Journal articles: 'Red Coat'

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Subedi, Maya, Lope G. Tabil, and Albert Vandenberg. "Influence of Seed Coat Color Genes on Milling Qualities of Red Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 10 (September 15, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p88.

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Efficient milling is the key economic trait for the red lentil industry. Various seed characteristics including seed coat color can influence milling characteristics. Four basic seed coat ground colors (green, gray, tan, and brown) of 16 red lentil genotypes from a common genetic background were compared to determine the effect of seed coat color genes on three key milling quality traits: dehulling efficiency (DE), milling recovery (MR), and football recovery (FR). These genotypes were grown at two locations in Saskatchewan, Canada for two years. DE, MR, and FR results varied depending on the seed coat color conferred by specific genotypes. Green and gray seed coat color (homozygous recessive tgc allele) genotypes had significantly higher DE and MR percentages compared to brown or tan seed coat types (homozygous dominant Tgc allele) depending on genotype interaction with site-year. Seeds with brown or tan seed coats had significantly higher FR percentages in two site-years. Red cotyledon lentils with uniform shape and green or gray seed coat color might be more profitable for millers who wish to maximize DE and MR of red lentil, but brown seed coat color might be preferable in terms of FR.

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Kuhiwczak, P. "Review: The Girl in the Red Coat * Roma Ligocka: The Girl in the Red Coat." Cambridge Quarterly 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/32.2.175.

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Weich, Kalie, Verena Affolter, Daniel York, Robert Rebhun, Robert Grahn, Angelica Kallenberg, and Danika Bannasch. "Pigment Intensity in Dogs is Associated with a Copy Number Variant Upstream of KITLG." Genes 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010075.

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Dogs exhibit a wide variety of coat color types, and many genes have been identified that control pigment production, appearance, and distribution. Some breeds, such as the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR), exhibit variation in pheomelanin pigment intensity that is not explained by known genetic variants. A genome-wide association study comparing light red to dark red in the NSDTR identified a significantly associated region on canine chromosome 15 (CFA 15:23 Mb–38 Mb). Coverage analysis of whole genome sequence data from eight dogs identified a 6 kb copy number variant (CNV) 152 kb upstream of KITLG. Genotyping with digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) confirmed a significant association between an increased copy number with the dark-red coat color in NSDTR (p = 6.1 × 10−7). The copy number of the CNV was also significantly associated with coat color variation in both eumelanin and pheomelanin-based Poodles (p = 1.5 × 10−8, 4.0 × 10−9) and across other breeds. Moreover, the copy number correlated with pigment intensity along the hair shaft in both pheomelanin and eumelanin coats. KITLG plays an important role in melanogenesis, and variants upstream of KITLG have been associated with coat color variation in mice as well as hair color in humans consistent with its role in the domestic dog.

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Halfon, Eduardo. "The Lady in the Red Coat." Prairie Schooner 87, no. 4 (2013): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2013.0170.

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Chu, Liwei, Pu Zhao, Xueqi Huang, Bo Zhao, Yisong Li, Kai Yang, and Ping Wan. "Genetic analysis of seed coat colour in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.)." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 19, no. 1 (February 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262121000101.

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AbstractSeed coat colour is an important quality trait, domestication trait and morphological marker, and is closely associated with flavonoid and anthocyanin metabolism pathways. The seed coat colour of adzuki bean, an important legume crop, influences the processing quality of its paste, the commodity and its nutritional quality. In this study, the genetic relationships of seed coat colour were analysed using 12 hybridized combinations of F2 individuals and four F3 families derived from hybridized combinations between the accessions of eight seed coat colours. The loci of the colour traits were analysed based on phenotypes and using the chi-square test. Ivory colour is recessive to red and is controlled by a single R locus. Black, black mottle on grey, black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all dominant to red. The phenotypes of black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all controlled by a single genetic locus. Black mottle on grey is controlled by two loci. Black is controlled with two loci, and the black locus shows dominant epistasis to another locus. A genetic model of these seed coat colours was predicted. Our results will be important for gene mapping and cloning of seed coat colour characters and for providing further insight into the regulatory network of seed coat colour.

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Walters, Kellie J., Allison A. Hurt, and Roberto G. Lopez. "Flowering, Stem Extension Growth, and Cutting Yield of Foliage Annuals in Response to Photoperiod." HortScience 54, no. 4 (April 2019): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13789-18.

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Foliage annuals are primarily grown for the aesthetic appeal of their brightly colored, variegated, or patterned leaves rather than for their flowers. Once foliage annuals become reproductive, vegetative growth of many species diminishes or completely ceases and plants can become unappealing. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify how growth and development during production and stock plant cutting yield of bloodleaf (Iresine herbstii), Joseph’s coat (Alternanthera sp.) ‘Brazilian Red Hots’ and ‘Red Threads’, Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus), and variegated potato vine (Solanum jasminoides) are influenced by photoperiod and night interruption (NI) lighting with or without far-red (FR) radiation. Photoperiods consisted of a 9-hour short day (SD) or a 9-hour SD extended to 10, 12, 13, 14, or 16 hours with red (R):white (W):FR light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (R:FR = 0.8) providing a total photon flux density (TPFD) of ≈2 µmol·m−2·s–1 of radiation. In addition, two treatments consisted of a 9-hour SD with a 4-hour NI from lamps containing the same R:W:FR or R:W LEDs (R:FR = 37.4). Bloodleaf plant and Joseph’s coat ‘Brazilian Red Hots’ and ‘Red Threads’ developed inflorescences or flowers under photoperiods ≤12 to 13 hours and were classified as obligate SD plants. Under LEDs providing R:W:FR radiation, stem elongation of reproductive bloodleaf and Joseph’s coat ‘Brazilian Red Hots’ and ‘Red Threads’ increased as photoperiod increased from 9 to 12 hours. In addition, stem elongation of bloodleaf, Joseph’s coat ‘Brazilian Red Hots’ and ‘Red Threads’, and Persian shield and growth index (GI = {plant height + [(diameter 1 + diameter 2)/2]}/2) of bloodleaf and Persian shield was significantly greater under NI with FR radiation than without FR radiation. Fewer or no cuttings were harvested from Joseph’s coat ‘Brazilian Red Hots’ and ‘Red Threads’ under photoperiods ≤12 or ≤13 hours, respectively. To prevent unwanted flowering of bloodleaf plant and Joseph’s coat, a photoperiod ≥14 hours or 4-hour NI must be maintained with LEDs providing either R:W or R:W:FR radiation, however; stem elongation is significantly reduced under R:W LEDs.

