Academic literature on the topic 'Red sea urchin'
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Journal articles on the topic "Red sea urchin"
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Malakhoff, Katrina D., and Robert J. Miller. "After 15 years, no evidence for trophic cascades in marine protected areas." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (February 17, 2021): 20203061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3061.
Full textAbstract:
In marine ecosystems, fishing often targets predators, which can drive direct and indirect effects on entire food webs. Marine reserves can induce trophic cascades by increasing predator density and body size, thereby increasing predation pressure on populations of herbivores, such as sea urchins. In California's northern Channel Islands, two species of sea urchins are abundant: the red urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus , which is targeted by an economically valuable fishery, and the virtually unfished purple urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . We hypothesized that urchin populations inside marine reserves would be depressed by higher predation, but that red urchins would be less affected due to fishing outside reserves. Instead, our analyses revealed that purple urchin populations were unaffected by reserves, and red urchin biomass significantly increased in response to protection. Therefore, urchin biomass overall has increased inside reserves, and we found no evidence that giant kelp is positively affected by reserves. Our results reveal the overwhelming direct effect of protecting fished species in marine reserves over indirect effects that are often predicted but seldom clearly documented. Indirect effects due to marine reserves may eventually occur in some cases, but very effective predators, large reserves or extended time periods may be needed to induce them.
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Rechsteiner, Erin, and Angeleen Olson. "Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) Scavenge Sea Urchin Fragments from Foraging Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1832.
Full textAbstract:
Foraging animals may risk association with potential predators to obtain otherwise inaccessible prey. We observed this strategy in wintering Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) scavenging fragments of Red Sea Urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) from foraging Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris) that were re-occupying an area from which they had been ecologically absent since about 1850. Harlequin Ducks, like other sea ducks, have not previously been reported scavenging from other birds or mammals. In British columbia, Red Sea Urchins have reached large sizes and densities since the removal of Sea Otter predators by the marine fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. Observations of Sea Otters and Harlequin Ducks were made in 4 areas, spanning a time gradient of Sea Otter occupation from 1 to 5 years. During 3 months of observations (December 2013 – February 2014), Harlequin Ducks were associated with foraging Sea Otters only at sites that were recently occupied by Sea Otters (≤ 2 months), where the proportion of urchins in Sea Otter diets was highest and where the ducks acquired urchin fragments from foraging Sea Otters. We suggest that Sea Otters re-occupying their historic range and consuming predominantly large Red Sea Urchins provide a temporarily available prey subsidy for Harlequin Ducks. Our observations document a novel effect of Sea Otters providing important prey supplementation to a marine bird when foraging in urchin-rich habitats, contributing to the overall role of Sea Otters as a keystone species.
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Work, TM, E. Millard, DB Mariani, TM Weatherby, RA Rameyer, J. Dagenais, R. Breeden, and AM Beale. "Cytology reveals diverse cell morphotypes and cellin-cell interactions in normal collector sea urchins Tripneustes gratilla." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 142 (November 19, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03533.
Full textAbstract:
Echinoderms such as sea urchins are important in marine ecosystems, particularly as grazers, and unhealthy sea urchins can have important ecological implications. For instance, unexplained mortalities of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean were followed by algal overgrowth and subsequent collapse of coral reef ecosystems. Unfortunately, few tools exist to evaluate echinoderm health, making management of mortalities or other health issues problematic. Hematology is often used to assess health in many animal groups, including invertebrates, but is seldom applied to echinoderms. We used a standard gravitometric technique to concentrate fixed coelomocytes from the collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla onto microscope slides, permitting staining and enumeration. Using Romanowsky stain and electron microscopy to visualize cell details, we found that urchin cells could be partitioned into different morphotypes. Specifically, we enumerated phagocytes, phagocytes with perinuclear cytoplasmic dots, vibratile cells, colorless spherule cells, red spherule cells, and red spherule cells with pink granules. We also saw cell-in-cell interactions characterized by phagocytes apparently phagocytizing mainly the motile cells including red spherule cells, colorless spherule cells, and vibratile cells disproportionate to underlying populations of circulating cells. Cell-in-cell interactions were seen in 71% of sea urchins, but comprised <1% of circulating cells. Finally, about 40% of sea urchins had circulating phagocytes that were apparently phagocytizing spicules. The coelomic fluid collection and slide preparation methods described here are simple, field portable, and might be a useful complementary tool for assessing health of other marine invertebrates, revealing heretofore unknown physiological phenomena in this animal group.
