washing modification method was the most effective, maximally improving the mechanical properties of rubber recycled concrete by 7.53–15.51%. The effects of the three modifications on the mechanical properties of concrete were ranked as follows: alkali washing > acid washing > water washing. This study provides a data basis for the practical application of rubber recycled concrete in engineering and a test basis for the development of green concrete.
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Stojanovic, Marko, Slobodan Supic, Ksenija Jankovic, Dragan Bojovic, Anja Terzic, and Mirjana Malesev. "Investigation of the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating recycled rubber particles." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2024): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos240523027s.
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Quantity of waste rubber generated by automobile tires is growing, posing an environmental threat. Rubber tire recycling was studied for usage in asphalt and waterproofing systems during past few decades. Globally, concrete is the most widely used building material. About 7% of CO2 emissions come from the cement production. The purpose of this research is to assess if using waste rubber and Portland cement together in composite material for structural applications is feasible. Waste tires (shredded to 0/1 mm) were used as fine aggregate replacement (in 2.5 and 7.5 %), together with PC and natural stone. An investigation of properties in fresh (slump test, bulk density, air content) and hardened state (bulk density, compressive strength) was performed on the rubberized concrete. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content for all w/c ratios (0.55-0.4). The addition of fine-sized rubber did not cause a retardation in cement hydration mechanism. According to the obtained compressive strengths, all designed rubberized concretes belong to a group of structural concretes.
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Cusson, Étienne, Jean-Christophe Mougeot, Mélanie Maho, Florian Lacroix, Ali Fazli, and Denis Rodrigue. "Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Recycled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (rSBR) Composites." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202012.
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Recycled styrene butadiene rubber (rSBR) from waste car tires was used as a filler in poly(lactic) acid (PLA) to modify its properties. The compounds were prepared via twin-screw extrusion and molded by injection with different rSBR contents (0 to 25% wt.). Additionally, recycled rubber particle size was controlled between 125 and 1000 μm to determine the effect of this parameter. From the samples produced, a series of morphological, physical and mechanical characterizations were performed. As expected, rSBR addition decreased the PLA stiffness. Up to 5% rSBR, the flexural and elastic moduli were unchanged, but the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact toughness were decreased. The highest tensile strength, elongation at break and impact toughness were achieved for PLA/rSBR blends filled with small rubber particles (125-250 μm). According to the morphological analysis, this behavior was associated to better interfacial interactions between smaller rSBR particles (higher specific surface area) and PLA resulting in a more uniform filler distribution and better stress transfer from PLA to rSBR. Finally, to complete the mechanical properties of the materials, fatigue tests were carried out on different blends and the results were related to instrumented indentation to get some more local information.
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Hazwan, S. M., N. Z. Noriman, S. T. Sam, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, M. F. Omar, and M. Z. Salihin. "Effects of Different Particle Sizes and its Blend Ratios of Recycled Latex Glove Filled Natural Rubber Compound: Cure Characteristics and Swelling Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.281.
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The effects of different particle sizes of recycled latex glove (rLG) on curing characteristics of SMR L were examined. Two different size ranges of rLG particles, i.e., 100-300μm, 2-3 cm were used in this study. The SMRL/rLG composition of 100/0, 100/5, 100/15, 100/25, 100/35 and 100/50 were prepared using a two roll-mill at room temperature. The characterization results of the blends shows that scorch time, t2, and cure time t90 of the SMRL/rLG blends decreased with increased rLG content as well as decreasing sizes of rLG particles due to the existence of cross-linked precursors and unreacted curative in the recycled rubber. Among all blend ratios, the SMRL/rLG blends with fine size of rLG particles exhibit lowest minimum torque (ML) compared with the coarse size of it in SMRL/rLG compound which resulted in more efficient processing. The maximum torque (MH) of SMRL/rLG compound shows a declining trend with increasing rLG content probably due to the poor interactions in SMRL/rLG compound. As the particle size decreased, the contact surface area increased which provided more efficient interfacial bonds, leading to better properties. Results indicated that the fine size of rLG filled SMR L contributed to the better properties compared to coarser size of rLG filled SMR L mainly at 15 phr of rLG.Key words: Recycled – rubber – latex – glove – SMR L
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Alaud, Salhin, Muhieddin S. Tughar, and Sufian Rwini. "Utilizing recycled rubber in concrete: a study of some properties." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 22, no. 3 (2023): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v22i3.2815.
