Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Redepmtion of the first-born'

<p> The United States of America is a country of immigrants, where people and groups representing different nationalities have immigrated in search of a better life and opportunities. Among those immigrants are the Armenian people, who immigrated to the United States fleeing wars and Genocide. This study explores the first-generation foreign-born leaders of Armenian descent who came to the United States in search of opportunities, education, happiness, and success. The study examines the success strategies employed by first-generation, foreign-born leaders. This phenomenological study concentrates on the common experiences of the selected 15 participants. To answer the four research questions, 15 foreign-born, first-generation Armenian leaders were interviewed and asked 10 interview question. Additionally, themes were formed to describe the common experiences of the interviewees. Through the interview process, it was discovered that the heritage and the strong cultural presence had shaped the leaders and determined their path to success, affected their decisions and prepared them for the challenges. It was also discovered that (a) hard work, (b) perseverance, (c) discipline, and (d) honesty were the main determinant factors for their success. The notable challenges described by the participants were (a) difficulty to assimilate, (b) the language barrier, and (c) discrimination. In addition, the participants made recommendations for the future generations of foreign-born leaders who are yet to move to the United States in search of new opportunities and success.</p><p>

This research was designed to provide information concerning the developmental differences in early language production and comprehension between 21 month-old first born and second born children. Furthermore, the study explored the assumption that more opportunities to hear conversations between the parent and the older sibling provide an advantage for second born children in learning personal pronouns.<br>Spontaneous speech productions of 16 first born children were compared to those of 16 second born children while in dyadic interactions with their mothers. First born children were observed in two 25 minute free-play dyadic interactions with their mothers. Second born children were observed in one 25 minute free-play mother-child dyadic interaction and in one 25 minute free-play mother-child-older sibling triadic interaction. All children were administered controlled tasks involving production and comprehension of first and second person pronouns.<br>Compared to first borns, second born children are not significantly delayed in general language development. Second borns' speech productions differ depending on whether or not their older sibling was present. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

African-born residents of the United States have a higher incidence of HIV than African Americans. Factors such as lifestyle, habits, behavior practices, and activities may predispose African-born residents to behave sexually in ways that place them at risk of becoming infected with HIV. This study used a qualitative narrative approach to understand the lived experiences first generation Sub-Saharan African-born men who are U.S. residents to analyze the behaviors that expose them to HIV. To analyze data, the study used the health-belief model as the conceptual framework and NVivo for data analysis to assist in identifying, categorizing, and analyzing common themes and grouping unstructured data. The study used a purposive convenience sampling of 14 first generation Sub-Saharan African-born men who are U.S. residents residing in the states of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and discovered that they engage in sexual risk taking behaviors which include: having multiple sexual partners, preferring heterosexual relationships without a condom, have limited knowledge of HIV prevalence in the United States, and preferring to have sex with both African born females and American born women who are thought to be healthy. Their tendency to visit strip clubs, visit sex houses, and to abuse alcohol was also apparent in the study. Social change implications include adding new relevant knowledge in the understanding of how HIV spreads among Sub-Saharan African-born male U.S. residents by discovering the risk behaviors in which Sub-Saharan African men engage to expose themselves to contracting HIV disease. This knowledge can influence future health education efforts and target culture specific behaviors.

Despite the concept of twins and twinning being a highly explored area of research for many years, limited research has been conducted on the comparison of first and second born twin development. The nature of twins leads people to believe that twins will present with similar characteristics, however, this study explores the possibility that due to their ordinal position they could in fact present with differing characteristics and could differ developmentally. The early holistic development of a child influences the rest of their lives. Concerning twins, the development of individuality and self-knowledge is especially important. Theorists, such as Piaget (1950), propose that child development takes place in stages and that although the order in which children proceed through these stages is the same, the pace at which this takes place can vary. The necessity of monitoring the child’s journey through these stages highlights the value of child developmental assessment. This form of assessment needs to be holistic, needs to involve a multidisciplinary team of professionals and needs to utilize assessment measures that are valid, reliable, culture-fair and standardized. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) is one such measure. This study, focusing on twin development, aimed to contribute and provide valuable information to a larger research project that is currently under way aiming to increase the applicability of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) in the South African context. The primary aim of the study, however, was to explore and compare the performance of normal first born and second born twins, aged between 2 and 8 years 4 months old, on the GMDS-ER. The purpose of the study was to generate information on the relationship between first born twins’ general development and second born twins’ general development. An exploratory, descriptive quantitative design was used. Participants were selected through a combination of non-probability purposive, convenience and snowball sampling. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and dependent sample t-tests were employed to compare the General Quotients (GQ’s) of the first and second born twins in the sample. Results showed that no significant differences were found between the first and second born twins’ general development. Information generated from this study contributed to 1) child development research; 2) twin developmental research within a South African context; and 3) a greater group of studies on the GMDS-ER, currently underway in the United Kingdom and South Africa, aiming to contribute to the international credibility of this measure

