Journal articles on the topic 'Red Sea bed analysis'

Correlation of hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones is one of the most important economic applications for heavy mineral analysis. In this paper, we review the fundamental principles required for establishing correlation frameworks using heavy mineral data, and illustrate the applications of a wide variety of heavy mineral techniques using a number of case studies from hydrocarbon reservoirs in the North Sea and adjacent areas. The examples cover Triassic red-bed successions in the central North Sea and west of Shetland, which have been subdivided and correlated using provenance-sensitive ratio data and mineral morphologies; Middle Jurassic paralic sandstones in the northern North Sea, correlated using garnet geochemistry; Upper Jurassic deep water sandstones in the northern North Sea, discriminated using rutile geochemistry and detrital zircon age data; and the “real-time” application of the technique at well site in Devonian-Carboniferous fluvio-lacustrine sandstones of the Clair Field, west of Shetland.

Black Band Disease (BBD) is a widely distributed and destructive coral disease that has been studied on a global scale, but baseline data on coral diseases is missing from many areas of the Arabian Seas. Here we report on the broad distribution and prevalence of BBD in the Red Sea in addition to documenting a bleaching-associated outbreak of BBD with subsequent microbial community characterization of BBD microbial mats at this reef site in the southern central Red Sea. Coral colonies with BBD were found at roughly a third of our 22 survey sites with an overall prevalence of 0.04%. Nine coral genera were infected including Astreopora, Coelastrea, Dipsastraea, Gardineroseris, Goniopora, Montipora, Pavona, Platygyra, and Psammocora. For a southern central Red Sea outbreak site, overall prevalence was 40 times higher than baseline (1.7%). Differential susceptibility to BBD was apparent among coral genera with Dipsastraea (prevalence 6.1%), having more diseased colonies than was expected based on its abundance within transects. Analysis of the microbial community associated with the BBD mat showed that it is dominated by a consortium of cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. We detected the three main indicators for BBD (filamentous cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB)), with high similarity to BBD-associated microbes found worldwide. More specifically, the microbial consortium of BBD-diseased coral colonies in the Red Sea consisted of Oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacteria), Desulfovibrio sp. (SRB), and Arcobacter sp. (SOB). Given the similarity of associated bacteria worldwide, our data suggest that BBD represents a global coral disease with predictable etiology. Furthermore, we provide a baseline assessment of BBD disease prevalence in the Red Sea, a still understudied region.

Red-bed soft rock easily softens and disintegrates when it comes into contact with water, which is the main factor restricting the application of soft rock as an engineering filler. Therefore, research on the influence of seawater on soft rock softening has great significance for the application of soft rock in marine engineering. To examine the softening mechanism of soft rock under seawater conditions, two kinds of soft rock softening experiments, as well as ion inhibition tests of soft rock softening, were performed under seawater and pure water conditions, and the results were compared. The variation in the soft rock composition, the deformation and failure characteristics of soft rock under the influence of sea water, and the variation in main cations in the softening process of soft rock are examined successively; the influences of different ions on soft rock softening are further analysed. Based on the analyses, the softening mechanism and control method of soft rock under sea water conditions are expounded. The study showed that soft rock softening was inhibited by seawater, which decreased the softening degree of soft rock. The main cations in seawater had an inhibitory effect on soft rock softening, and the order of inhibition was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+. According to the inhibitory effect of ions on soft rock softening, we propose that seawater or calcium salt should be added to reduce the softening of soft rock in soft rock engineering and improve the mechanical strength of soft rock; in addition, soft rock can be considered a raw material in marine engineering. The experimental results have great significance for studies of the disintegration mechanism and inhibitory rules of soft rock under the influence of seawater and provide a theoretical basis for the application of soft rock in marine engineering, such as in artificial reef engineering and coastal dike engineering.

The present study mainly aims to outline zones that have groundwater potentiality with good quality and those which are affected by sea water intrusion. The electrical resistivity data were acquired over an area of about 170 km2 of a coastal plain, Wadi Thuwal, which is bounded by the Red Sea in the west and the volcanic hills in the east. In such an area, resistivity measurements, using n-layering model, reveal generally reveal a wide range of resistivity values which do not reflect the reality. Hence, the statistical analysis has to be involved to overcome this problem and to make the final interpretation reliable. In our case, the n-layer models were modified to another statistical geoelectric models (SLM), consisting of a number of layers equivalent to the stratigraphic layering beneath each VES site. The modified models were used to outline the depth to the bed rock, groundwater accumulation zones and water table as well as to define the effect of sea water intrusion through the study area. Check alignment above

Detailed geochemical analyses were performed on the recent sedimentary cover (0 – 15 cm) of the northern flank of the Gulf of Corinth, in western Greece. Man-made metalliferous deposits have been formed on the sea-bed of the Gulf due to the discharge of red mud tailings on the shelf of the Antikyra Bay. The metalliferous deposits have been incorporated in the sedimentation regime of the area. A large grid of sediment samples collected from surface and subsurface red mud deposits and the surrounding natural sediments were analysed for Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, and Zn concentrations, using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Also, Total Organic Carbon and Calcium Carbonateswere determined. Additionally, correlation between heavy metal concentrations and grain-size data was examined. High heavy metal content values were measured on the floor of the Corinth basin, but the highest heavy metal concentrations occur near the discharge site. In subsurface sediments the heavy metal content (Fe, Ni, Cr, Pb, V, Ag, Co, Al, Cd, Ti, Hg) is significantly higher in the red and reddish mud sediments than in the natural mud sediments. The heavy metal content values decrease from top to base within red-mud deposits. Multivariate statistical methods (Cluster and Facto analysis) were applied on the heavy metal composition and grain-size dataset in order to investigate the inter-element relationships as well as the relationships between the geochemical and sedimentological data.

