Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Recycling in architecture'

The aim of this thesis is the elucidation of the concept of architectural recycling as an environmentally sustainable alternative to demolition and preservation. More precisely, the research aim relates to the redefinition of recycling design principles in the context of the sustainable architectural design. The process of architectural recycling was placed in the context of a sustainable architectural design, as the global concept of sustainable development is imposed as a general context for all building related questions in the last few decades. Industrial architecture is the most appropriate type of architecture for the research on architectural recycling due to its physical characteristics, i.e. large flexible spaces with great adaptability potential. The focus of this research is on the exploration and redefinition of the recycling design principles. More precisely, the focus is on the creation of the so-called 'recycling model', consisting of three redefined recycling design principles, which stem from the analogy between the domains of biology and architecture. The analogy was conducted in a systematic manner, applying the set of criteria which refer to structure, material, form and spatial organisation, i.e. their relationship between both existing building and new intervention. The general research hypothesis refers to the advantages of the architectural recycling over demolition and preservation, seen as the most frequently applied methods of dealing with the existing building stock. This assumption is based on the view that processes of demolition and replacement simply contribute to the endless circle of production, consumption and waste, given that the building sector constitutes one of the biggest waste streams produced in Europe, and is unquestionably the biggest polluter. On the other hand, preservation persists in maintaining status quo and prevents the building to adapt to changing condition through alterations and change of use. A systematic review of the concepts of preservation, restoration, destruction and sustainable design, is presented based on the sources by John Ruskin, William Morris, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and Rem Koolhaas, respectively. The analysis enabled the elucidation of the concept of architectural recycling as preservation through change: in the context of a sustainable architectural design. The second hypothesis refers to the adequacy of biological analogies for the definition of the recycling design principles. lt is assumed that the biological concept of symbiosis is the most adequate one for the definition of the possible relationships between the original industrial building and the new intervention. From the concept of symbiosis stem three redefined design principles of recycling, namely: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. The final research hypothesis refers to the relationship between the physical characteristic of an underused industrial building and the most environmentally sustainable design principle for its recycling. lt is assumed that in order for the recycling intervention to produce least environmental damage, the original building should be exploited to a high degree. Hence, it is assumed that the election of the most environmentally sustainable recycling design principle depends on the current condition of the existing industrial building. The value of the 'recycling model' (consisting of three redefined recycling design principles) is seen in its multidisciplinary character and its systematic approach to the topic of recycling architecture, i.e. the principles embedded in this model relate to the aspects of structure, material, form and spatial organization. The 'recycling model' provides a fresh understanding of how an extensive range of physical characteristics of an existing building can be considered in a systematic way in order to provide the guidance for choosing the most environmentally sustainable recycling design principle.
El objetivo de esta tesis es la explicación del concepto de reciclaje arquitectónico como una alternativa ambientalmente sostenible a la demolición o para la preservación. En concreto, la investigación se refiere a la redefinición del diseño del reciclaje en el marco del diseño arquitectónico sostenible. La idea general del desarrollo sostenible se impone a todas las preguntas relacionadas con la construcción durante las últimas décadas. Teniendo en cuenta que sólo un pequeño porcentaje de los edificios existentes esta realizado de obra nueva, es evidente que no es suficiente desarrollar estrategias y conceptos de diseño sostenible sólo para los proyectos nuevos, sino también para los preexistentes. La arquitectura industrial con grandes espacios flexibles y con un gran potencial de adaptación, es la tipología más adecuada para la investigación del reciclaje arquitectónico. El estudio se enfoca en la exploración y redefinición del diseño del reciclaje, concretamente, en la creación de un modelo de reciclaje. Este se compone de tres principios redefinidos del diseño, que surgen de la comparación entre los campos de la biología y la arquitectura. La analogía se llevó a cabo de manera sistemática, aplicando el conjunto de criterios que se refieren a la estructura, los materiales, la forma y la organización espacial, es decir, su relación entre el edificio existente y la nueva intervención. La hipótesis general de la investigación se refiere a las ventajas del reciclaje arquitectónico sobre demolición o preservación, desde la perspectiva de los métodos más aplicados en las intervenciones de edificios existentes. Ésta se basa en la idea, que los procesos de demolición y sustitución simplemente contribuyen al interminable circulo de la producción, el consumo y los residuos. El sector de la construcción constituye uno de los mayores flujos de residuos producidos en Europa y es sin duda el mayor contaminador. Por otro lado, la preservación impone mantener el 'status quo' e impide el edificio adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones. La revisión sistemática de los conceptos de conservación, restauración, destrucción y el diseño sostenible, está basada en las fuentes de John Ruskin, William Morris, Eugéne Viollet-le-Duc y Rem Koolhaas, respectivamente. El análisis permite aclarar el concepto de reciclaje arquitectónico como la 'conservación a través del cambio', siempre en un contexto del diseño arquitectónico sostenible. La segunda hipótesis consiste en comprobar las analogías biológicas para la definición de los conceptos del diseño del reciclaje. Se supone que el concepto biológico de 'simbiosis' es el más adecuado para la definición del nuevo diseño del reciclaje, es decir, la concreción de las relaciones entre el edificio industrial existente y la nueva intervención. Desde el concepto de simbiosis derivan tres principios de diseño de reciclaje: comensalismo, mutualismo y parasitismo. La última hipótesis se refiere a la relación entre las características físicas de un edificio industrial y el concepto de diseño ambientalmente sostenible para su reciclaje. Cuando el edificio tiene un alto uso intensivo, la intervención de reciclaje tiene un menor impacto ambiental. La elección del principio de diseño más sostenible ambientalmente depende de las condiciones, estructural y material, del edificio industrial existente. El valor de este 'modelo de reciclaje' se ve en su carácter multidisciplinar y su enfoque sistemático al tema del reciclaje de la arquitectura. Los principios incorporados en este modelo se refieren a los aspectos de la estructura, material, forma y organización espacial. El 'modelo de reciclaje' proporciona una nueva comprensión de cómo una amplia gama de características físicas de un edificio preexistente se puede considerar de manera sistemática. La finalidad consiste en orientar la elección del mejor concepto de diseño de reciclaje ambientalmente sostenible.