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Selden, Rebecca L., Steven D. Gaines, Scott L. Hamilton, and Robert R. Warner. "Protection of large predators in a marine reserve alters size-dependent prey mortality." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20161936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1936.
Full textAbstract:
Where predator–prey interactions are size-dependent, reductions in predator size owing to fishing has the potential to disrupt the ecological role of top predators in marine ecosystems. In southern California kelp forests, we investigated the size-dependence of the interaction between herbivorous sea urchins and one of their predators, California sheephead ( Semicossyphus pulcher ). Empirical tests examined how differences in predator size structure between reserve and fished areas affected size-specific urchin mortality. Sites inside marine reserves had greater sheephead size and biomass, while empirical feeding trials indicated that larger sheephead were required to successfully consume urchins of increasing test diameter. Evaluations of the selectivity of sheephead for two urchin species indicated that shorter-spined purple urchins were attacked more frequently and successfully than longer-spined red urchins of the same size class, particularly at the largest test diameters. As a result of these size-specific interactions and the higher biomass of large sheephead inside reserves, urchin mortality rates were three times higher inside the reserve for both species. In addition, urchin mortality rates decreased with urchin size, and very few large urchins were successfully consumed in fished areas. The truncation of sheephead size structure that commonly occurs owing to fishing will probably result in reductions in urchin mortality, which may reduce the resilience of kelp beds to urchin barren formation. By contrast, the recovery of predator size structure in marine reserves may restore this resilience, but may be delayed until fish grow to sizes capable of consuming larger urchins.
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Yazaki, Ikuko. "An analysis of sea urchin metamorphosis." Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S46—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130229.
Full textAbstract:
Metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae is initiated by one or more cues from the environment. The cues can be from bacterial films (Cameron & Hinegardner, 1974), algae (Kitamura et al., 1993) or sand and seawater from adult habitats (Highsmith, 1982). The substances from sand are peptides (Burke, 1984), and those from red algae are free fatty acids (Kitamura et al., 1993) and dibromomethane (Taniguchi et al., 1994). Burke (1983a) suggested that chemical and physical stimuli were received by sensory receptors, probably podia of the adult rudiment, and transmitted to effectors of metamorphosis such as larval and adult tissues. Morpho-genetic, histolytic and histogenic processes progress during metamorphosis to create a juvenile, though direct evidence for the mechanism of induction has not been shown.Glutamine (Gin) induces metamorphosis in larvae of many sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Naidenko, 1991; Pseudocentrotus depressus: Yazaki & Harashima, 1994; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus: Yazaki, 1995). We have analysed the metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae using Gln, neurotransmitters and a natural cue (green algae).
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Bose, Aneesh P. H., Daniel Zayonc, Nikolaos Avrantinis, Natasha Ficzycz, Jonathan Fischer-Rush, Fiona T. Francis, Siobhan Gray, et al. "Effects of handling and short-term captivity: a multi-behaviour approach using red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus." PeerJ 7 (March 20, 2019): e6556. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6556.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the effects of captivity-induced stress on wild-caught animals after their release back into the wild is critical for the long-term success of relocation and reintroduction programs. To date, most of the research on captivity stress has focused on vertebrates, with far less attention paid to invertebrates. Here, we examine the effect of short-term captivity (i.e., up to four days) on self-righting, aggregation, and predator-escape behaviours in wild-caught red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, after their release back into the wild. Aggregation behaviour, which has been linked to feeding in sea urchins, was not affected by handling or captivity. In contrast, the sea urchins that had been handled and released immediately, as well as those that were handled and held captive, took longer to right themselves and were poorer at fleeing from predators than wild, unhandled sea urchins. These results indicate that handling rather than captivity impaired these behaviours in the short term. The duration of captivity did not influence the sea urchin behaviours examined. Longer-term monitoring is needed to establish what the fitness consequences of these short-term behavioural changes might be. Our study nevertheless highlights the importance of considering a suite of responses when examining the effects of capture and captivity. Our findings, which are based on a locally abundant species, can inform translocation efforts aimed at bolstering populations of ecologically similar but depleted invertebrate species to retain or restore important ecosystem functions.