A macroscopic analysis of the bead and pendant assemblage from Berenike (excavated in seasons 2009–2012) provides not only a preliminary bead typology and chronology, but contributes to the study of the multicultural character of the Red Sea port of Berenike from the Ptolemaic through the early Byzantine period. The presence of diverse marine and terrestrial organics, semiprecious stones and manmade materials used in crafting beads indicates a substantial supply from coastal and inland desert dwellers, as well as from overland and overseas traders. Part of the products found at Berenike must have been designated for permanent and temporary residents of the town. Other objects originated from, or were destined for African, Arabian or Asian markets.

Abstract. The Pleistocene sand sea on the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of northern Alaska is underlain by an ancient sand dune field, a geological feature that affects regional lake characteristics. Many of these lakes, which cover approximately 20 % of the Pleistocene sand sea, are relatively deep (up to 25 m). In addition to the natural importance of ACP sand sea lakes for water storage, energy balance, and ecological habitat, the need for winter water for industrial development and exploration activities makes lakes in this region a valuable resource. However, ACP sand sea lakes have received little prior study. Here, we collect in situ bathymetric data to test 12 model variants for predicting sand sea lake depth based on analysis of Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. Lake depth gradients were measured at 17 lakes in midsummer 2017 using a Humminbird 798ci HD SI Combo automatic sonar system. The field-measured data points were compared to red–green–blue (RGB) bands of a Landsat-8 OLI image acquired on 8 August 2016 to select and calibrate the most accurate spectral-depth model for each study lake and map bathymetry. Exponential functions using a simple band ratio (with bands selected based on lake turbidity and bed substrate) yielded the most successful model variants. For each lake, the most accurate model explained 81.8 % of the variation in depth, on average. Modeled lake bathymetries were integrated with remotely sensed lake surface area to quantify lake water storage volumes, which ranged from 1.056×10-3 to 57.416×10-3 km3. Due to variations in depth maxima, substrate, and turbidity between lakes, a regional model is currently infeasible, rendering necessary the acquisition of additional in situ data with which to develop a regional model solution. Estimating lake water volumes using remote sensing will facilitate better management of expanding development activities and serve as a baseline by which to evaluate future responses to ongoing and rapid climate change in the Arctic. All sonar depth data and modeled lake bathymetry rasters can be freely accessed at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2SN01440 (Simpson and Arp, 2018) and https://doi.org/10.18739/A2HT2GC6G (Simpson, 2019), respectively.

