Academic literature on the topic 'Red Can Oranda Gold fish'

<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Ornamental fishes are considered as one of the most important means of home entertainment, because of its diversity and beauty of picturesque colors. This research work has been conducted to show that the ornamental fish mainly Red Can Oranda Gold fish (<em>Carassius auratusauratus</em>) are mainly affected with parasites like <em>Argulus</em> sp. and also reveal the prevalent and unforeseen parasitic infection in commercially available ornamental fishes which may credit to their marketable value. During the period of March 2014 to April 2015, around 30 numbers of fish farms of West Bengal have been surveyed and three species of <em>Argulus</em> namely, <em>A. coregoni, A. japonicas</em>, and <em>A. foliaceus </em>have been isolated and identified from the skin or gill of the fresh water fish species. Clinical signs in infected fish include scratching on aquariumwalls, erratic swimming, and poor growth. It causes pathological changes due to direct tissuedamage and secondary infections. In the present study, it has been noticed that crustacean parasites were prevalent during pre-monsoon season but their intensity was very less during the other season of the year. This is the first report of infection with three species of <em>Argulus of</em>Red Can Oranda Gold fish <em>(Carassius </em><em>auratusauratus</em>) in India. <strong>Key words : </strong>Red Can Oranda Gold fish, <em>Argulus foliaceus, Argulus japonicas ,Argulus coregoni, </em>First reporting, Prevalence, India <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Abd, el-Mohsen., H, Mohamed. and Amany, M. 2013. Studies on argulosis in some freshwater ornamental fishes with special reference to treatment trials. New York Science Journal, 6(10) 37-41. Abele, L.G. 1982. The biology of Crustacea. Systematic, the fossil record, and biogeography. Academic Press, New York. Al-Dulaimi, F.H.A. 2010. Infection with a Fish Louse <em>Argulus foliaceus </em>L. in A Gold Fish (<em>Carassius auratus)</em>at Earthen Ponds and Aquarium Fish in Babylon Province, Iraq. Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Science/ No. (2)/ Vol. (18): 2010. Ali Adnan, AL-Darwesh1, Maytham, A., Alwan, Al-Shabbani and Bushra, H. F. 2014. Diagnostic and pathological study of <em>Argulus japonicas </em>in goldfish (<em>Carassius auratus</em>). G.J.B.B., VOL.3 (4) 2014: 384-387 Azadikhah, D., Masoumian, M., Motallebi, A. A., Male, K M. 2009. Survey of parasitic infection of pikeperch (<em>Sander lucioperca</em>) in Aras Reservoir (west Azerbaijan). Proc 1st Int Congr Aquat Anim Health Manag Dis Teh Iran. Bauer, R. 1991. Erkrankungender Aquarien fishe.Verlag Paul Parey. Berlin and Hamburg. Behrouzfar, I., Sharefian, B., Goodarzi, M. A. 2009. Study on the parasitic Infections of Aquarium Fishes. Proc 1st Int Congr Aquat Anim Health Manag Dis Teh Iran. Buchmann K, Bresciani J. 1997. Parasitic infections in pond-reared rainbow trout <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>in Denmark. Int Res Dis Aquat Org. 28:125-138. Burgu, A., Oguz,T. 1984. The results of parasitological examination of Carassius fish. (in Turkish) Ankara Univ J Vet Fac. 31:197-206. Burgu, A., Oguz, T., Korting, W., Guralp, N., Mikrobiyol. 