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Nsangou, A. S., F. Meutchieye, T. K. Manchang, and G. S. Bah. "Phenotypic characteristics and Gene Frequency of the Banyo Gudali zebu (Bos indicus) variety in the high Guinean Savannah zone of Cameroon." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 17, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i2.1.

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This study is aimed at evaluating the phenptypic and genetic diversity of local cattle breeds in Cameroon. To this end, biometric data were collected randomly in six (6) localities of the Mayo-Banyo Division, on a sample of 321 adult Banyo Gudali zebu cattle (234 cows and 87 bulls) aged between 6 and 16 years and having a body condition score varying from 2 to 4. Results reveal a variability of the coat color i.e., 19,00% white coat and its derivatives (speckled, stoat, grey, truiture); 9.99% black coat and its derivatives (black list and black piebald); 18.06% piebald (4.67% black piebald and 13.39 red piebald); 52.94% red and its derivatives (red piebald and red list). The single-colored coats are less represented (38.94%)compared to double-colored coats (61.06%). The frequency of alleles S+, D, ED, Aa, E+, s, A+, e and P are respectively 0.315; 0.201; 0.140; 0.267; 0.859; 0.685; 0.733; 0.386 and 1.000. There is a predominance of white-black horns (50.2%) over grey horns (42.4%). This population is characterized by long hairs, straight-edged ears oriented laterally and with humps occupying a cervico-thoracic position. The facial and back profiles are straight. The neck has a horizontal curved profile, the rump with a low set tail. Crescent shaped horns predominate (73,5%) followed by the horns in low lyre (15,9%) with the other shapes (stump, lateral pointed tip, crown and asymmetrical deformed right or left) being the least represented. The raised horns (92.5%) are predominant. Erect and moderate humps (86.6%) are dominant over drooping ones (13.4%).

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Lautenschlager, R. A. "Effects of perturbations and stimulants on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed germination." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73453-4.

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Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds germinate only after seed coats are degraded. In nature this happens slowly. Seeds from recently collected fruit (fresh to four years old) germinated only after scarification of the seed coat by 20-minute soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid. Germination was not enhanced by: (1) short-term intermittent soaking, up to 81 hours, in dilute (0.01 normal) hydrochloric acid; (2) passage through the digestive tracts of bears, coyotes, or birds; (3) physical perturbations such as nicking, mechanical scarification, repeated freezing and thawing and/or four years of exposure in the field; (4) exposure to light; (5) increased temperatures or temperature fluctuations; or (6) addition of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate, urea). Key words: animal passage, germination, nitrogen, red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., seed coat, seed weight, scarification, stratification

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Masters, Nigel. "Books: The Man in the Red Coat." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 694 (April 30, 2020): 251.1–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x709769.

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Belyakin, Stepan N., Daniil A. Maksimov, Maria A. Pobedintseva, Petr P. Laktionov, and Dinara Voronova. "ASIP Promoter Variants Predict the Sesame Coat Color in Shiba Inu Dogs." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050222.

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Animals exhibit a wide variety of genetically determined coat colors and pigmentation patterns that serve important roles in adaptation and communication. Although the genetics of the main coat colors in dogs have been studied extensively, there are types of coat pigmentation that have not been explained yet. Recently, an association between the variants in the ASIP gene Ventral (VP) and Hair Cycle (HCP) promoters with different coat colors in dogs has been established. Here, we used the new findings as a basis to investigate the genetics of the red sesame coat color in Shiba Inu dogs. Our study revealed that red sesame dogs carry a specific heterozygous ASIP promoter diplotype, VP2-HCP1/VP2-HCP3, where VP2-HCP1 is responsible for the red coat with a dark overlay, and VP2-HCP3 for a tan point-like pattern. This finding explains the inheritance of this coat color pattern and can be used by breeders to produce dogs with this rare phenotype. A comparison of sesame dogs (VP2-HCP1/VP2-HCP3) to a dog homozygous for the VP2-HCP1 promoter haplotype suggests that the incomplete dominance between the ASIP alleles may be involved in the sesame coat formation. These results are in good agreement with the new model explaining how different levels of ASIP gene expression affect the regulation of pigment synthesis in melanocytes.

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Kasprzak-Filipek, Karolina, Wioletta Sawicka-Zugaj, Zygmunt Litwińczuk, Witold Chabuz, Rūta Šveistienė, and Josef Bulla. "Polymorphism of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) Gene and its Role in Determining the Coat Colour of Central European Cattle Breeds." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101878.

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There are many genes responsible for the appearance of different coat colours, among which the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) plays an important role. The aim of the study was to characterize genetic variation in Central European cattle breeds based on polymorphism of the MC1R gene and factors determining their coat colour. The study was conducted on 290 individuals of the following breeds: Polish White-Backed (PW), Lithuanian White-Backed (LW), Polish Red (PR), Lithuanian Red (LR), Carpathian Brown (CB), Ukrainian Grey (UG), and Slovak Pinzgau (SP). Polymorphism at the MC1R gene locus was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using two restriction enzymes: Cfr10I and SsiI. The proportions of alleles and genotypes in the MC1R locus indicates a strong relationship between polymorphism and the coat colour of cattle: The ED allele proved to be characteristic for the breeds with a white-backed coat (PW and LW), while the dominant allele in the red breeds (PR and LR) was E+. It is noteworthy that coat colour in the SP population was determined only by the recessive e allele, which resulted in the formation of a separate clade in the phylogenetic tree.

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McCaig, T. N., R. M. DePauw, and P. C. Williams. "Assessing seed-coat color in a wheat breeding program with a NIR/VIS instrument." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-073.

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Red seed-coat can be distinguished from white seed-coat of unground wheat (Triticum spp.) by measurement of the first-derivative of the reflectance spectra at approximately 516 nm. Values around 450 nm distinguish durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) from common (T. aestivum) white types. Classification accuracy is sufficient for screening purposes to reduce the number of samples requiring further examination. For breeding programs currently using combination near-infrared/visible (NIR/VIS) instruments, the additional time and costs to process the seed-coat information are minimal. Key words: Red, white, wheat, pigment, near-infrared, visible, breeding program

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Oladoja, Nurudeen A., and Akinola K. Akinlabi. "Congo Red Biosorption on Palm Kernel Seed Coat." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 13 (July 2009): 6188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie801003v.