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This paper investigates the effects of adding recycled rubber to concrete in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. The study involved three mixes of concrete created by replacing the gravel with recycled rubber particles with varying percentages of rubber by volume, 10%, 15%, and 20%, and a control mix without rubber. A 1.5% superplasticizer (SP) was also added to other mixtures with rubber in the same proportions as before. The study was conducted on concrete cubes with dimensions of 100 mm. The physical properties of this sample were observed and compared with a control sample of regular concrete. A series of tests were carried out to measure the density, and compressive strength, of the sample. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of the sample was also tested to evaluate its porosity. The results showed that the addition of recycled rubber to the concrete reduced the density and therefore its compressive strength by more than 26% with an increase in the rubber replacement ratio of 20%, while when using SP the resistance decreased by less than 20% for the same replacement ratio. The pulse velocity of the samples decreased with increasing rubber content.The results demonstrated that recycled rubber can be a viable additive for concrete in some applications, providing water resistance and impact load with minimal reductions in weight. This could lead to more environmentally friendly building materials with improved performance.
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Subramaniyan, S. Kanna, Shahruddin Mahzan, Mohd Imran bin Ghazali, Maznan Ismon, and Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi. "Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Composite Foams from Kenaf Fiber and Recycled Tire Rubber Particles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.861.
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In the present work polyurethane foams containing various content loadings of kenaf fiber and recycled tire rubber particulates were prepared and studied, with the objective of developing alternative composite rigid foams. The influence of the filler content on the foam microstructure and its physical and mechanical behavior has been studied for three different polyurethane resin densities. Microstructural observation on fracture surface of composites was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. It has shown closed spherical cells with reduced size when the fillers are added. Nevertheless, the incorporation of kenaf fiber and recycled tire rubber particulates that refined at 80 mesh led to higher mechanical properties than that unfilled polyurethane foam. A 6% filler content loading exhibited the optimum compression stress and compression modulus, while further increase of filler content loading resulted in decline in mechanical behavior. The presence of larger filler content deteriorated the polyurethane system cellular structure and lead to poor composites strength. Overall, the use of kenaf fiber and recycled tire rubber particulates gives composite foams with comparable mechanical behavior for the studied filler reinforcement level.
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Moghaddamzadeh, Siavosh, and Denis Rodrigue. "The effect of polyester recycled tire fibers mixed with ground tire rubber on polyethylene composites. Part I." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 34, no. 4 (2018): 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760618798267.
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The effect of polyester recycled tire fibers (RTFs) mixed with ground tire rubber (GTR) in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with and without styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene-grafted maleic anhydride was studied. In particular, different RTF contents (10, 25, and 50 wt%) and compounding screw speed (110, 180, and 250 r min−1), as well as temperature profiles (extrusion and injection molding) were used to optimize the processing conditions. In this first part, a complete physical and morphological analysis for the RTF fibers and GTR particles was performed. The results show that the compatibilized compounds have lower RTF length and GTR particle size but better distribution of rubber particles in the LLDPE matrix. Overall, lower processing temperatures used in both extrusion and injection molding showed better interfacial adhesion between the components due to higher shear and mechanical energy imparted on the different particles.
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Hong, Zhou, Li Bo, Huang Guangsu, and He Jia. "A novel composite sound absorber with recycled rubber particles." Journal of Sound and Vibration 304, no. 1-2 (2007): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2007.02.024.
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Daly, William H., and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Characterization of Asphalt Cements Modified with Crumb Rubber from Discarded Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1583, no. 1 (1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1583-05.
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Blends with up to 20 percent ground vulcanized rubber (both crumb and 200-mesh powder particles) from recycled tires were prepared with asphalt cements of various grades (AC-5 to AC-30) and evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends produced from powdered rubber particles exhibited Newtonian behavior at high temperatures. Similar behavior was not observed with crumb rubber blends. The mechanical properties of asphalt-rubber blends depend on the concentration of rubber additives, the particle sizes, and the chemical composition of the asphalt. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of all blends are discussed in terms of G*sin δ and G″ comparative data are presented according to the Strategic Highway Research Program binder specifications. Pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests of the asphalt-rubber blends revealed a significant difference between crumb rubber and powdered rubber additives. Simple blends of crumb rubber with asphalts ranging in grade from AC-5 to AC-30 exhibited phase separation during a thin-film oven aging test. In contrast, blends with powdered rubber appeared to remain compatible or at least partially compatible through the PAV process, and the blends retained the physical properties associated with the additive. The DMA data suggest that the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt–powdered rubber blends is enhanced.
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Fiore, Alessandra, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Cesare Marti, and Marcello Molfetta. "On the Fresh/Hardened Properties of Cement Composites Incorporating Rubber Particles from Recycled Tires." Advances in Civil Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/876158.