1988. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 6, 143-166. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya IE, Gusev AV, Dubinina MN, Izyumova NA, Smirnova TS, Sokolovskaya IL, Shtein GA, Shulman SS, Epstein VM. 1964. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Fish of the U.S.S.R. Leningrad. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I. E.; Gusev, A. V.; Dubinina, M. N.; Izyumova, N. A.; Smirnova, T. S.; Sokoloskaya, I. L.; Shtein, G. A.; Shulman, S. S. and Epshtein, V. M. 1962. Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the U.S.S.R. Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moscow: 727 pp. (In Russian). Chanda, M., Paul, M., Maity, J., Dash, G., Sen, S., Bidhan, G. and Patra, C. 2011. Ornamentalfish goldfish<em>,Carassius auratus</em>and relatedparasites in three districts of West Bengal, India.Chron Young Sci 2011 2(1):51-54. Eissa, I.; Badran, A.; Aly, S.; Abd El-Eal, A.A. and Heba, A.A. 2002. Clinical studies onparasitic diseases among some ornamental fishesand their associated pathological lesions. SuezCanal Vet. Med. J. 301-322 Eissa, I.A.M. 2002. Parasitic fish diseases in Egypt. El-Nahda El-Arabia Publisher, 32 Abd El-Khalek Tharwat Street, Cairo, Egypt. Eissa, I.A.M.,andMohamed,A.H. 2004.&nbsp; Studies on argulosis among some ornamental fishes with special reference to treatment, SCVMJ, Vll (1),211-216 Ekingen, G. 1976. Some parasites found on European catfish (<em>Siluris glanis</em> L.) and brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em> L.) in Turkey. Firat &Uuml;niv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 3: 112-115. Geldiay, R., Balik, S. 1974. Mainly endo and ecto-parasites observed on the fresh water fish in Turkey (in Tukish). Ege Univ. Matbaası, Izmir. Jaameei, M., Khanbabazade H., Notash S. 2009. Case report of infection with Argulus in gold fish from fish farms. Proc 1st Int Congr Aquat Anim Health Manag Dis Teh Iran. Kaur, P., Pandey, S. 2014. Effect on marketability of ornamental fishes due to parasitic infection. Biolife&nbsp; 2(4):1094-1099 Lucky, Z. 1977. Methods for the diagnosis of fish diseases Amerial Publication Co.PVT, Ltd, New Delhi and New York. Margolis, L., Esch, G.W., Holmes, J.C., Kuris, A.M. and Schad, G.A. 1982. The use of Ecological Terms in Parasitology (Report on an ad-hoc Committee of the American Society of Parasitologists), Journal of Parasitology, 68<strong>, </strong>131-133. Mayer, J., Hensel, P., Meji-Fava, J., Brando, J., and Divers, S. 2013. The Use of Lufenuron toTreat Fish Lice (<em>Argulus sp</em>) in Koi (<em>Cyprinuscarpio</em>). J Exot Pet Med, volume22, issue 1, January 2013, Pages 65-69. Mehdizadeh, M.S. 2009. Study of ectoparasite infestation of 10 common imported freshwater ornamental fish species. PhD Thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mokhayer, B. 2006. Disease of cultured fish, University of Tehran press, 5th edition, pp. 432 [in Persian]. Mokhayer, B., Mousavi, H.E. 2009. Fish lice (<em>Argulus spp.