Abstract Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have the abnormal haemoglobin (Hb) HbS in their red blood cells (RBCs). The complications of SCD may be extensive but are markedly variable between patients. Renal damage (sometimes called sickle cell nephropathy, SCN) is a common finding in about a third of children with SCD, a significant number of whom will proceed to renal failure. As yet, it is not possible to predict which children will develop SCN and who would therefore benefit from earlier and aggressive management. Various biomarkers have been investigated but none have proved efficacious. Changes in RBC membrane permeability are closely linked with polymerisation of HbS and, as such, may represent an important early event in pathogenesis. We postulated that certain RBC characteristics (sickling, K+ transport, PS exposure), which may be inherited independently of the HbS mutation, may correlate with renal pathology, but more importantly, may be identifiable in advance of damage, thereby providing prognostic markers to inform patient management. Participants and Methods: Children (>4 years old) with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) were recruited from the paediatric haematology clinic at King's College Hospital in South London, UK. Patients who had received blood transfusion in the preceding four months or who were on medications known to directly alter RBC cation transport (e.g. dipyridamole and Ca2+ channel blockers) were excluded. Patients on hydroxyurea were included. All patients were in steady state, with no acute symptoms requiring treatment for at least seven days. Clinical and laboratory parameters were collected prospectively at routine clinical attendance. Details of enuresis were collected using specifically developed proforma and patients were divided into two groups: those who stopped wetting their bed before the age of five years and those who were still enuretic after five years of age. RBC permeability was assessed using 86Rb+ as a congener for K+ to measure the activity of main cation transport systems involved in RBC dehydration. The activity of RBC transport pathways and percentage of sickling was measured at 100mmHg, 35mmHg, 15mmHg and 0mmHg. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM-SPSS, New York. Results: 112 patients of HbSS genotype (SCA) consented to take part in the study. Their clinical profile is summarised Table 1. The percentage of children with enuresis, hypertension and significant albuminuria is shown in Table 2. There was significant correlation between activity of Gardos channel at O2 tensions of 35mmHg, 15mmHg and 0mmHg and enuresis after the age of five years. Psickle activity also showed significant correlation but only in fully deoxygenated RBCs (O2 of 0mmHg.) Table 3. Conclusion In conclusion, the present findings emphasise the significance of a thorough appreciation of RBC permeability to the pathogenesis of SCD. Whilst preliminary, these findings are exciting because they show that the activity of a particular transport pathways, abnormally elevated in SCA patients, are associated with enuresis. These findings suggest that the early identification of increased Gardos and Psickle activity may identify children who would benefit from early treatment for nocturnal enuresis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The purpose of this paper is the geomorphological and sedimentological study of modern Nestos River Delta, to examine the effect of the dams to the sedimentological regime of the coastal zone. Nestos Delta suffered a series of anthropogenic influences; the most significant was the channeliza-tion of the river bed, which prevents avulsion and enforces the river to discharge to the sea with one main channel. A DGPS with accuracy better than 1m (GMS-2- Topcon), was used for mapping the coastline, along with sampling the coastal sediments. Sedimentological analysis revealed that the mean size of the sandy material of the coastline reduces with increasing the eastward distance from the river mouth. The western coastline revealed a more complex situation, since it had inherited characteristics from older, abandoned river mouths, bars, spits etc, existed prior to anthropogenic influence. Comparison between the DGPS survey and the 1970 topographic maps revealed some areas with erosional and some with depositional tendencies. A clear erosional tendency was not rec-orded. Furthermore comparison, between 2000 GPS survey, and the present 2009 DGPS survey, recorded a stability of the coastline within the resolution and the accuracy of the instruments. A pos-sible explanation, is the dramatic reduction of the active area of the delta, due to anthropogenic influ-ence, where at its natural stage, was dispersing sediments with avulsion and multiple river channels in an area of 500 km2, but now the active area, where deposition is possible, is only 45.84 km2.