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Pagliara, Patrizia, Daniela Chirizzi, and Maria Rachele Guascito. "Chemical characterization of red cells from the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." RSC Advances 11, no. 43 (2021): 27074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03156b.
Full textAbstract:
Red spherula cells from sea urchin coelomic fluid have attracted great interest for their specific and intriguing properties, such as antimicrobial activities and immune response, that probably tie in with their red characteristic pigments.
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Pérez, Claudio F., Juan José Marengo, Ricardo Bull, and Cecilia Hidalgo. "Cyclic ADP-ribose activates caffeine-sensitive calcium channels from sea urchin egg microsomes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): C430—C439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c430.
Full textAbstract:
Adenosine 5′-cyclic diphosphoribose [cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)], a metabolite of NAD+ that promotes Ca2+ release from sea urchin egg homogenates and microsomal fractions, has been proposed to act as an endogenous agonist of Ca2+ release in sea urchin eggs. We describe experiments showing that a microsomal fraction isolated from Tetrapigus nyger sea urchin eggs displayed Ca2+-selective single channels with conductances of 155.0 ± 8.0 pS in asymmetric Cs+ solutions and 47.5 ± 1.1 pS in asymmetric Ca2+ solutions. These channels were sensitive to stimulation by Ca2+, ATP, and caffeine, but not inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and were inhibited by ruthenium red. The channels were also activated by cADP-ribose in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. Calmodulin and Mg2+, but not heparin, modulated channel activity in the presence of cADP-ribose. We propose that these Ca2+ channels constitute the intracellular Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release pathway that is activated by cADP-ribose in sea urchin eggs.
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Matrosova, Inga V., and Anastasia A. Politaeva. "Red yeast Rhodotorula benthica – substitute feed base for echinoderms in factory cultivation." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126505010.
Full textAbstract:
Now decrease press of the fishery on natural populations of hydrobionts and restoration of their number due to artificial reproduction is actual. At artificial cultivation important properly to choose the right feed. To develop the feeding technology, work was carried out with larvae and juveniles of sea cucumber and gray sea urchin in the conditions of the mini-plant of the Scientific and Production Department of Mariculture of the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University located in Severnaya Bay (Slavyansky Gulf, the Sea of Japan) and Troitsa Bay (Vladimir Gulf, the Sea of Japan). Experimental studies have shown the possibility of using the sea yeast Rhodotorula benthica as either the main feed or as a feed additive. Practical recommendations have been developed for the use of Rhodotorula benthica yeast as a substitute feed base for growing larvae and juveniles of Japanese sea cucumber and gray sea urchin. The results of the work will serve as a basis for the development of biotechnology for feeding at echinoderm breeding farms and will be useful to the organizations, whose duties include rational and competent progress of marine economic territories.
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M.M. El-Sayed, Waleed, Mostafa M. Elshaer, Hassan A.H. Ibrahim, and Mohammed E.A. El-Metwaly. "Antimicrobial agents from sea urchin (Diadema setosum) collected from the Red Sea, Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 24, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.103181.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Red sea urchin"
1
del, Campo Barquín Luis Matias. "A bio-socio-economic simulation model for management of the red sea urchin fishery in Chile." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/69.