Master of Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jason S. Brody
Recycling in many cities faces dilemmas with accessibility and education, especially within the public realm, which leads to a lack of participation in this sustainable activity. The City of Kansas City, Missouri does not currently provide recycling solutions for multi-family and commercial businesses and has minimal to non-existent recycling infrastructure within its downtown’s public realm. Envisioning a new recycling system for a city requires many entities to come together in the design process. However, the city, landscape architects, and other designers frequently overlook incorporating children into the participatory community design process, even though children have knowledge, experiences, and ideas to offer (Speak, 2000). Incorporating many avenues of community input can benefit the design outcomes, and children should be included in the participatory design process when it engages their built environment. The Kansas City Design Center (KCDC) produced a vision plan and conceptual site designs for downtown Kansas City’s recycling system. Community input was part of the KCDC studio project’s design process by utilizing a series of advisory council meetings, professional reviews, and open houses. This report integrated another form of community involvement into the project by working with children on designing urban space and playful infrastructure focused on encouraging participation in recycling. A series of design charrettes were conducted with 5th grade students from Kansas City’s urban charter school Crossroads Academy due to the school’s focus on immersion in the urban environment. The students’ design charrette ideas added a new perspective to how urban space and recycling infrastructure could encourage participation. These ideas and perspectives were shared with classmates and utilized to further design development in the recycling project's streetscape "Links" strategy. As the project developed, the researcher observed how the children's ideas impacted the "Links" strategy design coming through in playful ground plane designs, interactive elements, concepts of place-making, and considerations for a variety of users. The participatory process with the children was most influential on those involved directly with the children's process. This allowed the children's ideas to become inherent base knowledge when designing. Engaging youth’s imaginative minds in the design process for urban space and recycling infrastructure sparked new playful perspectives on how to encourage participation and led to meaningful recycling design outcomes within the public realm.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 124-125).
This thesis proposes an electronic waste recycling center in downtown Manhattan as the test site for a new ecosystem of material production and consumption. Discarded electronic materials represent the single fastest growing source of municipal waste, which is often illegally exported to developing countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, India, China before being processed into reusable materials. As urban societies increasingly rely on digital devices, and those devices become obsolete at rapid rates, a new model for managing e-waste is desperately needed. The thesis employs architecture to raise awareness, illuminate deficiencies in the current model of e-waste management, and orchestrate an alternative model to current practices. The project is situated on the Gansevoort peninsula on the west side of Manhattan on a wasteland made from landfill, and the former site of a municipal waste incinerator. Micro collection points throughout the island collect approximately 100 tons of daily e-waste that are then transported to the recycling center, which serves the entire island. The architecture transforms e-waste into commodifiable resources such as gold and silver to make new products. Not only is the architecture a machine for creating new material but it becomes a site for exchanging knowledge, allowing public to engage and participate with the recycling processes. By exploiting the site's latent symbolic and logistical value, this thesis proposes a new urban consumption cycle. "One man's trash is another man's treasure"; obsolete devices enjoy their second lives.
by Jongwan Kwon.
M. Arch.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
"June 2016." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 88-93).
This thesis examines the prospect for new local recycling schemes for concrete and masonry waste within an existing urban environment. Using Lisbon, Portugal as a case study, I propose three context-specific material recycling scenarios to make use of mineral construction waste generated as city's aging residential building stock is replaced over the next 30 years. The objective of the work is to explore whether the existing stock, as it is overturned, can feed the future built environment and to what degree. What happens to construction waste when obsolete buildings are demolished? In the case of Lisbon, most of it is used as backfill or disposed in landfill. Little of the mineral waste's material value is recovered. Nonetheless, the urban built environment maintains the alluring prospect of being a source for our impending resource needs. The concept of urban mining and the circular economy movement bolster this proposition as a path towards more efficient, localized resource use within cities. I compare the three recycling proposals, along with standard landfill disposal, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and cost. The results show that from both an environmental and economic standpoint, recycling is not always the optimal solution. The impacts depend not only on the recycling processes and end uses, but also the avoided and added burdens consequent to changes in the existing system. Through this analysis, I identify both the limiting factors and potential opportunities for improvement in the current paradigm of material use and reuse in construction, in Lisbon and beyond.
by Irmak Turan.
S.M.

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68).
Many different forms of electronic waste recycling systems now exist worldwide, and the amount of related legislation continues to increase. Numerous approaches have been proposed including landfill bans, extended producer responsibility (EPR) and advance recovery fee (ARF) funded recycling systems. In order for policymakers and system architects to establish the optimal recycling system for their location, they need to know how to evaluate the performance of existing systems, and furthermore, how to use this information to design new systems. This thesis addresses the question: How does the physical system architecture of e-waste systems influence system performance? Specifically, it focuses upon the physical system architecture of collection site density and distribution. This thesis presents a systematic methodology developed with the Materials Systems Laboratory for characterizing recycling systems. Case studies of existing e-waste systems operating in Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, the Canadian province of Alberta and the US States of California, Maine and Maryland are examined for correlations between the environmental and financial performance of existing systems with respect to both the context and the architectural options of those systems. The case study analysis furthermore informs the construction of a model of e-waste systems. This model, which examines architectural choices in collection, transport, processing and system management of e-waste, is used to predict the environmental and financial performance of theoretical e-waste systems for a given location. The model was intentionally developed to be both broad, in order to encompass all pieces of recycling systems, and general, such that many different types of systems, both real and hypothetical, can be analyzed. Following an application of the model to several different combinations of system architecture and context, policy recommendations are made regarding the construction and evaluation of e-waste systems in various locations.
by Susan Fredholm.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

This thesis is the story of two housing projects designed by architect Ralph Erskine. The first building, Lassaskog in Växjö built in 1954, is one of the earliest examples of industrialized concrete housing in Sweden. The other one, Kv. Ortdrivaren in Kiruna was built some eight years later following Erskine’s utopian ideas for The Arctic City. Despite their architectural and historical significance, these two buildings are threatened today: Ortdrivaren will be demolished and Lassaskog will be hastily densified.   This thesis is a reaction to these threats, and it is a call for preserving and reusing. Looking towards the near future of circularity, I want to praise for never demolishing a building again.   This leads me to the overarching question of my thesis; how could I sustainably save these two buildings?   The only solution I thought worthy of their architecture was to unite them. Rather than demolishing Ortdrivaren, I propose to deconstruct it and reuse it in Växjö. Thereon, started the project of densifying the Lassaskog estates with new student housing made of repurposed concrete elements from Kiruna.   My objective for this quirky enterprise is to find a methodology for preserving post-war housing estates and for conducting a circular architecture project.

The clothes and textiles sold in Sweden is mostly manufactured in countries outside of the EU. The production requires large areas of land and vast amount of water. The environmental impact is big during the production phase in terms of water usage, chemicals and transports. In general, the consumption of new textile is increasing in Sweden, but so is also reused textil. In 2016 the consumption of textile in Sweden was nearly 14 kg per person and year, which equals the weight of 14 t-shirts, 5 pairs of jeans, 7 hoodies and 2 coats. At the same time 5 kg textile per person and year is thrown in the the household waste and nearly 60 % of the thrown textile is in good condition and could be used again. The amount of clothes given to charity organisations is almost 4 kg per person and year but 70 % of the collected textile is exported. The collection and recycling of non-reusable textiles in Sweden today is low. Current recycling techniques are mainly energy recovery through incineration. The reasons for this has to do with limitations in the sorting and collection of consumer textile waste or limitation of optional recycling processes. In fact, there is no large scale industrial process to recycle textile into new textile, which leads to an open loop system where input of new materials is required. But there are upcoming technologies that meets the challenges today. This project explores the dynamics of current ways of treating textile waste. Through learnings from existing system, in combination with new technologies, alternative ways of structuring processes of production, consumption, usages and disposal is proposed with the aim of establishing a new relationship to contemporary urban production.