Background North Middlesex University Hospital (NMUH) is a 400 bed acute hospital in London, United Kingdom. The hospital is a specialist centre for the treatment of inherited red cell disorders caring for approximately 500 adult patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) and performing a large number of emergency and elective blood transfusions including automated exchange transfusions, which are an increasingly important cornerstone in the treatment of SCA. In order to minimise risks of allo-immunisation, international guidelines recommend that sickle cell patients are fully phenotyped prior to first transfusion and receive red cell units that are ABO, Rh (DCcEe) and K matched. This has been implemented at NMUH since the 1990s. However, there is concern that the rate of generation of allo-antibodies is still significant. Methods NMUH undertook a retrospective cross-sectional survey of all currently registered adult (>18 years old) patients with haemoglobin genotypes SS and SC, using local transfusion records dating back to 1991. The Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) was interrogated to provide the current antibody status of each patient as well as the number of red cells received. To account for transfusions before 1991, outpatient annual review data was examined where numbers of units transfused were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between the presence of allo-antibodies and the following variables: sex, age, genotype, cumulative number of transfusions and pregnancy. Results A total of 336 patients with HbSS (n=207) and HbSC (n=129) were identified. The mean age was 39. Male to female split was 43% to 57%. In the HbSS group, 73% (n=173) had received at least one blood transfusion. This was 40% (n=52) in the HbSC group. Number of units received ranged from 1 to greater than 500 for those on regular exchange programmes. An estimate of the number of cumulative red cell units given is shown in Figure 1. 18% (n=42) of transfused patients had alloantibodies ranging from 1 (50% of patients) to a maximum of 5 antibodies). 79% (n=33) of those with allo-antibodies were female. 76 antibodies were identified in total and the breakdown of antibody frequency is shown in Figure 2. 38% (n=29) of antibodies were directed against antigens of the MNSs/Fy system and 33% (n=25) were Rh and /K directed. Multivariable regression showed female sex (OR = 3.54; CI 1.55 - 9.00), age (OR = 1.03; CI 1.00 - 1.05) and number of units transfused (OR = 1.40; CI 1.18 - 1.65) were all independent predictors for antibody formation (p<0.05). Subgroup regression analysis of the female patients showed no impact of pregnancy (p>0.05). Conclusion We presented retrospective data from a large cohort of patients with SCA. Limitations included the fact that transfusions prior to 1991 could not be retrieved from the LIMS and were recorded based on annual review data, which although comprehensive, cannot guarantee to fully account for transfusions received elsewhere. The data suggests that despite transfusing in accordance with international guidelines, the level of allo-immunisation remains significant and is particularly marked in females. The majority consisted of potentially hazardous antibodies (Rh/K/Ss/Fy), with only 18% being of limited clinical importance (M/Le). The relatively high frequency of anti-Rh/K requires further investigation to ascertain if these are due to phenotype/genotype mismatch or due to transfusion of inappropriate units at other centres. The high incidence of Ss/Fy antibodies is in line with findings from other papers [Compernolle et al, Transfusion 2018;58;1555-1566] and warrants further research into selecting Ss/Fy compatible units, especially in the younger generation of SCA patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Caofeidian reclamation work may have great influence on the hydrodynamic enviorment. Based on the four-year field survey on water depth, the batymetric maps of different years of Caofeidian are obtained. Through annalying field measurements, a series of comparisons of topography changes in cross section and profile sections are made. Because of the intensed promontory effects, the scour intensity is fierce near the cape but weak with the distance from the cape in the cross-section direction.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Topographical anaglyph maps produced from digital elevation model (DEM) are an easy and practical means of inland topography and seafloor observations (Goto, 2016). Since the 2000s, several coastal DEMs surveyed by multi-beam sound systems have been stored, though submarine topographic features have been popularly represented by contour lines in the previous century. Various DEM-based visual maps including shaded relief or stereo maps with contour lines have been adapted to observe inland topography (Awata, 2017); however, they have been rarely used to express slope shade with contour lines in coastal areas.</p><p> Since the development of submarine topography above &amp;minus;120&amp;thinsp;m has become relevant for sea-level changes after the last glacial age, deep-sea features such as cliffs and terraces could provide essential information on topographical evolution and crustal movement. Therefore, we produced a stereo image map of slope shade and contour lines in a coastal area based on DEM. Although Louis Ducas du Hauron patented the original idea of producing anaglyphs in 1891(Waker and Dodge, 2001), anaglyph seafloor maps expressing slope shade and contour lines from DEM are new as well as are effective for understanding the geomorphic features of submerged terraces and the broad deformation of the oceanic bed because they enable us to identify small topographic features, such as submerged coral crests and height differences in the wide area.</p><p> We studied the area around Inazejima and Iheyajima islands distributed in the north of Okinawa prefecture, southwest Japan. We found it difficult to understand the active tectonics of Nansei–Shoto arc based on only the isolated small islands; thus, we focused on the submerged marine terraces widely developed around these islands to reveal the depth distribution of paleo-shorelines.</p><p> The Japan Coast Gard (JCG) conducted a multi-beam survey along the northwestern coast of Okinawa island from 2008 to 2012 (Yasuhara, 2013). The JAMSTEC (2016) stored and disseminated information for the rock and sediment core samples as well as the results of the multi-beam survey on their website, “Data and Sample Research System for Whole Cruise Information in JAMSTEC.” We retrieved these data from the JCG and JAMSTEC to generate 1.44-smesh (approximately 44&amp;thinsp;m) and 2-s-mesh (approximately 65&amp;thinsp;m) seafloor DEMs, respectively. We combined these DEMs with a 500-m-mesh DEM (J-EGG500) published by JCG, which were subsequently overlapped in a decreasing resolution. We imported these seafloor DEMs into Simple DEM Viewer&amp;reg; to produce an anaglyph map that was overlapped onto the black and white slope shading base map and contour lines for stereoscopic analysis with red-cyan glasses.</p><p> Interpretation of the map revealed that the several submerged marine terraces were distributed around the islands, and the NWW-trending active faults cut and deformed these terraces in the southwest off the coast of Izena island. Stereoscopic analysis with contour lines enabled us to obtain the height difference of the submerged terraces between the west and east sides of Iheya island, which were estimated to have formed during the last glacial age based on the terrace platform depth.</p>