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This study investigates the ameliorative effects on some properties of cement-based materials which can be obtained by incorporating rubber particles as part of the fine aggregates. The aim is to find out optimal cement composite/mortar mixtures, containing recycled-tyre rubber particles, suitable for specific engineering applications. Different percentages of rubber particles, from 0% to 75%, were used and, for each percentage, the suitable amount of sand was investigated in order to achieve the best fresh/hardened performances. In particular the following characteristics were examined: density, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, weight loss, flexural behaviour, thermal conductivity, rapid freezing and thawing durability, and chloride permeability. The experimental results were compared with the ones of cement composite specimens without rubber aggregates. Test results show that the proposed rubberized mortar mixes are particularly suitable for some industrial and architectural applications, such as under-rail bearings, road constructions, paving slabs, false facades, and stone backing.
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Nik Yahya, N. Z., Nik Noriman Zulkepli, Hanafi Ismail, et al. "Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Blends: The Effects of Recycled Nitrile Glove (rNBRg) Particle Sizes." Key Engineering Materials 673 (January 2016): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.673.151.
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The effects of different particle sizes of recycled nitrile glove (rNBRg) on curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were investigated. The particle sizes of rNBRg were differentiated by the method of sizing. S1 was obtained by cutting the rNBRg into smaller sheets; S2 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times; and S3 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times and then mechanically grinded. NR/SBR/rNBRg blends were prepared at 50/30/20 composition using two roll mill at room temperature, with different particle sizes, rNBRg (S1), rNBRg (S2) and rNBRg (S3). Curing characteristics (scorch time, cure time, minimum torque and maximum torque), tensile properties and physical properties (crosslink density, resilience and hardness) of the blends were investigated. Results indicated that scorch time, cure time and minimum torque decreased as the rNBRg particle size decreased, while maximum torque and crosslink density increased. Tensile strength of the blends decreased as the rNBRg particle size reduced, which explained the formation of holes on the surfaces of tensile fracture, observed by scanning electron microscope. The rigidity of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends increased when smaller rNBRg particles were used, which explained the increased in hardness and decreased in resilience of the blends.
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Guelmine, Layachi, and Hadda Hadjab. "Effect of Recycled Rubber Particles on the Deicing Salt-Scaling Durability of Concrete." Recent Progress in Materials 03, no. 03 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2103033.
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The present study investigated the effect of reused rubber particles (RRP) on the deicer salt durability of ordinary concrete. Four mixtures were designed, a control concrete (CC) and three other rubber concretes obtained by partial substitution of natural dune sand aggregate with reused rubber particles with 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% w/w. All studied concretes were subjected to the combined effect of freeze/thaw (56 and 120) cycles with the deicer salt solution of 3% NaCl. The results indicated that RRP improved the deicer-salt scaling resistance of rubber concrete strongly compared with the control. The observed innovative property of RRP could be applied to cement-based materials to improve their deicer salt durability. Further, this environmentally friendly practice could reduce the stock of waste tires and offer a renewable source of construction aggregates.
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Fazli, A., and D. Rodrigue. "Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Recycled High Density Polyethylene and Recycled Natural Rubber." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 2 (2021): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4006.
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Abstract In this work, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are produced by melt mixing of recycled high-density polyethylene (RHD) with two types of off-the-road (OTR) ground tire rubber (GTR). Non-regenerated (NR) and regenerated (RR) rubbers are used to investigate the effect of GTR concentration and regeneration on the blends properties containing up to 90 wt.% GTR. The blend morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to show incompatibility and low interfacial adhesion between RHD and GTR (NR and RR) especially above 40 wt.% RR. This behavior is attributed to the GTR regeneration process and agglomeration of RR particles with lower surface area and affinity toward RHD compared with NR. In all the compounds, the mechanical properties in tension of RR blends were lower than for NR blends, which is attributed to the degradation of the GTR backbone chains lowering the molecular weight (MW) during the regeneration process. Also, NR has a more important effect on impact strength improvement due to its higher crosslinked structure making the particles more deformable/elastic to absorb the mechanical energy before crack initiation. The experimental results also show that 80 wt.% GTR is the optimum concentration for the production of low cost and eco-friendly TPE based on recycled materials.
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Quadrini, Fabrizio, Denise Bellisario, Loredana Santo, and Ivica Hren. "Direct Moulding of Rubber Granules and Powders from Tyre Recycling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.315.
