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Journal articles on the topic 'Red sea urchin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Malakhoff, Katrina D., and Robert J. Miller. "After 15 years, no evidence for trophic cascades in marine protected areas." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (February 17, 2021): 20203061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3061.

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In marine ecosystems, fishing often targets predators, which can drive direct and indirect effects on entire food webs. Marine reserves can induce trophic cascades by increasing predator density and body size, thereby increasing predation pressure on populations of herbivores, such as sea urchins. In California's northern Channel Islands, two species of sea urchins are abundant: the red urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus , which is targeted by an economically valuable fishery, and the virtually unfished purple urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . We hypothesized that urchin populations inside marine reserves would be depressed by higher predation, but that red urchins would be less affected due to fishing outside reserves. Instead, our analyses revealed that purple urchin populations were unaffected by reserves, and red urchin biomass significantly increased in response to protection. Therefore, urchin biomass overall has increased inside reserves, and we found no evidence that giant kelp is positively affected by reserves. Our results reveal the overwhelming direct effect of protecting fished species in marine reserves over indirect effects that are often predicted but seldom clearly documented. Indirect effects due to marine reserves may eventually occur in some cases, but very effective predators, large reserves or extended time periods may be needed to induce them.

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2

Rechsteiner, Erin, and Angeleen Olson. "Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) Scavenge Sea Urchin Fragments from Foraging Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1832.

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Foraging animals may risk association with potential predators to obtain otherwise inaccessible prey. We observed this strategy in wintering Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) scavenging fragments of Red Sea Urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) from foraging Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris) that were re-occupying an area from which they had been ecologically absent since about 1850. Harlequin Ducks, like other sea ducks, have not previously been reported scavenging from other birds or mammals. In British columbia, Red Sea Urchins have reached large sizes and densities since the removal of Sea Otter predators by the marine fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. Observations of Sea Otters and Harlequin Ducks were made in 4 areas, spanning a time gradient of Sea Otter occupation from 1 to 5 years. During 3 months of observations (December 2013 – February 2014), Harlequin Ducks were associated with foraging Sea Otters only at sites that were recently occupied by Sea Otters (≤ 2 months), where the proportion of urchins in Sea Otter diets was highest and where the ducks acquired urchin fragments from foraging Sea Otters. We suggest that Sea Otters re-occupying their historic range and consuming predominantly large Red Sea Urchins provide a temporarily available prey subsidy for Harlequin Ducks. Our observations document a novel effect of Sea Otters providing important prey supplementation to a marine bird when foraging in urchin-rich habitats, contributing to the overall role of Sea Otters as a keystone species.

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3

Work, TM, E. Millard, DB Mariani, TM Weatherby, RA Rameyer, J. Dagenais, R. Breeden, and AM Beale. "Cytology reveals diverse cell morphotypes and cellin-cell interactions in normal collector sea urchins Tripneustes gratilla." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 142 (November 19, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03533.

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Echinoderms such as sea urchins are important in marine ecosystems, particularly as grazers, and unhealthy sea urchins can have important ecological implications. For instance, unexplained mortalities of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean were followed by algal overgrowth and subsequent collapse of coral reef ecosystems. Unfortunately, few tools exist to evaluate echinoderm health, making management of mortalities or other health issues problematic. Hematology is often used to assess health in many animal groups, including invertebrates, but is seldom applied to echinoderms. We used a standard gravitometric technique to concentrate fixed coelomocytes from the collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla onto microscope slides, permitting staining and enumeration. Using Romanowsky stain and electron microscopy to visualize cell details, we found that urchin cells could be partitioned into different morphotypes. Specifically, we enumerated phagocytes, phagocytes with perinuclear cytoplasmic dots, vibratile cells, colorless spherule cells, red spherule cells, and red spherule cells with pink granules. We also saw cell-in-cell interactions characterized by phagocytes apparently phagocytizing mainly the motile cells including red spherule cells, colorless spherule cells, and vibratile cells disproportionate to underlying populations of circulating cells. Cell-in-cell interactions were seen in 71% of sea urchins, but comprised <1% of circulating cells. Finally, about 40% of sea urchins had circulating phagocytes that were apparently phagocytizing spicules. The coelomic fluid collection and slide preparation methods described here are simple, field portable, and might be a useful complementary tool for assessing health of other marine invertebrates, revealing heretofore unknown physiological phenomena in this animal group.

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4

Selden, Rebecca L., Steven D. Gaines, Scott L. Hamilton, and Robert R. Warner. "Protection of large predators in a marine reserve alters size-dependent prey mortality." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (January 25, 2017): 20161936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1936.