Compared to their terrigenous counterparts, carbonate shell accumulations have until recently been relatively little studied to determine either descriptive or genetic classifications of shell bed types, the preservation potential of each type, or their relative ability to preserve community-level information. A partial classification of Paleozoic carbonate shell-rich soft sediment accumulations is proposed using sedimentation patterns in the Lebanon limestone of the Stones River Group. Paleoecological information preserved therein is then contrasted by shell bed type. The Lebanon represents typical Ordovician shallow to moderate subtidal carbonate shelf deposits in outcrops flanking the Nashville Dome and peritidal deposits in the Sequatchie Anticline of Eastern Tennessee; shell beds alternate with shell poor sediments (micrites, wackestones and diagenetically enhanced dolomites and clay-rich partings).None of the analyzed shell beds was strictly biological in origin; most are sedimentological although >10% are combined sedimentological/diagenetic. While the majority are single simple shell beds, >20% are amalgamated. All are thin (1 shell to 15 cm) stringers that pinch and swell showing poor lateral continuity (outcrop scale, tens to hundreds of meters) likely enhanced by burial dissolution. These shell beds differ greatly in fabric (packing/sorting), clast composition, taphonomic signature, and intensity of time averaging; thus community information retrieval is biased in predictable patterns. Virtually no shell beds show common shell dissolution or encrustation from long-term sediment surface exposure or hardground formation. Five major categories of accumulation are herein proposed using a DESCRIPTIVE, non-genetic terminology modified from previous works of DJD, as well as a Genetic interpretation for each. These are easily distinguished in the field and are also discriminated by Q-mode cluster analysis.Categories include, in decreasing frequency of occurrence: 1. SHELL GRAVELS; Storm/“event” beds: Sharp bases; poorly sorted coarse basal bioclasts and/or intraclasts, often with no preferred orientation; clasts fine upward to comminuted shell material and micrite. Horizontal platy brachiopods often cap the beds. High diversity and a wide range in shell alteration is represented, from whole unaltered brachiopods to minor abraded fragments, indicating extreme time averaging and poor resolution of short-term community dynamics. 2. COMMINUTED SHELLY LS; Current/ripple concentrations: Small tidal channel fill and discrete ripple trough accumulations are composed of cross-stratified bioclastic deposits with local concentrations of rip-ups. Beds are not graded; typically clasts are abraded, rounded and concordant with cross-beds. Intense time averaging and mixing of discrete communities is inferred due to continual reworking in these background deposits. 3. SHELL/CEMENT LS; Early cementation beds: Intense early diagenetic alteration is inferred due to red discoloration and rapid intergranular cementation; some beds show diagenetic micritic rinds. Beds may be brecciated and show deep burial stylolitization cutting bioclasts and cement. They may represent zones of preferred early cementation rather than a change in shell accumulation rate. Many shells from some beds show little postmortem alteration; these units may preserve much of the original community structure. 4. DENSE SHELL PAVEMENTS; Subtidal surficial pavements: Single layers of shells, commonly concave down, overlie mudstones/wackestones with no basal erosion. No obrution deposits were noted. Bioclasts are typically disarticulated and reoriented, but are not substantially abraded, broken, or dissolved. Diversity is low. Only minor temporal and lateral community mixing with small environmental fluctuation is indicated. 5. VERTICALLY IMBRICATE SHELLY LS; High energy beach zones: Platy whole and major fragments of brachiopods are deposited in low diversity, high angle imbricate beds. Less postmortem reworking and time averaging is evident compared to types 1 and 2.Thus, the most common (physically reworked) shell bed types show the most intense loss of short-term paleocommunity information. There are surprisingly few insitu community pavements or obligate long-term accumulations. This pattern differs from some described Ordovician carbonates, which may contain common community beds or hardgrounds/hiatal accumulations. This implies a relatively low rate of net sediment accumulation on a shallow, periodically wave swept shelf, and no major flooding surfaces or other indications of significant sea level change. Delineation of the sequence stratigraphic position of these carbonates is enhanced from this type of integrated community/biostratinomic analysis.

Abstract. Winter (October to April) rainfall in Israel is caused mostly by migrating Mediterranean cyclones but certain rain situations are accompanied by a low pressure trough extending northward from the southern Red Sea towards the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) and the Levant. This system, the Red Sea Trough (RST) is one of the most frequent surface atmospheric circulation patterns over the southeastern Mediterranean, but most of the RSTs are not accompanied by rain. This paper presents a synoptic climatological comparative analysis between rain situations associated with RSTs, and those not connected with RSTs (non-RST rain, NRR). The RST situations were identified objectively with the aid of a new algorithm applied to the GEOS-1 reanalysis gridded data set from NASA, for the period of March 1985–November 1995. Results show that RST rain is accompanied by a relatively narrow 500-hPa trough, located west of the Israeli coast-line and characterized by a deep southward penetration, while Non-RST-associated rain (NRR) is accompanied by a wider upper trough, located over the Israeli coast-line with a shallower southward penetration. We found a south-southwesterly wind vector anomaly at 200 hPa over Israel during RST rains, while during NRRs a similar wind vector anomaly pattern is observed east of Israel. There is a divergence center over, or a few degrees east of Israel during RST rains, while NRR is associated with a divergence value of nearly zero over Israel and a maximum divergence center located east of Israel. The moisture flux during NRR at 700 and 900 hPa is from the Mediterranean, while during RST rain there is a south-westerly moisture flux at 700 hPa from equatorial Africa to Israel and vicinity. A steeper temperature lapse-rate between 950–500 hPa was found during RST rain compared with NRR, resulting from a combination of cooling aloft together with heating near the surface.

This paper addresses problems in underwater seismic image analysis and interpretation. We discuss basic issues involving acquisition and processing of signals due to reflections and multiple reflections from the sea bed and the underlying media. Aspects of compensating for the dynamic heave component present in the signals, using conventional and parallel Kalman filtering are discussed. Considerations for modeling the heave process are treated briefly. A number of information extraction algorithms that are central to the interpretation process are covered. Emphasis is given to delay and amplitude parameter estimation using a combined cross-relation-minimum variance filter, linearized recursive estimation and an event enhancement filter. Ingredients of a knowledge-based interpretation system for image analysis and interpretation are discussed.

The interaction between the constituent models for waves, currents, sediment transport and bottom level changes in a class of compound 2DH mathematical models of transient sea bed evolutions in the coastal zone is investigated mathematically, using the theory of characteristics and a harmonic analysis technique. This leads to contrary indications as to the importance of including diffraction in the wave model and to the unambiguous conclusion that the bottom slope effect on the sediment transport is indespensable for the mathematical system to be inherently stable. This conclusion is shown to imply that depth-integrated current model are insufficient to describe the flow in this type of morphological computations for the nearshore zone or complex coastal areas.