</em>) from ichthyofauna of Iran. Proc 1st Int Congr Aquat Anim Health Manag Dis Teh Iran. Molnar, K.., Szekely, C. 1998. Occurrence of skrjabillanid nematodes in fishes of Hungary and in the intermediate host, <em>Argulus foliaceus </em>L. Acta Vet Hung. 1998; 46:451. Mosafer, S., Khoshnood, Z., 2009. Infection of the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus with crustacean parasite: <em>Argulus sp</em>. Proc 1st Int Congr Aquat Anim Health Manag Dis Teh Iran. Mousavi, H.E. 2003. Parasites of Ornamental fish in Iran. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 23(6):297-300. Mousavi, H.E., Behtash, F., Bashman, M.R., Mirzargar, S.S., Shayan, P. and Rahmatiholasoo, H. 2011.&nbsp; Study of <em>Argulus spp</em>.infestation rate in Goldfish, <em>Carassius auratus</em>(Linnaeus, 1758) in Iran. &nbsp;HVM&nbsp;<em>BIOFLUX</em>, 2011. Volume 3, Issue 3.198-204. Noaman, V., Chelongar, Y., Shahmoradi, A.H. 2010. The First Record of <em>Argulusfoliaceus </em>(Crustacea: Branchiura) Infestation onLionhead Goldfish (<em>Carassius auratus</em>) in Iran.Iranian J Parasitol: Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010, pp 71-76. Noga, E. J. 2010. Fish disease Diagnosis and Treatment.2nd Edition Mosby-yearbook, Inc. watsworth publishing Co., USA. pp.366. Notash, S. 2013. Study on prevalence of <em>Argulus </em>in Goldfishes (<em>Carassius auratus</em>) of east Azerbaijan province of Iran. <strong>Ann Biol Res</strong>, 3(7):3444-3447. Peyghan. R., 1999.&nbsp; Fish Parasites and Fish Parasitical disease. Noorbakhsh publications. Tehran, Iran. Purivirojkul, W. 2012. Histological Change ofAquatic Animals by Parasitic Infection.&quot;Histopathology &ndash; Reviews and RecentAdvances&quot; book edited by Enrique PobletMartinez, ISBN 978-953-51-0866-5, and Published:December 5, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license. 179-180. Richards, R. 1977. Diseases of aquarium fish- 2.Skin diseases. Vet Rec.; 101:132-135. Rushton-Mellor, S. K. 1994. The genus <em>Argulus </em>(Crustacea:Branchiura) in Africa: identification keys. Syst Parasitol 28:51-63. Sarieyyupoglu, M., Saglam, N. 1991. <em>Ergasilus sieboldi </em>and <em>Argulus foliaceus </em>observed on <em>Capoeta trutta </em>caught in the polluted region of Keban Dam Lake (in Turkish). E U J Fish Aquat Sci. 8:143-154. Sharma, M., Shrivastav, A.B., Sahni, Y.P. and Pandy, G. 2012.&nbsp; Overviews of the treatmentand control of common fish diseases.Int. Res. J. Pham .2012,3 (7), p: 123 &ndash; 127. Soulsby, EJL. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals.7th ed. Bailli&egrave;re Tindall, London, UK. Toksen, E. 2006.&nbsp; <em>Argulus foliaceus </em>(Crustacea: Branchiura) infestation on Oscar, <em>Astronotus ocellatus</em> (Cuvier, 1829) and Its Treatment. A case study. E.U. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 23:177-179. Vasilean, I., Cristea, V., Dediu, L. 2012. Researches regarding the argulosis treatment toHusk Huso juveniles with NaCl Lucrări Ştiinţifice- Seria Zootehnie, vol. 58: 203-207. Walker, P.D. 2008. <em>Argulus </em>the Ecology of a Fish Pest, Ph. D. thesis. Nijmegen: Radboud University; 2008. Yildiz, K., Kumantas, A. 2002. <em>Argulus foliaceus </em>infection in a goldfish <em>(Carassius auratus). </em>Isr J Vet Med. 57(3):118-120.