The aim of this thesis is a comparative study of Djuna Barnes' 1928 book Ladies Almanack and turn of the century sexological texts focusing on Havelock Ellis' studies of 'sexual inversion in women'. The study is based on queer theory concepts from Judith Butler and Fanny Ambjörnson as well as Michel Foucault's studies of the history of sexuality. After a presentation of the theoretical concepts and a short introduction of earlier research on Barnes' works my reading and conclusions are presented in five chapters focusing on different theoretical and thematic aspects of the studied texts. A recapitulation and discussion ends the thesis. In short, my conclusions are that Ladies Almanack contrary to earlier research can be read as a queer text, and a form of counter-discourse to the general one regarding lesbianism in the early 1900's. The text also reveals itself as a pointed critique and a satire of Havelock Ellis' writings on 'sexual inversion in women'. As well, when read against Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness, perhaps the archetypal 'lesbian novel', Hall's book reveals itself as an echo of the same discourse Barnes opposes.

Birth order may represent one of the most influential environmental factors that directly impacts personality development and even life outcomes. The present study sought to expand upon the existing literature by examining the motivational and dispositional differences between first born and second born individuals. Research indicates that first born children show significantly higher levels of academic achievement and lifelong attainment due to experiencing higher parental expectations as well as increased financial support. As a result, the second born child is likely to compare him/herself with the first born sibling and develop a greater level of competitiveness. Additionally, this desire to surpass the first born may lead to the development of extrinsically motivated goals. Few research endeavors to date have explored the specific motivational disposition of the second born child with no future siblings. By engaging in this research, a better understanding of the complex interaction between siblings can be ascertained as well as a deeper appreciation for how the familial environment impacts development. Such information can be applied to the educational setting to develop programs more rewarding and salient to second-born individuals, thus increasing their level of academic achievement. Seventy-two male and female participants took part in the present experiment. Research validated scales were used to assess overall competitiveness in addition to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A paired-t test was used to evaluate the data and compare the differences between the two groups. Although the results do not support the hypotheses, there were a number of limitations that may have served to restrict the scope of the data. The theoretical implications of the results and suggestions for future research will be discussed.<br>B.S.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Psychology

This literature review provides a summary of a number of published studies which examine parenting styles and their impact on children's development. The paper considers the classification of parenting style the antecedents of parenting style and reviews studies investigating the impact of parenting style on children's social and developmental outcomes including: conscience development, academic achievement and psychological adjustment. Different factors that might impact on the association between parenting style and developmental outcome are discussed including: developmental level, ethnicity, genetic influence and temperament. The possible limitations of parenting style are also considered. The aim of the review is to ascertain the impact of parenting style on children's development and to identify the effect of parenting style on developmental outcome.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 1, 2009). Additional advisors: Lois Christensen, Kay Emfinger, Grace Jepkemboi, Deborah Strevy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-102).