Caofeidian harbor is a large size deep-water harbor currently under construction in the eastern coast of north China. The construction began in 2003. Based on the measurements and analysis of the sediment samples collected from 2008 to 2010, the characteristics of suspended sediment concentration, suspended sediment and bed material grain diameter of the Caofeidian sea area with the progress of the engineering are presented. The measurements and analysis reveal that i) the suspended sediment concentration is low and decreases with the engineering progress; ii) the suspended sediment is very fine and becomes coarse in the deep-water channel; iii) the bed sediment in the east of Caofeidian foreland is much coarser than that in the west part.

Most red beds demonstrate inferior geotechnical properties in natural conditions and need to be improved when used as construction material. In this study, a serious of triaxial tests, permeability tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out on lime-stabilized and untreated red bed soil after experiencing different wetting-drying (W-D) cycles. The test results showed that, with the increase in the added lime, the shear strength, strength parameters (including the cohesion and the internal friction angle), and the shear modulus of red bed soil increased gradually. For the untreated specimens, the four parameters decreased considerably after experiencing W-D cycles, while for the lime-stabilized specimens, they generally increased with an increase in the W-D cycles. Without experiencing the W-D cycles, the permeability coefficient increased by two times after it was stabilized with 10% lime. But with an increase in the W-D cycles, the permeability coefficient of the untreated and lime-stabilized specimens continuously increased and significantly decreased, respectively. Finally, variations in microstructure of the red bed soil under the effects of the lime stabilization and W-D cycles were discussed based on the SEM analysis. The results may contribute to improvement of red bed soil when used as roadbed and airfield fillings.

The high red bed accumulation slope is a particular type in red beds areas that widely spreads in China. The red bed accumulation is of low intensity and poor engineering property, which can easily cause engineering disease. Therefore, the key issue is cutting the stability in slope engineering. Use stress analysis to determine the disturbed zone of the area directly, the project derives disturbed zone slope stability factor and propose the analytical method steps for the theoretical basis of high slope construction stability and the retaining structure design. Use MIDAS/GTS finite element analysis software to simulate two typical red bed accumulation slopes of Guangyuan-Bazhong expressway. The result reveals that the method is feasible and effective through main stress analysis by a reasonable simulate model. For the typical characteristics of high red bed accumulation slope cutting instability, the project provides the reference of design.

ABSTRACTRecently, the rapid drying out of the Dead Sea is one of the most challenging problems facing the scientists and governments of the region. Its level has dropped more than 20 m in the past decade. Massive precipitation of halite from the water column has led to a decrease in Na+concentration, concomitant with an increase in Mg2+, making the lake supersaturated with NaCl. This situation presents a big challenge to the microbial life of the lake. However, despite these harsh conditions in the lake, several microorganisms, including members of the groups bacteria, unicellular algae, fungi, viruses, and Archaea, have been able to survive.To understand the factors that affect the microbes in the Dead Sea and to predict the possible effects of the planned conveyance of Red Sea water to the Dead Sea, a series of experiments were performed in the field, as well as in the laboratory. The results of the laboratory experiments showed that the growth of the Dunaliella was possible only when Dead Sea water was diluted with a minimum of 10% (by volume) Red Sea water. Addition of phosphate was essential for the algae to grow and growth rates and yields increased with increasing phosphate concentration and decreasing salinity. Field experiments revealed that the growth of algae was rapidly followed by the development of dense blooms of red halophilic Archaea. Although it should be realized that the closed system formed by the shallow ponds differs from the conditions in the lake, the results suggest that a microbial bloom, once formed, can remain present in the Dead Sea for months to years. These observations are important when attempting to predict how the biological properties of the lake may change in the future and they have important implications for the planning of the Red Sea- Dead Sea conduit.The “Peace Conduit”, a water carrier between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea, has been proposed to prevent the drying out of the lake and to restore the water level to a desired elevation. The present simulation experiments were designed at the Al Hussein bin Talal University (AHU) field station atMa’an to get information on the ecological impacts of the Dead Sea when the “Peace Conduit” plans are implemented and massive quantities of Red Sea water will enter the Dead Sea and lower the salinity of the upper water layers.Preliminary analysis was carried out of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Polar lipid of Archaea and Bacteria collected from the experimental ponds containing different Dead Sea-Red Sea water ratios, in order to analyze how they affect the microbial communities of the ponds. The Archaea community changed significantly according to the water mixture, presenting the greatest diversity when 30% Red Sea water was added to Dead Sea water.

Based on 26 years of satellite altimetry, this study reveals the presence of a persistent east–west pattern in the sea level of the Red Sea, which is visible throughout the years when considering the east–west difference in sea level. This eastern–western (EW) difference is positive during winter when a higher sea level is observed at the eastern coast of the Red Sea and the opposite occurs during summer. May and October are transition months that show a mixed pattern in the sea level difference. The EW difference in the southern Red Sea has a slightly higher range compared to that of the northern region during summer, by an average of 0.2 cm. Wavelet analysis shows a significant annual cycle along with other signals of lower magnitude for both the northern and southern Red Sea. Removing the annual cycle reveals two energy peaks with periodicities of <12 months and 3–7 years, representing the intraseasonal and El Nino—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals, respectively. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis shows that EOF1 corresponds to 98% of total variability, EOF2 to 1.3%, and EOF3 to 0.4%. The remote response of ENSO is evident in the variability in the atmospheric bridge, while that of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is weak. Three physical mechanisms are responsible for the occurrence of this EW difference phenomenon, namely wind, buoyancy, and the polarity of eddies.

Metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae is initiated by one or more cues from the environment. The cues can be from bacterial films (Cameron & Hinegardner, 1974), algae (Kitamura et al., 1993) or sand and seawater from adult habitats (Highsmith, 1982). The substances from sand are peptides (Burke, 1984), and those from red algae are free fatty acids (Kitamura et al., 1993) and dibromomethane (Taniguchi et al., 1994). Burke (1983a) suggested that chemical and physical stimuli were received by sensory receptors, probably podia of the adult rudiment, and transmitted to effectors of metamorphosis such as larval and adult tissues. Morpho-genetic, histolytic and histogenic processes progress during metamorphosis to create a juvenile, though direct evidence for the mechanism of induction has not been shown.Glutamine (Gin) induces metamorphosis in larvae of many sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Naidenko, 1991; Pseudocentrotus depressus: Yazaki & Harashima, 1994; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus: Yazaki, 1995). We have analysed the metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae using Gln, neurotransmitters and a natural cue (green algae).

Sediment entrainment processes due to the oscillatory flow above rippled and plane sea beds are fundamentally different. Whereas above plane beds the sheet flow or bed load regime dominates and the momentum transfer is primarily caused by turbulent diffusion, above a sea bed covered with long crested vortex ripples the well organised coherent vortex mechanisms induce sediment-laden lee vortices at the ripple crest, which will be detached from the bed ejected into the water column and finally shed when the flow reverses. To investigate the sediment entrainment processes above vortex ripples, a study was carried out in the Large Wave Flume (GWK) aiming firstly to find out the most appropriate measuring technique to determine the suspended sediment concentration both temporarily and spatially. and secondly to analyse the intra-wave sediment entrainment processes around a steep ripple.

Total coliform bacteria have been chosen as the indicator organism. Coliform die-away experiments have been carried out in unpolluted sea water samples collected at about 100 m off the coastline and under controlled environmental conditions. The samples were transformed into one litre clean glass beakers which were kept at constant temperature and were exposed to the solar radiation. The membrane filter technique was used for the coliform analysis. The temperature ranged from 20 to 40° C and the dilution ratios ranged from 1/50 to 1/200. Coliform decay rate in the light has been expressed as the summation of the coliform decay rate in the dark and the decay rate due to solar radiation. The solar radiation required for 90 percent coliform removal has been found to range from 17 cal/cm2 to 40 cal/cm2 within the temperature range of 25 to 30° C. Applying the linear regression analysis two different equations have been given for the high (I&gt;10 cal/cm2.hour) and low solar intensity ranges in order to determine the coliform decay rate constant as a function of the solar intensity. T-90 values in the light have been found to follow log-normal distribution with a median T-90 value of 32 minutes. The corresponding T-90 values in the dark were found to be 70-80 times longer. Coliform decay rate in the dark has been correlated with the temperature.

ABSTRACTThe Achanarras fish bed of Middle Devonian age in the Orcadian Basin was deposited in a large freshwater lake of variable productivity in which thermal stratification was normally developed. The fish bed consists of lacustrine laminites of organic, carbonate (dolomite and calcite) and clastic types. Carbonate laminae were precipitated as a result of photosynthetic activity and organic laminae were deposited following algal decay, clastic material was introduced by processes including overflow and interflow currents and wind transport.The fish bed represents a major lacustrine transgression during a wetter climatic period which provided connections to other lakes and by overflow to the sea. Calcitic laminites represent the deepest water (>60 m) phase with greatest faunal variety due to availability of migration routes and stability of environments caused by lake overflow.Initial lake transgression was characterised byDipteras-dominated faunas which reappear as the last surviving fish during lake regression. Further regression resulted in the introduction of turbidites to the laminites.Many fish were preserved following mass mortalities induced by algal blooms, mixing of waters by storms and lake overturn. Most of the fish inhabited shallow areas of the lake and drifted as rotting carcases to their final site of deposition. The fauna comprises a variety of benthonic and nektonic fish including predators, scavengers and omnivorous forms. Fish such asCoccosteusrepresented almost exclusively by adults may have bred outside the area of the lake.

ABSTRACT A cDNA encoding hepcidin was isolated from a library of cDNA from spleen of red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) by expressed sequence tag analysis. The expression of the hepcidin mRNA in various tissues was examined. Challenge of red sea bream with Escherichia coli DH5α elevated hepcidin mRNA levels in spleen, gill, liver, and intestine.