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Where predator–prey interactions are size-dependent, reductions in predator size owing to fishing has the potential to disrupt the ecological role of top predators in marine ecosystems. In southern California kelp forests, we investigated the size-dependence of the interaction between herbivorous sea urchins and one of their predators, California sheephead ( Semicossyphus pulcher ). Empirical tests examined how differences in predator size structure between reserve and fished areas affected size-specific urchin mortality. Sites inside marine reserves had greater sheephead size and biomass, while empirical feeding trials indicated that larger sheephead were required to successfully consume urchins of increasing test diameter. Evaluations of the selectivity of sheephead for two urchin species indicated that shorter-spined purple urchins were attacked more frequently and successfully than longer-spined red urchins of the same size class, particularly at the largest test diameters. As a result of these size-specific interactions and the higher biomass of large sheephead inside reserves, urchin mortality rates were three times higher inside the reserve for both species. In addition, urchin mortality rates decreased with urchin size, and very few large urchins were successfully consumed in fished areas. The truncation of sheephead size structure that commonly occurs owing to fishing will probably result in reductions in urchin mortality, which may reduce the resilience of kelp beds to urchin barren formation. By contrast, the recovery of predator size structure in marine reserves may restore this resilience, but may be delayed until fish grow to sizes capable of consuming larger urchins.

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5

Yazaki, Ikuko. "An analysis of sea urchin metamorphosis." Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S46—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130229.

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Metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae is initiated by one or more cues from the environment. The cues can be from bacterial films (Cameron & Hinegardner, 1974), algae (Kitamura et al., 1993) or sand and seawater from adult habitats (Highsmith, 1982). The substances from sand are peptides (Burke, 1984), and those from red algae are free fatty acids (Kitamura et al., 1993) and dibromomethane (Taniguchi et al., 1994). Burke (1983a) suggested that chemical and physical stimuli were received by sensory receptors, probably podia of the adult rudiment, and transmitted to effectors of metamorphosis such as larval and adult tissues. Morpho-genetic, histolytic and histogenic processes progress during metamorphosis to create a juvenile, though direct evidence for the mechanism of induction has not been shown.Glutamine (Gin) induces metamorphosis in larvae of many sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Naidenko, 1991; Pseudocentrotus depressus: Yazaki & Harashima, 1994; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus: Yazaki, 1995). We have analysed the metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae using Gln, neurotransmitters and a natural cue (green algae).

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6

Bose, Aneesh P. H., Daniel Zayonc, Nikolaos Avrantinis, Natasha Ficzycz, Jonathan Fischer-Rush, Fiona T. Francis, Siobhan Gray, et al. "Effects of handling and short-term captivity: a multi-behaviour approach using red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus." PeerJ 7 (March 20, 2019): e6556. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6556.

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Understanding the effects of captivity-induced stress on wild-caught animals after their release back into the wild is critical for the long-term success of relocation and reintroduction programs. To date, most of the research on captivity stress has focused on vertebrates, with far less attention paid to invertebrates. Here, we examine the effect of short-term captivity (i.e., up to four days) on self-righting, aggregation, and predator-escape behaviours in wild-caught red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, after their release back into the wild. Aggregation behaviour, which has been linked to feeding in sea urchins, was not affected by handling or captivity. In contrast, the sea urchins that had been handled and released immediately, as well as those that were handled and held captive, took longer to right themselves and were poorer at fleeing from predators than wild, unhandled sea urchins. These results indicate that handling rather than captivity impaired these behaviours in the short term. The duration of captivity did not influence the sea urchin behaviours examined. Longer-term monitoring is needed to establish what the fitness consequences of these short-term behavioural changes might be. Our study nevertheless highlights the importance of considering a suite of responses when examining the effects of capture and captivity. Our findings, which are based on a locally abundant species, can inform translocation efforts aimed at bolstering populations of ecologically similar but depleted invertebrate species to retain or restore important ecosystem functions.

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7

Pagliara, Patrizia, Daniela Chirizzi, and Maria Rachele Guascito. "Chemical characterization of red cells from the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." RSC Advances 11, no. 43 (2021): 27074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03156b.

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Red spherula cells from sea urchin coelomic fluid have attracted great interest for their specific and intriguing properties, such as antimicrobial activities and immune response, that probably tie in with their red characteristic pigments.

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8

Pérez, Claudio F., Juan José Marengo, Ricardo Bull, and Cecilia Hidalgo. "Cyclic ADP-ribose activates caffeine-sensitive calcium channels from sea urchin egg microsomes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): C430—C439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c430.

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Adenosine 5′-cyclic diphosphoribose [cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)], a metabolite of NAD+ that promotes Ca2+ release from sea urchin egg homogenates and microsomal fractions, has been proposed to act as an endogenous agonist of Ca2+ release in sea urchin eggs. We describe experiments showing that a microsomal fraction isolated from Tetrapigus nyger sea urchin eggs displayed Ca2+-selective single channels with conductances of 155.0 ± 8.0 pS in asymmetric Cs+ solutions and 47.5 ± 1.1 pS in asymmetric Ca2+ solutions. These channels were sensitive to stimulation by Ca2+, ATP, and caffeine, but not inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and were inhibited by ruthenium red. The channels were also activated by cADP-ribose in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. Calmodulin and Mg2+, but not heparin, modulated channel activity in the presence of cADP-ribose. We propose that these Ca2+ channels constitute the intracellular Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release pathway that is activated by cADP-ribose in sea urchin eggs.