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Seo, Y. W., J. E. Specht, G. L. Graef, and R. A. Graybosch. "Inheritance of Red‐Buff Seed Coat in Soybean." Crop Science 33, no. 4 (July 1993): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300040024x.

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McLean, Kim L., and Sheila M. Schmutz. "Associations of melanocortin 1 receptor genotype with growth and carcass traits in beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08094.

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Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) is considered to be the main gene controlling the production of eumelanin or phaeomelanin, resulting in black or red coat colour of cattle. The recessive red allele, e, codes for a nonfunctional receptor, which does not bind the agonist alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), allowing for the production of phaeomelanin, or red pigment, whereas the dominant ED allele binds α-MSH leading to the production of eumelanin. We hypothesized that black cattle would have more α-MSH bound to MC1R, which could result in more α-MSH binding to the appetite suppressing receptor, Melanocortin 4 Receptor. We genotyped 328 crossbred steers of various colours that were purchased at weaning and fed until slaughter. Black cattle of ED/ED or ED/e genotype had increased back fat and required significantly fewer days (15-25) on feed to reach a target fat level for slaughter than the red cattle. Red cattle of e/e genotype were found to have a significantly larger longissimus dorsi (l. dorsi), shipping weight and hot carcass weight. Differences were comparable whether black versus red coat colour or MC1R genotype were used as the criteria for the group of cattle. Key words: Coat colour, MC4R, MC1R, α-MSH, shipping weight

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Arch, Nigel. "The Wearing of the Red: The Redcoat and the British Brand." Costume 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174963007x182363.

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As a concept, the idea of product branding offers insights into the history of uniform in Britain. The creation of a brand, by which a product is understood and recognised by its name, fits the cultural history of the red coat, that part of his uniform by which the British infantryman was known for over three hundred years. While the earliest references to the redcoat in this context occur in the sixteenth century, it is really from the eighteenth century onwards that the term becomes widely employed to denote the soldier. However, a review of royal portraiture in Britain from the late seventeenth century onwards also reveals that monarchs used the red coat as a way of uniting the ideals of patriotism with the monarch — a device that was particularly important for the Hanoverian dynasty. Both literature and the visual arts helped identify the red coat as a synonym for the soldier. Numerous references may be adduced, from Jane Austen writing of polite society, to Rudyard Kipling's Tommy. Lady Elizabeth Butler was perhaps the most famous artist to depict red-coated heroes in battles, which marked the defence or development of the Empire.

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Costa, Wirton Peixoto, Edgard Cavalcanti Pimenta Filho, Jacinara Hody Gurgel Morais Leite, Wallace Sóstene Tavares da Silva, Wilma Emanuela da Siva, Francisco Helton Sá de Lima, Gilvan Nogueira Alves Peixoto-Júnior, and Débora Andréa Evangelista Façanha. "Coat characteristics and physiological responses of locally adapted ewes in semiarid region of Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1281.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress and characterize the coat characteristics of red and white varieties of Morada Nova sheep raised in the semiarid region of Brazil during the rainy and dry seasons. The following variables were investigated: coat thickness (CT), inclination angle of the coat (?I), hair coat density (HDE), hair length (HL) and hair diameter (HD), in conjunction with the physiological responses of rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR). The data were tested with an analysis of variance, a Tukey test at a 5% significance level and a correlation analysis. The season of the year (dry and rainy) and the variety (red and white) were used as fixed effects in the analysis of variance. HL, HDE and HD were significantly greater in the dry season than in the rainy season (P < 0.05), but CT and ?I did not differ between seasons (P > 0.05). HL, HDE and HD were lower and ?I was greater (P < 0.05) for the red variety, but CT was statistically equal (P > 0.05) for the two varieties. It was concluded that the coat characteristics of the Morada Nova ewes favor the adaptation of the sheep to a semiarid environment, including the improved protection of the skin against ultraviolet radiation. In general, the white variety presented characteristics reflecting a higher degree of adaptation to the conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region.

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Adamczewski, Marek. "W sprawie nowego herbu gminy i miasta Szadek." Biuletyn Szadkowski 12 (December 30, 2012): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1643-0700.12.01.

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The coat of arms for the town and commune of Szadek was designed and approved in 1990, in accordance with law in force at that time. It was, however, done without consulting heraldists and historians specializing in municipal coats of arms from the period of I Republic of Poland, or persons professionally designing emblems for contemporary municipalities. Consequently, a number of mistakes were made, the most important being that it only partly resembles the town’s heraldic arms from the mid-16th century or the coat of arms from the 17th century, which was incorporated in the altar of Szadek’s parish church to commemorate the citizens who donated funds for its equipment and decoration. According to current quidelines for re-creating coats of arms of urban communes, a municipality should have as its heraldic symbol the historic coat of arms of its capital town or city. Relevant sources indicate that the new emblem of the town and commune of Szadek should contain a city wall with an open gate and three battlemented towers, the exact shape depending on which tradition – 16th or 17th century – is recalled. As regards the heraldic colours, the new coat of arms should have red walls on a golden shield (like that from the 17th century), although a white background is also found for Szadek in publications on heraldic arms of Polish towns and cities.

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Ryder, M. L. "Seasonal coat changes in grazing Red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Journal of Zoology 181, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb03234.x.

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Lomax-Simpson, Josephine M. "The Queen's Red Coat: Images of a Large Group." Group Analysis 18, no. 3 (December 1985): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053331648501800317.

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Johnson, Donald R., and Pall Hersteinsson. "Inheritance models of North American red fox coat color." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-187.

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The monohybrid and two dihybrid models of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) coat-color inheritance were evaluated using phenotypic frequency data available in the fur trade literature. The monohybrid model fit 62% (N = 21) of the samples from the Northwest Territories and the insular and coastal parts of Alaska. The Warwick – Hanson (allelic interaction) and modified Iljina (dominance modifier) models fit 97% (N = 133) of the samples from other regions. We favor the Warwick – Hanson model over the modified Iljina (Haldane) model with its restrictive assumption that the B locus is fixed for single allele. The results of some of Iljina's experiments suggest that a part of her silver-phase breeding stock was misidentified as to phenotype. If that was the case, a modifier locus is obviated and the Iljina model is identical with that of Warwick and Hanson.