AbstractOne of them is the problem of disease Argulus sp. is ektoparasite which often attacked in activity of good conducting of sea water and also freshwater. Argulus sp. attacking at part of fin, husk, gill and entire all its body exterior of him. attacked by fish is Argulus sp. will seen is thin, often rub body and arise red pock which later can generate secondary infection. Utilize to prove the existence of bacterium which emerge effect of lession (secondary infection) which because of bite of Argulus sp. that is by identifying bacterium and biochemical test. Media which used in identifying bacterium for example that is TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar), TSIA (Triple Soy Iron Agar), MIO (Motility Indol Ornithin), O/F medium (Oksidative/Fermentative), sugar test medium (maltosa, laktosa, arabinosa, inositol, manitol, sukrosa). Target of this research is to know the existence of gram negative bacterium and gram negative bacterium any kind of which is found at fish hurt of gold fish (Carassius auratus) effect of infestation by ectoparasite Argulus sp. Research which is use descriptive method. That is with infestation of Argulus sp. into containing aquarium of gold fish counted 1 tail and Argulus sp. counted 5, 10, 15, 20 tail. After Argulus sp. patch all at gold fish is later then perceived until gold fish arise lession effect of bite of Argulus sp. is afterwards identifyed by bacterium to know the bacterium that were formed on gold fish lesions. The result showed that the lesions of gold fish, isolation at TSA medium and identified by biochemical test to diagnose bacteriums found on gold fish lession. Identifications of the three gram negative bacterium as follow : Aeromonas hydrophilla, Pseudomonas flourescens, Flexibacter columnaris while for the Edwardsiella tarda was not be found in this study

Histamine, an important safety index for aquatic products, can also be used as a freshness indicator for red-fleshed fish. In this work, magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GO, MGO) was applied to immobilize diamine oxidase (DAO) through a method of adsorption and covalent bonding. Under the optimized conditions, magnetic DAO prepared by adsorption immobilization had a higher enzyme activity than that of free enzyme, which was selected for the sensor construction. A colorimetric biosensor based on magnetic DAO induced etching of gold nanorods (AuNRs) was developed for the detection of histamine in fish. The developed biosensor showed an excellent response toward histamine with a low detection limit of 1.23 μM and had negligible interference from other diamines. With increasing the histamine concentration, the AuNRs after the reaction exhibited colors ranging from dark green to blue-green, blue, purple, red, and colorless. The etching induced multicolor change of AuNRs indicated the presence of different contents of histamine in mackerel during storage, and was consistent with the overall change in the content of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Thus, it was indicated that the proposed colorimetric biosensor with a naked-eye-detectable readout has a great potential to evaluate the freshness of red-fleshed fish high in histamine.

Gold mining activities produce mercury waste which is very toxic. Mercury can enter the waters and accumulate in fish, and if consumed it can cause health problems, for example neurological dysfunction. Research objective was to analyze the risk of mercury in red snapper on cognitive dysfunction at the community in Bilato Sub-District, Gorontalo District. This study was observational study with cross-sectional design and Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA). The population is all red snapper that live and forage in Bilato waters, and buyers who consume red snapper sold in Bilato Traditional Market. The research sample was red snapper which was sold in it, and 100 respondents were obtained using purposive sampling technique. Mercury content data were obtained through laboratory test results, and respondent data were collected through interviews. Data analysis technique used EHRA method, chi-square and spearman correlation test. The results showed that level of mercury in red snapper was 0.00035 ppm, 68.0% of respondents consumed it and 92.0% had impaired cognitive function. The realtime RQ values were 0.00223 (no risk) and 3.43 (risky) for lifetime RQ. There is a relationship between consumption of red snapper and impaired cognitive function (p=0.043). Meanwhile, the unrelated variables were frequency of consumption (p=0.772), amount of consumption (p=0.602), and duration of consumption (p=0.843). It’s recommended that the public consume more varied fish to minimize accumulation of mercury in the body.