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SMART project (Sustainable Moulding of Articles from Recycled Tyres) is a research project financed by the European Commission with the aim of developing a new moulding process of granules and powders from tyre recycling without any addition of virgin rubber or linking agent. The so called “direct moulding” is a compression moulding process which is directly applied to rubber particles from tyre grinding. After one year of activities, the new moulding process has been deeply investigated and some results are reported in the current work for the first time. Rubber granules and powders were produced by GumiImpex (partner of the European project) thanks to different technologies: particles from tyre grinding and buffings from tyre machining. Different size distributions of rubber particles and buffings were used to produce rubber sheets with the size of 200x200x5 mm3at the temperature of 160°C and the pressure of 3 MPa by using aluminium moulds. Tensile specimens were extracted from the sheets and tensile tests were performed and related to sample density and particle properties. Rubber densities over 1 g/cm3have been reached for all the samples with ultimate tensile strength and maximum elongation up to 1 MPa and 80%, respectively. These mechanical data are very promising in comparison with properties of polyurethane bound rubber composites. Increasing moulding pressure and temperature would lead to higher mechanical properties, if necessary.
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Juma, Dash Harry, Kemboi Kipchumba Cyprian, and Daniel Siringi Dr. "ADOPTION OF CRUSHED OLD TYRES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research 10, no. 1 (2022): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6482521.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Recent years have been shadowed by an increase in the adoption of recycled transportation and building materials, focusing on the adoption of damped waste materials. Numerous waste materials, including glass, plastic, and tire rubber, have been adopted in conjunction with standard resources as recycled aggregates or a binder improvement, depending on the application. Rubber from powdered tires may be added as a flexible aggregate in a concrete block, reducing the likelihood of brittle failure and increasing the concrete's capacity to absorb more significant amounts of energy before failure. Due to the high elastic modulus of rubber particles, the substitute of coarse aggregate for crumb rubber may significantly impact the strength characteristics of concrete, resulting in concentrated stress, strain, and bonds between the rubber particles and the cement. Rubber granules are an acceptable substitute for coarse aggregate in developing responsive concrete. On the contrary, the use of finely graded rubber may result in a tensile behavior with substantial deformations before the complete disintegration of the concrete. It may have a more negligible impact on the loss of strength of the concrete. According to the experiment, despite the experimental concern on safety, it aims to assess rubberized concrete's performance and thus potential use in the concrete making to aid in environmental conservation. <strong>Keywords:</strong> recycled aggregates, rubber particles, concrete, stress, strain and compression, tension, and flexural strength. <strong>Title:</strong> ADOPTION OF CRUSHED OLD TYRES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT <strong>Author:</strong> Juma Dash Harry, Cyprian Kemboi Kipchumba, Dr. Daniel Siringi <strong>International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research </strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 1, April 2022 - September 2022</strong> <strong>Page No: 51-61</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published date: 25-April-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6482521</strong>
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Nasir, Muhammad Ridhwan Jamalul, N. Z. Noimam, Hanafi Ismail, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Rosniza Hamzah. "The Influence of Cure Characteristics and Crosslink Density of Virgin Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (vNBR/rNBR) Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.735.
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Cure characteristics and crosslink density of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (vNBR/rNBR) blends were studied. Three different size ranges of rNBR particles, i.e., 150 - 350 μm, 2.0-15.0 mm, and 5-10 cm were used in this study. The vNBR/rNBR blends with blend ratios of 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, and 50/50 were prepared using a two roll-mill at room temperature. The characterization results of the blends show that scorch time, t2, of the vNBR/rNBR blends decreased with increased rNBR content as well as decreasing sizes of rNBR particles while cure time, t90of the vNBR/rNBR blends increase with increased rNBR content as well as increasing sizes of rNBR particles. Among all blend ratios, the vNBR/rNBR blends with smallest size of rNBR particles exhibit lowest minimum torque (ML) compared with the bigger particle sizes of it in vNBR/rNBR blends which resulted in more efficient processing. The maximum torque (MH) of all vNBR/rNBR blends shows the inclining trend with increased rNBR. The cross-linking density of vNBR/rNBR blends also show an increasing trend with increasing rNBR content.
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Nik Yahya, N. Z., Nik Noriman Zulkepli, Hussin Kamarudin, et al. "Effect of Recycled Nitrile Glove (rNBRg) Particle Sizes on Curing Characteristics and Physical Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.54.