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Gianinetti, Alberto. "Anomalous germination of dormant dehulled red rice seeds provides a new perspective to study the transition from dormancy to germination and to unravel the role of the caryopsis coat in seed dormancy." Seed Science Research 26, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258516000076.

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AbstractSeed dormancy is the temporary inability of an imbibed seed to germinate under otherwise favourable conditions. It is an important trait for seed persistence in many higher plants. Dormant dehulled red rice caryopses can have a strong dormancy: the studied population shows an almost complete dormancy; that is, these caryopses do not germinate (usually germination is <1–2%) when incubated in water for the time usually adopted for germination tests (i.e. 2 weeks). However, after several months of incubation in water, dormant red rice caryopses start germinating in an anomalous manner. Most notably, the piercing of the caryopsis coat is very slow, sometimes arrested, until the coat completely breaks down and embryo growth is resumed. There is, therefore, a time lag between the initial rupture of the caryopsis coat and the start of seedling growth. It is argued that embryo growth can be triggered by the failure of the caryopsis coat even if seed dormancy has not been previously relieved, and thus germination is started and dormancy is forcefully interrupted. Accordingly, the time course of the anomalous germination shows a Gompertz distribution of times to failure. It is concluded that: (1) if the seed rests with the coat ruptured without further growth, it is still dormant; if so, therefore, (2) the breaking of the coat is not necessarily a marker of germination in this context.

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White, Noel D. G., Colin J. Demianyk, and Paul G. Fields. "Effects of red versus white wheat bran on rate of growth and feeding of some stored-product beetles." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-107.

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The red pigment in the seed coat of hard red spring wheat is produced by phenolics. Most of the wheats grown in western Canada are hard red spring varieties; however cultivars with a whiter seed coat are being developed for their better milling and baking attributes. Because phenolics serve to protect some plants against insect attack, we compared the susceptibility of white and red spring wheat to attack by stored-product insects. Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) larvae reared on red wheat bran gained less weight than larvae reared on white wheat bran but this insect has a long developmental period and does not attack sound grain. Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae) pupal weights were not affected by the type of wheat milled products on which the larvae fed. A feeding bioassay showed that red bran did not act as an antifeedant for T. molitor, T. castaneum, or Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae). However, it acted as a feeding stimulant for Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrichidae), which is related to wood-boring insects. It is unlikely that white wheat in storage would be more prone to insect damage than red wheat. Key words: Bran, colour, wheat, phenolics, stored-product insects

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Slavney, Andrea J., Takeshi Kawakami, Meghan K. Jensen, Thomas C. Nelson, Aaron J. Sams, and Adam R. Boyko. "Five genetic variants explain over 70% of hair coat pheomelanin intensity variation in purebred and mixed breed domestic dogs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0250579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250579.

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In mammals, the pigment molecule pheomelanin confers red and yellow color to hair, and the intensity of this coloration is caused by variation in the amount of pheomelanin. Domestic dogs exhibit a wide range of pheomelanin intensity, ranging from the white coat of the Samoyed to the deep red coat of the Irish Setter. While several genetic variants have been associated with specific coat intensity phenotypes in certain dog breeds, they do not explain the majority of phenotypic variation across breeds. In order to gain further insight into the extent of multigenicity and epistatic interactions underlying coat pheomelanin intensity in dogs, we leveraged a large dataset obtained via a direct-to-consumer canine genetic testing service. This consisted of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data and owner-provided photos for 3,057 pheomelanic mixed breed and purebred dogs from 63 breeds and varieties spanning the full range of canine coat pheomelanin intensity. We first performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 2,149 of these dogs to search for additional genetic variants that underlie intensity variation. GWAS identified five loci significantly associated with intensity, of which two (CFA15 29.8 Mb and CFA20 55.8 Mb) replicate previous findings and three (CFA2 74.7 Mb, CFA18 12.9 Mb, CFA21 10.9 Mb) have not previously been reported. In order to assess the combined predictive power of these loci across dog breeds, we used our GWAS data set to fit a linear model, which explained over 70% of variation in coat pheomelanin intensity in an independent validation dataset of 908 dogs. These results introduce three novel pheomelanin intensity loci, and further demonstrate the multigenic nature of coat pheomelanin intensity determination in domestic dogs.

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Wiesinger, Jason A., Raymond P. Glahn, Karen A. Cichy, Nikolai Kolba, Jonathan J. Hart, and Elad Tako. "An In Vivo (Gallus gallus) Feeding Trial Demonstrating the Enhanced Iron Bioavailability Properties of the Fast Cooking Manteca Yellow Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081768.

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The common dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally produced pulse crop and an important source of micronutrients for millions of people across Latin America and Africa. Many of the preferred black and red seed types in these regions have seed coat polyphenols that inhibit the absorption of iron. Yellow beans are distinct from other market classes because they accumulate the antioxidant kaempferol 3-glucoside in their seed coats. Due to their fast cooking tendencies, yellow beans are often marketed at premium prices in the same geographical regions where dietary iron deficiency is a major health concern. Hence, this study compared the iron bioavailability of three faster cooking yellow beans with contrasting seed coat colors from Africa (Manteca, Amarillo, and Njano) to slower cooking white and red kidney commercial varieties. Iron status and iron bioavailability was assessed by the capacity of a bean based diet to generate and maintain total body hemoglobin iron (Hb-Fe) during a 6 week in vivo (Gallus gallus) feeding trial. Over the course of the experiment, animals fed yellow bean diets had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher Hb-Fe than animals fed the white or red kidney bean diet. This study shows that the Manteca yellow bean possess a rare combination of biochemical traits that result in faster cooking times and improved iron bioavailability. The Manteca yellow bean is worthy of germplasm enhancement to address iron deficiency in regions where beans are consumed as a dietary staple.

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Bartlett, Grant R. "ORGANIZATION OF RED CELL GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES: CELL COAT PHOSPHORUS TRANSFER*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 75, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb36855.x.

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Beadle, Ron, and David Könyöt. "The Man in the Red Coat—Management in the Circus." Culture and Organization 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14759550600682924.