This study was conducted during the period September 2020–January 2023 at ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin. The study was to develop a cost-effective freeze indicator using gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using chitosan and trisodium citrate (TSC) as a reducing agent. Various chitosan samples with different molecular weights were obtained from commercial chitosan units. Chitosan was employed at two distinct concentrations. The UV-Vis spectra exhibited the characteristic peak of AuNPs at 520–530 nm in all analyzed samples. The samples containing chitosan displayed a light pink color, whereas those containing TSC exhibited a ruby red color. An increase in chitosan concentration led to an increase in absorbance of the SPR peak. The full width at half maximum (FWHM), zeta potential, and conductivity of the nanoparticles were also investigated. The stability of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed during frozen storage at -18°C, revealing that the sample containing TSC became colorless upon freezing. The stability of chitosan-containing samples improved with higher concentrations and molecular weights. No distinct color change upon freezing was observed in the samples synthesized using chitosan. The AuNPs synthesized using TSC were evaluated and the significant color change demonstrated by the sample confirmed that the nanoparticle solution synthesized using TSC at a gold concentration of 1 mM can serve as an effective freeze indicator for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Hickey fish (Betta sp.) Is famous for its aggressive nature and habits of fighting with same-sex, so called fighting fish. Fish body color is colorful, so the appeal of the fans and hobbyists to collect it. Classic colors such as red, green, blue, gray, and combinations are common. New colors also appear from yellow, white, orange, to metallic colors such as copper, platinum, gold, and a combination thereof. The research was conducted from May to August 2017 at the aquaculture laboratory of Satya Negara Indonesia University (USNI), the test fish used was betta sp. (0.24) with an average length of 4 cm, kept in glass jar As many as 12 units. The results showed that the artemia to be fed with a ratio of 1: 1 can provide the most optimum effect in improving the brightness of betta fish. Parameter of survival rate, growth rate of weight, absolute long growth, analyzed using F test with 95% confidence interval. Data were analyzed using the help of Microsoft Excel 2010 and Minitab 16 software. Some parameters were discussed using descriptive analysis. The best stocking density on the maintenance of betta fish with 50% change of water occurred at density 3 tail / liter with value of SR 93,47%, LPS with value 0,72 ± 0,19 gram.

A highly sensitive and selective colorimetric assay for the detection of Hg2+ ions was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The Hg2+ ion coordinates with PEI, decreasing the interparticle distance and inducing aggregation. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry showed that the Hg2+ ion was bound to the nitrogen atoms of the PEI in a bidentate manner (N–Hg2+–N), which resulted in a significant color change from light red to violet due to aggregation. Using this PEI-AuNP probe, determination of Hg2+ ion can be achieved by the naked eye and spectrophotometric methods. Pronounced color change of the PEI-AuNPs in the presence of Hg2+ was optimized at pH 7.0, 50°C, and 300 mM·NaCl concentration. The absorption intensity ratio (A700/A514) was correlated with the Hg2+ concentration in the linear range of 0.003–5.0 μM. The limits of detection were measured to be 1.72, 1.80, 2.00, and 1.95 nM for tap water, pond water, tuna fish, and bovine serum, respectively. Owing to its facile and sensitive nature, this assay method for Hg2+ ions can be applied to the analysis of water and biological samples.

AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate the yield parameters (number of fruits per plant, total yield per plant and average fruit weight), level of ascorbic acid, and pungency (SHU units) of different genotypes of chilli pepper in protected cultivation in the Czech Republic in order to identify a suitable and prospective chilli cultivar which could be recommended to the Central European growers. The experiment took place in two years (2016 and 2018) in a plastic greenhouse with 17 genotypes of the species Capsicum chinense Jacq., C. annuum L., C. baccatum L. and C. pubescens Ruiz. &amp; Pav. From the viewpoint of yield parameters and stability of yield, ‘Habanero Red’, ‘Jamaican Yellow’, ‘Jwala’ and ‘Rocoto Orange’ can be recommended for Czech conditions. The majority of the tested cultivars were a good source of vitamin C (mostly reaching a value of at least 800 mg kg−1). From the perspective of pungency, the following cultivars can be recommended: low pungency – Fish, Jalapeño, Jwala, Pimiento de Padrón and Rocoto Orange; medium pungency – Cayenne Gold, NuMex Piñata and Scotch Bonnet Orange; and high pungency – Aji Lemon Drop, Cayenne Purple, TMSR and Tricolor Variegata.