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Effects of different particle sizes of recycled nitrile glove (rNBRg) on curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were studied. The particle sizes of rNBRg were differentiated by the method of producing. S1 was obtained by cutting the rNBRg (whole glove) into smaller sheet; S2 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times; S3 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times and then mechanically grinded. NR/SBR/rNBRg blends were prepared at 50/30/20 composition using two roll mill at room temperature, with different particle sizes, rNBRg (S1), rNBRg (S2) and rNBRg (S3). Scorch time, cure time, minimum torque, maximum torque, crosslink density and hardness of the blends were examined. Results indicated that scorch time, cure time and minimum torque decreased as the rNBRg particle size decreased, while maximum torque and crosslink density increased. The rigidity of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends increased when smaller rNBRg particles were used, which explained the increased in hardness and decreased in resilience of the blends.
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Mustata, Florin Stefan, Bogdan-Constantin Condurache, Antonela Curteza, Ciprian Ciofu, and Stefan Grigorean. "MAGNETIC COMPOSITES FROM RECYCLED MATERIALS." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 15, no. 2 (2023): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2023.15.2.127.
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In the conditions of the increasingly accentuated development of industrial and household products, the reuse of material waste with the aim of reducing environmental pollution has become an increasingly important necessity. This study presents the obtain of flexible magnetic composites based on cotton fabrics, acrylic rubber, powder from used tires and magnetite powder. The textile support was purchased from the local market (Tesatura Iași, Romania) and was made from 100% recovered cotton fibbers, with a mass of 143g∙m-2 and an average thickness of 0.28mm. The rubber was an acrylate type (AR) (NipolR AR 51) with the next characteristics: (ρ = 1100Kg∙cm−3 at 25oC, Mooney viscosity ML (1+4) at 100oC = 55; Tg = -4 oC). The rubber powder (PW) (with more natural rubber in composition) was obtained by grinding at temperature under 10 oC from used motorcycle tires obtained from the local market. The characteristic of rubber powder was: particles size up to 100 μm, moisture content 0.25 %, density (ρ) = 1060 Kg∙m-3. Magnetite was obtained according to the literature [1]. The composites were obtained at the weight ratio of PW/AR/ (20/80) with added magnetite powder according to desired mass fraction. The materials and composites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). These composites can be used as raw materials for smart materials in the high-tech applications in the production of the DC motors, recording apparatus, magnetic screens, radar technology, memory devices, magnetic and electromagnetic sensors, materials for medicine and environmental protection or in the electronic devices where flexibility is required.
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Caren, Rosales, Ait Hocine Nourredine, Bernal Celina, and Pettarin Valeria. "Toughness improvement of LLDPE/PP blend by GTR incorporation." Abstracts of International Conferences & Meetings (AICM) 1, no. 3 (2021): 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5047452.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Approximately 80 % of waste rubber comes from end of life tires. Land filling causes serious environmental troubles due to the impermeability and hollowed shape of tires. The global concern about the continue accumulation of discarded tires and the developing ecological awareness demand new ways and regulations to solve this problem, encouraging the scientific community to explore alternative solutions to reuse this waste material. However, the reuse or recycling of tires is not a simple task. Besides the several materials that tires are constructed from, rubbers used in tires are vulcanizated, having a cross-linked structure that makes them elastic, insoluble and infusible thermoset materials that cannot be reprocessed, as is the case of thermoplastic materials. It is therefore of critical importance to find technologically feasible and cost-effective methods for tires recycling. A possible industrial recycling method of tires is their downsizing to obtain a powder called ground tyre rubber (GTR). On the other side, a commonly used practice in industry to improve mechanical behavior and toughness of a polymer is to incorporate rubber particles into it (1). Then, adding GTR to a polymeric material, so high-quality products can be shaped at an acceptable cost, seems to be an attractive option. Compound of waste tire rubber with polymers allows to lower the cost of the final products while contributing to the world’s 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) notion: reducing the amount of virgin polymer used, reusing the tire rubber, and recycling the waste tires (2). In this work, we report results of adding GTR to a LLDPE/PP blend (the most abundant thermoplastics in municipal waste), with the aim of obtaining a completely recycled composite with improved toughness. <strong>Methods: </strong>GTR particles in different size ranges – lower than 300 µm, 300-500 µm and 500-800 µm – and in various percentages – 5, 10 and 15% – were incorporated to a 75% LLDPE / 25% PP blend in a twin screw extruder, and plaques obtained by injection molding. Materials were characterized by several techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), conventional uniaxial tensile testing, and fracture tests. <strong>Results & Discussions:</strong> We found that GTR particles did not affect the microstructure of the thermoplastic matrix. The tensile behavior of the ternary materials was slightly affected by the composition of the mixture: the mechanical behavior became less rigid and more ductile; this being directly related to the elastic nature of the rubber particles. However, large differences were found in the fracture performance of the ternary blends, when compared with the matrix blend. In addition, different mechanical behaviors were observed that varied according to the relative percentage of the particles and their size. GTR greatly influenced both energies involved in crack initiation and in crack propagation, as well as mechanisms developed during deformation and crack evolution. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fracture tests seem to be a sensitive and adequate tool to estimate the influence of particles in polymer blends, much more than simple tensile tests. The fracture behavior of LLDPE/PP blends can be modified by the sole incorporation of GTR particles, leading to a toughness increase in the ternary blends, because of the diversification of deformation mechanisms. <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Fracture toughness, fracture mechanisms, recycled tires, thermoplastic blend</em> <strong>References </strong> 1. Karger-Kocsis, J., L. Mészáros, and T. Bárány. Ground Tyre Rubber (GTR) in Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and Rubbers. Journal of Materials Science. 2013; 48(1): 1-38. 2. Ramarad, S., M. Khalid, C. T. Ratnam, A. Luqman Chuah, and W. Rashmi. Waste Tire Rubber in Polymer Blends: A Review on the Evolution, Properties and Future. 2015. Progress in Materials Science 72:100–140.