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Gonçalves, Maura Lúcia Costa, and Massanori Takaki. "The role of the seed coat in the light sensivity in Raphanus sativus L. cv. redondo gigante seeds." Acta Botanica Brasilica 11, no. 1 (July 1997): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33061997000100006.

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The role of the seed coat in the light sensitivity of seeds of Raphanus sativus L. cv. redondo gigante was analysed by germination tests of intact and naked seeds. Far-red light caused high inhibition of seed germination, while under white and red lights low inhibition was found. Naked seeds presented no light sensitivity with high percentage germination under light and darkness. However, incubation of naked seeds in -0.6MPa polyethylene glycol solution resulted in light inhibition as observed in intact seeds. The analysis of the seed coat transmitted light indicated that the filtered light presented the same photoequilibrium of phytochrome when compared to the white light, with a decrease of only 33% in the light irradiance which reaches the embryo.

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Radácsi, Andrea, Imre Bodó, and Béla Béri. "Additional data for the evaluation of coat colour varieties in the Hungarian Grey cattle." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3053.

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When preserving genetic resources, one of the most important tasks is to conserve as much of the given gene pool for the future generations as we can. Therefore, traits that have no economic value at the moment should also be conserved. The great variety of coat colours seen in the Hungarian Grey cattle form part of the world’s genetic heritage. In order to maintain the world’s genetic diversity, we have to maintain these varieties, as well. The different coat colour varieties were determined – in both sexes and in several age groups – with a Minolta Chromameter CR-410 in an objective way. We found that the rate of the three main coat colour varieties of calves: the light reddish, the reddish and the dark reddish were 26%, 52% and 22%, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between the L*a*b* values of the reddish coat colour of the Hungarian Grey and the red coat colour of the Limousin calves. The rate of the crane, the grey and the light grey coat colour varieties were determined in the measured female groups. The L*a*b* values of the Hungarian Grey and Maremman bulls’ coat were compared and evaluated.

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Dawson, TJ, and SK Maloney. "Fur versus feathers: the different roles of red kangaroo fur and emu feathers in thermoregulation in the Australian arid zone." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 2 (2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04145.

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Fur or feathers provide protection against heat loads from solar radiation for birds and mammals. The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are conspicuous in arid environments of Australia where there is potential for high solar loads. The diurnal D. novaehollandiae feeds in the open yet it has a dark coat with a high absorptivity (83%), which contrasts with that of M. rufus (61%), but M. rufus generally shelters in shade during the day. We examined the effect of coat characteristics on the heat load from solar radiation at skin level. Coat depth and density (thermal conductance or insulation) and the level of penetration of solar radiation into the coat were important determinants of solar heat load. For M. rufus less than 25% of incident radiation reached the body at low wind speeds and this diminished to below 15% at moderate wind speeds. In the modest shade M. rufus seeks on summer days, their heat load from solar radiation appears minimal. Colour differences among M. rufus did not affect thermal load. D. novaehollandiae on the other hand is exposed to the full incident solar load in the open but its plumage provides almost complete protection from solar radiation. Solar radiation is absorbed at the feather surface and the insulation provided by the deep coat prevents heat transmission to the skin.

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Nie, Jia-Hui, Jian-Xiang Huang, Qing-Rong Wu, Xue-Mei Qin, and Zhen-Yu Li. "Uncovering the anti-proliferation mechanism and bioactive compounds in red kidney bean coat against B16-F10 melanoma cells by metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis." Food & Function 10, no. 2 (2019): 912–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01738g.

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32

Harrigan, Lynn. "Witness." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 15 (January 1, 2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/40376.

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He, Yongmeng, Yongfu Huang, Shizhi Wang, Lupei Zhang, Huijiang Gao, Yongju Zhao, and Guangxin E. "Hereditary Basis of Coat Color and Excellent Feed Conversion Rate of Red Angus Cattle by Next-Generation Sequencing Data." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121509.

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Angus cattle have made remarkable contributions to the livestock industry worldwide as a commercial meat-type breed. Some evidence supported that Angus cattle with different coat colors have different feed-to-meat ratios, and the genetic basis of their coat color is inconclusive. Here, genome-wide association study was performed to investigate the genetic divergence of black and red Angus cattle with 63 public genome sequencing data. General linear model analysis was used to identify genomic regions with potential candidate variant/genes that contribute to coat color and feed conversion rate. Results showed that six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two insertion–deletions, which were annotated in five genes (ZCCHC14, ANKRD11, FANCA, MC1R, and LOC532875 [AFG3-like protein 1]), considerably diverged between black and red Angus cattle. The strongest associated loci, namely, missense mutation CHIR18_14705671 (c.296T > C) and frameshift mutation CHIR18_12999497 (c.310G>-), were located in MC1R. Three consecutive strongly associated SNPs were also identified and located in FANCA, which is widely involved in the Fanconi anemia pathway. Several SNPs of highly associated SNPs was notably enriched in ZCCHC14 and ANKRD11, which are related to myofiber growth and muscle development. This study provides a basis for the use of potential genetic markers to be used in future breeding programs to improve cattle selection in terms of coat color and meat phenotype. This study is also helpful to understand the hereditary basis of different coat colors and meat phenotypes. However, the putative candidate genes or markers identified in this study require further investigation to confirm their phenotypic causality and potential effective genetic relationships.

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Hofmanová, B., L. Vostrý, H. Vostrá - Vydrová, A. Dokoupilová, and I. Majzlík. "Estimation of genetic and non-genetic effects influencing coat colour in black horses." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 1 (January 17, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/136/2018-cjas.

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The aims of this study are the quantitative characterisation of the coat colour in the black variety of the Old Kladruber Horse breed, the estimation of the coat colour genetic parameters, and the determination of the factors that influence coat colour intensity. A total of 252 horses aged 1–24 years were included in the study. The colour parameters were taken using a Konica Minolta spectrophotometer CM-2500d at four different body parts during the summer and winter seasons, resulting in 1748 phenotypic records. The possible effects of sex, season, housing system, age and body part on the spectrophotometric parameters were analysed. The results confirmed that the intensity of the black coat colour can be influenced by a number of factors (sex, season, housing system, and age). The mares showed more red and yellow colour compared to the stallions. In the winter season, the horses had a lighter colour with a lower proportion of reddish-brown hairs. Horses kept outdoors, especially in the summer months, had a lighter colour with a higher proportion of red and yellow. Although the age was statistically significant, no specific trend was observed. The differences in colour found between body parts (neck, shoulder, belly, and croup) are in line with current knowledge – reddish fading in the blacks primarily occurs in the belly region. The estimated heritability values suggest possible multifactorial inheritance, especially with regards to the reddish tinge in hairs (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.20 to 0.29 according to body part).