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9

Matrosova, Inga V., and Anastasia A. Politaeva. "Red yeast Rhodotorula benthica – substitute feed base for echinoderms in factory cultivation." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126505010.

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Now decrease press of the fishery on natural populations of hydrobionts and restoration of their number due to artificial reproduction is actual. At artificial cultivation important properly to choose the right feed. To develop the feeding technology, work was carried out with larvae and juveniles of sea cucumber and gray sea urchin in the conditions of the mini-plant of the Scientific and Production Department of Mariculture of the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University located in Severnaya Bay (Slavyansky Gulf, the Sea of Japan) and Troitsa Bay (Vladimir Gulf, the Sea of Japan). Experimental studies have shown the possibility of using the sea yeast Rhodotorula benthica as either the main feed or as a feed additive. Practical recommendations have been developed for the use of Rhodotorula benthica yeast as a substitute feed base for growing larvae and juveniles of Japanese sea cucumber and gray sea urchin. The results of the work will serve as a basis for the development of biotechnology for feeding at echinoderm breeding farms and will be useful to the organizations, whose duties include rational and competent progress of marine economic territories.

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10

M.M. El-Sayed, Waleed, Mostafa M. Elshaer, Hassan A.H. Ibrahim, and Mohammed E.A. El-Metwaly. "Antimicrobial agents from sea urchin (Diadema setosum) collected from the Red Sea, Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 24, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.103181.

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11

De-la-Torre, Gabriel Enrique, Diana Carolina Dioses-Salinas, Sandra Huamantupa-Aybar, and Joseph Davila-Carrasco. "Preliminary observations of plastic debris in the gastrointestinal tract of sea urchin Tetrapygus niger." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v3i2.94.

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Plastic pollution is regarded as one of the major issues from the Anthropocene epoch. Microplastics (<5 mm) are the result of the excessive plastic production and littering, thus becoming widespread in the environment. In this study, the presence and characteristics of microplastics extracted from the gastrointestinal tract of sea urchin Tetrapygus niger was reported. An average abundance of 3.22 ± 0.49 microplastics per individual was found, ranging from 1 to 5. Fibers were the dominant type (75.9%), followed by fragments (24.1%). Regarding color, most of the particles found were blue > red > black > green. These results are in lower magnitude levels than those reported in others species from the same region. However, microplastics could transfer from sea urchins to predators in higher trophic levels, like marine mammals. Prospects for further research was discussed.

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12

Lundquist, Carolyn J., and Louis W. Botsford. "Estimating larval production of a broadcast spawner: the influence of density, aggregation, and the fertilization Allee effect." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 1 (January 2011): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-125.

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The effect of fishing on reproduction is typically quantified by computing the effects of changes in the species abundance and age structure on egg production. For broadcast spawners, reproduction also depends on the local spatial distribution of individuals. Broadcast spawners exhibit an Allee effect at low density: a decline in the fertilization of eggs, owing to increased distance between spawners. We present a method for assessing the likely impact of a fishery on broadcast spawners, based on gamete dispersion dynamics and individual spatial distributions. We use an individual-based model to simulate larval production over a range of uncertainties in dispersion characteristics. We illustrate our method for the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , fishery in northern California, USA. The density of red sea urchins varied over space (0.1–1.6·m–2), and indices of aggregation were highest at low densities. As gamete dispersion distances increased, larval production exhibited a more linear relationship with density. Average larval production in 1996–1998 was 33.8% of production near the inception of the fishery. After accounting for decreases in mean density, the fertilization Allee effect accounted for 21.7 ± 4.1% of the decrease in larval production, and 45.2 ± 21.7% if sea urchins were not aggregated.

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13

Beck, Hayden J., and Craig A. Styan. "Colour patterns in the sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, suggest limited connectivity across the Southern and Pacific Ocean coastlines of Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 2 (2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08156.

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Heliocidaris erythrogramma is a widespread Australian sea urchin whose colour varies greatly. Here we report large-scale, hierarchically structured surveys, testing for patterns in colouration of H. erythrogramma associated with wave exposure, and consistency between populations from the Pacific and Southern Oceans. Along the Southern Ocean coastline, more urchins with white dermis were found in (ocean swell-exposed) open coast regions, whereas more urchins with red dermis were usually found in the (ocean swell-protected) bay regions. In contrast, only red dermis urchins were found in both open coast and bay regions along the Pacific coastline. Spine colour was found to be independent of test colour within locations and, while no differences in the frequencies of spine colours were detected between regions of different wave exposure, differences were detected across 1–100s of km within coastlines. Large differences in the frequencies of spine colours were also detected between the two coastlines. Clear differences in two independent characteristics of colour between Southern Ocean and Pacific coastlines, combined with intermediate patterns at a location near the junction of these coastlines, suggest that large-scale morphological patterns might reflect intra-specific genetic differentiation within H. erythrogramma, large-scale environmental differences between temperate Australian coastlines, or an interaction between these two factors.