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Lushinga, Nonde, Liping Cao, and Zejiao Dong. "Effect of Silicone Oil on Dispersion and Low-Temperature Fracture Performance of Crumb Rubber Asphalt." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 17, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8602562.
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Low-temperature cracking is one of the major pavement distresses in cold regions. To reduce the prevalence of such cracks, crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) has been applied for a long time. However, CRMA experiences compatibility and segregation problems with asphalt. Silicone oil has long been seen to improve compatibility and segregation problems of polymers in asphalt, but its benefits on low temperature performance of crumb rubber asphalt have not been explored. Furthermore, silicone oil can be obtained as virgin or recycled from industrial transformers; however, the recycled silicone oil’s influence on low-temperature crack performance of asphalt has also not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of recycled silicone oil (SO) on dispersion and low-temperature fracture performance of crumb rubber asphalt. The fracture mechanics-based single-edge notch beam (SENB) test was performed at temperatures of −12°C, −18°C, and −24°C. In addition, fluorescence microscopy (FM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) experiments were also conducted. Results show that the addition of SO to CRMA increases displacement, fracture energy, and fracture toughness at low temperature while it decreases stiffness which reduces cracking. In addition, AFM results show that surface roughness increases with the addition of SO which indicates that bonding of asphalt and rubber particles had also improved. FM also confirmed that dispersion of rubber particles had improved with addition of silicone oil. FTIR results revealed that asphalt samples with SO treatment were hydrophobic which potentially repels water ingress and delays the freezing of asphalt. Lastly, statistical analysis revealed that the influence of silicone oil on low-temperature performance of rubber asphalt was significant. Therefore, the study concluded that fracture cracking resistance is improved by addition of silicone oil to crumb rubber asphalt.
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Bensaci, Hamza, Belkacem Menadi, and Said Kenai. "Comparison of some Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete Composites Containing Rubber and Steel Fibers Recovered from Waste Tires." Nano Hybrids and Composites 24 (February 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.24.8.
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This paper reports on an experimental investigation using either rubber aggregates or steel fibres recycled from waste tires in the production of self-consolidating concrete composite (SCCC). Ten mixes are designed, one of them is the reference concrete. The natural aggregates are substituted by rubber particles by volume at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30%. Recycled steel fibres are separately added to SCC mixes at volume fraction of 0.5, 0.8, 1 and 1.5%. The tested rheological properties of SCCC are slump flow diameter, T500 slump flow time, V-funnel flow time, L-box ratio, and the segregation resistance test. The compressive strength, the flexural strength, and total shrinkage are also measured on the 28 days. The experimental results show that the addition of recycled steel fibre is favorable for the SCC by means of increasing the flexural strength and reducing the shrinkage and the risk of cracking. Keywords: Self-consolidating concrete composite; Waste tires; Rubber; Steel fibers; Rheology, Strength
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Guendouz, Mohamed, and Djamila Boukhelkhal. "Recycling of rubber waste in sand concrete." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 4, no. 2 (2018): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v4i2.30.