Full textAbstract:
This study focused on the management of the red sea urchin Loxechinus albus fishery in Chile. The main objective was to design, construct, implement and assess a computer-based simulation model to analyse the biological effects, socio-economic consequences and spatial dynamics resulting from coastal management plans applied to this resource under the system of AMEBR. This was accomplished by using systems dynamics (SD) and geographical information systems (GIS) modelling, in a process of model development, run, optimisation, sensitivity analysis and risk management, and a series of field-based activities carried out at the cove of Quintay. The GIS model developed for allocating sea urchins restocking sites offered a flexible, cost-effective, user-friendly and descriptive technique for support decision-making on management of this species and other benthic resources. Final site selection for restocking was based on the identification, quantification and selection of higher suitability¦availability combinations (site categories). This map showed 16 different suitability¦availability combinations or site categories, ranging from 4¦100 to 8¦100 (suitability points¦availability %). These had an average of 6.44¦69.37 (covering an area of 82.5 Ha overall equivalent to 81.21% of the study area. This site classification demonstrated high heterogeneity between options, and revealed the full variety of alternatives for decision-making. More importantly, the generally high suitability indexes as well as available area emphasised the prospects for restocking sea urchins in this study area. Over and above of the quantitative outcomes obtained from running the GISRM (suitable and available restocking sites) and the BSESM (alternative strategic management plans), the case study-based analysis made it possible to disclose the wider issues related to the red sea urchin coastal management. These results demonstrated the biological inefficiency of traditional size/seasonal restriction-based approach (macro-scenario 1) for sustainable management of the target species. More importantly, final outcomes strongly suggested that a combination of adaptive restocking-based enhancement activities and flexible exploitation constituted a highly attractive approach (macro-scenario 3) for stock management of this fishery in terms of harvestable stock and related incomes. However from the economic analysis, stocking was also found to be economically unfeasible, being a rather cost intensive exercise negatively affected by high natural mortality rates. A single-variable optimisation analysis demonstrated that a higher survival rate is needed to generate sufficient profits to cover major restocking costs and a positive payment, or a cost reduction is essential to make up for the loss. On top to these practical constraints, based on the distinctive modest economic situation prevailing for most Chilean coves and hence their limited capacity to pay for stocking material, unless adequate and constant funding is available to support artisanal associations, they are very unlikely to develop mass release programmes. Given the economic (i.e.: high operating costs) and technical (i.e.: low survival rates) limitations conditioning stocking-based management cost-effectiveness and applicability, wide implementation of mass releases as a major approach for management of the red sea urchin fishery is very unlikely to take place in Chile. This study presents a methodology and offers a tool to design, evaluate and optimise coastal management plans for the red sea urchin in a dynamic, interactive, systematic, integrated and flexible way. The optional strategic management plans proposed on this study may not be applied equally to any AMEBR, as they are the outputs arising from a single cove-specific analysis. Still, the complete methodological framework and analysis procedures developed may be applied to run the BSESM and optimise management of a red sea urchin fishery at any other AMEBR case of study.
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Stephens, Tricia. "CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGMENT CELL SPECIFIC GENES IN THE SEA URCHIN EMBRYO (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS)." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2692.
Full textAbstract:
In sea urchin development, cell fate specification appears by the 60-cell stage embryo when several embryonic territories are recognized: the small micromeres, the large micromeres which will generate primary mesenchyme cells, the vegetal2 layer that will give rise to pigment cells, immunocytes, and muscle cells, the vegetal1 layer, as well as the oral and aboral ectoderm. A Delta-Notch signaling event is required for the differential specification of mesodermal cells that will give rise to secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs). SMCs produce four cell types: pigment cells, blastocoelar cells, circumesophageal muscle cells, and coelomic pouch cells. Pigment cells are the first to be specified. During primary invagination at the gastrula stage, eight pigment cell progenitors delaminate from the archenteron into the blastocoel. By the pluteus stage, approximately 30 pigment cells are embedded in the ectoderm. Pigment cells produce echinochrome, a napthoquinone pigment. Previously, several genes in the sea urchin embryo were isolated that are expressed specifically in pigment cell precursors during the blastula stage. The goal of this research was to characterize a subset of these genes, which are highly similar to: the polyketide synthase gene (Pks), a sulfotransferase gene (Sult), three different members of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene family (Fmo), and the transcription factor glial cells missing (Gcm). Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a large family of multifunctional proteins mainly found in bacteria, fungi, and plants. They are responsible for the biosynthesis of a variety of polyketide compounds including antibiotics and mycotoxins. In the sea urchin, SpPks is required for echinochrome biosynthesis. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are NADPH-dependent flavoproteins mainly found in bacteria, plants, and higher metazoan. They are responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of several compounds including the detoxification of xenobiotics and activation of numerous metabolites. It is known that SpFmo1 is required for echinochrome biosynthesis. Sulfotransferases are found from bacteria through higher eukaryotes. These enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of several substrates resulting in either compound detoxification or bioactivation.M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
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Mah, Silvia Armitano. "Molecular analysis of sea urchin sperm receptor proteins containing receptor for egg jelly (REJ) modules /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3137207.