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14

Debenham, Patty, Mark Brzezinski, Kathy Foltz, and Steven Gaines. "Genetic structure of populations of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 253, no. 1 (October 2000): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00242-2.

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15

Dotan, A. "Reproduction of the Slate Pencil Sea Urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (L), in the Northern Red Sea." Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 4 (1990): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900457.

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The annual reproductive cycle of Heterocentrotus mammillatus was studied in the northern Red Sea. Gametogenesis starts in January, and the abundance of ripe gametes gradually increases until, by May, they occupy most of the gonadal volume. Spawning occurs in June and July; the pattern suggested a lunar or semilunar cycle. Assays of KC1 injections suggest that these may be a better indicator of reproductive ripeness than conventional oocytes-ova analysis. A highly significant linear relationship between gonad weight and total body weight was observed at the period of maximal gonad size prior to spawning.

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16

Salas, Alfredo, Fernando Diaz, Ana Denisse Re, Marco Gonzalez, and Clara Galindo. "Thermoregulatory Behavior of Red Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Fran-ciscanus (Agassiz, 1863) and Purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpu-ratus (Stimpson, 1857) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)." Open Zoology Journal 5, no. 1 (November 2, 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874336601205010042.

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17

Salas, Alfredo. "Thermoregulatory Behavior of Red Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Fran-ciscanus (Agassiz, 1863) and Purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpu-ratus (Stimpson, 1857) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)." Open Zoology Journal 5, no. 1 (November 2, 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874336601205010046.

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18

Morgan, Lance E., Stephen R. Wing, Louis W. Botsford, Carolyn J. Lundquist, and Jennifer M. Diehl. "Spatial variability in red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus ) recruitment in northern California." Fisheries Oceanography 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2000.00124.x.

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19

Ebert, Thomas A. "Longevity and lack of senescence in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus." Experimental Gerontology 43, no. 8 (August 2008): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2008.04.015.

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20

Tawfeek, G. M., H. S. Elwakil, and R. M. Sarhan. "Ultrastructure-based Insights on Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Effects of Selected Egyptian Red Sea Marine Resources." Open Parasitology Journal 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421401907010026.

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Background:Metronidazole is used for the treatment of trichomoniasis. However, a growing number ofTrichomonas vaginalis(T. vaginalis) isolates are now resistant, which is an urgent issue to search for new alternatives. Worldwide marine pharmacy confirms the enormous potential of sea species as a source of novel pharmaceuticals.Objective:This study aimed to investigate the anti-T. vaginalisactivities of ethanolic extracts of Red Sea marine resources, soft corals;Sarcophyton glaucumandLitophyton arboreumand methanolic extracts of Red Sea brown algae;Liagora farinosa, Colpomenia sinuosa, Hydroclathrus clathratus,andSargassum graminifolium, as well as sea cucumber (Holothuria fuscocinerea) and sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei).T. vaginalisgrowth inhibition was determined using 2 concentrations for each marine extract 10 and 100 µg/ml in comparison to media control. Drugs that showed good initial activity were further tested to calculate their IC50 in comparison to metronidazole. The ultrastructural impact of the more effective extracts was further assessed.Results:H. clathratus,L. farinose, sea urchinE. mathaeiand sea cucumberH. fuscocinereareduced the growth ofT. vaginaliseffectively and showed high activity with IC50 of 0.985±0.08, 0.949±0.04, 0.845±0.09 and 0.798±µg/ml±SD, respectively. Concerning microscopic analysis, marine extract and metronidazole-treated cells presented similar morphological changes. The nuclear membrane was damaged, the nuclei were dissolved, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was widened, and the chromatin was accumulated. In the cytoplasm, numerous autophagic vacuoles appeared, the organelles were disintegrated, the flagella were internalized and hydrogenosomes with altered morphologies were observed. The cell membrane was partially damaged, with cytoplasmic leakage and cell disintegration.Conclusion:This study describes the report on the activity and morphological changes induced by Egyptian Red Sea marine resources againstT. vaginalis. The results obtained herein presented new opportunitiess. Further, bio-guided fractionation and isolation of active compounds are needed.

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21

Hamza Hasan, Mohamed. "Distribution patterns and ecological aspects of the sea urchin Diadema stosum in the Red Sea, Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2019.52592.

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22

Botsford, Louis W., Barry D. Smith, and James F. Quinn. "Bimodality in Size Distributions: The Red Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Franciscanus as an Example." Ecological Applications 4, no. 1 (February 1994): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942113.

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23

Rogers-Bennett, Laura, William A. Bennett, Henry C. Fastenau, and Christopher M. Dewees. "Spatial Variation in Red Sea Urchin Reproduction and Morphology: Implications for Harvest Refugia." Ecological Applications 5, no. 4 (November 1995): 1171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269364.