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The large development in the consumption of rubber is observed in the recent years, which leads to an increase of the production of rubber related waste. Rubbers are not hazardous waste, but they constitute a hazard for both environment and health, in case of fire in storage sites. So, recycling appears as one of the best solutions for disposing of rubber waste.This paper presents an experimental investigation dealing with the valorisation of rubber waste, specifically rubber obtained from old shoes sole waste. The waste rubbers are used form (0/5 mm) to mixes as addition at percentage (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) in sand concrete. The physical (workability, bulk density), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) and thermal properties are studied and analysed.The results indicate that the incorporation of rubber waste particles in sand concrete contributes to increase the workability and reduce the bulk density of all studied sand concrete. The obtained results show that mechanical performance (compressive and flexural strength) decreases when the rubber content increases. Nevertheless, the presence of rubber aggregate leads to a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, which improves the thermal insulation performances of sand concrete. This study insures that reusing of recycled rubber waste in sand concrete gives a positive approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve some environmental problems.
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Guendouz, Mohamed, and Djamila Boukhelkhal. "Recycling of rubber waste in sand concrete." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 4, no. 2 (2018): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1165202.
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The large development in the consumption of rubber is observed in the recent years, which leads to an increase of the production of rubber related waste. Rubbers are not hazardous waste, but they constitute a hazard for both environment and health, in case of fire in storage sites. So, recycling appears as one of the best solutions for disposing of rubber waste.This paper presents an experimental investigation dealing with the valorisation of rubber waste, specifically rubber obtained from old shoes sole waste. The waste rubbers are used form (0/5 mm) to mixes as addition at percentage (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) in sand concrete. The physical (workability, bulk density), mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) and thermal properties are studied and analysed.The results indicate that the incorporation of rubber waste particles in sand concrete contributes to increase the workability and reduce the bulk density of all studied sand concrete. The obtained results show that mechanical performance (compressive and flexural strength) <strong>decreases when the rubber content increases</strong><strong>.</strong> Nevertheless, the presence of rubber aggregate leads to a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, which improves the thermal insulation performances of sand concrete. This study insures that reusing of recycled rubber waste in sand concrete gives a positive approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve some environmental problems.
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Oh, Jin Hwan, Jaeyoung Park, and Timothy G. Ellis. "Septic wastewater treatment using recycled rubber particles as biofiltration media." Environmental Technology 35, no. 5 (2013): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.840337.
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Mhaya, Akram M., S. Baharom, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban, et al. "Systematic Experimental Assessment of POFA Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Rubber Aggregate." Polymers 14, no. 11 (2022): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112294.
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Several researchers devoted considerable efforts to partially replace natural aggregates in concrete with recycled materials such as recycled tire rubber. However, this often led to a significant reduction in the compressive strength of rubberized concrete due to the weaker interfacial transition zone between the cementitious matrix and rubber particles and the softness of rubber granules. Thereafter, significant research has explored the effects of supplementary cementitious materials such as zeolite, fly ash, silica fume, and slag used as partial replacement for cement on rubberized concrete properties. In this study, systematic experimental work was carried out to assess the mechanical properties of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based concrete incorporating tire rubber aggregates (TRAs) using the response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the findings, reasonable compressive, flexure, and tensile strengths were recorded or up to 10% replacement of sand with recycled tire fibre and fine TRAs. In particular, the reduction in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of POFA concrete incorporating fibre rubber decreased by 16.3%, 9.8%, and 10.1% at 365 days compared to normal concrete without POFA and rubber. It can be concluded that utilization of a combination of POFA and fine or fibre rubber could act as a beneficial strategy to solve the weakness of current rubberized concrete’s strength as well as to tackle the environmental issues of the enormous stockpiles of waste tires worldwide.
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Polydorou, Thomaida, Nicholas Kyriakides, Andreas Lampropoulos, et al. "Concrete with a High Content of End-of-Life Tire Materials for Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures." Materials 15, no. 17 (2022): 6150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176150.
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This research investigates the performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Rubberized Concrete (SFRRC) that incorporates high volumes of End-of-life tire materials, (i.e., both rubber particles and recycled tire steel fibers) in strengthening existing reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The mechanical and durability properties were determined for an environmentally friendly SFRRC mixture that incorporates a large volume (60% by volume aggregate replacement) of rubber particles and is solely reinforced by recycled tire steel fibers. The material was assessed experimentally under flexural, compressive and impact loading, and thus results led to the development of a numerical model using the Finite Element Method. Furthermore, a numerical study on full-scale structural members was conducted, focusing on conventional RC beams strengthened with SFRRC layers. This research presents the first study where SFRRC is examined for structural strengthening of existing RC beams, aiming to enable the use of such novel materials in structural applications. The results were compared to respective results of beams strengthened with conventional RC layers. The study reveals that incorporation of End-of-life tire materials in concrete not only serves the purpose of recycling End-of-life tire products, but can also contribute to unique properties such as energy dissipation not attained by conventional concrete and therefore leading to superior performance as flexural strengthening material. It was found that by incorporating 60% by volume rubber particles in combination with recycled steel fibers, it increased the damping ratio of concrete by 75.4%. Furthermore, SFRRC was proven effective in enhancing the energy dissipation of existing structural members.