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Rogers, David. "CIS-REGULATORY ANALYSIS OF THE PIGMENT CELL DIFFERENTIATION GENE POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2701.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) is essential to understanding the complete process of embryo development. Elucidating every gene regulatory circuit from maternal regulatory inputs all the way to the activation of differentiation gene batteries is an important step in increasing our understanding of developmental biology. In this work I study the cis-regulatory architecture of a pigment cell differentiation gene, polyketide synthase (SpPks) in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. SpPks encodes an enzyme that is responsible for the biosynthesis of the sea urchin pigment echinochrome in larval pigment cells. The analysis of the promoter of a differentiation gene will lead to identifying the direct upstream regulators and ultimately to elucidating the structure of the upstream gene regulatory network, which is mostly uncharacterized. From previous studies the transcription factors SpGcm and SpGatae are predicted to be positive regulators of SpPks. Here, I identify a minimal 1kb promoter region containing putative DNA-binding sites for both GCM and GATAE that is able to recapitulate the expression of SpPks. I further show by mutagenesis that a putative DNA-binding site for GCM located 1,179 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription is a direct target for the positive cis-regulation of SpPks. Quantitative analysis of the transcriptional regulatory function of the GCM-mutagenized construct suggests that GCM is not necessary for the start of SpPks transcription but is required for its maintenance. Several GATA E binding sites have been identified within the minimal promoter for SpPks by means of consensus sequence. My analysis suggests that GATA E may be a direct positive regulator and could potentially be required for the onset of transcription of SpPks, though further experimentation will be necessary to characterize the exact regulatory function of GATA E.M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
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Moctezuma, Gabriela Monta��o. "Sea urchin-kelp forest communities in marine reserves and areas of exploitation : community interactions, populations, and metapopulation analyses." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32477.
Full textAbstract:
Marine ecosystems can be exposed to natural and anthropogenic disturbances
that can lead to ecological failures. Marine reserves have been lately suggested to
protect marine populations and communities that have been affected by habitat
destruction and harvest. This research evaluates the potential role of two marine
reserves established in Oregon in 1967 (Whale Cove) and 1993 (Gregory Point). The
red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) was selected as indicator of
population recovery since it is the only species that is commercially harvested.
Changes in density, biomass, average size, size structure, growth and mortality rates
were evaluated through time to assess population recovery. These parameters were
also compared between reserves and adjacent exploited areas to evaluate the effect of
exploitation. Results from Whale Cove (old reserve) indicate that the population in
this area is fully recovered. On the contrary, the population in Gregory Point (new
reserve) showed signs of recovery after six years of being protected. The importance
of red urchins as source populations to provide larvae to adjacent areas was explored
by the analysis of drifter's trajectories. Both reserves might be connected in a network
where larvae produced in Whale Cove will provide recruits to Gregory Point and
adjacent exploited areas, as well as populations in northern California. Gregory Point
releases larvae that become recruits for Whale Cove only when spawning takes place
in winter, otherwise larvae travel to central California. No clear trends were found in
growth and mortality rates between reserves and non-reserves; differences were more
related with food availability, competitors, and age specific mortality.
We applied qualitative simulations to characterize and differentiate the
community network inside reserves and exploited areas. Results suggest that
communities from a particular site can be represented by a set of alternative models
with consistent species interactions. Differences in predator-prey interactions as well
as non-predatory relationships (interference competition, mutualism, amensalism)
were found among sites. Each set of models represents a hypothesis of community
organization that agreed with natural history information. Alternative models suggest
that kelp forest communities are dynamic and can shift from one network
configuration to another providing a buffer against a variable environment.Graduation date: 2002
Books on the topic "Red sea urchin"
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Sloan, N. A. Red sea urchin. Ottawa, Ont: Communications Directorate, Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans, 1986.
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Sloan, N. A. Red sea urchin. Ottawa, Ont: Communications Directorate, Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans, 2000.
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Bureau, Dominique. Red sea urchin. Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Red sea urchin"
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Ryberg, E. "Development and possible function of the red pigment in sea urchin larvae." In Echinoderms: Present and Past, 405–7. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078913-74.
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