The current work has for object the improvement and the maintenance of the School of Engineering and Architecture in Via Terracini 28 (Bologna), with the prospective to maximize the operative efficiency reducing to the minimum the environmental impact and the costs. In order to realize this work the LEED certification has been used. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a certification system of the buildings. It was born in United States by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)

Master of Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jason S. Brody
Kansas City is currently under achieving in its capacity of divert recyclable and compostable solid waste from city landfills. The city recycling system provides free access to single family residents, but it does not provide access to high density residential and commercial land uses commonly found Downtown. To solve this dilemma, KCDC has studied the current solid waste systems in the city, and developed its [re]considered proposal through a MARC Solid Waste Management District grant to improve Kansas City waste diversion. This is achieved through a system of links, clusters and nodes which will help to promote and facilitate greater recycling (KCDC 2015 Fall Studio 2015) Compost | KC seeks to answer if the organic nodes as proposed in can effectively compost residential organic waste in down town Kansas City. As part of this system, the organic node at 12th and Holmes functionally demonstrates the potential feasibility and benefits of residential compost of organic solid waste. Through the site design, the proposed organic node creates an integrated system of residential organic waste collection, processing and utilization. Collected form a 15 minute radius the waste is processed into a rich organic compost that is used in various ways to improve soil quality for stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and increased biomass production in and around the site. To compost the organic waste, the site contains a series of in-vessel composting drums, agitated compost piles connected to greenhouses, and an external maturing pile visibly demonstrating and educating the public composting benefits. Managed through a local non-profit organization, compost is used to grow a variety of produce and nursery stock sold to help fund the site management. Organic waste is brought to the site by organized collection with apartment complexes and free public drop-off points. By incentivizing access, ease and appeal of composting in Kansas City for residences, the organic node at 12th and Holmes achieves the goals of both the site design and [re] considered proposals. By meeting those goals, the organic node helps to increase organic waste diversion and increase education and awareness about the benefits of composting in downtown Kansas City.

Detta arbete visar ett utformningsförslag på ett modernt miljöhus som skall underlätta källsortering av returförpackningar i samhället, baserat på arkitektoniska och tekniska funktioner. Arbetet grundar sig i de växande miljöproblemen som planeten jorden utsätts för, där källsortering och återvinning är två viktiga faktorer som måste utvecklas ytterligare för att kunna bidra till en förminskad klimatförändring. Studien baseras på tidigare framtagna teorier, observationer, enkätundersökningar och intervjuer med sakkunniga. Resultaten visar att ett miljöhus utformat utan fram- eller baksida och utan ingång, underlättar för sortering av avfall.
This work shows a design proposal of a modern recycling house, which is developed to ease waste sorting in a community, based on architectural och technical functions. The work is based on the constantly growing environmental issues that affects planet earth. Waste sorting och recycling are two important factors that have to be further developed to contribute to a reduced climate change. The study is based on previous produced theories, observations, surveys and interviews with experts in different areas. The results shows that a recycling house with no front or back and without entrance, makes it easier for people to engage in waste sorting.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central avaliar o estado de conservação e o uso atual de um dos principais exemplares da arquitetura Moderna brasileira: o Conjunto da Pampulha. Sabida sua função patrimonial no contexto histórico e cultural, procura-se identificar as já passadas intervenções para compreender a transformação pela qual esse conjunto passou. Pretende-se identificar quais os problemas práticos e burocráticos mais correntes na preservação dos edifícios Modernos no Brasil. Bem como especular quais podem ser os principais problemas e entraves na preservação dos bens modernos, que já fazem parte de uma memória arquitetônica, artística e cultural da nação. Para atender os objetivos de análise, uma breve revisão das origens da arquitetura Moderna Brasileira abrirá o presente trabalho; contextualizando projetos icônicos e seus respectivos autores no tempo/espaço. A revisão bibliográfica reunirá informações sobre o tema reconhecimento e valorização do patrimônio histórico arquitetônico, com uma revisão concisa de suas teorias e doutrinas. Ainda, revisitará as legislações patrimonialistas vigentes e o posicionamento de órgãos nacionais e mundiais responsáveis pela proteção de patrimônios arquitetônicos do estudo de caso. No contexto de intervenção em uma obra arquitetônica construída, serão diferenciadas em termos gerais as intervenções de restauro, reforma e reciclagem. Munido deste material, o trabalho entra no estudo de caso. A história, contexto, percalços e triunfos do projeto de Oscar Niemeyer para a Pampulha serão avaliados a partir da coleta dos dados em livros, revistas, fotografias, material obtido em órgãos públicos do estado de Minas Gerais em visita, e documentação disponível das intervenções ao conjunto ao longo do tempo. Da fundamentação teórica, bibliográfica e documental, a dissertação do curso de mestrado pretende uma análise crítica e parecer especulativo do objeto de estudo (Conjunto da Pampulha), reunindo informações a quem interesse desenvolver um estudo preliminar de reciclagem de edifícios modernos.
This body of work aims to evaluate the conservation state and actual use of one of the primary examples of Brazilian Modern architecture: Niemeyer’s Pampulha. By knowing its role in its historical and culture context, we seek to identify past interventions to comprehend the transformations that took place in this collection of architecture works. The purpose is to identify the most common, practical and bureaucratic problems in preservation of Modern Architecture in Brazil. And to speculate which might be the main issues and obstacles in the preservation of Modern properties, that are already part of this nation’s architectural, artistic and cultural memory. To reach these goals of analysis, a brief review of the origins of Brazilian Modern architecture opens the present paper to set its architectural plans and authors in time/space. The literature review will gather information on the topic ‘recognition and appreciation of the architectural heritage’ with a recall of its theories and doctrines. The thesis will also revisit current heritage statutes and the understanding of national and world institutions responsible for architectural heritage care. In the context of architectural interventions, restoration, reform and recycling will be differentiated in general terms. Provided with this material, this work enters into case study. History, context, mishaps and triumphs of Oscar Niemeyer’s Pampulha original design will be evaluated from data collected in books, journals, photos, obtained through personal research in public agencies of the State of Minas Gerais and in available documentation gathered through time. From theoretical foundation to literature and documentation this master’s degree thesis intends to offer a critic overview and a speculative insight of its point of interest, gathering information for whomever seeks to develop a preliminary study in Modern buildings’ recycling.

A urbanização acelerada e o rápido adensamento das cidades de médio e grande porte são fatores que vêm contribuindo para o aumento da quantidade de Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC) nas cidades brasileiras. A problemática aumenta não somente pelo fato destes constituírem a maior fração em massa dos resíduos gerados nas cidades, mas também pela imprudência ou desconhecimento dos profissionais responsáveis que acompanham as obras. Como consequência ocorre a disposição inadequada dos RCC em locais clandestinos, terrenos baldios, praças, ruas ou encostas de rios. O descarte irregular destes é uma das principais causas da degradação do meio ambiente, com potencial de afetar a qualidade de vida da população, comprometer os recursos naturais e os ecossistemas. Nesse ínterim, este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como os resíduos vem sendo gerenciados pelos profissionais que atuam com Arquitetura de Interiores no município de Caxias do Sul. A natureza do projeto de pesquisa classifica-se como exploratória, cujos dados primários são de natureza qualitativa, enquanto uma pesquisa posterior é feita para quantificar os dados iniciais obtidos, ambas as etapas envolvendo a elaboração de questionários. Assim, o processo de levantamento de dados necessários à realização da análise desse trabalho, sustentou-se por meio de uma entrevista de profundidade, seguida de uma pesquisa Survey, construída na forma estruturada e aplicada via computador. Ambas direcionadas à uma amostra de Arquitetos e Urbanistas que atuam no município. Os resultados obtidos da Pesquisa de Profundidade sugerem que os profissionais reconhecem a importância do meio ambiente para o bem-estar da sociedade como um todo, porém desconhecem sobre aspectos ligados à gestão, gerenciamento e atribuições legais relacionadas aos RCC. A análise dos resultados da pesquisa Survey reforça essa informação inicial, mapeando dados que mostram o baixo aproveitamento de resíduos na própria obra, a falta de segregação de resíduos, a prática de aterramento de RCC e a deposição irregular em terrenos baldios. Estes dados são fortes indicadores de que o segmento está operando em inconformidade com a legislação brasileira, carecendo de atenção, fiscalização e ações de educação ambiental. Tais medidas se fazem necessárias para se combater a degradação das áreas urbanas e se obter uma consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade.
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The fast urbanization and intensification of medium and large-size cities have increased the quantity of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in Brazilian cities. The problem is not only because the largest waste fraction of CDW generated by cities, but also by imprudence or lack of knowledge of professionals that monitor construction works. The inappropriate placement of CDW occurs in illegal sites, wastelands, squares, streets or river slopes. The irregular disposal of CDW is one of the main causes of the environment degradation since it has the potential to affect the quality of life of the population, compromising natural resources and ecosystems. This study aims to investigate how wastes are being treated by professionals working with interior design in Caxias do Sul. The nature of the research project is explanatory, whose primary data are qualitative while a later research is done to quantify the initial data, involving the preparation of surveys in both stages. Hence, the data collection process required to perform the analysis started with an in-depth interview following by a survey research, which was structurally developed and applied via computer. Both processes were applied to a sample of architectures and planners from Caxias do Sul. The in-depth interview results suggest that professionals recognize the importance of the environment to the welfare of society, but ignoring aspects of operation, management and legal responsibilities to the CDW. The survey analysis enhances the initial information, mapping data that shows low achievement of wastes in civil constructions, lack of waste segmentation, practice of CDW grounding and irregular disposal of CDW in wastelands. These findings are strong evidences that the segment is not in accordance with the Brazilian law, lacking attention, inspection and environmental education. These actions are needed to tackle the degradation of urban areas and achieve improvements in society’s life quality.