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Siddiqui, A. R., B. Indraratna, T. Ngo, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. "Laboratory assessment of rubber grids reinforced ballast under impact testing." Géotechnique Letters 13, no. 2 (2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.22.00145.
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This paper presents a study on the use of rubber grids fabricated from end-of-life conveyor belts (i.e., discarded from the mining industry) to improve the performance of ballast tracks. The square apertures of these recycled rubber sheets were cast using a waterjet cutting process. A series of large-scale impact tests were performed on ballast specimens stabilised with three different grids of varied effective area ratios (KA.eff) to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating the applied impact forces, in relation to both displacement and breakage of the ballast aggregates. Smart Ballast particles with motion-sensing capabilities were adopted to monitor the interaction between the grid and ballast assembly. The impact test results indicate that the inclusion of a rubber grid decreases the deformation and breakage of ballast as well as reduces its vibrations. This study demonstrates that these recycled rubber grids with optimum effective area ratios can be more effective than conventional polymer geogrids, apart from the obvious environmental benefits.
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Dai, Jie, Jian Min Xiong, and Jin Zhi Zhou. "Experimental Study and Analysis on Strength Properties of Waste Crumb Rubber Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.227.
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The experiment program was carried out to investigate strength performance and flexural properties of concrete containing recycled crumb rubber. The rubber contents of 10,20,30 and 40% by volume were selected to partially replace the fine aggregate with crumb rubber of 20 mesh, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was employed to modify the rubber surface, enhancing adhesion between rubber particles and cement paste. Uniaxial compression and four point bending tests showed that both compressive and flexural strength reduced as crumb rubber inclusion increasing. It is notable that surface modification by NaOH solution have positive effects on strength properties of crumb rubber concrete, and the failure mode tends to become ductile failure due to the rubber inclusion rather than brittle failure of normal concrete.
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MALAIŠKIENĖ, Jurgita, Džigita NAGROCKIENĖ, and Gintautas SKRIPKIŪNAS. "POSSIBILITIES TO USE TEXTILE CORD WASTE FROM USED TIRES FOR CONCRETE." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, no. 3 (2015): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1057514.
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The goal of the study was to determine the effect of waste tire cord yarn with attached rubber particles on the properties of concrete made of different types of cement (Portland cement without additives – CEM I, Portland cement with limestone additive – CEM II). The filament waste (added at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the amount of fine aggregate) is water absorbing textile fibre additive with rubber particles, therefore a bigger amount of water is required to prepare the concrete mixture. With waste additive, the density and compressive strength of concrete reduces, but water absorption increases. The forecasted freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with cement type CEM I and recycled tire cord increases and slightly reduces when cement type CEM II is used, however retains similar resistance in about 1000 freeze-thaw cycles. The coefficient of thermal conductivity decreases approx. 35%, when 10% of recycled tire textile cord is added to concrete mixture.
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Abdelmonim, Ahmed, and Dan V. Bompa. "Mechanical and Fresh Properties of Multi-Binder Geopolymer Mortars Incorporating Recycled Rubber Particles." Infrastructures 6, no. 10 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6100146.
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This paper examines the performance of multi-binder conventional geopolymer mixes (GCMs) with relatively high early strength, achieved through curing at ambient temperature. Mixes incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and microsilica (MS) and sodium metasilicate anhydrous, were assessed in terms of workability, mechanical properties and embodied carbon. A cement mortar was also prepared for the sake of comparison. The best performing GCM was then used as a reference for rubberised geopolymer mixes (RuGM) in which the mineral aggregates were replaced by recycled rubber particles in proportions up to 30% by volume. Experimental results were combined with embodied carbon estimations in a multi-criteria assessment to evaluate the performance of each material. A mix with a 75/25 GGBS-to-FA ratio, in which 5% MS was added, had the best performance in terms of strength, workability, water absorption and environmental impact. The compressive strength was above 50 MPa, similar to that of the cement mortar. The latter had significantly higher embodied carbon, with factors ranging between 3.48 to 4.20, compared with the CGM mixes. The presence of rubber particles reduced the mechanical properties of RuGM proportionally with the rubber amount, but had similar workability and embodied carbon to CGMs. Finally, a strength degradation model is validated against the tests from this paper and literature to estimate the compressive strength of RuGM, providing reliable predictions over a wide range of rubber contents.