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Zizda, J. E. "The colour phases of the European red squirrel in Ukraine: Similarities and differences by craniometric characters." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011828.

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The different colour phases of the European red squirrel occuring in Ukraine were analysed in a morphological context. They are indicated in the literature as different subspecies of Sciurus vulgaris L. and described only based on their coat colouration. In Ukraine, at least three colour phases occur: dark (black and brown), red, and light red, which in natural habitats occur separately from one another. These phases co-occur in human settlements and at different altitudes, in particular at the boundary of the lowland and piedmont zones and of piedmont and mountainbelts. The aim of the present study was to find some other morphological differences between the red squirrel’s phases in Ukraine beyond their coat colouration and to reveal the possible interaction between colouration and morphological variation of the squirrels. Eighteen craniometric and four external characters were measured and analysed. Results have shown that the squirrel’s colour phases differ among themselves by some characters, although the most visible differences were revealed when all measurents were analysed together. It has been revealed that the three colour phases are stabilized types (populations) manifested in a multidimensional space as different populations with minimal overlap (up to 10%). The population of dark squirrels in Ukraine is morphologically the most distant from the light red phase and less so from the red one. The dark phase significantly differs from the red phase by 9 of 18 craniometric characters with Mayr’s coefficient of divergence (CDmin = 0.62, CDmax = 0.96). The dark phase significantly differs from the light red phase by two craniometric characters according to ANOVA, but only by one character according to Mayr’scoefficient of divergence (CD = 0.96). The red and light red phases significantly differ by four parameters having CDmin = 0.64 and CDmax = 0.76. The geographically transitional red phase is morphologically intermediate according to the results of discriminant analysis.

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Takumida, Masaya, Dan Bagger-Sjöbäck, and Helge Rask-Andersen. "Ruthenium red staining of the endolymphatic sac in the guinea pig." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 102, no. 9 (September 1988): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100106395.

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AbstractThe ultrastructure of the guinea pig endolymphatic sac was studied, using the ruthenium red staining technique. The dye stained the apical cell surface coat and the homogeneous substance in the luminal space of the endolymphatic sac, when introduced from the luminal side of the epithelium. It is suggested that the surface coat and homogeneous substance may play an important part in the endolymph regulatory mechanism in the endolymphatic sac. When ruthenium red was introduced from the subepithelial side, the basolateral surface of the epithelial cells usually became brightly stained in the absence of staining of the apical cell surface, due to the presence of the tight junctions. In some instances, however, the dye penetrated beyond the level of the tight junctions. Pinocytotic vesicles and larger vacuoles in the epithelial cells were also sometimes stained, both apically and near the lateral cell surface. These findings suggest that endolymph efflux mechanisms in the endolymphatic sac may involve the combined actions of a paracellular and transepithelial flow as well as a transcellular, vacuolar bulk flow.

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Roy, S., MA Islam, A. Sarker, MR Ismail, MY Rafii, MMA Mondal, and MA Malek. "Morphological characterization of lentil accessions: Qualitative characters." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 41, no. 2 (January 22, 2013): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13447.

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Wide variability was observed for all the characters among 110 lentil accessions. Stem colour varied from normal green (45%) to purple (55%). Prominent and rudimentary tendrils were found in 60% and 40% of the accessions, respectively. Among the characters, flower colour showed the highest variation. White flower colour was observed in 49%, violet in 28%, white with blue veins in 20% accessions and the rest 3% were with blue flowers. Red cotyledon was shown by 90% while with yellow was shown by 10% of the accessions. Green, grey and brown seed coat was observed in 10, 66 and 24% of the accessions, respectively. Seed coat pattern with dots was found in 70% accessions and marbled seed coat pattern was shown by 15.5% while 14.5% did not show any seed coat pattern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13447 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41(2): 187-190, 2012 (December)

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38

Kijas, J. M. H., R. Wales, A. Törnsten, P. Chardon, M. Moller, and L. Andersson. "Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R) Mutations and Coat Color in Pigs." Genetics 150, no. 3 (November 1, 1998): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.3.1177.

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Abstract The melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) plays a central role in regulation of eumelanin (black/brown) and phaeomelanin (red/yellow) synthesis within the mammalian melanocyte and is encoded by the classical Extension (E) coat color locus. Sequence analysis of MC1R from seven porcine breeds revealed a total of four allelic variants corresponding to five different E alleles. The European wild boar possessed a unique MC1R allele that we believe is required for the expression of a wild-type coat color. Two different MC1R alleles were associated with the dominant black color in pigs. MC1R*2 was found in European Large Black and Chinese Meishan pigs and exhibited two missense mutations compared with the wild-type sequence. Comparative data strongly suggest that one of these, L99P, may form a constitutively active receptor. MC1R*3 was associated with the black color in the Hampshire breed and involved a single missense mutation D121N. This same MC1R variant was also associated with EP, which results in black spots on a white or red background. Two different missense mutations were identified in recessive red (e/e) animals. One of these, A240T, occurs at a highly conserved position, making it a strong candidate for disruption of receptor function.

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39

Zhou, Yue, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Jie Zheng, Ya Li, Jiao-Jiao Zhang, Dong-Ping Xu, and Hua-Bin Li. "Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from the Seed Coats of Red Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiate (Jacq.) DC.)." Antioxidants 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070200.