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24

Dvoretsky, Alexander G., and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky. "New Echinoderm-Crab Epibiotic Associations from the Coastal Barents Sea." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030917.

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During diving surveys for a Russian research project that monitored introduced species, red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus) were collected at a coastal site of the Barents Sea to study the structure and dynamics of this species. Sampling of the organisms colonizing the crabs was part of this research project. For the first time, the presence of relatively large specimens of the common starfish Asterias rubens as epibionts of P. camtschaticus was observed in July 2010, 2018, and 2019. In 2010 and 2019, we also found three other echinoderm species (the Atlantic sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa, the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and the brittle star Ophiura sarsii). These findings add to the current list of associated species on king crabs not only in the Barents Sea but also in native areas of this host. Red king crabs have been documented as predators for these echinoderm species, and our records show additional possible interactions between king crabs and echinoderms in this region. More likely, the epibiotic lifestyle allows these echinoderms to avoid predation from red king crabs. There are no potential disadvantages derived by red king crabs through their relationships with the echinoderm epibionts due to low occurrences of these associations. We suggest no negative effects for the local red king crab population and populations of other commercial species in the Barents Sea.

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Sato, Kirk N., Jackson Powell, Dave Rudie, and Lisa A. Levin. "Evaluating the promise and pitfalls of a potential climate change–tolerant sea urchin fishery in southern California." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx225.

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Abstract Marine fishery stakeholders are beginning to consider and implement adaptation strategies in the face of growing consumer demand and potential deleterious climate change impacts such as ocean warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. This study investigates the potential for development of a novel climate change-tolerant sea urchin fishery in southern California based on Strongylocentrotus fragilis (pink sea urchin), a deep-sea species whose peak density was found to coincide with a current trap-based spot prawn fishery (Pandalus platyceros) in the 200–300-m depth range. Here we outline potential criteria for a climate change-tolerant fishery by examining the distribution, life-history attributes, and marketable qualities of S. fragilis in southern California. We provide evidence of seasonality of gonad production and demonstrate that peak gonad production occurs in the winter season. S. fragilis likely spawns in the spring season as evidenced by consistent minimum gonad indices in the spring/summer seasons across 4 years of sampling (2012–2016). The resiliency of S. fragilis to predicted future increases in acidity and decreases in oxygen was supported by high species abundance, albeit reduced relative growth rate estimates at water depths (485–510 m) subject to low oxygen (11.7–16.9 µmol kg−1) and pHTotal (<7.44), which may provide assurances to stakeholders and managers regarding the suitability of this species for commercial exploitation. Some food quality properties of the S. fragilis roe (e.g. colour, texture) were comparable with those of the commercially exploited shallow-water red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus), while other qualities (e.g. 80% reduced gonad size by weight) limit the potential future marketability of S. fragilis. This case study highlights the potential future challenges and drawbacks of climate-tolerant fishery development in an attempt to inform future urchin fishery stakeholders.

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Unuma, Tatsuya, Hiroyuki Okamoto, Kooichi Konishi, Hiromi Ohta, and Katsuyoshi Mori. "Cloning of cDNA encoding vitellogenin and its expression in red sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus." Zoological Science 18, no. 4 (May 2001): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.18.559.

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27

Amarowicz, Ryszard, Józef Synowiecki, and Fereidoon Shahidi. "Chemical composition of shells from red (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) and green (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) sea urchin." Food Chemistry 133, no. 3 (August 2012): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.099.

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28

Zhang, Zane, Alan Campbell, and Dominique Bureau. "Growth and Natural Mortality Rates of Red Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) in British Columbia." Journal of Shellfish Research 27, no. 5 (December 2008): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1291.

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29

Akiyama, Toshio, Tatsuya Unuma, and Takeshi Yamamoto. "Optimum protein level in a purified diet for young red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus." Fisheries Science 67, no. 2 (April 2001): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00252.x.

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30

AMAROWICZ, R., J. SYNOWIECKI, and F. SHAHIDI. "Sephadex LH-20 separation of pigments from shells of red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)." Food Chemistry 51, no. 2 (1994): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(94)90262-3.

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31

Coates, Christopher J., Claire McCulloch, Joshua Betts, and Tim Whalley. "Echinochrome A Release by Red Spherule Cells Is an Iron-Withholding Strategy of Sea Urchin Innate Immunity." Journal of Innate Immunity 10, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484722.