Thesis (BTech (Surface Design))Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010
The purpose of this research is to explore and create an understanding of how architectural structures. that adhere to deconstructivist design principles, can inspire the reconstruction of second-hand school fumiture and scrap metal. The planned pieces will continue to create an awareness of sustainability, by designing for reuse. These functional fumiture pieces of low tables and chairs will be handcrafted, appealing to a niche market, or specific spaces and they will act as expressions of contradiction. This research will act as an addition to a body of knowledge, where I will primarily focus on contradicting the traditional form and aesthetic of furniture design. I have decided to create these functional pieces to express a new possible direction of furniture design. The study context is a potential confrontational experience in that I want to challenge the conventional form and aesthetics of fumiture design. These pieces of fumiture will be placed in a niche market where they will exist as one-offs that are not produced for mass-consumption, as they will be individually hand-erafted. These days more and more people are attempting to live in a more sustainable manner by practicing to reduce our consumption of products and resources; reuse that which we have disposed of and forgotten as consumers and to recycle waste products and transform them into a feasible afterlife (Martin, 2010). The theory is focused on Sohaill Inayatullah's theory of "Futures Thinking", and this .theory is further supported by Victor Margolin's study of changing existing situations into preferred ones. The research further reflects on Jacques Derrida's theory of deconstruction, and this research is further supported by the theory of sustainability, by designing for reuse, with a focus on Ezio Manzini. Therefore, my research study is concerned with confronting and challenging the conformity that the form of furniture and its aesthetic adhere to.

This thesis focuses on resource efficiency of building materials achieved through facilitating reuse and recycling of components. The overriding scope is to investigate building methods that may contribute to solving a set of environmental challenges in a long-term perspective, and to explore ways to expand the applicability and transfer the concept to contemporary architectural practice. The aim of the work is to contribute to new understanding in this field, both at the level of design, and at a more general level of the building trade where the drivers and the hurdles for environmental considerations are complex and interconnected. The thesis uses a multi-disciplinary approach and the investigations are carried out with a diversity of methods including quantitative and qualitative assessments, literature studies, case studies and discussions. The findings and reflections are seen as puzzle pieces that try to make the picture of life cycle design more complete. The main work in the thesis is divided in three sections that make contributions to separate areas of inquiry, headed under the questions "WHY", "HOW" and "SO WHAT". These consist in total of five papers that build upon each other and that are written and presented in a chronological order. The quantitative analysis in the paper discussing the question "WHY" aims at substantiating the environmental rationale for facilitating reuse and recycling. An introduction of the concept environmentally justifiableinitiates an exploration of the normative relationship between lifetime environmental impact and the number of functional lifetimes of components. A quantification of greenhouse gas-emissions related to extraction, production and transport of building materials is set as a point of departure for a calculation of expected lifetime, or "pay-back time" for ten exterior wall constructions. The comparative results reveal large differences in impact between the construction materials and subsequently large differences in the need for salvageability. The conclusion is that assessed environmental costs can complement forecasted turnover as a rationale for salvageable design. The calculation method that was used represents a quantifiable measure for expected building generations. This contribution may help enlarging the scope for salvageability. The overriding question in "HOW" is how building design can facilitate future deconstruction and salvage of materials. First, existing research on Design for Disassembly (DfD) is analyzed, and a principal systematization of design guidelines is presented. The guidelines are divided into scale of application, main criteria and prescriptive strategies, and are structured in a matrix that may also be used as a tool for assessment. The aim is to create a consistent and multi-purpose base of information to be used in the rest of the work. Furthermore, as the term Design for Disassembly only reflects the disassembly phase, the term salvageability  is suggested as a more adequate replacement. Then two case-studies are performed. The first case-study assesses the reusability of massive wood component types and the second investigates brickwork constructions. The assessment matrix is used in both studies. Also, the background and the practical, technical and architectural consequences of the design measures for each criterion are explained and discussed. Both case-studies show that the examples of historical construction methods hold an overall high reusability, not only due to high scores for reversible connections but for all the criteria regarding salvageability. Furthermore, both studies show that there are great potentials to improve the reusability for the most commonly used constructions in massive wood and brickwork today. The assessment method itself is also commented upon. The aim of "SO WHAT" is to discuss the architectural consequences of the design strategies. The overriding hypothesis is that the demand for salvageability of building materials may be seen as a positive driver for architectural design. As in the case-studies, the framework of the study is based upon the criteria for salvageability. The research investigates in what ways this field of knowledge may influence building practice and architectural expression, and points to building examples from past and present. The discussions verify the hypothesis, and show that some of the criteria may have great consequences for building design. The study furthermore explores the concept of tectonics and in what ways environmental logic can substantiate architectural articulation. The focus shifts from the restrictions that the demand for salvageability may pose upon construction, and rather point to the potential for creating meaningful architecture in a low-carbon society.