Background: Bangladesh is enriched with huge water bodies which are considered as the gold mines fisheries sector as well as national economy. The main rivers of Dinajpur districts are: Dhepa, Punarbhaba and Atrai. Aims: The study aims to investigate the health condition of Cirrhinus reba in Dhepa and Atrai river of Dinajpur district by evaluating the water quality parameters, body indices and haematological parameters. Methodology: Nine fishes were randomly collected from each source for determining the body indices (hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat and viscerosomatic index) and haematological parameters analysis (haemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell count, total platelet count, differential leucocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The study was conducted in the Dhepa River near Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur and the Atrai River near Mohanpur Bridge, Dinajpur, for six months from October 2019 to March 2020. Fish sampling and water quality parameters (air and water temperature, depth, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and hardness) were monitored monthly. Results: The highest air and water temperatures were recorded in October, while the lowest were found in December in the Dhepa and Atrai rivers. The highest transparency and pH were observed in January in the Dhepa and Atrai rivers, while the lowest were recorded in October and November, respectively. The body indices result revealed that HSI (0.04-0.09%), IPF (0.17-1.47%) and VSI (14.25-20.38%) of C. reba were observed in both Dhepa and Atrai rivers. The lowest WBC, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were found in the blood of C. reba collected from both sources in December, while the highest total platelet count and ESR were recorded from the fish collected from the Dhepa River only in October. The highest levels of Hb, WBC and lymphocyte count were observed between February and March 2020 in both the Dhepa and Atrai rivers. Conclusion: It can be said that the health condition of C. reba collected from both sources are apparently healthy, and better haematological parameters were observed in the months of February and March 2020.

Kirkemosegård – a votive site with ornaments from the Early Germanic Iron AgeThe Kirkemosegård ornaments were recovered following a metal detector survey and subsequent archaeological investigations of the find site in a cultivated field with wet hollows at Spentrup, north of Randers (fig. 2). The archaeological investigations showed that the finds probably represent a votive deposit on the margin of a wetland area referred to on historical maps as Kirkemose (figs. 3‑4).The offering comprises a button-bow fibula, six scutiform and four circular pendants, all of gold (fig. 1). All the objects had been ploughed up and lay in the plough soil. The precise location where the gold objects had originally been buried could not be identified during the excavation, but careful recording of their distribution in the plough soil makes it possible to narrow down the area of their deposition. There is a concentration of finds roughly in the middle of the excavation trench, around which the other objects are distributed. It must be within this area that the ornaments were originally deposited (fig. 3).This article includes a detailed description of the individual ornaments. In general terms, the fibula can be described as a hollow construction of sheet gold with a stabilising clay core (fig. 10). The upper surface is decorated with filigree consisting of very small rings of miniature beaded wire soldered on to and covering the entire surface (figs. 5 and 11). Along the edges, slightly heavier beaded wire has been used as a frame. The fibula measures c. 8 cm in length.Gemstones and glass were mounted in cloisonné, in which the cells were formed of smooth gold bands. Some of the settings contain red stones, probably garnets, while others hold a yellowish-green fragmented mass, presumably degraded glass (figs. 6, 8, 9, 12). On the foot of the fibula there is a stylised fish-like bird and two stylised bird’s heads with curved beaks (fig. 13). The catch consisted of a silver pin construction (fig. 7).The four circular gold pendants have diameters of 1.19‑1.32 cm and a weight of c. 1.2‑2.1 g (fig. 14). They are constructed in openwork with three rings of smooth or beaded filigree wire forming an edge. The suspension loops consist of ribbed gold band. Three of the pendants have the same pretzel-shaped motif at their centre – a kind of scutiform figure. Two of the pendants have two of these figures and the third has three. Soldering traces indicate that there were also originally motifs at the centre of the fourth pendant.The six scutiform pendants can be divided up into two types, based on their size, method