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Cellular immune defences in sea urchins are shared amongst the coelomocytes - a heterogeneous population of cells residing in the coelomic fluid (blood equivalent) and tissues. The most iconic coelomocyte morphotype is the red spherule cell (or amebocyte), so named due to the abundance of cytoplasmic vesicles containing the naphthoquinone pigment echinochrome A. Despite their identification over a century ago, and evidence of antiseptic properties, little progress has been made in characterising the immunocompetence of these cells. Upon exposure of red spherule cells from sea urchins, i.e., Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus miliaris, to microbial ligands, intact microbes, and damage signals, we observed cellular degranulation and increased detection of cell-free echinochrome in the coelomic fluid ex vivo. Treatment of the cells with ionomycin, a calcium-specific ionophore, confirmed that an increase in intracellular levels of Ca2+ is a trigger of echinochrome release. Incubating Gram-positive/negative bacteria as well as yeast with lysates of red spherule cells led to significant reductions in colony-forming units. Such antimicrobial properties were counteracted by the addition of ferric iron (Fe3+), suggesting that echinochrome acts as a primitive iron chelator in echinoid biological defences.

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32

Howard, Louisa, Evelyn Spiegel, and Melvin Spiegel. "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the extracellular matrix in sea urchin embryos." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100142967.

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There is currently a broad interest in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the sea urchin embryo, but little information about its overall morphology. We are beginning to obtain a detailed view of the structure of the ECM by means of thick section stereoimaging techniques and immunolabeling of Lowicrylembedded thin sections.For thick section images, ruthenium red was used during fixation for better retention of ECM components. 0.38, 0.5 and 1.0μ.m sections were photographed at 100, 200 and 1,000KV respectively. For immunolabeling, embryos were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde/0.25% paraformaldehyde in 85% seawater containing 0.05M cacodylate buffer, dehydrated and embedded in Lowicryl K4M. Thin sections were incubated with anti-laminin and stained with protein A-colloidal gold (15nm) complex.

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33

Robinson, John J. "Polypeptide composition and organization of the sea urchin extraembryonic hyaline layer." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-162.

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The protein composition and organization of the sea urchin extraembryonic hyaline layer was examined. Hyalin and a polypeptide of 45 kilodaltons (kDa) were present in hyaline layers isolated from 1-h-old embryos through to the pluteus larva stage. In contrast, several polypeptide species ranging in size from 175 to 32 kDa either decreased in amount or disappeared from the layer as embryonic development proceeded. Concomitant with the changes in composition, hyaline layers became progressively more refractory to dissolution by washing in Ca2+, Mg2+-free seawater. Incubation of intact layers, isolated from 1-h-old embryos, with proteinase K resulted in the selective digestion of hyalin and was accompanied by release of the 45-kDa polypeptide from the layers. Washing intact layers in 20 mM Tris (pH 8.0) also resulted in the selective removal of hyalin and the 45-kDa polypeptide. The Ca2+-precipitable protein hyalin, alone among the hyaline layer polypeptides, bound the Ca2+-antagonist ruthenium red. These results suggest a structural organization within the hyaline layer that is both heterogenous and dynamic throughout embryonic development.Key words: hyaline layer, composition, organization, development.

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34

Pereira, R. C., B. A. P. da Gama, V. L. Teixeira, and Y. Yoneshigue-Valentin. "Ecological roles of natural products of the Brazilian red seaweed Laurencia obtusa." Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, no. 4 (November 2003): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000400013.

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Laboratory and field experiments were performed to assess the ecological roles of natural products produced by the Brazilian red seaweed Laurencia obtusa. Laboratory assays revealed that the natural concentration of the crude organic extract of L. obtusa significantly inhibited feeding by two herbivores: the crab Pachygrapsus transversus and the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. It was verified that this chemically defensive action was due to halogenated sesquiterpenoid elatol, found to be the major natural product of this red seaweed. In addition, it was verified that the antifouling property of the chemicals produced by L. obtusa could make this red alga less attractive for fish grazing. Direct protection against two herbivore species and indirect protection against herbivory by fouling inibition constitute evidence that the major natural product from Brazilian L. obtusa plays multiple environmental roles, thereby increasing the adaptive value of these metabolites. On the other hand, the evidence reinforces the idea that marine natural products may have different functions in the sea.

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35

Service, Matthew, and Alastair C. Wardlaw. "Bactericidal Activity of Coelomic Fluid of the Sea Urchin, Echinus Esculentus, on Different Marine Bacteria." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 1 (February 1985): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400060859.

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Coelomic fluid from the edible sea urchin Echinus esculentus (L.) has in vitro bactericidal activity against the marine pseudomonad, designated strain No. 111 (Wardlaw & Unkles, 1978). This particular bacterial strain was chosen because of its highly characteristic jet-black, agar-digesting colonies on marine agar plates which permitted it to be easily distinguishable from contaminants in bactericidal tests. Bactericidal activity is localised in the cellular components of the coelomic fluid, particularly in the red spherule cells (Messer & Wardlaw, 1980) and is demonstrable in almost all animals tested.

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36

BELTAGI, S., and A. MANDURA. ""Syndesmis obhoriensis" New Species - An Endoparasite Turbellarian (Rhabdocoela:Umagillidae) of the Sea-urchin "Echinothrix diadema" in the Red Sea (Jeddah)." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Educational Sciences 4, no. 1 (1991): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/edu.4-1.3.