This project is a study of the wastescape - a network of waste - of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack in Odisha, India.  The study incorporates key locations, e.g. landfills, urban wastelands and waste warehouses; major actors in the formal and informal waste sector; and flows of waste through economic and social systems. Drawing from the studies, multiple interventions within the wastescape are proposed for improvement of the economic, ecologic and social situation. An important aspect of the project is the development of an approach for how to, as architects, work with big, complex, contingent networks; how to map and understand such a system; and how to determine where to intervene. To improve the existing wastescape, interventions must consciously and holistically address multiple scales; levels of formal-informal; and phases within the waste cycle. The study includes a vast amount of possible interventions. Some of the interventions are further detailed to show feasibility; impact on the wastescape; and synergies with other interventions within the wastescape.
Projektet “Wastescape of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack” är en studie av ett nätverk av skräpflöden genom Bhubaneswar och Cuttack i Odisha, Indien. Studien inkorporerar viktiga platser, t.ex. deponier, urbana ödemarker och lokaler för skräphandel; stora aktörer i den formella och informella skräpsektorn; och flöden av skräp genom ekonomiska och sociala system. Utifrån dessa studier, ett flertal interventioner i “the wastescape” föreslås för att förbättra den ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala situationen. En viktig aspekt av arbetet är utvecklingen av ett sätt att, som arkitekt, arbeta med storskaliga, komplexa och inter-beroende nätverk; hur sådana system kan kartläggas och förstås; samt hur det går att avgöra vart och hur interventioner passar in i “the wastescape”. För att förbättra “the wastescape”, interventioner måste medvetet och holistiskt adressera multipla skalor; nivåer av formell-informell; och faser i skräpets kretslopp. Studien innehåller ett stort nummer av möjliga interventioner. Några av dessa interventioner är ytterligare detaljerade för att visa på genomförbarhet; påverkan på “the wastescape”; och synergier gentemot andra interventioner i “the wastescape”.

A dissertação apresenta o projeto de arquitetura, desenvolvido entre 2006 e 2008 pelo arquiteto Paulo Mendes da Rocha, para transformação do edifício do antigo Educandário Santa Teresa, no Rio de Janeiro, em museu para a instituição suíça Daroslatinamerica. O trabalho também reúne 12 projetos do arquiteto para intervenções em edifícios de interesse histórico e cultural e apresenta, por meio da leitura destas propostas, distintas estratégias de intervenção. O projeto Casadaros aparece, portanto, discutido dentro do panorama dessas intervenções de Paulo Mendes da Rocha anteriormente publicados na mídia especializada. A partir da compreensão de que não é possível estabelecer um método próprio para intervenções desta natureza - uma vez que as questões são específicas de cada conjunto construído - o trabalho promove uma sistematização e interpretação crítica dos princípios teóricos e da prática da intervenção em arquitetura a fim de apresentar caminhos para o desafio do desenho de intervenções espaciais responsáveis em relação ao patrimônio construído.
This dissertation presents the architectural project, developed from 2006 to 2008 by Paulo Mendes da Rocha, for the transformation of the old school building Educandário Santa Teresa, located in Rio de Janeiro, into a museum for the Daroslatinamerica Swiss institution. This paper also highlights 12 projects of the same architect for cultural and historical heritage buildings, stressing different strategies of intervention, based on the author\'s take. The Casadaros project is then shown and analyzed under the context of these interventions by Paulo Mendes da Rocha, previously published by the specialized media. Departing from the understanding that it is not possible to establish a unique method for interventions of this nature - since there are specific issues related to each building complex - the paper fosters a critical systematization and interpretation of theoretical principles and the practice of architectural intervention in order to present alternatives for the challenge of designing responsible spatial interventions on built heritage.

Le projet de doctorat vise à présenter une nouvelle approche intégrée en support des opérateurs dans la gestion du processus de conception d'interventions de rénovation énergétique et architecturale du patrimoine bâti récent, grâce à l'emploie de solutions technologiques d'enveloppe innovantes. La recherche se fonde sur la collection d'un répertoire sélectionné des solutions architecturales et constructives d'enveloppe, nécessaire pour constituer une base valide sur laquelle étudier des solutions technologiques novatrices pour la réhabilitation énergétique des écoles dans l'après-guerre, en béton armé, généralement préfabriquées. Le projet identifie des processus constructifs éco-durables pour la conception des composants de façade “active”, adaptable et efficace, à assembler à sec, en conformité avec les exigences de performance requises par la réglementation actuelle. La recherche est finalisée à la gestion de l'ensemble du processus, soutenu par des systèmes de relevé géométrique, connectés aux logiciels de programmation paramétrique pour la modélisation des surfaces capables de s'adapter aux différentes morphologies du patrimoine existant. Ces outils informatisés CAO-FAO sont reliés aux machines à contrôle numérique CNC pour la fabrication des éléments de façade “sur mesure”. À démonstration de l'approche innovante proposée, deux possibles solutions d'enveloppes ont présentées, dans la ligne droit des principes de durabilité, comprise comme modularité, rapidité de mise en œuvre, réversibilité, récupération et réutilise des matériaux. En particulier, les solutions innovantes sont réunies par l'application d'une technique basée sur l'assemblage d'éléments préfabriqués, l'adoption d'un pavage hexagonal pour le dessin de la nouvelle surface d'enveloppe, et l'utilisation du même matériau isolant thermique, plastique et inorganique, recyclé, éco-durable, à faible impact environnemental (AAM - Alkali Activated Materials).Les solutions proposées, développées dans les sièges de cotutelle (Université de Bologne, Université Paris-Est) sont envisagées selon un protocole scientifique qui prévoit: conception du système constructif, analyse mécanique et thermique, expérimentation constructive, validation des techniques de mise en œuvre et des performances
The research is aimed at presenting a new integrated approach to aid operators and designers to manage the design process as a whole in refurbishment interventions of recent existing building stock, through the use of innovative technological envelope solutions. The study requires the acquisition of a selection of typological and constructive envelope solutions, as a starting point for the development of design solutions to be used for architectural renovation of schools built after the Second World War, in reinforced concrete and mostly prefabricated. The project identifies sustainable construction processes for the design of “active”, adaptive, efficient and dry assembled envelope components, in accordance with the performance requirements prescribed by current regulations. The purpose of the research is to manage the whole design process with the support of geometrical survey, connected to parametric programming software for modelling surfaces which can be adapted to the morphology of existing buildings. These computerized CAD-CAM tools are connected to CNC machines for “customized” industrialized production. To illustrate this innovative approach, two envelope solutions are proposed, according to the research paradigms and the principles of sustainability, meant as modularity, speed of setup, reversibility, recycling and reuse of materials with low environmental impact. In particular, the innovative solutions have in common the application of a technique based on the assembly of prefabricated components, the adoption of hexagonal patterns for the tessellation of the new surface of the façade, and the use of the same plastic and inorganic, recycled and sustainable, thermal insulation material (AAM-Alkali Activated Materials).The design solutions proposed are developed at the two sites involved in the joint

Dentro del Centro Histórico de Lima aún resisten edificaciones que fueron referentes arquitectónicos del Siglo XIX y XX y que siguen casi en pie; sin embargo, al preguntarnos qué porvenir tienen, las respuestas e intuiciones son en su mayoría desesperanzadoras. En tiempos donde se discute sobre la obsolescencia programada de los productos, los objetos, los edificios, ¿dónde queda el oficio del arquitecto con vocación humanista, su ego intrínseco de perennización a través de la calidad? ¿A qué le llamamos calidad arquitectónica si seguimos usando a la ciudad como una pizarra de prueba y error, borrón, cuenta nueva y parches, una ciudad cada vez más saturada y necesitada de espacios públicos e infraestructura? ¿Acaso es el descuido del hombre, su ingratitud hacia la historia y su falta de valoración a la calidad y orden (informalidad) lo que está mandando a cientos joyas arquitectónicas de Lima al olvido? Este proyecto tiene la osadía de desafiar al tiempo con un ideal futurista para un usuario real y humano del presente, que muestra correspondencia hacia nuestra historia mediante dos conceptos primordiales: poner en valor infraestructuras arquitectónicos olvidadas del Siglo XX a través de su adecuación para nuevos usos contemporáneos y versátiles, y mejorar los espacios públicos del Centro de Lima a través de una nueva alternativa solventada en un programa urbano y arquitectónico.
Inside the Historical Center of Lima there are -still- buildings that were architectural references of the XIX and XX centuries and that are yet standing; however, when asked what future they have, the answers and intuitions are mostly hopeless. In times where there is discussion about the programmed obsolescence of products, objects, buildings, where is the job of the architect with a humanist vocation, his intrinsic ego of perennization through quality? What do we call architectural quality if we continue to use the city as a try and failure blackboard, a city increasingly saturated and needed of public spaces and infrastructure? Is it the carelessness of man, his ingratitude towards history and his lack of appreciation of quality and order (informality) that is sending hundreds of architectural gems from Lima to oblivion? This project has the audacity to challenge time with a futuristic ideal for a real and human user of the present, which shows correspondence to our history through two fundamental concepts: to value forgotten architectural infrastructures of the 20th Century through its adaptation for new contemporary and versatile purposes, and improve the public spaces of the Center of Lima through a new alternative solved in an urban and architectural program.
Tesis