This thesis explores the university experiences of the daughters of single mothers who are first-generation students in the United Kingdom. Data was collected during spring and summer of 2013. Participants were recruited through flyers, email, and social networking sites. Participants were sought who met the following criteria: they considered themselves to have been primarily raised by their mother (or their mother raised them alone for about five years or more during their childhood); they were current or recent undergraduate university students at any university in the UK, any mode of study (full or part time), and any age (traditional age or mature students); and they were first-generation students (the first in their family to attend university, which includes students whose siblings might have gone to university). A preliminary 30-question, online questionnaire was completed by 110 respondents. Among the survey respondents, 26 participated in qualitative, semi- structured interviews. After the interview, participants were encouraged to engage in reflective writing. Data was explored through a thematic, theoretical, and autoethnographical analysis. This research examines intersectionalities of gender, socio-economic class, race, and family status as they shape the students' identities and their university experiences. The theoretical and conceptual frameworks upon which this study is built include feminist theory, intersectionality theory, and the concept of social exclusion. The findings from this study contribute to the existing literature within the area of widening participation and social identities and illuminate the ways that single mother families are constructed by the media, by politicians, and in society. Additionally, this study bridges the gap between the existing literature on the experience of single mother families and the existing literature on the experiences of students in higher education, providing a deeper understanding of access, participation, and inclusion of this specific population of students as yet unexplored within existing research.

Face stimuli challenge the infant's immature visual processing system's capacity to differentiate stimuli that differ in subtle ways. Experiments I to 4 investigated infants' preference for the human face between birth and 3 months of age when contrasted with four control stimuli. A visual preference technique was used because it does not call upon the participant's ability to speak. A spontaneous preference for a photographic representation of the human face was observed at birth for three out of four conditions. At 3 months of age, a preference for the human face was observed in two conditions. However, at I month of age, no preferences were observed. Findings did not support the view that the selectivity of the infant's responses to faces increases with exposure to faces and narrowing of the perceptual window (Nelson, 2001). Experiment 5 examined infants' ability to discriminate specific exemplars of the human face category, namely the mother's face, between I and 9 months of age. A preference for the mother's face was observed at I month. A tendency to prefer the stranger's face was observed at 3 months. No preference was observed at 6 and 9 months, thus suggesting that the visual preference procedure is not suitable for measuring recognition at these ages. Premature birth is associated with brain injury, which can lead to visual and intellectual deficits. Experiment 6 investigated general intelligence as well as face processing in school-aged children born prematurely and at term. Results indicated that premature children displayed levels within the normal range of intelligence. Furthermore, no long-term visual deficits were observed as performance levels for the discrimination of facial emotions were comparable between groups. Only premature children displayed an inversion effect, thereby demonstrating an adult-like face processing system.

This study investigated firstborns' adjustment and responsiveness to a new sibling and parents' responsiveness to their firstborn before and after the second child's birth. Parental responsiveness was also examined in the context of predicting firstborns' adjustment and responsiveness to the sibling. Fifty families with firstborn daughters (26-55 mo) were visited at home 6-10 weeks before and 5-6 weeks after the sibling's birth. After the sibling's birth, young firstborns were more distressed than old firstborns; however, prenatal distress was the best predictor of postnatal distress. Old and young firstborns showed different patterns of responsiveness to brothers and sisters. In terms of parental responsiveness, firstborns perceived mothers as more responsive after the birth than before, while their perceptions of fathers remained unchanged. Mothers gave less support after the birth, particularly to old firstborns. Although fathers' support remained unchanged postnatally, fathers gave the least support to old firstborns with brothers. Time spent by mothers with firstborns decreased from before to after the birth, while fathers' time increased. Continuity was found for parental support but not for parental involvement, especially by fathers. Parental support was associated with low postnatal distress while parental caregiving was related to high postnatal distress. Prenatal maternal responsiveness and postnatal paternal responsiveness predicted postnatal distress. Firstborns' perceptions of parental responsiveness were generally associated with firstborns' responsiveness to the sibling. The results were discussed in terms of family-systems theory and stress-coping theory.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar eventuais diferenças das práticas educativas parentais com relação a filhos únicos e primogênitos de famílias com dois filhos. Participaram do estudo 22 famílias, das quais 12 com filhos únicos e 10 com dois filhos. As famílias foram emparelhadas conforme o nível sócio-econômico e pela idade e sexo dos filhos únicos e primogênitos. A idade dos filhos únicos variou entre 4,6 e 6,1 anos (M=5,5; dp=0,51) e a dos primogênitos entre 4,3 e 6,3 anos (M=5,1; dp=0,78). As mães e pais dos dois grupos responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Contrariando a hipótese inicial do estudo, o teste do qui-quadrado somente revelou diferença marginalmente significativa nas práticas de mães e pais com relação ao filho único. De maneira geral, verificou-se semelhança nas práticas educativas entre mães e pais em ambos os grupos de famílias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura, com vistas a entender os fatores que podem estar contribuindo para explicar as semelhanças das práticas educativas utilizadas para filhos únicos e primogênitos.<br>The aim of this study was to examine eventual differences in parental child-rearing practices related to only child and first born of two children families. Twenty two families participated in this study, 12 only-child families and 10 two-children families. Families were matched according to socioeconomic level, age and sex of only child and first born. Only children’s age ranged from 4,6 to 6,1 years (M=5,5; sd=0,51) and first borns were aged from 4,3 to 6,3 years (M=5,1; sd=0,78). Mothers and fathers of both groups were interviewed about parental child-rearing practices. Answers were content-analyzed. The hypothesis of the study was not supported. According to chi-square test marginally significant differences were obtained in maternal and paternal child-rearing practices related to only child. Results indicated agreement between mother’s and father’s childrearing practices in both groups. Issues described as determinants of childrearing practices are discussed considering the role of the family in child development.

碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>醫學研究所<br>92<br>Purpose: To investigate contraception, repeat pregnancy, and breast-feeding behavior of first-born adolescent mothers. Methods: According to newborn reporting system in Taichung City, 141 first-born adolescent mothers who delivered in 1999 were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire was designed to obtain socio-demographic, family function, belief, attitude, and behavior data about adolescent mother. The subjects filled out a self-administered structured questionnaire during home visit from Oct to Dec, 2001. Results: Seventy-six subjects completed the questionaire with a response rate of 53.9%. The major reason for non-response was unable to find them. The results showed that (1) The rate of schooling was declined form 23.7% to 2.6%; (2) Two years after their first delivery, the contraception rate was 17.3%; repeat pregnancy rate was 70.7%; abortion rate was 22.6%, and breast feeding rate was 49.3%; (3) Using Fisher’s exact test, repeat pregnancy and abortion behavior were related to adolescent mother’s belief and attitude toward repeat childbearing. Conclusion: Greater effect need to be directed toward preventing repeat pregnancy. For first-born adolescent mothers, interventions should focus on belief and attitude changing.

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>英國語文學研究所<br>96<br>Indigenous Australians have lived in Australia for 40,000 years. They develop their own system of religion and mythology, social conventions, language and arts, observing a life that can make both the environment and human beings prosperous. But Aboriginals are driven to extinction by the White who intend to possess their land. Because of large scale of massacres and diseases, both the number of Aboriginal population and their culture are endangered. Indigenous Australians become the marginalized minority in Australian society. Therefore, with the reference to Mikhail Bakhtin’s idea of the chronotope, Pierre Nora’s concept of memory and related Aboriginal culture, this thesis aims to discuss that Jack Davis, in The First Born trilogy, presents the oppression of White Australian society to Aboriginal people and displays Aboriginals’ persistence in survival through the reconstruction of Aboriginal memory and the empowerment of Aboriginality. Chapter One includes the general historical background of the contact between the White and Aboriginals, the introduction to Jack Davis and his plays, and the criticism on Davis’s trilogy. In Chapter Two, I take advantage of Bakhtin’s idea of the chronotope to discuss the severe social environment of indigenous Australians who are oppressed by the White Australian government and the social consequences of Aboriginals’ disadvantaged position in society. Chapter Three aims to utilize Pierre Nora’s concept of memory to analyze that Davis, through stories, dances, and dream visions, creates lieux de mémoire to preserve Aboriginal memory. Chapter Four concentrates on the empowerment of Aboriginality, which offers a subversive force for Aboriginals to fight against the White persecution and have their voice heard. Chapter Five is the concluding chapter to wrap up these three plays.