Satellite altimetry sea-level data was taken for nearly three decades (1993–2020) and is used to understand the variability and associated dynamics in the Red Sea sea-level. Seasonally, the sea-level is higher during December–January and lower during August, with a consistent pattern from south to north. The interannual fluctuations in sea-level have a close agreement with the variability in the global climate modes, i.e., El-Nino Southern Oscillation events, East Atlantic-West Russian oscillation, and the Indian Ocean Dipole. The impact of the El-Nino Southern Oscillation mode on sea-level is higher than other climate modes. The Red Sea sea-level was seen to rise at a rate of 3.88 mm/year from 1993–present, which was consistent with the global rate of 3.3 ± 0.5 mm/year. However, a noticeably faster rate of 6.40 mm/year was observed in the Red Sea sea-level from 2000-present.

The regular and irregular echinoid fauna of the Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt) has been investigated within the framework of an actuopaleontological study of the flora, fauna, sediments and facies. The distribution of echinoids has been compared to grain size parameters as well as to the distribution of other organisms.The study area (ca. 10 × 7 km) was investigated using SCUBA-diving techniques along 55 transects with a total length of 126 km. Echinoid presence was quantified using weights of fragments (2 mm) originating from 67 standardized bulk samples distributed throughout the Bay. The complex morphology of the echinoid test and the spines allow the identification of fragmented material upon comparison to complete specimens. The resulting data was analyzed using correlation techniques as well as Q and R-mode multivariate statistical analysis. This method counters the difficulties originating from the cryptic habitats and patchy distributions.The results of the analysis show that echinoid distribution can be analyzed for both regular and irregular wchinoid taxa despite taphonomic bias and restrictions imposed by the analytic method. Time averaging in fact counters the difficulties arising from the patchy distributions of echinoids. There is a close correlation of echinoid distribution to sedimentary and bottom facies as well as to grain size parameters and other environmental factors. The distribution of irregular echinoids is highly differentiated with coarse coastal sand dominated by Clypeaster sp., Echinodiscus auritus, Fibularia ovulum, and Lovenia elongata; muddy sands by Laganum depressum, Clypeaster sp. and Echinocyamus crispus; and muds by members of the Schizasteridae. Regular echinoids, mostly Eucidaris metularia, Echinometra mathaei, Tripneustes gratilla, Heterocentrotus mammillatus and Diadema setosum, dominate the sediments found within, or near reefs, coral carpets and patch reefs.The methodology used in this actuopaleontological investigation should be useful in recognizing the distribution patterns of ancient echinoid faunas, especially in light of the significance of regular echinoids in the bioerosion of reefs and irregular echinoids in the bioturbation of sediments.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. 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The marine-derived fungus Aspergillus falconensis, isolated from sediment collected from the Canyon at Dahab, Red Sea, yielded two new chlorinated azaphilones, falconensins O and P (1 and 2) in addition to four known azaphilone derivatives (3−6) following fermentation of the fungus on solid rice medium containing 3.5% NaCl. Replacing NaCl with 3.5% NaBr induced accumulation of three additional new azaphilones, falconensins Q−S (7−9) including two brominated derivatives (7 and 8) together with three known analogues (10−12). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS data as well as by comparison with the literature. The absolute configuration of the azaphilone derivatives was established based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 5, comparison of NMR data and optical rotations as well as on biogenetic considerations. Compounds 1, 3−9, and 11 showed NF-κB inhibitory activity against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values ranging from 11.9 to 72.0 µM.

Mass transport under a progressive sea wave propagating over a rippled bed is investigated. Wave amplitudes a* of the same order of magnitude as that of the boundary layer thickness δ* and of the ripple wavelength l* are considered. All the above quantities are assumed to be much smaller than the wavelength L* of the sea wave and much larger than the amplitude 2ε* of the ripples. The analysis is carried out up to the second order in the wave slope a*/L* and in the parameter ε*/δ* which is a measure of ripple steepness. Because of these assumptions, the slow damping of wave amplitude in the direction of wave propagation is taken into account. Attention is focused on the bottom boundary layer where an order (ε*/δ*)2 correction of the steady velocity components described by Longuet-Higgins (1953) is found. This correction persists at the outer edge of the bottom boundary layer and affects the solution in the entire water column.

Analysis on distribution trends of affecting red tide factors in the Beibu Gulf inshore based on data were monitored by automatic water quality monitoring network in 2011 and 2013, providing the scientific basis for preventing disasters and reducing damages of the red tide. Results showed that, average water temperature of Beibu Gulf are maintained in 21.5 °C ~27 °C in two years, the same station maximum temperature difference is 2.72 °C, and is gradually increased since West to East and rose yearly; pH are maintained in 7.8~8.3, are partial alkaline and relative compared stable, then pH of enclosed sea are below offshore waters, which in pH interval of red tide easy outbreak, existing high risk. DO concentration are between 6.3~7.7mg/L, does not have the foundation of extensive outbreak red tides. Lower percentage of DO in enclosed sea and with less material flux in offshore waters, so enclosed sea are high-incidence areas. Chlorophyll concentration in 2013 are almost lower than 2011, and smaller fluctuations. The environmental capacity of the waters in the Beibu Gulf is getting saturated; therefore, it should closely monitor water temperature, pH, and DO and chlorophyll concentration for predicting red tide.