El distrito de Rímac es considerado por la UNESCO como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad desde 1991, debido a su alta contribución con la identidad peruana y la tradición que se mantiene por sus calles en cuanto a su arquitectura. A pesar de esto, no se le da la importancia debida ya que las calles se encuentran en abandono. Ante esta problemática, este estudio contribuirá a darle una solución mediante actividades culturales y sociales, que integren la zona que actualmente no cuenta con espacios públicos. El diseño arquitectónico peruano de centros culturales no ha evolucionado acorde a las tendencias globales, es por eso que se analizarán la evolución tipológica y de énfasis proyectos, con lo cual se logrará obtener un listado de ambientes preliminar. Se considerará el énfasis en el reciclaje industrial, lo cual se viene haciendo desde siglo XIX, por ejemplo, en Europa. Se analizarán el público objetivo, así como las características de cada uno de los usuarios, lo cual permitirá conocer al mismo cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Luego, se harán esquemas donde se muestre la correlación entre los usuarios y los ambientes del centro; así como la elección del terreno, donde se detallarán los criterios de selección y se elegirá al mejor. Finalmente, se analizará el terreno elegido a detalle y se procederá a crear criterios de diseño que serán los principios básicos en cuanto a énfasis y tipología para diseñar el Centro Cultural de Rímac con énfasis en reciclaje industrial. Se espera que este proyecto ayude de herramienta a que los diseñadores y todos los involucrados a la identidad peruana.
The district of Rimac is considered by UNESCO as Cultural Heritage of Humanity since 1991, due to its high contribution to Peruvian identity and the tradition that is maintained by its streets in terms of its architecture. Despite this, it is not given due importance since the streets are abandoned. Given this problem, this study will help to provide a solution through cultural and social activities that integrate the area that currently does not have public spaces. The Peruvian architectural design of cultural centers has not evolved according to global trends, which is why the typological evolution and emphasis projects will be analyzed, with which a preliminary list of environments will be obtained. The emphasis on industrial recycling will be considered, which has been going on since the 19th century, for example, in Europe. The target audience will be analyzed, as well as the characteristics of each of the users, which will allow them to know the same quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, schemes will be made showing the correlation between users and the center's environments; as well as the choice of the land, where the selection criteria will be detailed and the best one will be chosen. Finally, the terrain chosen in detail will be analyzed and design criteria will be created that will be the basic principles in terms of emphasis and typology to design the Rimac Cultural Center with an emphasis on industrial recycling. This project is expected to help the designers and everyone involved in the Peruvian identity as a tool.
Tesis

Quadrature LO signal is a key element in many of the RF transceivers which tend to dominate today’s wireless communication technology. The design of a quadrature LC VCO with better phase noise and lower power consumption forms the core of this work. This thesis investigates a coupling mechanism to implement a quadrature voltage controlled oscillator using indirect injection method. The coupling network in this QVCO couples the two LC cores with their super-harmonic and it recycles its bias current back into the LC tank such that the power consumed by the coupling network is insignificant. This recycled current enables the oscillator to achieve higher amplitude of oscillation for the same power consumption compared to conventional design, hence assuring better phase noise. Mathematical analysis has been done to study the mechanism of quadrature operation and mismatch effects of devices on the quadrature phase error of the proposed QVCO. The proposed quadrature LC VCO is designed in TSMC 0.18 μm technology. It is tunable from 2.61 GHz - 2.85 GHz with sensitivity of 240 MHz/V. Its worst case phase noise is -120 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The total layout area is 1.41 mm^2 and the QVCO core totally draws 3 mA current from 1.8 V supply.

Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the increase in population, urbanization, cheap energies, and new technologies have bankrupted the environment into destruction. This chaos has created a society that transformed itself into one of continual wasting, where energy and resources are constantly dissipating. The myriad of new materials, the decline of the skilled craftsman, and cheap construction are part of the lexicon that defines the 21st century built landscape and ultimately contribute to current plight. Architecture will become an increasingly significant factor in determining the sustainability of the built environment, as defined in terms of life span, carbon footprint, and in our ability to confine this dissipated and inert energy into near infinite circulation. This thesis investigates methods to maximize the value of existing resources such as waste in the context of a much larger framework of systems—societal, socioeconomic, geopolitical, and environmental factors that concern the current discourse. An analysis of design methods and strategies into the ecology of waste, such as: cradle to cradle, secondary re-use of post consumer materials, embodied energy, life-cycle analysis tools, and design for deconstruction—aid in a series of themed hypotheses and experimental projects. These projects use waste and wasted landscape to seek answers to a series of questions that deal with the future predicament of our cities in order to shift perceptions and form contemporary methodologies that assist in calibrating potentials for future waste and waste-scapes.

abstract: Today, we use resources faster than they can be replaced. Construction consumes more resources than any other industry and has one of the largest waste streams. Resource consumption and waste generation are expected to grow as the global population increases. The circular economy (CE) is based on the concept of a closed-loop cycle (CLC) and proposes a solution that, in theory, can eliminate the environmental impacts caused by construction and demolition (C&D) waste and increase the efficiency of resources’ use. In a CLC, building materials are reused, remanufactured, recycled, and reintegrated into other buildings (or into other sectors) without creating any waste. Designing out waste is the core principle of the CE. Design for disassembly or design for deconstruction (DfD) is the practice of planning the future deconstruction of a building and the reuse of its materials. Concepts like DfD, CE, and product-service systems (PSS) can work together to promote CLC in the built environment. PSS are business models based on stewardship instead of ownership. CE combines DfD, PSS, materials’ durability, and materials’ reuse in multiple life cycles to promote a low-carbon, regenerative economy. CE prioritizes reuse over recycling. Dealing with resource scarcity demands us to think beyond the incremental changes from recycling waste; it demands an urgent, systemic, and radical change in the way we design, build, and procure construction materials. This dissertation aims to answer three research questions: 1) How can researchers estimate the environmental benefits of reusing building components, 2) What variables are susceptible to affect the environmental impact assessment of reuse, and 3) What are the barriers and opportunities for DfD and materials’ reuse in the current design practice in the United States. The first part of this study investigated how different life cycle assessment (LCA) methods (i.e., hybrid LCA and process-based LCA), assumptions (e.g., reuse rates, transportation distances, number of reuses), and LCA timelines can affect the results of a closed-loop LCA. The second part of this study built on interviews with architects in the United States to understand why DfD is not part of the current design practice in the country.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