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37

Guirguis, Adel. "The Early Development of the Sea Urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) in the region of North Jeddah, Red Sea." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Marine Sciences 21, no. 2 (2010): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/mar.21-2.1.

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38

Green, G. R., R. R. Ferlita, W. F. Walkenhorst, and D. L. Poccia. "Linker DNA destabilizes condensed chromatin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o01-115.

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The contribution of the linker region to maintenance of condensed chromatin was examined in two model systems, namely sea urchin sperm nuclei and chicken red blood cell nuclei. Linkerless nuclei, prepared by extensive digestion with micrococcal nuclease, were compared with Native nuclei using several assays, including microscopic appearance, nuclear turbidity, salt stability, and trypsin resistance. Chromatin in the Linkerless nuclei was highly condensed, resembling pyknotic chromatin in apoptotic cells. Linkerless nuclei were more stable in low ionic strength buffers and more resistant to trypsin than Native nuclei. Analysis of histones from the trypsinized nuclei by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that specific histone H1, H2B, and H3 tail regions stabilized linker DNA in condensed nuclei. Thermal denaturation of soluble chromatin preparations from differentially trypsinized sperm nuclei demonstrated that the N-terminal regions of histones Sp H1, Sp H2B, and H3 bind tightly to linker DNA, causing it to denature at a high temperature. We conclude that linker DNA exerts a disruptive force on condensed chromatin structure which is counteracted by binding of specific histone tail regions to the linker DNA. The inherent instability of the linker region may be significant in all eukaryotic chromatins and may promote gene activation in living cells.Key words: chromatin condensation, sea urchin sperm, chicken red blood cell, nuclei, linker DNA, histone variants, micrococcal nuclease, nucleosome, trypsin, gel electrophoresis.

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39

Ebert, TA, and MP Russell. "Growth and mortality estimates for red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus from San Nicolas Island, California." Marine Ecology Progress Series 81 (1992): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps081031.

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40

Li, Ruijun, Huifeng Dang, Yuxi Huang, Zijiao Quan, Huijie Jiang, Weijie Zhang, and Jun Ding. "Vibrio coralliilyticus as an agent of red spotting disease in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius." Aquaculture Reports 16 (March 2020): 100244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100244.

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41

Pereira, RC, and MA Vasconcelos. "Chemical defense in the red seaweed Plocamium brasiliense: spatial variability and differential action on herbivores." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (August 2014): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0080.

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Species of Plocamium are known as prolific sources of halogenated secondary metabolites exhibiting few explored ecological roles. In this study the crude extracts from specimens of P. brasiliensecollected in two distinct places, Enseada do Forno and Praia Rasa, Búzios, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, were evaluated as defense against the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and the crab Acanthonyx scutiformis. These specimens produce a similar amount of crude extract and also halogenated monoterpene compound-types, but individuals of P. brasiliense from Praia Rasa exhibit a major compound representing about 59% of the total chemicals. Natural concentrations of the crude extracts obtained from both specimens of P. brasiliense significantly inhibited the herbivory by the sea urchin L. variegatus, but had no significant effect on the feeding by A. scutiformis, a crab commonly associated to chemically defended host. Crude extract from P. brasiliense collected at Praia Rasa was more efficient as defense against L. variegatusthan that crude extract from populations of this alga from Enseada do Forno, probably due to presence of a major secondary metabolite. These two studied population live under different environmental conditions, but they are only about 30 Km apart. However, it is impossible to affirm that environmental characteristics (abiotic or biotic) would be responsible for the difference of defensive potential found in the two populations of P. brasiliense studied here. Further genetic studies will be necessary to clarify this question and to explain why populations of a single species living in different but close locations can exhibit distinct chemicals.

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42

Chini, E. N., and T. P. Dousa. "Palmitoyl-CoA potentiates the Ca2+ release elicited by cyclic ADP-ribose." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 270, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): C530—C537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.2.c530.

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Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a potent mediator of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in sea urchin eggs that ultimately activates the ryanodine channel. We now report that certain long-chain acyl-CoA derivative metabolites (14-18 carbons in length), such as palmitoyl-CoA, greatly potentiate the effect of cADPR on Ca2+ release. Furthermore, in higher concentrations, palmitoyl-CoA and other closely related long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives trigger Ca2+ release apparently through the ryanodine channel in sea urchin egg homogenates. Palmitoyl-CoA-induced Ca2+ release was suppressed by ruthenium red, spermine, and the calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, which all prevent activation of the ryanodine channel, but not by heparin or thionicotinamide-NADP. In addition, cADPR was able to desensitize the sea urchin egg homogenates to the subsequent Ca2+ release induced by palmitoyl-CoA and vice versa. In contrast, neither inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) nor the newly identified Ca2+ release agonist nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate was able to desensitize the homogenate to palmitoyl-CoA, indicating that palmitoyl-CoA probably acts selectively by activating the ryanodine channel, but, unlike cADPR, palmitoyl-CoA might act directly on this channel. Finally, we found that palmitoyl-CoA was able to counteract the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ and spermine, which, in physiological concentrations, suppress specifically the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release. We propose that palmitoyl-CoA, present in micromolar concentrations, may trigger Ca2+ release through the ryanodine channel and, in lower concentrations, may increase the sensitivity of the Ca2+ release system to cADPR. Thus palmitoyl-CoA may serve as a regulatory link between the intermediary metabolism and the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release signaling pathway.