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The seed coat of red sword bean (Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.) is rich in antioxidant polyphenols. It is often discarded as a byproduct with the consumption of red sword bean, since it is very thick and not consumed by people. The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound-assisted extraction method to extract natural antioxidants from the seed coats. The extraction process was optimized by using response surface methodology. After the single-factor experiments, three key factors, including ethanol concentration, liquid/solid ratio, and extraction time, were selected and their interactions were studied using a central composite design. The optimal extraction condition was 60.2% hydroethanol, a liquid/solid ratio of 29.3 mL/g, an extraction time of 18.4 min, an extraction temperature of 50 °C, and ultrasound power of 400 W. Under the optimal conditions, antioxidant activity of the extract was 755.98 ± 10.23 μmol Trolox/g dry weight (DW), much higher than that from maceration (558.77 ± 14.42 μmol Trolox/g DW) or Soxhlet extraction (479.81 ± 12.75 μmol Trolox/g DW). In addition, the main antioxidant compounds in the extract were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–MS/MS). The concentrations of digalloyl hexoside, methyl gallate, gallic acid, trigalloyl hexoside, and digallic acid were 15.30 ± 0.98, 8.85 ± 0.51, 8.76 ± 0.36, 4.27 ± 0.21, and 2.89 ± 0.13 mg/g DW. This study provides an efficient and green extraction method for the extraction of natural antioxidants from the bean coat of red sword bean. The extract of antioxidants might be added into functional foods or nutraceuticals with potential beneficial functions.

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Dietrich, G., K. Dietrich, V. Kretschmer, and R. Eckle. "Filtration of Buffy Coat Free Red Cell Concentrates in Additive Solution." Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 19, no. 3 (1992): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000222608.

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41

Guastella, Anna Maria, Silvia Sorbolini, Antonio Zuccaro, Elia Pintus, Salvatore Bordonaro, Donata Marletta, and Nicolò Pietro Paolo Macciotta. "Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene polymorphisms in three Italian cattle breeds." Animal Production Science 51, no. 11 (2011): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11070.

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The Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the main genes implicated in the determination of the coat colour in mammals. This locus showed a relevant genetic variation between breeds that can be exploited for breed traceability of the animal productions. Modicana, Cinisara and Sardo-Modicana are three Italian endangered cattle breeds. Genetic characterisation by molecular markers is a fundamental prerequisite for managing genetic resources and for developing potential genetic traceability protocols. In order to improve the knowledge on Modicana, Cinisara and Sardo-Modicana breeds and to evaluate the possibility to develop DNA-based protocols for their mono-breeds products traceability, the genetic structure of MC1R gene was analysed. Four main alleles were observed in a representative sample of 162 animals. In the black coated Cinisara breed (n = 42), the ED and E+ alleles segregated with a frequency of 0.93 for ED allele. In the red coated Modicana (n = 60) and Sardo-Modicana (n = 60) breeds the E+ and E1 alleles segregated with frequencies of 0.42, 0.57 and 0.52, 0.47, respectively. The recessive allele e showed a low frequency (0.01) in both breeds. Sequencing a subsample of 34 animals the rare E2 allele was found only in Modicana and Sardo-Modicana at a good frequency (0.50). A new PCR-RFLP test, based on BstOI restriction endonuclease, was devised to assay for this allele. Results of the work indicate that red coat in Modicana and Sardo-Modicana cattle is genetically determined by the E+ and E1 alleles instead of the e allele at homozygote status, as occurs in other red European breeds. In these three Italian breeds of local importance, MC1R polymorphisms can be used to discriminate Cinisara from Modicana and Sardo-Modicana, but it was not able to distinguish between the two red coat populations.

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Flintham, John E. "Different genetic components control coat-imposed and embryo-imposeddormancy in wheat." Seed Science Research 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000052.

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AbstractWheat grain dormancy is a multigenic trait controlled both by R genes conferring red testa pigmentation and by other genes, at least one of which has a major effect in the embryo. Enhanced grain dormancy and red test colour are inherited as pleiotropic effects of dominant R alleles at triplicate loci in hexaploid wheat. However, polymorphism for R genes cannot account for the wide variation in dormancy observed among different redgrained varieties. A variety of different dominant R alleles all have equivalent effects on dormancy when introgressed into white-grained wheats, although the latter vary in dormancy both in the absence and in the presence of dominant R alleles. As a result, certain redgrained genotypes can exhibit intermediate dormancy, similar to that of some white-grained genotypes with different genetic backgrounds. A new major gene (Phs) was identified as controlling the difference between two red-grained cultivars with widely different dormancies. The Phs gene appeared to exert its effect in the embryo of the grain, in contrast to R gene expression in maternal testa tissue. Discrete genetic functions thus underlie physiologically distinct mechanisms of coatimposed dormancy and embryo-imposed dormancy in wheat

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Voslarova, Eva, Jiri Zak, Vladimir Vecerek, and Iveta Bedanova. "Coat Color of Shelter Dogs and Its Role in Dog Adoption." Society & Animals 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341491.

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AbstractCoat color influenced the likelihood of a dog being reclaimed from a shelter as well as the length of stay (LOS) of abandoned dogs at the shelter. The shortest LOS was found in brindle and multicolor dogs (median time until adoption: 17 and 18 days, respectively) followed by white, fawn, red, brown, black and tan, and grey dogs. Black dogs had the greatest LOS (median 32 days). In lost dogs, coat color had no significant effect on the time spent at a shelter, the median time until a dog was reclaimed by his/her caretaker being one day, irrespective of the coat color. However, the results of our study suggest that black, brown, and brindle dogs are more likely to be abandoned by their caretakers, and that fawn, black and tan, grey, and red dogs, if lost, have a better chance of being reclaimed by their caretakers.

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44

Ibrahim, Saima, Yasra Bashir, Salma Zaki, Samia Mehmood, Umul Mustafa, Afreen Khanum, Kainat Ishtiaq, Fabiha Maheen, and Amber Rehmat. "Consequences of Microwave Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on Germination and Free Proline Content of Green Gram and Red Bean." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v11i1.197.