碩士<br>臺北市立大學<br>幼兒教育學系幼教教學碩士學位班<br>104<br>This study is aimed to explore the paternal experience of fathers who were born in 1981-1990, and to explore their views on the role of father. The researcher used in-depth interview with six first-time fathers to explore their views and paternal experiences. The findings of this study were as follows: Firstly, most of them have not prepared well and feeling ready to be a father before their babies were born. They started to learn and to understand that they are fathers after the baby was born. Secondly, 1980’s married couple jointly take care of their children and the fathers are willing to sacrifice their favorite activities for their children. They want their children feel secure and do not want to become their children’s burden in the future. Thirdly, the study was conducted in a dual-earner household, which the couples graduated with college degrees. The study found that father’s work is the most crucial factor which influenced the paternal participation. Lastly, the research participants regard a good dad is someone who actively participates in his children’s life, expresses his love for children, and have good communication with his children. The research participants are good at leisure activities with children and expressing their love for children, but encounter challenges in educating and taking care of their children. Based on the research results, suggestions for early childhood teacher practices and future research directions are provided.

碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>諮商與輔導學系碩士班<br>106<br>The purpose of this study was to understand the formation of single among the Paiwan first-born women and to understand their struggles in mate selection. Using the methods of snowballing, the three Paiwan single women were selected and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Subject analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the study found that the formation of single among the Paiwan first-born women is composed of: 1. The historical heritage of family and how the whole tribe treat them makes them realize that they were responsible for their family’s continuation. 2. The attitude of their family members towards them and the interaction between their family members from their early age make them understand they are being recognized masters, decisions made will affect the fate of the family. 3.The fear of leaving home will endanger the original family make them expect their partners to help her share responsibility instead of increasing the burden, so they set many conditions for mate selection. During the growth process, the first-born singles saw the people around them experience the hardships before and after the marriage because of the Paiwan values, causes them lots of concerns about their feelings and marriage. How the Paiwan first-born singles face the feelings of longing for getting married are as follows: 1. Instead of being in love with a wrong guy, she rather be single and prepares herself for the right one. 2. Reduce the longing for love and easily face their single state. 3. Spend time on clarifying and facing the struggling among the anxiety, then solved with mate.

碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>課程設計與潛能開發學系<br>102<br>Abstract This study takes women born between 1981 and 1990 (referred to in seventh grade) as the main participants. Through interviews with them about their own breast stories, the study tries to understand the subjective feelings and behaviors about their breast and the course of gaining self-confidence by exploring their story of breasts. The study findings can be summarized as follows. First, the evaluation on breast from family and peers is an important factor that influences their breast image construction. Those who get more recognition and praise are more inclined to accept breast image construction with high satisfaction; on the contrary, those who get more criticism and scoff are unsatisfied with breast image construction. The breast story at each stage is reviewed through their own breasts stories. They tend to accept and identify their natural breasts, believing that every woman has her own unique charm. Finally, they think that their behavior of beautifying and caring breast is not for the recognition of others, but an autonomous show of female breast. Moreover, they hold the view that women have the right to choose the breast appearance preferred by themselves. Therefore, even though females in seventh grade seem to fit the breasts beauty standards of social culture, but it does not mean that they lose subjectivity. They take the initiative to choose their own way of life and the most comfortable way with their breasts, while each woman’s breast story differs from that of others. Every woman grows up in a pluralistic society, which offers breast stories varying from others as well as diverse respects.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>公共衛生研究所<br>90<br>Purpose: Several studies of the children born to adolescent mothers (adolescent group) have indicated that they have lower intelligence scores, poorer academic performance and more behavioral problems such as conduct problem or hyperactivity at early school age (6-8 years of age) as compared with the children born to adult mothers (adult group). These problems are mainly related to lower educational levels, worse socio-economic conditions, psychological immaturity of the adolescent mothers, and poorer family environment associated with early childbearings. However, these studies were mainly conducted in western societies where nearly 40% of adolescent mothers chose to become a single mother, whereas over 85% of adolescent mothers in Taiwan chose to get married. In addition, social welfare system, contents of family support, and cultural stereotype of a mother’s ‘roles’ in these two societies are quite different. All these differences may lead to different results in intelligence, behavioral development and academic performance among the children born to adolescent mothers. We aim to describe these important makers of children’s development among the first and second graders in elementary schools, and find their significant correlates. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted between February and mid April, 2002 in An-Nan school district of Tainan city. Children in the first and second grade of total 12 elementary schools in this school district born to adolescent mothers were recruited. A group of children born to adult mothers matched by sex and class was also recruited for comparison in intelligence, behavioral development, and academic performance. Children presented with mental retardation were excluded from this study. The intelligence was measured by Raven’s Colored Progress Matrices (CPM), behavioral development was rated by both the parents and teachers using Conners Parental and Teacher Rating Scales (CPRS-48 and CTRS-28), and academic performance was categorized either in the top 15%, 15%-50%, 50%-85%, or the bottom 15% of the classes and determined by the teachers. Demographic characteristics of both the parents and measurements of family environment and family function were also collected for correlational study. The family function was measured by The Family APGAR Index and the responders were children. Continuous data were expressed as mean±sd, and categorical data were summarized by frequency tables. The APGAR Index, CPM, CPRS-48, and CTRS-28 were compared in univariate analysis using mainly t test for comparison of means. Log rank test and Wilcoxon-Gehan test was used for comparison of cumulative distribution functions only between the adolescent and adult groups and between the boys and girls. Academic performance was compared in univariate analysis using logistic regression for ordinal response. Maternal age at conception of the children (< 20 vs. ³ 20 years old), sex of the children, demographic characteristics of both parents, and family-related factors were correlated to the intelligence scores and behavioral development by the regression analysis for normally distributed data. The academic performance data were analyzed by logistic regression for ordinal response where the measure of association was odds ratio (OR), and the numerators were the cumulative proportions of the lower performance categories. Due to the large number of possible variables and limited sample size, selection of independent variables was performed using the forward selection method after inclusion of the maternal age at conception and sex. The entry criterion was P<0.05. Both SAS v8.01 and SPSS 9.0 were utilized for computation. P<0.05 indicates statistical significance. Results: Total 141 children born to adolescent mothers and 139 children born to adult mothers completed the APGAR index and CPM. Sex ratios of boys to girls were 82:59 and 78:61 respectively. Among their families, 131 (92.9%) of the adolescent group and 137 (98.6%) of the adult group returned the questionnaires and the ratings of behavioral development by CPRS-48. Teachers’ ratings of behavioral development by CTRS-28 and academic performance were received for 138 (97.9%) of the adolescent group and 135 (97.1%) of the adult group. On demographic variables, the mothers and fathers of the adolescent group had higher percentages of lower educational levels, lower skilled jobs, lower socio-economic status (SES), and broken marriage as compared with the adult group. However, the adolescent group received more help in childcare and financial support from the grandparents. The adolescent group tended to live in larger family sizes and had higher percentage of living with their relatives. On biological variables, the adolescent group had mean birth weight (3.1±0.5 kg) significantly lower than the adult group (3.2±0.4 kg). In addition, the percentage of preterm delivery was significantly higher in the adolescent group (16.1% vs. 3.7%). Age difference at time of conception of children was observed between the fathers of the adolescent and adult groups (23.4±4.5 vs. 29.5±3.9 years old, P<0.001) and the mothers (18.2±1.3 vs. 27.1±3.1 years old, P<0.001). Univariate analysis shows that APGAR Index differs between boys and girls (6.5±1.6 vs. 7.0±1.5, P<0.01 by t test and P<0.01 by log rank test), but not between the adolescent and adult groups (6.7±1.6 vs. 6.7±1.5). The CPM differs between the adolescent and adult groups in both raw scores (23.7±7.1 vs. 26.6±6.1, P<0.001 by t test) and percentage of national norms adjusted for age and sex (47.8±26.5% vs. 60.4±25.9%, P<0.001 by t test and P<0.001 by log rank test), but not between the boys and girls (raw scores: 25.3±6.8 vs. 24.9±6.8, percentages: 53.2±29.4% vs. 55.1±26.1%). The CTRS-28 show significant differences in all the dimensions, namely conduct problem, inattention-passivity, hyperactivity, and hyperactivity scores between the adolescent and adult groups and between boys and girls, but significant differences in CPRS-48 were found only in anxiety and behavioral scores between the adolescent and adult groups and only in conduct problem and hyperactivity index scores between boys and girls. Academic performance differs between the adolescent and adult groups in Chinese (P<0.001), mathematics (P<0.001), natural science (P<0.001), social study (P<0.001) and life science (P<0.001) by logistic regression, but sex differences were not observed. In multivariate analysis, girls perceived more positively in family function than boys (P<0.01) and children whose fathers had jobs of class II or higher levels perceived more positively than class I level. Maternal age at conception was not a significant correlate. Both maternal age at conception and sex were not significant correlates of CPM percentage. Significant correlates of the CPM percentage were fathers’ education levels (P<0.01) and primary caregivers (P<0.01). Children whose fathers had at least senior high education had higher mean CPM percentage than those whose fathers had lower education (P<0.05). Children with both parents as primary caregivers had higher mean CPM percentage than the others (P<0.05). On behavioral development, the significant correlates of CPRS were the number of children in a family, fathers’ SES, a father’s parenting attitude and gestational age and CTRS were maternal age at conception, sex of the children, a father’s parenting attitude, and family type. Maternal age at conception, and CPM percentage were significantly associated with the academic performance in Chinese (P<0.0001, and P<0.001, respectively) and in mathematics (P<0.0001, and P<0.001, respectively). The adolescent group performed more poorly than the adult group in Chinese (OR=4.28, 95% CI=2.35~7.80), and in mathematics (OR=3.31, 95% CI=1.76~5.87). The higher was the CPM percentage, the better was the performance in Chinese (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.97~0.99), and in mathematics (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.97~0.99). Sex was not a significant correlate of academic performance. Conclusions: At early school age, the adolescent group had lower CPM percentage, higher CTRS, and poorer academic performance as compared with the adult group. However, the maternal age at conception was an independently significant correlate of these developmental measurements at early school age in CTRS and academic performance after adjusting for demographic, family-related, and biological variables in multivariate analysis. The influence of fathers on the family function, the intelligence and behavioral development of the children at early school age was determined by their job class, education level , and childrearing attitude.