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43

Pearce, C. M., and R. E. Scheibling. "Induction of Metamorphosis of Larvae of the Green Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, by Coralline Red Algae." Biological Bulletin 179, no. 3 (December 1990): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542322.

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44

Unuma, T., T. Yamamoto, and T. Akiyama. "Effect of Steroids on Gonadal Growth and Gametogenesis in the Juvenile Red Sea Urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus." Biological Bulletin 196, no. 2 (April 1999): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542565.

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45

QUINN, JAMES F., STEPHEN R. WING, and LOUIS W. BOTSFORD. "Harvest Refugia in Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Models and Applications to the Red Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus franciscanus." American Zoologist 33, no. 6 (December 1993): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/33.6.537.

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46

Morgan, Lance E., Louis W. Botsford, Stephen R. Wing, and Barry D. Smith. "Spatial variability in growth and mortality of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, in northern California." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-046.

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Natural and fishing mortality rates of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, in northern California were estimated from growth increment and size distribution data under the assumption of a constant recruitment rate. Mean asymptotic test diameter, standard deviation of asymptotic test diameter, growth rate coefficient, and natural mortality rate were first estimated for three nominally unharvested sites, Bodega Marine Reserve, Caspar Closure, and Salt Point. These estimated growth and mortality parameters differed among sites, leading to substantially different yield-per-recruit surfaces. Estimates of fishing mortality rate from size distributions collected at 11 harvested sites were then calculated based on the growth and natural mortality estimates obtained from the Caspar Closure and Bodega Marine Reserve sites. Estimates of fishing mortality rate ranged from 0.11 to 1.87·year-1. The alongshore pattern of fishing mortality rate was moderately correlated with landings and effort, but the spatial pattern of rare, strong recruitment events also appeared to influence values of fishing mortality rate. The positive bias in estimates of fishing mortality rate due to recruitment variability indicated that our observed pattern in estimated values for fishing mortality rate could have been caused by the historical spatial pattern of interannual variability in recruitment.

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47

REUTER, KIM E., KATIE E. LOTTERHOS, RYAN N. CRIM, CATHERINE A. THOMPSON, and CHRISTOPHER D. G. HARLEY. "Elevated pCO2 increases sperm limitation and risk of polyspermy in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus." Global Change Biology 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02216.x.

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48

REUTER, KIM E., KATIE E. LOTTERHOS, RYAN N. CRIM, CATHERINE A. THOMPSON, and CHRISTOPHER D. G. HARLEY. "Elevated pCO2 increases sperm limitation and risk of polyspermy in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus." Global Change Biology 17, no. 7 (June 1, 2011): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02429.x.

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49

Sloan, N. A., C. P. Lauridsen, and R. M. Harbo. "Recruitment characteristics of the commercially harvested red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus in Southern British Columbia, Canada." Fisheries Research 5, no. 1 (May 1987): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(87)90015-4.

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50

Henson, J. H., D. Nesbitt, B. D. Wright, and J. M. Scholey. "Immunolocalization of kinesin in sea urchin coelomocytes. Association of kinesin with intracellular organelles." Journal of Cell Science 103, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.103.2.309.

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We have recently used domain-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to immunofluorescently localize kinesin to vesicle-like structures in the cytoplasm of sea urchin coelomocytes. In order to characterize further these localization patterns we have examined the distribution of kinesin with respect to the arrangement of microtubules (MTs) and various organelles. In double-label experiments involving the immunofluorescent staining of kinesin (using a mixture of the mAbs SUK2, 4 and 5), MTs were labeled with an antiserum against sea urchin tubulin, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was labeled with an antiserum against a luminal calsequestrin-like protein, the Golgi apparatus was labeled with rhodamine-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or NBD-ceramide, mitochondria were labeled with rhodamine 123, endosomes were labeled with Texas Red-ovalbumin, and lysosomes were labeled with Lucifer yellow or acridine orange. Kinesin-labeled vesicle-like structures were found in the same regions of the cells as MTs and the ER, being widely distributed in motile cells, but restricted to the perinuclear regions of stationary cells. There also appeared to be a correlation between the distribution of endosomes and kinesin staining in a subpopulation of cells. The kinesin binding structures were found occasionally to align in linear arrays, consistent with the idea that kinesin may transport ER and endosomes along linear MT tracks. No clear correlations were observed between the kinesin staining and the distribution of mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or lysosomes, suggesting that kinesin may specifically associate with only a subclass of organelles in coelomocytes.

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