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Background: Plants are crucial key component of well-formed ecosystem and have significant role in the living world, therefore, it would be helpful to scrutinize their interaction with variable radio and microwave frequency fields. Objectives: A laboratory test was conducted in October 2018 in the Department of Botany, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi to investigate the microwave radiation influence on plant development, and clarify the mechanisms of energy exchange and stimulation of plant development. The experiment was laid down at completely randomize design to evaluate the effect of microwave electromagnetic radiation at different durations of time on seed germination and free proline content (stress indicators) in Green Gram (Vigna radiata. L) and Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L) seedlings. Methodology: Seeds were treated with three different time periods of microwave radiation (5, 15 & 30sec). Control seeds were not treated. Results: The analysis of obtained data showed that the differential exposure of microwave had significant effect on germination rate, germination percentage and free proline content of both plants. The exposed electromagnetic radiation improved the germination rate in both types of seed along with improved germination percentages. Proline contents of both plants also markedly responded with electromagnetic radiation and proved themselves a responsive stress indicator with differential radiation exposures. Conclusion: The 15sec exposure of microwave radiation enhanced germination in Green Gram seeds, while 30sec exposure improved Red Bean seed germination along with breaking dormancy effect of hard seed coat. Therefore, the technique provides a quick and effective method of treatment especially for the seeds having an impermeable seed coat. In final conclusion, the 15 Second exposure of microwave radiation enhance germination in green gram seeds while 30 Second exposures improve red bean seed germination along with breaking dormancy effect of hard seed coat. Therefore, the technique provides a quick and effective method of treatment especially for the seeds having an impermeable seed coat.

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Bozzolo, Arianna, and Michael R. Evans. "Efficacy of Cork Granulates as a Top Coat Substrate Component for Seed Germination as Compared to Vermiculite." HortTechnology 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.1.114.

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A top coat is a lightweight substrate component used in seed germination. The seeds are typically placed on a substrate such as peat and then the seeds are covered with a layer of the top coating substrate. The top coat serves to maintain adequate moisture around the seeds and to exclude light. Vermiculite and cork granulates (1 mm) were used as top coat substrates for seed germination to determine if cork granulates could be successfully used as an alternative to vermiculite. The cork granulates had a bulk density of 0.16 g·cm−3, which was higher than that of vermiculite that had a bulk density of 0.12 g·cm−3. Cork granulates had an air-filled pore space of 22.7% (v/v), which was higher than vermiculite which was 13.2%. The water-holding capacity of vermiculite was 63.4% (v/v), which was higher than that of cork granulates that was 35.1%. Seeds of ‘Rutgers Select’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), ‘Dazzler Lilac Splash’ impatiens (Impatiens walleriana), ‘Orbital Cardinal Red’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), ‘Better Belle’ pepper (Capsicum annuum), and ‘Cooler Grape’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus) were placed on top of peat and covered with a 4-mm top coating of either vermiculite or cork granulates. For tomato, impatiens, and vinca, days to germination were similar between seeds germinated using vermiculite and granulated cork as a top coat. Days to germination of geranium and pepper were significantly different with geranium and pepper seeds coated with cork granulates germinating 0.7 and 1.5 days earlier than those coated with vermiculite. For tomato, impatiens, and geranium, the number of seeds germinating per plug tray was similar between the top coats. Number of seeds germinating per tray for pepper and vinca were significantly different. Pepper had an average of 2.8 more seeds germinating per tray, and vinca had an average of 2.4 more seeds germinating per tray if seeds were germinated using granulated cork vs. vermiculite. For all species, dry shoot and dry root weights were similar for seedlings germinated using cork and vermiculite top coats.

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Nozzolillo, C., L. Ricciardi, and V. Lattanzio. "Flavonoid constituents of seed coats of Vicia faba (Fabaceae) in relation to genetic control of their color." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-200.

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Flavonoid aglycones were identified from Vicia faba L. seed coats corresponding to eight genetically determined colors. Myricetin predominates over quercetin in beige, black, brown, green, red, and violet seeds. Kaempferol is present in substantial amounts only in spotted seeds. White seeds have only trace amounts of quercetin and kaempferol and are the only ones without proanthocyanidins. Flavones of the apigenin type occur in all colors but white. Anthocyanins (malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and cyanidin glycosides) are present only in violet seeds and are obviously responsible for their color. The dark colors of black, brown, and red seeds apparently result from unidentified polymers. It is concluded that the two loci, a and b, proposed by Ricciardi et al. (1985) as the sites of genetic control of seed-coat color, control the amount and type of flavonoids produced: locus a that of flavonoid monomers (flavonols, etc.) and locus b that of flavonoid polymers (condensed tannins).

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Vandenberg, A., F. A. Kiehn, C. Vera, R. Gaudiel, L. Buchwaldt, S. Dueck, J. Wahab, and A. E Slinkard. "CDC Robin lentil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-003.

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CDC Robin is a high-yielding, red cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It has brown seed coat colour suitable for the small red market class of lentil. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil-growing areas of western Canada. CDC Robin was issued registration #4990 on 4 October 1999 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris

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Vandenberg, A., S. Banniza, T. D. Warkentin, S. Ife, B. Barlow, S. McHale, B. Brolley, et al. "CDC Redberry lentil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 2 (May 5, 2006): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-071.

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CDC Redberry is a high-yielding, red cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It has gray seed coat colour, suitable for the red market class of lentil. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil growing areas of western Canada. CDC Redberry was issued registration No.5771 on 2003 Dec. 19 by the Variety Section, Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris

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Wyrostek, Anna, Katarzyna Roman, Katarzyna Czyż, Marzena Janczak, and Bożena Patkowska-Sokoła. "Analysis of the hair coat of domestic cats with special focus on histological structure." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5309.

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The aim of the study was to characterize the hair coat of domestic cats. The research material consisted of hairs of different fractions collected in winter from female cats with a uniform hair coat colour: white,cream, red, brown and black. The hairs were divided into individual fractions, i.e. underhair, bristle hair and guard hair, and the following characteristics were evaluated: thickness, length, long and short axis length, stress at break and elongation. SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of all types of hair were taken and used to characterize each hair type and to calculate the number of scales per mm of hair length. The content of ions of various chemical elements was determined as well. Underhairs, which accounted for the largest percentage in the coat, were the thinnest and shortest, and had the most regular and distinct scale pattern. Guard hairs were the least numerous, but were the longest and thickest of all hairs examined. Both guard and bristle hairs had irregular scales with jagged edges. The cross-sections of these hairs revealed the presence of all the layers, i.e. the cuticle, cortex and medulla. In the underhair fraction the medulla was observed only in red cats. In all hairs the share of carbon, oxygen and sulphur ions was largest; these are the main omponents of hair protein, i.e. keratin.

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Dreger, D. L., and S. M. Schmutz. "The variant red coat colour phenotype of Holstein cattle maps to BTA27." Animal Genetics 41, no. 1 (February 2010): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01969.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Red Coat'

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