This retrospective cohort study examined risk factors associated with RSV-associated hospitalization (RSV-H) among infants born 32 to 35 weeks gestational age in Nova Scotia. Results were used to develop a clinical instrument (RSV-H scoring tool) that would discriminate between infants at high, moderate and low risk for RSV-H. Identifying the highest-risk infants, (using baseline information to predict RSV-H in the first year of life), would help target cost effective prophylaxis by Palivizumab (Pz), an expensive RSV-specific monoclonal antibody. Significant risk factors, determined by multivariate logistics, included infants born in December, January or February, passive household smoke exposure and household crowding. The scoring tool produced similar RSV-H post-test probabilities (3.1% pre-test probability) between risk groups (5.5% vs. 5.8%) and was unable to target highest risk infants. The tool could be used as an educational guideline for health professionals, outlining the importance of significant risk factors for RSV-H to parents and caregivers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005.<br>Title from title page screen (viewed Sept. 1, 2005). Thesis advisor: Julia A. Malia. Document formatted into pages (xii, 257 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-190).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.<br>Typescript (photocopy). eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-55).

In most cases in a deceased person’s estate, there are problems with co-ownership where more than one family member inherits the deceased family estate assets. To escape the perils of co-ownership the beneficiaries consensually agree to divide the inherited communallyshared asset/s. This agreement can take place immediately after the death of the family estate owner or some time later regarding some or all of the said assets. On the conclusion of the division agreement, the contractual party who receives the awarded assets enjoys sole ownership and the other contractual parties by agreement retract their ownership. In a jurisprudential content analysis of forty-six recorded family deceased division agreements from Old Babylonian Larsa and Nippur, essential elements are identified which are the framework and qualification requirements for a family deceased division agreement. Within this framework the concepts, terms and elements of the agreement are categorised as natural and incidental elements, which reflect the specific law traditions and choices of contractual parties and show the unique scribal traditions in the different Old Babylonian city-states of Larsa, Nippur and Sippar. The aim of the study is to shed a more focused light on the interpretation of recorded Old Babylonian division agreements and to show that the division agreement was a successful, timeless, estate administration mechanism and tool to obviate any undesirable consequences of co-ownership of the bequeathed property.<br>Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)