The dissertation investigates the design of an electronic-waste material recovery facility in the north western precinct of the inner city of Tshwane. It aims to explore the re-configuration of the industrial typology within a contemporary network society, and make apparent it’s changing role and form, influenced by a globalized industrial paradigm that is increasingly decentralized, immaterial and knowledge intensive. It suggests a hybridity of type and process, where value in terms of the local and the material is investigated as an expression of the new industrial ethos of innovation, information access, collaboration and transparency.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria 2013
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Lining the streets and the interstitial spaces of the developing cities of the modern world is an emerging citizenship that exists and thrives in the in-between. These are the new urbanites, the Insurgent Citizens; a socio spatial product of the rapid urbanisation processes that have shaped and will continue to shape the urban landscape. The physical make up of concrete and glass that forms the fantastic images of cityness and modernity house the minority population, the haves. However, in the spaces left behind, in the alley ways and on the pavements in so called residual spaces, this new insurgent citizenship is growing. Having been left out of the planning processes that define these city imageries, within exclusionary constructs these citizens are redefining how the city functions as they stake their claims to be active participants within the metabolism of the modern city. This conflicting rationality of what a city is, and for whom it shall serve is effected by the minority striving to modernise and the majority striving to survive within the same physical environment. There are countless research efforts established to disseminate cityness for the minority of haves; however this dissertation posits itself within the construct of the have-nots and their rights to the city and therefore their socio-spatial rights to redefine it. This redefinition of cityness is established as a means to support their livelihood strategies to contest their conditions of spatial and economic poverty, as shall be defined herein. This insurgent citizenship is not survivalist nor merely informal, but rather an active social agent contesting the exclusionary processes that continue to define the cities of the developing world. It is the aim of this dissertation to establish the historical and current construct under which these socio-spatiality’s exist. Thus by identifying these strategies by which these insurgents survive and contest these realities, this dissertation will explore informal recycling as a means of insurgency. By understanding the global and local phenomenon of informal recycling; considering the environmental and socio-economic benefits it yields, this dissertation seeks to uncover strategies by which inclusive developments can be adopted to facilitate this insurgent practice. The objective of this dissertation is to establish a grassroots up architectural design solution for the informal recyclers of the Durban CBD, South Africa.
Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

In 2001, Argentina suffered an economic collapse that almost wiped out the middle-class, leaving thousands homeless. This resulted in the growth of the informal settlements and informal sectors of employment in and around the formal city of Buenos Aires, the “Capital Federal.” The urgency for survival led to the rise of many waste-pickers or, as they became known the cartoneros. Today they are the primary recycling program in the city with many cooperatives helping their movement. The city has enforced a ‘zero waste’ policy for 2020 in dealing with their serious trash problem and the cartoneros will play a large role in this transformation. This thesis aims to address two complex social issues (disparity and waste) with a long-term architectural initiative which hopes to ultimately blur the social boundaries that exist in the “Paris of the South” via the cartoneros.

There are over one thousand closed ‘small’ landfills in Ontario, each with differing circumstances and potential problems. This project proposes a method of addressing such dormant sites in situ, based upon a case study in Hamilton. Of the four closed landfills within Hamilton city limits, three of them lie in the low lands of the Red Hill Creek Valley. Perched at the source of the Red Hill Creek, the Upper Ottawa Street Landfill introduces unspoken toxins into the ecosystem of the entire valley. As the storm water catchment for the escarpment watershed, the creek serves a critical role in the recreational green belt which divides Hamilton and Stoney Creek. The source of this creek must be celebrated, not fenced off from public access due to landfill hazards. This proposal investigates beyond material recovery, into the possibilities of resource, ecosystem, and community recovery. Landfill mining, material sorting, and power generation through incineration are employed to reduce landfill volume. As the landfill is consumed, a new landscape is constructed, providing improved flood-prevention at the creek and a sanitary lined landfill for those materials remaining on site. Creek, forest, and field habitats are restored on site without the threat of contamination from landfill contents. The public can safely view the landfill mining operations from an elevated walkway, having new experiences with every visit. As the boundaries of the closed landfill are stripped away, the source of the Red Hill Creek and the new recreational parkland are made publicly accessible. Using this design as a reference, the equipment and operations designed for this site can be developed into a province-wide proposal.

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology)
This project is an architectural response to a setting shared by an active open cast platinum mine and the surrounding rural traditional subsistence farming communities located in the Mogalakwena municipality, Limpopo Province. The area is characterised by its mine waste landscape and large open cast pits, all of which are remnants of the process of open cast mining. The Mogalakwena communities’ economic livelihood is largely dependent on agricultural land. This land is reducing, partly due to the establishment and expansion of the mine and partly to the increased growth rate of the surrounding communities. This project argues that the remnants of the mining industry (particularly open cast pits, mine waste rock and infrastructure) need not be redundant and can be reused and rehabilitated to result in productive outcomes by establishing the necessary systemic strategy for transposed use. It contends that the proposed reconfi gured mining infrastructure programs can be responsive to context (history, environment and communities), climate and natural processes of the area. In testing the strength of this argument, diff erent research investigations and theories were used as was appropriate to each area of research in this topic. These included, among others, investigations into the history and context of both the mining industry generally, including its legislative context, and the site specifi cally. Considerations of the embedded memory of the site were taken into account. Theories which assisted in leading to a proposed strategy for the site on a contextual scale included theories relating to contextual productive systems, continuous productive urban landscapes, permaculture and biomimicry, augmented landscapes, entropic architecture, architecture as a machine and the mortality of architecture. Ultimately, a proposed solution as an architectural product was sought. The following questions had to be answered in a eff orts to produce an appropriate architectural response to the site and its challenges: 1. How can the role of architecture reconfigure the redundant, disused mine waste landscape so as to harness a rehabilitative and productive system and how can that system be managed by the design? 2. How can contemporary rural agricultural projects be challenged to form new typologies that empower the communities to provide for their own present and future needs? 3. How can architecture as a system be designed to outlast the temporality of its program to transform a redundant open cast mining landscape into a productive landscape? The architectural intervention is a design of reconfi gured structures aimed at facilitating a productive and sustainable environment for agricultural advancement, in order to rehabilitate the existing “minescape” (industrially altered mining land), and reconcile the use of this land with the history of subsistence farming as practiced by members of the surrounding communities. The proposed architectural product strives to create a site and context responsive architectural program or system by fusing technological strategies into the body of architecture that are essentially environmental. It aims to employ air, water, sun, and earth to augment the productive relationship between architecture and the “minescaped” terrain, thereby creating a Productive Minescape, which yields tangible positive by-products such as agriculture, renewable energy, water treatment and harvesting systems, among others. Other productive by-products of the project are education and research facilities and facilities which aim to provide accessibility and reconciliation of the stakeholders of this area, to the site and to each other. The introduction of these systems and facilities will be phase one of the proposed architectural intervention. However, the intervention is networked, and therefore has a scalable logic which is envisaged to grow and develop at a much larger and more intensive scale, suggested to occur over the next 30 years, which are phases two, three and four (see figures 17 and 18).