of manufacture and decoration. They do, however, possess common features. They all have a band-like ribbed suspension loop and are edged with beaded filigree wire. Moreover, at their sides, at the transition to the side-pieces, there are rings of filigree wire with bosses, two punched concentric circles or granulation spheres at their centre. This is interpreted as depicting the eye of an animal seen in profile. They probably represent bird’s heads, where the side-pieces represent a curved beak. The round eye and the hooked beak are typical of the early animal style of the Early Germanic Iron Age. They constitute mirror images about a vertical axis and there is thereby symmetry in their decoration.The three small crescent-shaped pendants measure 1.21‑1.23 cm at their broadest point and have a height of 1.18‑1.23 cm from the top of the suspension loop to the base. They weigh 0.65‑0.74 g. They were stamped using the same die and are decorated with filigree (figs. 15‑16).The three large crescent-shaped pendants have a width of 1.59‑1.65 cm at their broadest point, a height of c. 1.5 cm and a weight of 1.12‑1.82 g (fig. 17). They are individually decorated from the front with stamped circular patterns consisting of two concentric circles, pretzel-shapes – small representations of the form of these ornaments – and figures of eight in filigree as well as granulation in the form of individual gold beads.The pendants show obvious traces of use wear, evident in that the outer surface of the beaded wire has been worn smooth along the edge. The beaded relief is more distinct inside the suspension loops (fig. 18). Greater wear is also evident on each side of these loops than further down the sides. This wear was possibly caused by spacers in the form of beads or knots intended to hold the pendants apart (fig. 18). Several of the pendants have visible wear to the suspension loops, interpreted as being due to suspension on a string, plaited leather thong or chain.The Kirkemosegård ornaments were not found in a datable context and their age and origin has therefore been ascertained on the basis of a description and discussion of parallel finds.There are not many gold filigree fibulas of Kirkemosegård type, but examples are known from Skodborg in southern Jutland, Elsehoved in southeast Funen and Kitnæs near Roskilde Fjord. There are also fragments from Rytterbakken on Bornholm (fig. 19), Adslev near Aarhus and Nørre Tranders in Aalborg. On the basis of these parallels, the Kirkemosegård fibula is dated to the early 6th century AD. Filigree fibulas are only known from southern Scandinavia.There are several known examples of circular pendants resembling those from Kirkemosegård. This ornament type can take various forms, but basically consists of a garland of smooth or beaded ring with a beaded wire running around the inside and outside. In most cases there are three rings, but examples exist with two or four rings. The centre of the pendant can be open or decorated with two or three pretzel-shaped motifs, various forms of crosses and spiral motifs (figs. 20‑22). Apart from Denmark, this ornament type is also known from England, Norway, Sweden and southwest Germany. The circular pendants from Denmark are generally dated to the Early Germanic Iron Age.Scutiform pendants are considered to be of Roman origin and are known from the late 2nd century AD. Their occurrence extends over a longer period of time and in many respects they represent a very heterogeneous group of finds that, in addition to pendants, also includes hanging ornamental plates on hair pins, jingle-plates on horse harness and tack and belt ornaments. The scutiform pendants show contacts towards the southeast to the Black Sea area – links that extend at least as far back as for example the Brangstrup hoard found in southeast Funen that includes examples thought to have been manufactured in the 4th century AD in the Black Sea area. Scutiform pendants have a wide geographic distribution and long period of use, as there are also records from the 7th century in England.The execution of the ornaments, and motifs employed, show that they were probably manufactured in southern Scandinavia. Comparisons with the various parallel finds indicate that the Kirkemosegård ornaments should be dated to the early 6th century AD. These are ornaments that clearly are worn, showing that they were either heavily used by their owner or of considerable age when offered.On their own, these finds give only a very fragmentary picture of the local cultural landscape in the Iron Age. Settlement traces and graves (fig. 23) that have been investigated demonstrate that the area was populated at this time, but they provide no indication of the immediate presence of the social elite of which the Kirkemosegård hoard is a clear expression (fig. 24).Benita ClemmensenMuseum Østjylland