Orientação: Edite Maria Figueiredo e Rosa
O presente estudo realizado teve como base o trabalho desenvolvido na cadeira 5.1 de projeto, na Universidade Lusófona do Porto, ano letivo 2014/2015, em que o programa foi a elaboração de um Hotel, onde, o principal interesse temático foi a resolução de um revestimento metálico na sua fachada. A evolução da temática, fachadas metálicas, teve um maior crescimento, não só a nível do material em si, mas também a nível de técnicas construtivas, com o surgimento da revolução industrial. Esta evolução foi possível aliada igualmente a uma mudança de mentalidade na forma de pensar a arquitetura, que foi integrando o metal de uma forma gradual não só a nível estrutural mas também de revestimento, adquirindo novas propriedades que até então eram pouco ou quase nada usadas. Existindo vários tipos de materiais de revestimento de uma fachada, a escolha pelo metal foi de certo modo aquele que mais respostas pretendidas deu em termos de imagem, e foi a escolha assumida à priori, tendo sido temas importantes como tipo de juntas, tipos de aplicações, cortes, reciclagem, onde todos estes fatores tem influência na imagem final. O alçado é aquele que tem um impacto direto com tudo aquilo que o rodeia, assim como o público que o assiste. Foi com base nestas premissas que se começaram a desenvolver os processos de construção com revestimentos não colados à estrutura. As fachadas com revestimento não colado à parede, ou mais conhecidas atualmente como fachadas ventiladas, são uma evolução técnica construtiva introduzida por Wagner (1888). Neste seguimento foi estudado as malhas metálicas ao qual teve mais relevância para o desenvolvimento em concreto do projeto da cadeira de projeto. A utilização de malhas metálicas resulta numa tela de proteção solar que procura filtrar e reduzir a entrada dos raios solares diretos ao mesmo tempo que cria uma luminosidade mais difusa no espaço interior. Isto fez com que permitisse estudar formas e desenhos com um caracter de imagem mais ornamental, e onde se verificou que existem vários exemplos de projetos que tiraram vantagem desta característica. Dois exemplos estudados para a melhor compreensão do tema, e que responde de certa forma a estas questões, foram os edifícios dos arquitetos Souto Moura, edifício habitacional na Maia, e de Jean Nouvel, o Hotel Saint-Jaimes. ambos tiveram nos seus projetos, o metal como o elemento principal nos seus alçados, sendo que ambos aplicaram-no de forma diferente, resultando numa imagem igualmente ela diferente.
This study was based on the work done in the project chair 5.1, the Lusophone University of Porto, school year 2014/2015, in which the program was the development of a hotel, where the main thematic interest was the resolution of a metallic coating on its facade. The evolution of the theme, metal facades, had higher growth, not only in the material itself, but also in terms of construction techniques, with the advent of the industrial revolution. This development was possible ally also a change of mentality in the way of thinking about architecture, which was integrating the metal in a gradual manner not only at the structural level but also coating, acquiring new properties that were previously little or no use. There are several types of a facade coating materials, the choice of metal was in a sense the one that required answers given in terms of image, and was the choice assumed a priori, have been important topics such as type joints, types of applications , cuts, recycling, where all these factors influences the final image. The elevation is one that has a direct impact on all that surrounds it, as well as the public who attends them. Under these assumptions that began to develop construction processes with not glued to the structure coatings. The facades coated not glued to the wall, or currently better known as ventilated facades, are a constructive technical developments introduced by Wagner (1888). In this follow-up was studied metal mesh which had more relevance to developing concrete design chair design. The use of metallic meshes results in sun protection fabric which seeks to reduce the input filter and the direct sunlight at the same time creating a diffuse luminosity in the interior space. This meant that allow studying shapes and designs with a more ornamental image character, and where it was found that there are several examples of projects that have taken advantage of this feature. Result, the questions are put, the metal facade will be seen as a coating that goes beyond functional aspects? As far as the metal could go capabilities in the application of a facade? A metal façade could be seen only as a coating as a skin it is? Two examples studied for better understanding of the subject, and in a way that responds to these questions were the buildings of the architects Souto Moura, residential building in Maia, and Jean Nouvel, the Hotel Saint-Jaimes. both had in their designs, the metal as the main element in their elevations, both of which applied it differently, resulting in an image it also different.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工程技術研究所
84
The purpose of this study is to recycle the waste from the construction site. The major waste from construction site in Taipei area can be sorted roughly as: concrete, bricks, wood and metal and the quantity and the category of the waste could be use as the basis of this recycling technology study. According to the analysis, the conclusions are made as follows: A) It is not an efficient way to recycle the construction waste in Taipei area. the waste can be reused is very limited and the cost for recycling equipment, manpower and the energy needed for recycling is very high. B) The waste resulted from the new construction site in Taipei area is 0.198 M3 /M2 ,For demolish works, most waste comes from reinforced Brick buildings, which is 1.088M3/M2,and concrete buildings in the second which is 0.738M3/M2. C) According the survey from Japan, There is 38.1% of the construction waste were recycled, but in Taiwan only 23.15% were recycled. We still can put more efforts on the recycling technologies. D) To reach the goal of efficient recycling of construction waste economically recycled, the quantities and the categories of the construction waste should be more precisely estimated, then through the information network, we can use the data to accomplish this study and make the best of it.

O sistema económico atual baseia-se no consumo e no uso de recursos naturais através da abordagem Linear: take, make, and waste. Este modelo, que contribuiu durante décadas para o crescimento da economia, não equaciona os limites do nosso planeta e revela atualmente os efeitos colaterais no ambiente e nas comunidades, devido à excessiva acumulação de resíduos e à enorme pressão sobre os recursos do planeta. Como alternativa, a Economia Circular é uma abordagem inspirada nos sistemas naturais, que desvincula o crescimento económico da extração de novas matérias-primas e propõe que os materiais circulem em Loops contínuos, onde o valor intrínseco dos recursos é mantido e aprimorado, e o conceito de resíduo é eliminado. Esta dissertação foca-se na exploração de estratégias de construção para uma economia circular. Neste contexto, apresenta soluções construtivas inovadoras centradas na otimização dos resíduos, atribuindo-lhes um novo valor funcional, estético e arquitetónico. Conclui-se que a reutilização e a reciclagem Upcycling de subprodutos industriais e resíduos pós-consumo são estratégias viáveis e promissoras que se tornarão mais dinâmicas na cidade de Lisboa, apesar da ausência de uma estrutura logística e de um mercado adequado. As soluções construtivas foram funcional e esteticamente integradas na Escola de Sustentabilidade, revelando pistas no que se pode vir a tornar a Arquitetura e a Construção num futuro próximo.
The current economic system is based on the consumption and use of natural resources through the Linear approach: take, make, and waste. This model that has contributed for decades to the growth of the economy now reveals the side effects on the environment and communities. The growing concern about climate change and the recognition of the limits of our planet earth led society to look for alternatives that promote the balance between the natural and the built environment. Circular Economy appears as an alternative to the linear economic model, with an approach inspired by natural metabolisms. It decouples economic growth from the extraction of new raw materials and proposes that components and materials circulate in continuous loops, where the intrinsic value of resources is maintained and improved, and the concept of waste is eliminated. This dissertation focuses on exploring strategies for the circular economy in the built environment and innovative constructive solutions that aim to find use, value, and inspiration in what until then was considered a waste. By-products from industries and post-consumer waste are widely available resources and through Upcycling reuse and recycling, it is possible to assign them a new functional, aesthetic, and architectural value. The Final Design of Architecture had as the main premise to conceive a Circular Building that was guided by circular design strategies and that delivered functionally and aesthetically new construction solutions with waste resources.